#Nursing interventions

[thenursingtime-blog]

The Ultimate Nursing Care Plan for Head Injury: Save Lives with These Expert Tips!

A nursing care plan for head injury is key to helping patients with traumatic brain injury. It ensures they get the best care possible. The plan aims to assess, diagnose, plan, intervene, and evaluate the patient’s condition. It uses the latest research and guidelines. Managing head injuries requires a detailed approach. Early recognition and intervention are vital. They help prevent more…

[artisticdivasworld]

Breathing Easy: A Comprehensive Guide to Helping Patients with COPD

Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be challenging and overwhelming for both patients and their loved ones. COPD is a progressive lung disease that affects millions of people worldwide and can significantly impact their quality of life. However, there are various strategies and treatments available to help patients manage their symptoms and breathe easier. In this…

[siristaci]

Why is it... that... the same generation that thinks millennials are unprofessional... for having visible tattoos... and thinks gen z is degenerate... because they can't read cursive...

insist on abusing punctuation like this...

[endopromag]

Delivering quality healthcare requires precise support, and that’s where Endoscopy Nursing Interventions become crucial. At Endopromag, we emphasize specialized nursing practices that ensure patient safety, comfort, and optimal outcomes during and after endoscopic procedures. Our interventions include pre-procedure education, vital monitoring, sedation support, and post-procedure care, tailored to reduce complications and speed up recovery. These techniques improve diagnostic accuracy while enhancing patient satisfaction. By integrating advanced protocols and continuous training, Endopromag helps medical professionals perform safer, more efficient procedures. Trust Endopromag expert guidance to elevate your endoscopy care standards and ensure a seamless experience from preparation to recovery. Choose precision, choose expertise—choose Endopromag for exceptional Endoscopy Nursing Interventions.

[myopenletter]

Divine Intervention

I asked for a sign—and got smacked in the face with one. It was almost as if the universe was trying to show me a glimpse of the future if I chose the path I’d been debating over the past few weeks.

I work in a medical office. I took a patient back who had no idea I’d been thinking about changing my major. She’s a nurse, and I’m currently a nursing major. We started talking about her kids, and she mentioned her daughter, who had also been a nursing major but switched to finance. She never questioned her daughter's decision—just supported her. Six months into her HR job in finance, her daughter called and said, “I’m going back to school at ASU for nursing.” Again, the mother supported her, still not asking why she had changed majors in the first place.

Fast forward to now: her daughter is a nurse practitioner. When my patient finally asked what had made her switch away from nursing to begin with, her daughter said, “I was friends with people who weren’t nursing majors. I knew I didn’t want to study as much as nursing required, so I took the easier route.”

I don’t mind the studying, but I am worried I won’t have enough free time to study as much as nursing demands. I had been debating switching my major to Human Resources or Finance.

As if that wasn’t enough of a sign, the very next patient I took back was a retired finance manager who told me, “I can confirm—you’ll always be the bad guy, and it’s hard to fire people you know need the job.”

Then came the next patient: a nurse who always encourages me, pushes me to grow, and reminds me every time I see her that I’ll make an incredible nurse one day.

Divine intervention. A sign. A smack in the face. The clearest confirmation I’ve ever received after asking the universe for guidance.

Next stop: Nursing school applications.

Wish me luck,

K.

[outlying-hyppocrate]

ANONYMOUS EATING DISORDER ALLEGATIONS FROM SOMEONE IN MY CLASS ???????

[thenursingtime-blog]

👁️ Ultimate Nursing Care Plan for Eye Disorders: Save Vision, Save Lives! | NursingExpert.in

Imagine waking up one day and finding the world around you blurry, distorted, or even completely dark. For millions of people living with eye disorders, this is a daily reality. Eye health is often taken for granted, but when vision is compromised, it affects every aspect of life—from reading a book to recognizing a loved one’s face. As nurses, we have the power to make a difference. By creating…

[artisticdivasworld]

Compassionate Care for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nursing Perspective

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of kidney function over time. Managing CKD is not just about slowing the progression of the disease but also about enhancing the quality of life for those affected. Nurses play a crucial role in this process, providing care that is as compassionate as it is competent. This blog post will explore the nursing interventions and desired outcomes that…

[hereticalseraph]

I’ve cared for two separate patients on a telemetry/cardio step-down unit who were admitted for complications related to their gastric bypass.

In terms of difficulty holding on to vitamins/minerals? One had chronic issues holding onto potassium and was consistently low. For those unaware, potassium helps control heart/nerve function and low enough potassium levels can cause fatal arrhythmias if left untreated.

Another patient had, among other complications, no less than 20- that’s not a typo, twenty- incidents of gastrointestinal bleeding and a hemoglobin level as low as 3.2. For reference, a normal hemoglobin level for women is around 12.5 to 15. She was planning to have her bariatric surgery reversed- something I didn’t even know was possible.

The fact that bariatric surgery is pushed as an end-all be-all ‘solution’ for so many fat people- including those with no other health issues- without any serious consideration for the very real and very common adverse effects and complications that occur- risks that far outweigh (pun not intended) any potential and possibly only temporary benefits?

In my opinion, is a violation of the principles of veracity- to be fully honest with patients- and of nonmaleficence- to do no harm.

Hallo!! I really appreciate your blog and how open and invested you are in wellbeing outside of medical fatphobia and other ways medicine as an institution can suck. It's also great to see a humanized side of working in medicine, so thank you for your openness :) You mentioned recently not prescribing bariatric surgery to patients except in rare, specific cases. If you have time and energy, would you be able to share a little more about what you think about bariatric surgery when those particular conditions aren't present? Also please feel free to ignore this ask if you're not up for it. Hope you have a great day! 🌸🌼🌺

When someone is fat to the point where they can't do daily activities of living like dressing themselves, walking, etc., then bariatric surgery probably has a place.

However, bariatric surgery has risks. Lots of them. To start with, there's the on-the-table risks. These are a lot lower than they used to be--anesthesia in this day and age is incredibly safe. Getting to bariatric surgery is challenging for most patients, as insurance in the US will typically only work with a few centers that have wrap-around teams including the surgeons but also other specialists, especially nutritionists. So lots of patients go to Mexico. I haven't had a single one of my own patients, since I started having my own patients four years ago, get from the phase of thinking about bariatic surgery to actually having it done in the US. I've had three patients go to Mexico and have it done. I will withhold judgment, because I haven't been to those centers, I don't know what those doctors and teams are like, but I do know the overall out of pocket cost for patients is about 5 grand, which is so much cheaper than it is in the US that it doesn't bear comparison.

Just-after-surgery risks include blood clots that can go to the lungs or the heart. There is always a risk of wound infection, which can be devastating. If a prolonged hospital stay is required, pneumonia is a significant risk.

Any time you have intra-abdominal surgery, your body develops scar tissue. Places where scar tissue fuses different structures together are called adhesions. Having a re-operation after that is more risky because of those adhesions. You are also at higher risk for intestinal obstruction, because your intestines can hang up on adhesion and twist so that they cut off their own blood supply. This is a surgical emergency. When bowel dies, it becomes leaky and lets dangerous intestinal bacteria into the otherwise sterile environment of the abdomen. That higher risk of intestinal obstruction never goes away.

People who have had bariatric surgery are also at risk for dumping syndrome. This is a condition where the small intestine becomes overly stimulated immediately after a meal, because the food is not moving smoothly through the stomach into the small intestine on the natural time scale. That stimulation leads to excessive insulin release in comparison to the amount of glucose absorbed, which can means hypoglycemia, which is life-threatening.

Rapid fat loss leads to significant amounts of excess skin. Many people who've had bariatric surgery go on to have skin removal surgery. This is actually a riskier surgery than the bariatric surgery itself, because you are tampering with the barrier between the inside of your body and the world outside it. And if it's done too early, you can end up needing your skin to stretch again, and having stretch marks in addition to the scars.

After bariatric surgery, you are also worse at absorbing good nutrients. You need lifetime monitoring for vitamin levels, including vitamin B12. If you don't have enough vitamin B12, your nerves start to die. This results in pain that starts in the feet, since the neurons running from the spinal cord to the big toes are the longest and therefore most susceptible in the body.

But perhaps the most upsetting aspect of bariatic surgery to me is that it is presented as a definitive solution.

Is it?

Not for 20-25% of people who have bariatic surgery, who struggle with significant weight regain.

So if the most extreme intervention we have--literally surgically altering your gut--isn't enough to make weight loss permanent, how is anything else going to do it?

You can be skinny. For a little while. But attempts to lose large amounts of weight, including surgically, have high failure rates. The 75% success rate for bariatic surgery is significantly higher than for any other method currently widely available, but the risks are also significantly higher. I don't think it's worthwhile for most patients, especially given how many patients are lied to by their doctors about how much their weight is likely contributing to their health problems. Most of my patients focus on their weight rather than activity levels, they beat themselves up about how they're not doing intense enough exercise but don't incorporate lower-impact exercises like swimming or walking, they try to eat less rather than eating a diet more rich in vegetables and fruits and lower in highly processed foods. You can do so much for yourself without ever framing it as being about weight.

And if you've done that--if you're struggling with being so fat that you can't live your life--then sure. Talk to your doctor about a referral for bariatric surgery. But don't be shocked if the results are not what you were told to expect. Don't be surprised when you find that you actively resent the people who suddenly find you tolerable, even desirable, now that you're not so fat. Don't let them sell you bariatic surgery as a no-downside cure-all, because it most emphatically is not.

[laborjulie]

A Day in the Life of a Nursing Student 🏥💞

Beep! Beep! Beep! My alarm goes off at 5:00 AM, signaling the start of another day in my journey as a student nurse. Today is special—it's my last day of pediatric rotation at St. John Hospital, and although I know I’ll miss my patients and my group, I’m eager to make the most out of every moment before we leave at 11:30 AM for a school event.

Morning Hustle: The Student Nurse Routine 🌞

By 6:30 AM, I’m at the hospital, gathered with my group for circle time. We begin with a prayer, a moment of silence to remind us why we are here—to serve, to learn, and to grow. Our clinical instructor, Ma’am Luz, gives us final reminders before we start our shift. I double-check my paraphernalia, making sure my stethoscope, penlight, and alcohol are within reach. Preparation is key—nursing is not just about knowledge; it’s about being ready for anything.

Back to My Patient: Continuity of Care ❤️‍🩹

I was assigned the same 9-year-old boy diagnosed with PCAP-C (Pneumonia Community-Acquired, Moderate Risk), whose billing process was still ongoing. Over the past three days, I had monitored his vital signs, tracked his intake and output, and ensured his comfort. Today was no different—I continued providing bedside care, repositioning him for better breathing, and reminding his mother about the importance of hydration and proper medication adherence after discharge.

It’s amazing how three days with the same patient can make such a difference. There’s a bond, a sense of responsibility, and a commitment to ensuring that he and his mother feel supported even beyond the hospital stay. Nursing, I’ve realized, is not just about administering medication; it’s about building trust and delivering holistic care.

Beyond the Charts: The Human Side of Nursing 🥹

Mid-shift, I found myself listening to the life story of my patient’s mother. Between checking her son’s vital signs and jotting down my FDAR notes, I sat beside her as she opened up about the challenges of raising a child with frequent respiratory infections. It was a humbling moment—one that reminded me that behind every patient chart is a family filled with hope, fear, and love.

As a nursing student, it’s easy to get caught up in skills and procedures, but today reminded me that listening is also a powerful intervention. Sometimes, patients and their families don’t just need medicine; they need reassurance, someone to hear them out, and a comforting presence in an unfamiliar environment.

Final Insights and Goodbyes 🥰

Before we left, our clinical instructor gathered us for one last discussion. She shared insights about our performance, reminded us to always uphold compassionate care, and encouraged us to reflect on what we had learned. It hit me then—I was not just walking away with clinical experience, but with a newfound appreciation for the depth and humanity of nursing.

As we packed up and bid farewell to the ward, I couldn’t help but feel sentimental. I was going to miss my group—the teamwork, the shared stress, and the small victories we celebrated together. Nursing school is tough, but having people who understand your struggles makes the journey lighter.

Looking Ahead: The Never-Ending Learning Curve 🤩

Although this rotation has ended, the lessons I’ve learned will stay with me. Moving forward, I will carry with me the importance of continuity of care, patient advocacy, and the power of simply being present. The hospital may be a place of treatment, but for nurses, it is also a place of connection, growth, and purpose.

As I head back to school for our event, I take a deep breath, knowing that tomorrow is another day to learn, to care, and to become the nurse I aspire to be.

To all nursing students out there—keep going. The long shifts, the exhaustion, and the endless paperwork may feel overwhelming, but every moment spent caring for a patient is a step closer to becoming the nurse you dream of being. 💙👩‍⚕️

[muffingnf]

i dont hate my job. but at the same time i hate my job.

[aakhirtak]

Kerala Nurse Nimisha Priya’s Death Penalty in Yemen: Iran Steps In

Aakhir Tak – In Shorts Nimisha Priya, a nurse from Kerala, was arrested in Yemen in 2017 for allegedly murdering Talal Abdo Mehdi. She was sentenced to death by a trial court in 2020, upheld by Yemen’s Supreme Judicial Council in 2023. Iran has pledged to intervene by negotiating with the Yemeni government on her behalf. The victim’s family has the option to pardon Nimisha in exchange for…

[bonumhomehs-blog]

In home health services in Burbank, California, the focus is increasingly on providing comprehensive support to individuals recovering from illnesses, injuries, or disabilities. Among these essential services, occupational therapy plays a pivotal role in helping patients regain independence and improve their quality of life. By assessing and addressing the specific needs of individuals, occupational therapists can create tailored strategies that enhance daily living skills, making it easier for patients to perform essential tasks at home and in their communities.

[endopromag]

Endoscopy procedures require precision, and Endoscopy Nursing Interventions play a critical role in ensuring patient safety and comfort. At Endopromag, we emphasize advanced training and evidence-based practices for nurses involved in endoscopic care. From pre-procedure preparation and sedation monitoring to post-procedure assessment and patient education, each step is handled with clinical accuracy. Our experts equip healthcare teams with cutting-edge tools and practical guidance to reduce risks and enhance outcomes. Endopromag solutions help streamline endoscopy workflows, promote faster recovery, and maintain high standards in gastrointestinal diagnostics.

[myrawjcsmicasereports]

 Prenatal control of pregnant women in the First Level of Care by Alejandro L. Villalobos Rodríguez in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences 

Abstract

Introduction: Normal pregnancy is the physiological state of the woman that begins with fertilization and ends with the labor process and birth with physiological changes present. However, there may be complications that seriously affect the binomial; Self-care refers to the human capacity of individuals to perform actions whose purpose is to care for themselves and others.

Results: During the study period of March 2023, 19 cases of pregnant women entitled to Issste were recruited. The average age was 32.5 years, and the standard deviation was 5.4; weeks of gestation had a mean of 27 SDG and a standard deviation of 10.6. Five patients (26.3%) attended prenatal care for the first time, followed by 14 pregnant women (73.6%). Regarding their protection vaccination, 19 pregnant women received the anti-influenza vaccine (100%) and the TDPa vaccine in only six cases (31.5%).

Discussion: Prenatal care providers are encouraged to assess maternal weight at each prenatal visit, monitor progress toward meeting weight gain goals, and provide individualized counseling if significant deviations from a woman's goals occur. Today, nearly 50% of women exceed their weight gain goals, and overweight and obese women have the highest prevalence of excessive weight gain. The risks of inadequate weight gain include low birth weight and failure to initiate breastfeeding. In contrast, the risks of excessive weight gain include cesarean section deliveries, postpartum weight retention for the mother, large-for-gestational-age babies' macrosomia, and childhood overweight or obesity for the offspring. Vitamins and minerals are essential for normal fetal development. The World Health Organization recommends supplementing iron, folic acid, vitamin A, calcium, and iodine during pregnancy.

 Keywords: Nursing; Pregnancy; Educational intervention.

Introduction

Normal pregnancy is the physiological state of the woman that begins with fertilization and ends with the labor process and birth with present physiological changes. However, complications may seriously affect the binomial (1).

Nicotine use by mothers during pregnancy is associated with numerous deleterious effects in children, especially concerning obesity. Children exposed to nicotine prenatally tend to have a lower birth weight, with an elevated risk of becoming overweight throughout development and into adulthood (2).

Alcohol is perhaps the most widely used and socially accepted psychoactive substance. Alcohol consumption is highly addictive, and evidence indicates that it can cause severe systemic side effects, such as heart and lung disease, and increase the risk of cancer and susceptibility to some infectious diseases (3).

Cannabis is the most common illicit drug used by pregnant women; Prevalence rates during pregnancy range from 3-10% in the United States, with some variability depending on the legal status of cannabis in all states. Some women use cannabis on purpose during pregnancy to combat symptoms such as nausea and pain, although recent reports suggest that cannabis use may cause nausea and vomiting (4).

Anemia has been a significant public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The WHO has defined anemia in pregnancy as hemoglobin < 11 g/dL. The most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia, defined as serum ferritin < 15 μg/L (5).

HIV remains a significant global public health problem. Worldwide, approximately 37.7 million people are living with HIV, of whom 1.7 million were children aged 0-14 at the end of 2020. In addition, women are at increased risk of acquiring HIV during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and those women who acquire HIV during pregnancy or the postpartum period have more likely to transmit the infection to their offspring (6).

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting approximately 2-5% of pregnant women. These patients present with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet syndrome, and cardiovascular disease later in life. PD contributes to approximately 10% of stillbirths and 15% of preterm deliveries (7).

Materials and methods

40 pregnant patients were recruited who attended the first level care Health Unit of the ISSSTE in Playa del Carmen, Q. Roo, for pregnancy control during the study period. A descriptive analysis was carried out with measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and percentages.

Results

During the study period of March 2023, 19 cases of pregnant women entitled to ISSSTE were recruited. The mean (X) age was 32.5 years, and the standard deviation (S) was 5.4; weeks of gestation had a mean of 27 SDG (X) and standard deviation (S) of 10.6. Five patients (26.3%) attended their prenatal check-up for the first time, and 14 subsequent ones (73.6%). Regarding their protection vaccination, 19 pregnant women received the 100% anti-influenza vaccine and the TDPa vaccine in only six cases (31.5%). All pregnant women (100%) received folic acid from the first trimester of pregnancy.

Discussion

Vitamins and minerals are essential for normal fetal development. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends supplementation with iron, folic acid, vitamin A, calcium, and iodine during pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also recommends supplementation with choline and vitamins B6, B12, C, and D. Prenatal vitamins do not have a standard formulation. However, most contain calcium, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, and vitamins A, and also eat more iron and B vitamins and about twice as much folic acid as multivitamins (8).

Regarding prenatal factors, studies have shown that poor maternal exercise, exposure to tobacco smoke and secondhand smoke, unhealthy dietary pattern, maternal BMI before pregnancy, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, as well as poor birth outcomes, such as low birth weight or small for gestational age and preterm birth, are associated with an increased likelihood of childhood obesity (9).

Preterm birth remains a global epidemic, with a global incidence of 15 million births annually. Globally, preterm birth is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. According to data from several countries, premature births have increased. According to the WHO, around 1 million children are estimated to die each year due to complications of preterm birth (10).

Prenatal care providers are encouraged to assess maternal weight at each prenatal visit, monitor progress toward meeting weight gain goals, and provide individualized counseling if significant deviations from a woman's goals occur. Currently, nearly 50% of women exceed their weight gain goals, and overweight and obese women have the highest prevalence of excessive weight gain. The risks of inadequate weight gain include low birth weight and failure to initiate breastfeeding. In contrast, the risks of excessive weight gain include cesarean deliveries and postpartum weight retention for the mother and large-for-gestational-age babies, macrosomia, and childhood overweight or obesity for the offspring. Prenatal care providers have many resources and tools they can use to incorporate weight counseling and other health behaviors health in their routine prenatal practices. Because many women are motivated to improve their health behaviors, pregnancy is often considered the optimal time to intervene in eating habits and physical activity issues to prevent excessive weight gain. Weight gain during gestation is a potentially modifiable risk factor for some adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials report that diet or exercise interventions during pregnancy may help reduce excessive weight gain. However, health behavior interventions for gestational weight gain have not significantly improved other maternal and neonatal outcomes and have limited effectiveness in overweight and obese women (11, 12).

Since 1990, exposure to air pollution has been one of the significant health risks influencing the global burden of disease and injury, and the trend has been increasing. Globally, only 7% of children live in environments with air pollution levels, according to WHO guidelines, indicating a lifetime impact of air pollution exposure on most children. In addition, the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases in recent decades represents a significant challenge for children's Health and imposes a global economic burden. Emerging evidence indicates that specific forms of ambient air pollution, such as particles 2.5 or 10 mm in diameter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen, are associated with the development of asthma in the pediatric population. Besides direct inhalation exposure during childhood, prenatal ambient air pollution exposure during the fetal stage might increase the risk of childhood asthma (13).

There is increasing evidence that prenatal environmental exposure to chemicals affects pubertal development. Many chemicals are present in the environment because of their extensive use, resistance to biological and chemical degradation, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Exposure to these persistent organic pollutants continues for long periods after their production and use have been prohibited by law. Humans are exposed to environmental chemicals through food, drinking water, and air. POPs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dichloroethane, pentachlorophenol, hexabromocyclorodecane, and others. PCBs are chemicals produced between 1929 and 1985 for application in various products, including refrigerants in heat transfer systems and lubricants in plastics. The prenatal period is vulnerable because many developmental processes are initiated, and disruption of these processes can influence outcomes in later life. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls has been shown to interfere with children's neurological, immunological, metabolic, and endocrine development. Development is a multifaceted process under the control of various hormonal mechanisms; PCB exposure could interfere with pubertal development. Evidence shows that hormone disruptors can advance or delay puberty (14).

Pregnancy is the psychologically most vulnerable period for women. During pregnancy, women are prone to varying degrees of stress due to changes in hormone levels and many other factors, such as brief bouts of fear, nervousness, and the possible long-term persistence of negative emotions. Negative emotions in women, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, are common during pregnancy. Negative emotions during the prenatal period can present potential risks to maternal Health and the Health of the newborn. Antenatal stress, anxiety, and depression are not only associated with fetal development and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, and fetal distress but also have more lasting effects, directly or indirectly, on growth and the development of children. Children of women who experience one or more negative emotions during pregnancy are more likely to have behavioral and emotional changes, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism in childhood. They are also more likely to have depression, impulsivity, and cognitive disorders in adolescence and suffer from schizophrenia in adulthood. In addition, women with prenatal symptoms of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder may experience more severe pain and be at higher risk of developing pregnancy complications, such as diabetes and preeclampsia, during childbirth and are more likely to of suffering from postpartum depression (15).

Prenatal maternal stress can arise from malnutrition, major life events, bereavement, catastrophic events, depression, or anxiety. Selye described stress as a physiological response pattern that occurs in response to an external or internal stressor and will last if the stimulus persists. The stress response is a homeostatic process and involved in this response is the neuroendocrine system called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates various physiological processes, including energy expenditure and storage, digestion, the immune system, mood, and the emotional response to stress through the release of glucocorticoids. The acute stress response does not produce long-term changes in the stress response axis, whereas chronic stress can exert long-lasting effects. Dysregulation of the HPA axis caused by repeated or extreme exposure to stress is associated with elevated cortisol levels and may be related to the anxiety and pathology of depression. Maternal prenatal stress increases fetal plasma cortisol to levels that overwhelm the metabolic capacity of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. This enzyme usually protects the fetus from higher maternal glucocorticoid levels by converting cortisol to inactive cortisone. Elevated levels of circulating fetal cortisol bind to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors that are expressed at high levels in multiple regions of the fetal brain, including the limbic system, hypothalamus, and cortex, where it impacts neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and synaptogenesis, suggesting its role in influencing cognitive, behavioral, and morphological development. These structures have been implicated in aggressive behavior, a phenomenon defined by Moyer (1971) as "overt behavior that is intended to inflict physical harm on another person" (16-19).

Exome sequencing (ES) is becoming increasingly available in prenatal diagnosis. However, data on its clinical utility and integration into clinical management remain limited. The BACs-on-Beads�� (BoBs) prenatal assay was introduced to rapidly detect abnormalities of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y and nine specific significant microdeletion syndromes. According to the WHO, congenital disabilities affect 4 to 8% of births worldwide, and their incidence varies between countries. Non-invasive prenatal testing is widely used to detect common fetal chromosomal abnormalities. However, the ability of NIPT-Plus to detect copy number variation (CNV) is debatable (20). Skeletal dysplasia is a group of rare genetic disorders associated with cartilage and bone abnormalities. Skeletal disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with more than 350 genes that explain the diversity of phenotypes of these diseases. Non-invasive prenatal screening has the potential to detect the maternal X chromosome that causes X-linked ichthyosis and may guide prenatal diagnosis of ichthyosis and reflect the family history to improve the pregnancy as well as the management of the Health of children and family members. An optimal intrauterine environment is essential to maintain fetal development. Harmful regents have been identified to be associated with significant congenital malformations, primarily neurological and cardiovascular congenital disabilities. The current view suggests that various cardiovascular diseases in adulthood are related to prenatal exposure to toxins such as glucocorticoids, antibiotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, etc. HBB-associated hemoglobinopathy, with its two general subtypes as thalassemia and abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variants, is one of the most prevalent inherited Hb disorders worldwide. Fetal macrosomia is common in pregnancy and associated with several adverse maternal and neonatal prognoses. Although, the accuracy of the prediction of fetal macrosomia is still poor (21). Exposure to environmental stressors during pregnancy plays a vital role in influencing and later susceptibility to certain chronic diseases through the modulation of epigenetics, including DNA methylation. Diagnosis of a microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 and its associated deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is optimally made early. Definitive diagnosis by chorionic villus or amniocyte genetic testing using a chromosome microarray will detect clinically relevant microdeletions. Maternal genetic effects can be defined as the effect of a mother's genotype on her offspring's phenotype, regardless of the offspring's genotype (22, 23).

This research contributes to the emerging evidence of the impact of community health workers on coordinated systems of antenatal care. It may guide policymakers, practitioners, and administrators to target effectively. Resources and enrollment to potentially reduce the cost burden for health systems. In Arizona, this study provides strong evidence for the sustainability of investing in rural health worker home visits to ensure continuity of Maternal Child Health care and equity among geographically diverse women. Investment in Health should begin engaging with nulliparous young women (including adolescents) throughout the municipality. They could improve reproductive health planning and preconception Health and reduce unwanted pregnancies through adequate engagement with prenatal care (24).

Conclusion

The first-level health units must have support personnel such as psychologists, dentists, and nutritionists. Services already established must cover all shifts 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The supplies of medicines, laboratory, dental, etc., must be sufficient. Nevertheless, health personnel must primarily understand the importance of treating patients who require their services.