#PT-13D

[opelman]

"I love it but it's not for me" by Treflyn Lloyd-Roberts Via Flickr: Wingwalker Danielle hangs upside-down from Boeing Stearman N450D, piloted by her husband Emiliano, during her amazing display at the 2024 Sywell Air Show. Aircraft: 46 Aviation Boeing-Stearman PT-13D Kaydet Model 75 N450D. Location: Sywell Aerodrome (ORM/EGBK), Northamptonshire, UK. Random Song Reference: Hanging Around - The Cardigans

[bigglesworld]

Boeing PT-13D Kaydet E75. At Greenham Common EGVI. In 1981

[xtruss]

What Black History Has To Do With The Cretaceous Period

Known Today As The “Black Belt,” The Southeastern United States Was Once Covered by an Ancient Sea—One That Continues To Shape Modern History.

— By James Edward Mills | February 26, 2025

A man with warm brown skin and a short tapped hair gazes upward and head tilted with one hand placed on top of the other. He is wearing a uniform with an emblem that is not fully visible. Photograph By Kris Graves

Frank Toland is a park ranger for Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field in Alabama. It is here where the Tuskegee Airmen started training for aerial combat in 1941 during World War II. Nearby is a site historians say is "where the South as we know it today begins." Photograph By Kris Graves

As a public historian and National Geographic Explorer, I’m constantly on the trail of interesting stories that connect a series of events dating back several centuries but continue to resonate into modern times. On a recent road trip through the American South, my partner, National Geographic photographer Kris Graves, and I drove through Tuskegee, Alabama, where we found a connection to a time long before human beings walked the Earth.

It’s a story of how the geology of the Cretaceous Period, between 70 and 100 Million years ago, emphatically changed the course of American history.

Where The South As We Know It Began

About 80 miles from Tuskegee, along highway 431, we approached Horseshoe Bend National Military Park. Not to be confused the "Horseshoe Bend" segment of the Colorado River in Arizona, this site, established in 1959, is the site of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. My first assumption was that this was a battlefield from the Civil War. But as it turns out, I was off by more than 50 years.

A Map that Shows Fortifications and Troop Positions During War with Native Americans in 1814. Map Via Library Of Congress, Geography And Map Division

It was here in 1814, during the War of 1812, that General Andrew Jackson came to national prominence by defeating the Muscogee Indians. The Native People who had settled on the land surrounding the Tallapoosa River watershed, offered the last resistance against the expansion of the newly founded United States of America into this southeastern corner of the continent.

After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, the Treaty of Fort Jackson ceded more than 23 million acres of Native land to the U.S. Government and opened the Mississippi Territory for pioneer settlement. This area ultimately created the states we now call Alabama and Georgia. It has been suggested by historians that this is where the South as we know it today begins.

This was a geographic flash point of American history. After the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, the Muscogee Indians were summarily displaced and sent to reservations in Oklahoma and other points on the map west of the Mississippi River. From 1816 to 1840 native people were forced to travel west along a path known commonly as the Trail of Tears.

Once removed, Native People were replaced with white settlers who quickly discovered the rich soil in this location was perfect for the cultivation of cash crops such as indigo, corn, rice and cotton. In letters to his wife, Rachel, Andrew Jackson writes about the soil of Alabama: "The lands through which we passed are some of the richest this country can boast—well watered and abundantly fertile, they will no doubt soon be settled by a happy and prosperous people."

Left: A vintage, open-cockpit biplane called the PT-13D Stearman Kaydet was used to train the first generation of Black American combat pilots at the Tuskegee Institute. Photograph By Kris Graves. Right: A group of soldiers lined up with a plane in the background Tuskegee airmen training in 1942. Photograph By Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration/Office Of War Information Black-And-White Negatives

Ancient Organism Laid The Foundation For The South’s Fertile Land

There’s a deep reason for the richness of the soil they remarked on there.

Over 70 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period, the southeastern U.S. was a warm, subtropical region covered by a vast shallow sea known as the Western Interior Seaway. Much of the area was a coastal plain with swamps, rivers, and dense vegetation. Dinosaurs like hadrosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and ceratopsians roamed the land, while giant marine reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs dominated the waters. The climate was humid, and the region was rich in diverse plant and animal life, resembling modern coastal wetlands and estuaries.

Over millions of years, marine organisms like plankton and shellfish accumulated on the seafloor, forming thick deposits of calcium-rich limestone. When the sea receded, these limestone deposits weathered into fertile, alkaline soils that became ideal for agriculture. This rich, dark soil gave the Black Belt—an area that stretches from east-central Mississippi through central Alabama and into western Georgia--its name and later made the region a prime area for cotton farming in the 19th century.

The National Memorial For Peace and Justice in Montgomery Alabama is dedicated to Black Americans who were terrorized by lynching throughout the late 19th and 20th Centuries. A series of pillars hang in the display to represent the many counties across the U.S. where incidents of public execution were perpetrated. The name of each victim is inscribed on the pillar of the county in which they were killed. Photograph By Kris Graves

The Ancient History Still Leaves An Imprint On The Present

The geological landscape of the Black Belt created the physical environment where Black Americans would be subjected to the cruel exploitation of their labor. First through chattel slavery, then by a system of inequitable sharecropping and convict leasing programs, people of African descent would be made to work the soil of this region so rich in fossil decay.

But labor-intensive commodities like cotton require a great many hands to reap their benefits. The necessity for a dedicated workforce provided the economic incentive to expand and intensify the institution of slavery. In this place, at this time, through the Civil War, we see an ever-increasing concentration of enslaved Black Americans. And, their descendants still live there today.

In the 21st Century, the descendants of the formerly enslaved make up large segments of the population in these areas. The Black Belt's geological, historical and demographic legacy, combined with ongoing advocacy efforts, has made it a critical region for Black voter registration and political empowerment throughout the United States.

Coretta Scott King, John Lewis and a crowd of 5,000, march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge from Selma, Alabama Saturday, March 8, 1975. The historic march takes place on land that was made fertile by an ancient sea. Photograph By Associated Press

The geographic footprint of the Black Belt directly overlays the route of the U.S. Civil Rights Trail. Defined by a series of historic parks and monuments managed by the National Park Service, this path traces a timeline through critical moments in Black American history. From the murder of Emmitt Till near Greenwood, Mississippi, to where Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, to the site of the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing in Birmingham, to where John Lewis led the march for voting rights in Selma across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, to the training base of the Tuskegee Airmen, each of these locations and corresponding events can be traced back in history to the formation of soil made fertile almost 100 million years ago.

Despite the passage of time, even ions of geological transformation, history never gets old. There is always something new to learn from the past.

— James Edward Mills is a Freelance Journalist and National Geographic Explorer who Specializes in Stories about the History our National Parks and Environmental Conservation on Public Land.

[nocternalrandomness]

Boeing Stearman Model 75 (PT-13D)

The Stearman Model 75 is a biplane formerly used as a military trainer aircraft  (PT-13D), of which at least 10,626 were built in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Stearman Aircraft became a subsidiary of Boeing in 1934.

[airmanisr]

Boeing PT-13D, F-AZJR, La Ferte Alais / Cerny, 04-06-2022 by Gordon Riley

[wasisdpj]

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[usapat]

An up close encompassing drone view of the World War II U.S. Army Air Corps PT-13D Kaydet trainer aircraft displayed with Tuskegee airmen at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force.

[itsforafic]

Assuming I’m reading this right: 

For 4lbs of bread in England in 1811 was 13d (pence); in 1812 16d.

For a sack of flour (280lbs): 1811 71s8d; 1812 94s11d.

(https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t9j38wq2f&view=1up&seq=36)

[opelman]

Wallpaper #73 by Laurent Quérité Via Flickr: N43SV / 75-5541 - Boeing Stearman PT-13D Kaydet Aero Vintage Academy Meeting Aérien Airshow Le Temps des Hélices La Ferté Alais (LFFQ) France IMG_6251

[arthasastha-lavita-bella-blog]

Sir...please LET ME ALONE!

Hidup adalah sebuah perjalanan panjang dengan kereta yang segala sudutnya No Smoking - Ditemani penumpang lain yang Kepandaian dan Kebodohan-nya sulit dibedakan.

...

Kuraih tiket keretaku yang sudah kupesan jauh sebelum berangkat hari ini, 13D - artinya saya akan duduk dengan 1 orang penumpang lainnya. Okay, paling tidak saya beruntung duduk disamping jendela.

Sebelum memasuki gerbong untuk kursiku, sudah kupikirkan siapa gerangan yang nanti akan duduk disampingku. Aku tidak memikirkan sosok pejalan atau bacpacker atau traveller, karena ini bukan hari libur. Hanya berharap - semoga dia penumpang yang tidak akan membiarkan aku harus kehilangan momen istirahatku atau paling tidak semoga penumpang yang tidak terlalu ramah - agar aku tidak perlu berbasa basih seakan-akan tertarik dengan ceritanya.

Harus kuakui, Suasana melakukan perjalanan dengan kereta api sekarang jauh lebih nyaman dan menyenangkan dari tahun-tahun pertama melakukan perjalanan seperti ini dan sebelum PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) melakukan pembenahan besar-besaran seperti sekarang ini.

Dan kali ini saya harus patuh pada setiap tulisan No Smoking yang kapan saja bisa menjadi alasan diturunkan nya penumpang distasiun terdekat karena alasan melanggar peraturan.

15 Jam tanpa Rokok tentu menjadi neraka tersendiri pada sebuah perjalanan panjang seperti ini.

Semoga saja masalah yang kuhadapi hanya NO SMOKING yang bisa kau temukan tertempel dimana-mana sebagai Notice terbanyak dikereta.

........

Kurapikan rangsel dan koperku ke dalam bagasi, kuambil beberapa barang penting untuk keperluan selama perjalanan - termasuk earphone dan novel yang baru kubeli kemarin. Semoga ini cukup menghibur pikirku. . .

Tidak lama penumpang yang akan duduk bersamaku menyapa, "mas saya duduk disini, (sambil menunjukkan nomor kursinya" "ya...benar" jawabku sambil mempersilahkan dia duduk. 1 jam diawal perjalanan semuanya baik-baik saja, beliau sibuk dengan smartphone nya sementara saya sedang asyik dengan novel dan lagu-lagu Ari Reda.

Tidak ada yang mencoba memecah kebisuan diantara kami, dan kunikmati perjalanan sampai tiba pada stasiun pemberhentian pertama untuk mengangkut penumpang lainnya.

Dan karena kereta sedang berhenti, kubuka earphone yang sejak berangkat tadi menempel ditelingaku. Dan ....... mulai lah beliau bertanya banyak hal. Dari alasan ke kota tujuanku sampai keluarga saudara dari ibu mertuanya yang juga tinggal di Sumatera tepatnya di Bukit Tinggi. (Medan Bukit Tinggi....jauh pak.....jauh).

Sejak kumulai membalas pertanyaan beliau dari situlah berawal penderitaan pada sebuah perjalanan panjang......

[opelman]

Wallpaper #74 by Laurent Quérité Via Flickr: N450D / 46 - Boeing-Stearman PT-13D Kaydet Danielle & Emiliano Del Buono 46 Aviation Meeting Aérien Airshow Le temps des hélices La Ferté Alais (LFFQ) France IMG_6542

[airmanisr]

Boeing Stearman E75 Kaydet ‘17’ (N4813V) by Alan Wilson Via Flickr: c/n 75-5326 Built as a PT-13D with the US military serial 42-17163. Civil registered as N4813V in 1964. Joined the Confederate/Commemorative Air Force in 2014 and seen waiting to display at the 2019 ‘Wings Over Dallas’ WWII Airshow. Dallas Executive Airport, Redbird, Dallas, Texas. 27th October 2019

[airmanisr]

Boeing Stearman N2S-5 Kaydet ‘61064’ by Alan Wilson Via Flickr: c/n 75-5186 Built 1943 as a PT-13D with the US military serial 42-17023. Transferred to the US Navy on 7th December 1943, becoming an N2S-5 with the Bureau No 61064. It initially served at Ottumwa Naval Air Station, Iowa. Part of the Smithsonian Institute collection, it is seen on display in the Steven F. Udvar Hazy Center as part of the National Air and Space Museum. Washington Dulles International Airport, Chantilly, Virginia 15th March 2018

[airmanisr]

1942 Stearman Kaydet (PT-13D) by David G. Schultz

[airmanisr]

Boeing-Stearman E75 Kaydet ’796’ (N43SV) by Alan Wilson Via Flickr: c/n 75-5541 Built 1943 as a PT-13D for the USAAF with the serial 42-17378 Operated by the Aero Vintage Academy and seen carrying out pleasure flights. 2019 Fête Aérienne Le Temps Des helices (Aerial Festival – The Time of the Propellers). Aérodrome de Cerny-La-Ferté-Alais, Cerny, France 9th June 2019