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bamtilo-blog · 6 years ago

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My 1st Data Analysis Research Project

Okay, sincerely I am not your typical blogger. lol. This blog was created as an assignment with the aim of publishing my research project progress for peer review and public consumption. Hence, the blog will be strictly for this purpose for now. Later, I might as well use it for other useful purposes.

So, sit back, learn and give feedbacks as much as possible. Danke!

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This study aims to establish with statistics the association between alcohol consumption pattern and psychological disorders; Gambling and Depression to be specific.

DATASET: The U.S. National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC); a survey designed to determine the magnitude of alcohol use and psychiatric disorders in the U.S. population. It is a representative sample of the non-institutionalized population 18 years and older.

QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS

1. Is alcohol consumption pattern related to Major Depression (Low mood1)? Majority heavy drinkers are more likely to experience depression bouts?

2. Is alcohol consumption pattern related to pathological gambling / betting? Consistent or heavy drinkers are more likely candidates for gambling/betting?

LITERATURE REVIEW

Studies has shown that from a long time ago, alcohol consumption has been studied in association with diseases, mortality, injuries and psychological disorders across gender and races. Worthy of note are these two below.

1. “The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview”. J Rehm, R Room, K Graham, M Monteiro, G Gmel… - …, 2003 - Wiley Online Library

Meta‐analyses of the relationship between alcohol consumption and disease and multi‐level analyses of aggregate data to fill alcohol–disease relationships not currently covered by individual‐level data were used to determine the risk relationships between alcohol and disease. Average volume of alcohol consumption was found to increase risk for the following major chronic diseases: mouth and oropharyngeal cancer; oesophageal cancer; liver cancer; breast cancer; unipolar major depression; epilepsy; alcohol use disorders; hypertensive disease; hemorrhagic stroke; and cirrhosis of the liver. Coronary heart disease (CHD), unintentional and intentional injuries were found to depend on patterns of drinking in addition to average volume of alcohol consumption.

While average volume of consumption was related to all disease and injury categories under consideration, pattern of drinking was found to be an additional influencing factor for CHD and injury.

2. “Average volume of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking, and all-cause mortality: results from the US National Alcohol Survey.” J Rehm, TK Greenfield, JD Rogers - American Journal of …, 2001 - academic.oup.com

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an average volume of alcohol consumption and drinking patterns on all-cause mortality. The sample (n = 5,072) was drawn from the 1984 National Alcohol Survey, representative of the US population living in households.

The authors found a significant influence of drinking alcohol on mortality with a J-shaped association for males and an insignificant relation of the same shape for females. Finally, indicating alcohol problems in the past was related to higher mortality risk. Results emphasized the importance of routinely including measures of drinking patterns into future epidemiologic studies on alcohol-related mortality.

Furthermore, research also shows a link between alcoholism and antisocial personality disorders (Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. KJ Sher, TJ Trull - Journal of abnormal psychology, 1994 - psycnet.apa.org)

I therefore hope my research will be able to aid our understanding and show the relationship between alcohol consumption, depression and pathological gambling/betting.

Stay tuned to view my progress and contribute feed backs.

Thank you.

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paullui2002 · 2 years ago

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Market: Growth opportunities through 2028

According to our new research study on “Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Market Forecast to 2028 – COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis – by Type, Dosage, Age, Application, and Distribution Channel,” the market is expected to grow from US$ 4,273.84 million in 2022 to US$ 5,730.50 million by 2028; it is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 5.0% from 2022 to 2028. The report highlights trends prevailing in the market and drivers and hindrances pertaining to the global market growth.

Factors such as increase in prevalence of HPV associated diseases and rise in initiatives by global health organizations drive the overall human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine market growth. However, the high cost of HPV vaccines hinders the market growth.

Get sample PDF Copy of Market at @ https://www.theinsightpartners.com/sample/TIPRE00029411/

The increase in programs for HPV awareness is one of the effective strategies to increase the vaccination uptake and eliminate HPV-associated cancers.

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, US, has initiated the HPV and Related Cancers Outreach Program, which aims to reduce the HPV-related cancer burden in the community through education and vaccination. The outreach program has been developed to address common barriers to vaccination. Through workshops with the City of Boston and the Boston Public Health Commission, youth-serving organizations, Boston Public Schools, Area Health Education Centers organizations, and faith-based and other community-based organizations, people in Boston have been educated about it.

Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation's (ACCF) HPV & Me program is an awareness program that empowers high school students with preventive strategies to eliminate the risks associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

Additionally, in collaboration with computer scientists, HPV-related Epidemiological Research Unit, Norway, developed an innovative approach to communicate the importance of cervical cancer prevention to girls, women, boys, and men of different ages.

Therefore, the market in developing countries is likely to show high growth potential over the next few years.

North America dominated the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine market due to the increasing HPV infections and the growing initiatives by governments and institutions for HPV vaccination drive. The US, Canada, and Mexico are witnessing a sequential change in the market. The US accounts the largest share of the regional human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine market in 2022. Sexual transmitted infection (STI) is the most common infection caused by HPV in the US, and it is often acquired soon after initiating sexual activity. More than 43% of American adults aged 18–59 are infected with genital HPV, with higher rates among men (45%) than women (40%). HPV-related cancers have increased significantly in the past 15 years. In 2015, 43,000 people developed an HPV-related cancer, whereas the count was 30,000 in 1999. While HPV-related cervical and vaginal cancer rates have decreased in recent years, rates for oropharyngeal and anal HPV-related cancers have increased. This increase in HPV infections in the US is mainly driving the growth of the regional market.

GSK; Innovax; Walvax; Serum Institute of India Pvt., Ltd.; Vaccitech; Innovio Pharmaceuticals; Merck & Co., Inc.; 2A Pharm; ChengDu Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd.; Sanofi; R-Pharm; Shanghai Bowei; and BioLeaders are among the leading companies operating in the global human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine market.

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The Insight Partners is a one stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We specialize in industries such as Semiconductor and Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Biotechnology, Healthcare IT, Manufacturing and Construction, Medical Device, Technology, Media and Telecommunications, Chemicals and Materials.

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thealphareporter · 4 years ago

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Oropharyngeal Cancer – Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2030

http://dlvr.it/RdW1wF

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alicecpacheco · 5 years ago

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The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer and rate of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage in Florida, 2011 through 2015.

J Am Dent Assoc. 2020 Jan;151(1):51-58. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.08.022.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

The authors aimed to compare the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) from 2011 through 2015 and the rate of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination from 2015 through 2017 in the United States overall and in Florida.

METHODS:

Using SEER*Stat software (Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute), the authors calculated age-specific OPC incidence rates for various age groups and age-adjusted rates by sex and race to analyze Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and National Program of Cancer Registries data. The authors used Joinpoint software (Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute) to model time trends of OPC incidence. They estimated the rate of HPV vaccination among teenagers in Florida and explored the main reasons parents gave for not getting their children vaccinated by means of analyzing data from the National Immunization Survey-Teen. The authors used the χ2 test to determine the association between sociodemographic factors and HPV vaccination and to compare the rate of HPV vaccination in the United States overall with that in Florida.

RESULTS:

The incidence of OPC was higher and the rate of HPV vaccination was lower in Florida than in the United States overall. The OPC incidence rate was highest in those who were aged 50 through 70 years, non-Hispanic white, and male. The rate of being up-to-date on HPV vaccination in Florida was higher among female teenagers than male teenagers but did not differ significantly by other sociodemographic characteristics. The top reason for not getting an HPV vaccination in Florida was that it had not been recommended.

CONCLUSIONS:

The authors found relatively higher and increasing incidence rate of OPC in Florida and lower rate of HPV vaccination among adolescents in Florida than in the nation overall.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS:

The trends illustrated may stimulate policy changes to increase HPV vaccination for children and enhance the understanding of its benefits.

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ginamadigean · 5 years ago

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Researchers conduct large study into oropharyngeal cancers

NEW YORK, U.S.: In the largest study of its kind, researchers from the Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center (DFBWCC) have sifted through the 2013–2014 data from the National Cancer Institute on patients with oropharyngeal cancers to better understand the disease epidemiologically. With a rise in cases over the past two decades, the researchers believe they now have a clearer picture about the extent to which oropharyngeal cancer affects Americans. from Dental Tips https://www.dental-tribune.com/news/researchers-conduct-large-study-into-oropharyngeal-cancers/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

#Dental Tips

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earlhess88 · 5 years ago

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Researchers conduct large study into oropharyngeal cancers

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kritikarehani · 4 years ago

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Oropharyngeal Cancer (OPC) Market Insights, Epidemiology and Market Forecast 2030

The oropharynx consists of the structures in the oral cavity, back of the throat, including the base of the tongue, palatine tonsils, posterior pharyngeal wall, and soft palate. These are the well-known areas can only be visualized using special endoscopes or mirrors. There are many types of cancer of the oropharynx.

Oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. Patients with oropharyngeal cancer related to HPV tend to present earlier in life as compared to those with tobacco-associated oropharyngeal cancer. The primary tumor is often difficult to see, hidden within the folds of the throat (tongue-base and tonsil.)

DelveInsight's "Oropharyngeal Cancer - Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2030" report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Oropharyngeal Cancer, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Oropharyngeal Cancer market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan.

The Oropharyngeal Cancer market report provides current treatment practices, emerging drugs, Oropharyngeal Cancer market share of the individual therapies, current and forecasted Oropharyngeal Cancer market Size from 2017 to 2030 segmented by seven major markets. The Report also covers current Oropharyngeal Cancer treatment practice/algorithm, market drivers, market barriers and unmet medical needs to curate best of the opportunities and assesses the underlying potential of the market.

Geography Covered

· The United States

· EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom)

· Japan

Study Period: 2017-2030

View full report: https://www.delveinsight.com/report-store/oropharyngeal-cancer-market

Oropharyngeal Cancer Disease Understanding and Treatment Algorithm

Cancer specific to the oropharynx is called oropharyngeal cancer-a type of head and neck cancer that accounts for around thousands of newly diagnosed cases in the US every year. The leading cause of head and neck cancers is smoking tobacco, and as smoking has become less common in recent years, so has the occurrence for most head and neck cancers. The exception to this is oropharyngeal cancer, which is drastically increasing, especially in the younger population. The earliest stage oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancers are called stage 0 (carcinoma in situ), and then range from stages I through IV. As a rule, the lower the number, the less the cancer has spread. A higher number, such as stage IV, means cancer has spread more.

Early sign of oropharyngeal cancer often include lump in the neck. Besides this, patients often present or complain with lump or mass in the neck and back of the throat, difficulty or pain with swallowing, muffled voice, and pain in ear and throat may also appear.

There are few prognostic factors for oropharyngeal carcinoma such as HPV status, smoking history (pack-year smoking history of ten or more years), and tumor stage and nodal status.

The assessment of the primary tumor is based on inspection and palpation, when possible, and by indirect mirror examination. Beside this, other procedures may be done to evaluate the primary tumor such as Positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan (PET-CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging, Endoscopy, Laryngoscopy, Biopsy and p16 testing to assess for HPV status.

The DelveInsight Oropharyngeal Cancer market report gives a thorough understanding of the Oropharyngeal Cancer by including details such as disease definition, symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis

This segment of the report covers the detailed diagnostic methods or tests for Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Treatment

It covers the details of conventional and current medical therapies available in the Oropharyngeal Cancer market for the treatment of the condition. It also provides Oropharyngeal Cancer treatment algorithms and guidelines in the United States, Europe, and Japan.

Oropharyngeal Cancer Epidemiology

The Oropharyngeal Cancer epidemiology division provide insights about historical and current Oropharyngeal Cancer patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. It helps to recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders. This part of the DelveInsight report also provides the diagnosed patient pool and their trends along with assumptions undertaken.

Key Findings

· As per the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), approximately 1.2% of men and women will be diagnosed with oral cavity and pharynx cancer at some point during their lifetime (based on 2015–2017 data).

· According to the Stanford Medicine (US), Oropharyngeal Cancer cases typically are not diagnosed until the tumor metastasizes to the neck.

· As per the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), approximately 70% of cancers of the oropharynx may be linked to HPV.

Request for sample pages: https://www.delveinsight.com/sample-request/oropharyngeal-cancer-market

Oropharyngeal Cancer Drug Chapters

The dynamics of the Oropharyngeal Cancer market is anticipated to change in the coming years owing to the rise in numbers of company’s taking interest in development of drugs for Oropharyngeal Cancer. Key players, such as Precigen, and others are involved in developing drugs for Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Emerging therapies includes Validive by Monopar Therapeutics, ISA101b plus Cemiplimab by ISA Pharmaceuticals/ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals

Drug chapter segment of the Oropharyngeal Cancer report encloses the detailed analysis of Oropharyngeal Cancer marketed drugs and late stage (Phase-III and Phase-II) pipeline drugs. It also helps to understand the Oropharyngeal Cancer clinical trial details, expressive pharmacological action, agreements and collaborations, approval and patent details, advantages and disadvantages of each included drug and the latest news and press releases.

Oropharyngeal Cancer Market Outlook

At present, there are several treatment choices for oropharyngeal cancer: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Treatment of oral cavity cancer is generally surgery followed by radiotherapy, whereas oropharyngeal cancers, which are more likely to be advanced at the time of diagnosis, are managed with radiotherapy or chemo-radiation. Even after the surgery, cancer cell can be seen, therefore, few patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.

The use of surgery in HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer and the application of minimally invasive techniques to avoid or reduce required doses of adjuvant treatment have become important areas of study. Trans-oral laser surgery (TLS) was first popularized by Steiner in Germany. There has been increasing experience with TLS, but its use for oropharyngeal tumors has been limited to a few high-volume centers in the US and European units in the UK, France, and Germany

The Oropharyngeal Cancer market outlook of the report helps to build the detailed comprehension of the historic, current, and forecasted Oropharyngeal Cancer market trends by analyzing the impact of current therapies on the market, unmet needs, drivers and barriers and demand of better technology.

According to DelveInsight, Oropharyngeal Cancer market in 7MM is expected to change in the study period 2017-2030.

Scope of the Report

· The report covers the descriptive overview of Oropharyngeal Cancer, explaining its causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis and currently available therapies

· Comprehensive insight has been provided into the Oropharyngeal Cancer epidemiology and treatment in the 7MM

· Additionally, an all-inclusive account of both the current and emerging therapies for Oropharyngeal Cancer are provided, along with the assessment of new therapies, which will have an impact on the current treatment landscape

· A detailed review of Oropharyngeal Cancer market; historical and forecasted is included in the report, covering drug outreach in the 7MM

· The report provides an edge while developing business strategies, by understanding trends shaping and driving the global Oropharyngeal Cancer market

Download full report: https://www.delveinsight.com/report-store/oropharyngeal-cancer-market

Request for sample pages: https://www.delveinsight.com/sample-request/oropharyngeal-cancer-market

About DelveInsight DelveInsight is a leading Business Consultant, and Market Research Firm focused exclusively on life sciences. It supports pharma companies by providing end to end comprehensive solutions to improve their performance.

#Oropharyngeal Cancer #Oropharyngeal Cancer market #Oropharyngeal Cancer market share #Oropharyngeal Cancer market size #Oropharyngeal Cancer market trends #Oropharyngeal Cancer market research reports #Oropharyngeal Cancer key companies #Oropharyngeal Cancer market report #Oropharyngeal Cancer market insights #Oropharyngeal Cancer epidemiology

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ernestmccullougho5 · 5 years ago

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Researchers conduct large study into oropharyngeal cancers

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scottadeputy · 5 years ago

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Researchers conduct large study into oropharyngeal cancers

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kerinlevesque · 5 years ago

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Researchers conduct large study into oropharyngeal cancers

NEW YORK, U.S.: In the largest study of its kind, researchers from the Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center (DFBWCC) have sifted through the 2013–2014 data from the National Cancer Institute on patients with oropharyngeal cancers to better understand the disease epidemiologically. With a rise in cases over the past two decades, the researchers believe they now have a clearer picture about the extent to which oropharyngeal cancer affects Americans. from Dental https://www.dental-tribune.com/news/researchers-conduct-large-study-into-oropharyngeal-cancers/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

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kimoramorory · 6 years ago

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Human Papillomavirus And Risk For Head And Neck Cancer

Human Papillomavirus And Risk For Head And Neck Cancer. One classification of enunciated HPV (human papillomavirus) infection, HPV16, seems to keep on a year or longer in men over the age of 45 than it does in younger men, new research indicates. HPV16 is the rule of HPV often associated with the onset of head and neck cancers (oropharyngeal), the exploration team noted myextenderusa.com. "Oral HPV16 is the HPV type most commonly found in HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancers, which have been increasing in extent recently in the United States," said study author Christine Pierce Campbell in a American Association for Cancer Research newscast release. She is an assistant member in the bureau of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Infection Research in Cancer at the Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Fla "We don't discern how long oral HPV infection must persist to increment risk for head and neck cancer but we assume it would be similar to cervical infection, where it is generally believed that infections persisting beyond two years greatly flourish the risk of developing cervical cancer" search. The enquiry was released online on Jan 9, 2015 in Cancer Prevention Research. The researchers analyzed four years of samples from more than 1600 men. The samples were poised every six months. During the study, 23 men had two or more convinced oral HPV16 samples. Of these, 10 had HPV16 when the studio began. In the group that had HPV16 at the beget of the study, nine had infections that lasted a year or more full article. Additionally, the researchers found that eight of these infections lasted two years or more, and two lasted four years or more, the researchers found. In those who developed infections during the study, the tandem found that infections in men older than 45 all lasted one year or more. By contrast, just half the infections in the midst men 31 to 44 years persisted for one year or longer. And none of the infections detected amongst men 18 to 31 years lasted for a year, according to the researchers. "Our results show that some pronounced HPV16 infections remain in men for four years or more and that perseverance seemed to increase with age. She also acclaimed that genital HPV infections usually clear up in two years or less homepage here. This study's findings suggest that voiced infections may be more persistent than genital HPV.

#infections #cancer #years #hpv16 #study #lasted #infection

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cancersfakianakis1 · 6 years ago

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Epidemiological trends of oropharyngeal and oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas in Northern New England, 2000–2013

Abstract

Background

This study examines the epidemiological trends of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) in Northern New England.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont cancer registries. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-specific incidence rates, and annual percentage changes (APC) for OPSCC and OCSCC were calculated using Joinpoint regression.

Results

The overall ASIR for OPSCC in Northern New England increased by 54.2% from 2000 to 2013 with an increase of 61.5% and 27.3% in men and women, respectively. Overall ASIR for OCSCC, on the other hand, declined throughout 2000 to 2013 by 6% and among men by 11%. In joinpoint analyses, the overall ASIRs for OPSCC significantly increased at an APC of 3.15 from 2000 to 2013, whereas the ASIRs for OCSCC remained stable at an APC of − 0.26. In men, ASIRs for OPSCC significantly increased (APC: 3.46), while that of OCSCC remained stable at an APC of − 0.87. In women, the ASIRs remained stable for both OPSCC and OCSCC at an APC of 1.97 and 0.49, respectively. For patients in the 6th decade of life, the age-specific incidence rates for OPSCC increased significantly at an APC of 3.06, also among those in the 7th and 8th decade with a significant increase at an APC of 4.98 and 3.51 per year, respectively. There were no significant changes in the APC of patients with OCSCC with respect to age group.

Conclusion

The overall incidence of OPSCC is increasing in Northern New England, specifically among men. Given the etiological association between OPSCC and HPV, vaccination against HPV should be effectively encouraged among the populace. The efforts on tobacco cessation, abstinence, and alcohol abuse control should be continually expanded in order to bring about a decreasing trend in OCSCC.

http://bit.ly/2Gb6B8g

#Oncology-Sfakianakis

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arunbeniwal-blog · 6 years ago

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Causes of Oral Cancer | What is Oral Cancer | Oral Cancer Stages

Causes of Oral Cancer

Two separate lines of research are currently joining to unwind the unpredictable arrangement of occasions that prompt cancer. One region has unmistakably identified site-particular changes of oncogenes, for example, EGFR and tumor silencer qualities, for example, p53. The other depends on epidemiological evidence that has connected introduction to exogenous operators to the development of particular types of cancer. For instance, epidemiological examinations have firmly embroiled substance cancer-causing agents, for example, those in tobacco, with lung and laryngeal cancer. Presentation to bright light has been emphatically connected with carcinoma of the lower lip. Also, evidence is developing for the job of particular infections in cancers, for example, those arising in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, those of the uterine cervix and carcinoma of the oropharynx.3

Substance cancer-causing agents

Creature considers have demonstrated that the use of certain synthetic cancer-causing agents, for example, DMBA, to the oral mucosa will prompt the arrangement of squamous cell carcinoma. Nonetheless, the connection between substance cancer-causing agents that hypothetically may be experienced in day by day life, for example, those ingested in drinking water and Causes of Oral Cancer is not known.

Tobacco

Cigarette smoking is settled as a critical risk factor in Causes of Oral Cancer. Tobacco smoke contains a substantial number of compound cancer-causing agents including fragrant hydrocarbons, for example, benzopyrene and nitrosamines. These cancer-causing agents have been appeared to prompt particular hereditary changes of the p53 and H-ras qualities.

Liquor

All types of liquor have been embroiled in the development of Causes of Oral Cancer. Significantly, the impacts of tobacco and liquor are added substance with liquor acting synergistically to advance the cancer-causing impacts of tobacco items. The mechanism by which liquor adds to Causes of Oral Cancer is not surely knew but rather it likely acts specifically on the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa by expanding porousness and through its dehydrating impacts. Moreover, there may likewise be an aberrant impact through modified liver metabolism.4 Interestingly, there is some test evidence that liquor may act to change the p53 quality specifically.

Daylight

Actinic radiation has for quite some time been related with cancer of the lower lip. Bright light is an intense DNA harming operator actuating DNA cross-connecting, single strand and twofold strand DNA breaks and nucleotide substitution.

What is Oral Cancer

What is Oral Cancer Oral cancer begins in the cells of the mouth. A cancerous (dangerous) tumor is a gathering of cancer cells that can develop into and destroy adjacent tissue. It can likewise spread (metastasize) to different parts of the body. The most widely recognized place oral cancer spreads to is the lymph nodes in the neck. What is Oral Cancer may likewise be called oral hole cancer or mouth cancer.

Cells in the mouth at times change and never again develop or act regularly. These progressions may prompt non-cancerous (considerate) tumors, for example, warts and fibromas.

Changes to cells of the mouth can likewise cause precancerous conditions. This implies the strange cells are not yet cancer, but rather quite possibly they may move toward becoming cancer on the off chance that they aren't dealt with. The most well-known precancerous states of the mouth are leukoplakia and erythroplakia.

Oral Cancer Stages

Organizing describes or arranges a cancer dependent on how much cancer there is in the body and where it is when originally analyzed. This is often called the degree of cancer. Data from tests is utilized to discover the measure of the tumor, which parts of the organ have cancer, regardless of whether the cancer has spread from where it previously began and where the cancer has spread. Your social insurance group utilizes the phase to design treatment and gauge the result (your prognosis).

The most well-known arranging framework for oral cancer is the TNM framework. For oral cancer there are 5 Oral Cancer Stages – organize 0 pursued by stages 1 to 4. Often the Oral Cancer Stages 1 to 4 are composed as the Roman numerals I, II, III and IV. For the most part, the higher the stage number, the more the cancer has spread. Converse with your specialist on the off chance that you have inquiries regarding organizing.

We arrange oral cancer utilizing the American Joint Committee on Cancer's TNM framework, a generally acknowledged technique dependent on three key segments:

Tumor (T), which describes the extent of the first tumor

Node (N), which demonstrates whether the cancer is available in the lymph nodes

Metastasis (M), which alludes to whether cancer has spread to different parts of the body

A number (0-4) or the letter X is doled out to each factor. A higher number demonstrates expanding seriousness. For example, a T1 score demonstrates a littler tumor than a T2 score. The letter X implies the data couldn't be evaluated.

When the T, N, and M scores have been allocated, a general stage is determined.

T classifications for oral hole cancer

These estimations allude to the essential oral cancer tumor.

TX: Primary tumor can't be evaluated; data not known.

TO: No evidence of an essential tumor has been found.

Tis: Carcinoma in situ has been analyzed, which means the disease is as yet restricted, or contained inside the best layers of cells coating the oral hole. Cancer cells have not invaded the deeper layers of oral tissue.

T1: Tumor is 2 cm crosswise over or littler.

T2: Tumor is bigger than 2 cm over, yet littler than 4 cm.

T3: Tumor is bigger than 4 cm over.

T4 is divided into two subgroups:

T4a: The tumor is developing into adjacent structures. At this stage, the oral cancer is known as a moderately propelled nearby disease. The territories to which cells have spread differ as per the sort of oral cancer:

For oral cavity cancers, the tumor is developing into adjacent structures, for example, the bones of the jaw or face, deep muscle of the tongue, skin of the face, or maxillary sinus.

For lip cancers, the tumor is developing into adjacent bone, the substandard alveolar nerve (the nerve to the jawbone), the floor of the mouth, or the skin of the button or nose.

Oral Cancer Treatment

The kind of Oral Cancer Treatment your specialist will prescribe depends on where the tumor is and how far the cancer has spread. Here are normal approaches to treat diverse stages of oral hole and oropharyngeal cancer. In any case, every circumstance is extraordinary. Your specialist may have explanations behind proposing a treatment alternative not specified here.

Most specialists concur that treatment in a clinical preliminary ought to be considered for any kind or phase of cancer in the head and neck zones. This way individuals can get the best Oral Cancer Treatment accessible now and may likewise get the new treatments that are believed to be far better.

Jaypee Hospital

The Jaypee Hospital was conceptualized by a worshipped Founder Chairman, Shri Jai Prakash Gaur with the vision of advancing world-class medicinal services among the majority by furnishing quality and reasonable therapeutic consideration with duty.

Jaypee Hospital at Noida is the lead hospital of the Jaypee Group, which proclaims the gathering's respectable expectation to enter the medicinal services space. This hospital has been arranged and designed as a 1200 bedded tertiary consideration multi-claim to fame office and has commissioned 525 beds in the primary stage.

The Jaypee Hospital is built over a sprawling twenty-five-section of land grounds in Sector 128, Noida which is effortlessly available from Delhi, Noida and the Yamuna Expressway.

Dr. Sudarsan De

Dr. Sudarsan De is a General Physician and Radiation Oncologist in Sector 128, Noida and has an ordeal of 28 years in these fields. Dr. Sudarsan De hones at Jaypee Hospital in Sector 128, Noida. He finished MBBS from Calcutta University in 1979 and MD - Radiotherapy from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi in 1984.Dr. Sudarsan De has over 30 years of cancer care involvement in Chemo and Radiation treatment of various parts of the body. He's filled in as HOD and Chief Radiation Oncologist at different private hospitals in Delhi. Dr. Sudarsan De is an alum from NRSMCH, Kolkata and did his post graduation (MD) in Radiotherapy from AIIMS, Delhi. He has been broadly prepared in modern methods of Radiation Therapy in different rumored cancer focuses both in India and abroad (in Italy, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, China, Singapore, Denmark and Switzerland.)

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theconservativebrief · 6 years ago

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Lee Tomlinson wasn’t a smoker. He wasn’t a drinker. He was a longtime professional tennis player and marathoner based in Los Angeles, “the healthiest guy anyone knew,” he says.

That’s why, in 2012, at the age of 62, he was shocked to learn that he had stage-three throat cancer.

Until fairly recently, most oropharyngeal cancers — cancers of the back of the throat, the tonsils, and the base of the tongue — mainly showed up in people who smoked and drank heavily, and usually quite late in life.

But Tomlinson’s illness was caused by something else: human papillomavirus, or HPV, a sexually transmitted infection that can be genital or oral.

As a young athlete traveling the world, Tomlinson — who’s now 68 and still recovering from cancer treatment — said he had his share of sexual dalliances with women. But he had no idea this youthful experimentation, and oral sex in particular, could lead to cancer. He had no symptoms and hadn’t even heard of HPV until he was staring down his diagnosis.

While public health campaigns about STDs have helped to dramatically reduce HIV rates and improve condom usage, many Americans are still ignorant about the risks of HPV. It’s the most common STD in the country that will infect almost every sexually active person at some point in their lives — and one of a few that can cause cancer.

As we’ve shifted toward having more partners and more oral sex, HPV-related cancer cases are creeping up, while HPV vaccine rates are lagging.

One of the most worrisome developments is HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers in middle-aged men, like Tomlinson. Between 1999 and 2015, this kind of cancer increased 2.7 percent per year among men and 0.8 percent per year among women. Many of the men who get cancer this way say they had no clue they had the virus, or that it put them at risk.

Javier Zarracina/Vox

Other HPV-related diseases like genital and anal cancers in men and women are on the rise, too. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of new HPV cancers reported annually went up from 30,115 in 1999 to 43,371 in 2015. HPV now causes nearly all cervical cancers, 95 percent of anal cancers, and 70 percent of oropharyngeal cancers.

There are more than 200 strains of the virus. Most are considered low risk, with little chance of leading to cancer. But 14 “high-risk” strains can cause oral or genital cancers.

And the prevalence of those dangerous HPV types is high. According to an April 2017 CDC report, one in four men and one in five women in 2013 to 2014 had a high-risk strain of genital HPV, while one in 25 men and women had a high-risk strain of oral HPV. (Not everyone who has one of these strains will develop cancer.)

The good news is that most of these high-risk strains are targeted by the HPV vaccine. The shots have already been shown to prevent cervical cancer, and new evidence is emerging that shows that it can prevent oral cancers (like Tomlinson’s) too. That’s why doctors are now calling the HPV vaccine “one of the most significant cancer prevention tools ever developed.”

Yet too many Americans are still wary — or unaware — of the vaccine. It’s recommended for boys and girls ages 9 to 26, but only six in 10 girls and half of boys get the shot. That’s much lower than the uptake of other routine vaccinations — such as the polio or measles-mumps-rubella vaccines — which typically hovers around 80 or 90 percent.

To Tomlinson, the opportunity to prevent oral or genital cancers should be a no brainer for parents and young people. “There are parents who don’t inoculate their kids because they think it’ll make them more promiscuous. I ask them: ‘Would you rather your kids be sexually promiscuous or would you rather they be dead’?” Tomlinson said. “It’s a simple choice.”

Since the sexual revolution of the 1960s and the advent of the birth control pill, Americans have been experimenting with sex at younger ages, and with more sexual partners, increasing their risk of sexually transmitted infections like HPV.

They’ve also been having more oral sex across age groups as the taboo around it has diminished. Today, teenagers report having oral sex more frequently and having vaginal sex less frequently than teens before them — in part because they believe that oral sex is safer.

What’s missed with that strategy is that HPV can be spread quite easily through sex, even when condoms are used, and especially through condom-free oral sex.

Michael Douglas became the de facto poster-child for HPV when, in 2013, he famously said his throat cancer “came about from cunnilingus.” There was more uncertainty back then about the link, but researchers who study and treat oral HPV cancers now say it’s clear: This is a new disease trend that’s being driven by our sexual habits.

“We think HPV as the cause of [oropharyngeal] cancers is probably due to changing sex practices — specifically oral sex,” said Ben Roman, a head and neck surgeon at Memorial Sloan Kettering in New York.

The people who came of age during the sexual revolution, like Tomlinson and Douglas, were the first demographic group to experience the rise in HPV-related oropharynx cancers in their middle age, which is why researchers think oral sex is the main culprit here. Having HPV in the oral cavity gives people a 50-fold increase in risk for HPV-positive head and neck cancers.

As this group has aged, HPV-related head and neck cancers have followed them — but it’s also reaching younger people, even those in their 40s.

“When we started looking at this about 10 years ago, we were seeing the increase was most prominent at younger ages,” said Anil Chaturvedi, an NIH researcher who studies the epidemiology of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer.

Now, when researchers like Chaturvedi look at the data, they find HPV-related oral cancer is increasing in both the less than 60 years age group and in older groups as well — the people who are most likely to have had oral sex.

Since the 1980s, the percentage of HPV-related oropharynx cancers has been steadily increasing — and HPV is now the cause of the vast majority of tumors found in the oropharynx. At the same time, as smoking rates have declined, the incidence of oropharynx cancers that are not caused by HPV has dropped off dramatically.

To put that into clearer terms, HPV-negative oropharynx cancers dropped by half between 1988 to 2004, while HPV-positive oropharynx cancers increased by 225 percent.

Altogether, HPV infections are now causing about 43,000 cancers in men and women each year, according to the CDC. Cervical cancers are most common among women, and oropharyngeal cancers are the most common among men.

For people who didn’t smoke, the three-year survival odds for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers are high — around 90 percent. The odds of survival for cervical and anal cancers are similarly good when they’re caught early.

There are a couple of things we know about the people who get HPV-related cancers: They tend to have a high number of oral sex partners over their lifetime, and they also tend to be male and white. (Both HPV infection and related cancers are about three to five times more common in men than women.)

Researchers haven’t been able to figure out why men are more susceptible, but suspect it might be caused by the fact that women’s immune system seem to be able to ward off the virus’ cancer causing properties more readily.

Roman said that in his practice, he still sees more men than women with oropharyngeal HPV cancers, and they tend to be middle aged. Because the virus doesn’t cause any symptoms (unless genital warts are involved), the discovery tends to be a surprise. “The usual story is that a man was shaving and they felt a lump in their neck, and they went to primary care doctor and got antibiotics,” he explained. If the drugs don’t work, they eventually get a biopsy and HPV test, and often find out they have cancer.

America lags behind other industrialized nations when it comes to HPV vaccine uptake. A major reason for the lag is that some parents are concerned about the vaccine’s safety — even though there’s no good data suggesting significant safety concerns. And it doesn’t help that politicians and popular media figures, like Michelle Bachman and Alex Jones, fearmonger about the shot.

In most states, the vaccine isn’t required for school entry, like the polio or measles-mumps-rubella vaccines is. According to the American Cancer Society, only Rhode Island, Virginia, and DC have HPV vaccine requirements in place (and Puerto Rico also has also recently added it to the list of routine shots).

There’s also hesitancy among doctors to recommend the vaccine, in part because of the sexual stigma around it. Yet the CDC reported that a doctor’s suggestion to get an HPV vaccine was strongly associated with a teen getting immunized, which is why oncologists are working on a rebranding effort for the vaccine to encourage pediatricians and family doctors to more forcefully recommend the immunization.

“Vaccination shows the greatest promise,” Chaturvedi said when I asked him about how we’ll bend this cancer curve. He expects that in two or three decades, as the first groups of children who were immunized against the virus reach middle age, we’ll see oropharyngeal cancer rates decline and thousands of HPV-related cancer deaths averted.

After three months of chemotherapy, and 35 radiation treatments between July and December 2012, Tomlinson still has sores in his mouth, and perpetual pain in his tongue. But he’s through the worst — the months when he could hardly speak at all, or when the pain of swallowing saliva “was like swallowing broken glass.” At those moments, he says he wanted to die.

If he had had the chance to avoid that pain with a vaccine, he would have happily taken it. Refusing a cancer-preventing shot, he says, “is lunacy.”

Clarification: A previous version of this article stated that HPV is the only STD known to cause cancer. In fact, Hepatitis B and C and HIV are also known to raise the risk of cancer.

Original Source -> Americans should be more afraid of HPV

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