#Note: Excerpts of this were taken from a reddit writer.

[artaniys]

Elves all had magical abilities.   They were not just all equal in talent,   like us humans,   and they didn't have all the same level of learning.   The Eldar,   those who went to Aman,   were instructed in   "skill"   directly by the Valar,   so they were much more learned.   Also,   those who had seen the Light of the Trees were deemed more powerful only by that fact:

Great power Melian lent to Thingol,   who was himself great among the Eldar,   for him alone had seen with his own eyes the Trees in the days of their flowering and King though he was of Úmanyar,   he was not accounted among the Moriquendi,   but with the elves of the light,   mighty upon Middle-Earth.   (The Silmarillion, "Of Thingol and Melian")

This implies that only seeing the Trees gave magical power.

Galadriel is also from that category,  being a specially gifted and strong-minded Ñoldo who had seen the Trees.   Elrond from his part is not a real Eldar because he never went to Aman,   but he was from great lineage and had been raised by high Elves,   so he had much knowledge and much wisdom,   but not on par with Galadriel.

In LotR,   she is the only Elven ruler remaining to have seen Aman,   and I don't remember any other Elf mentioned in the story to have seen Aman.

Galadriel is one of the last of an ancient people called the Ñoldor still living in Middle Earth.   The history of the Ñoldor is the subject of the majority of the Silmarillion and,   while Galadriel comes into it only briefly,   the achievements of the Ñoldor can give us some insight into Galadriel's influence and power.

Power

In Tolkien's world,   there are two 'layers' of reality,   the primary world,   and the secondary world.   The secondary world is what Aragorn  ( in the films ) meant when he said

"He's passing into the shadow world.   He'll soon become a wraith,   like them".

Elves,   wraiths,   and other supernatural creatures dwell largely in this secondary world,   and this is where most of their power lies.   It's the world that Frodo saw when he was dying from the stab wound from the Nazgûl blade,  that's why Arwen appeared to glow when he looked at her.   In the books,   it's described thus:

With his last failing senses Frodo heard cries,   and it seemed to him that he saw,   beyond the Riders that hesitated on the shore,   a shining figure of white light;   and behind it ran small shadowy forms waving flames,   that flared red in the grey mist that was falling over the world.

The shining figure is the Elf-lord Glorfindel;   the shadowy ones are Aragorn and the hobbits.   It seems that fire also exists strongly in the secondary world,   which is why the Nazgûl fear it.

This Power takes many forms,   but in general it can be seen as the ability to shape the world to your will in some way or another.   This may mean great skill at making things,   or enormous charisma,   or great physical strength;   or,  in some cases,   all of them at once.

The Ñoldor

The Ñoldor were perhaps the most powerful people ever to walk Middle-earth.   The Silmarillion,   the great history that underlies the Lord of the Rings,   is largely an account of their deeds and their history.   To give you an idea of what they could accomplish:

The palantiri,   the seeing-stones,   were crafted by the Ñoldor;   Gandalf speculated that they were made by Fëanor,   the greatest craftsman who has ever lived.   Fëanor was Galadriel's half-uncle  ( that is,   her father was Fëanor's half-brother ).

Thorin's sword Orcrist was forged by Noldor smiths.

Gandalf's sword Glamdring,   which he used to fight the balrog and throughout LotR,   was also made by Ñoldor smiths.

Frodo's sword Sting was a trifling example of the craft,   but was made by the Ñoldor.

The Rings of Power,   including the Nine Rings of the Nazgûl,   the Seven rings of the Dwarves,   and the Three of the Elves,   were all made by the Ñoldor,   though with the help of Sauron.

Rivendell was among the last realms where Ñoldor could be found in significant numbers.

The Ñoldor are,   in short,   a Big Deal.   Galadriel is accounted one of their leaders.

The Vanyar

"The smallest host and the first to set forth was led by Ingwë, the most high lord of all the Elvish race. He entered into Valinor and sits at the feet of the Powers, and all Elves revere his name; but he came never back, nor looked again upon Middle-earth. The Vanyar were his people; they are the Fair Elves, the beloved of Manwë and Varda, and few among Men have spoken with them." (The Silmarillion, "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor")

As the Vanyar were regarded, and regarded themselves, as the leaders and principal kindred of the Eldar, and they were the eldest, they called themselves the Ingwer deriving from the Quenya word inga (‘top, highest point’). They were the most beloved by Manwë and Varda and the Elder King gave them his gift of poetry and song.

The Vanya were known to possess the power of precognition and clairvoyance. Not much is known about them, and are only spoken in legends and song. Now, they are more of a myth, known to have walked closer to gods than men.

A notable Vanya was Indis, the second wife of Finwë and mother of Fingolfin and Finarfin. Her second son Finarfin inherited her golden hair and passed it on to his children, including Galadriel.

Galadriel received her power of precognition and clairvoyance from Indis.

Galadriel's History

Living in Valinor

In brief,   the first of the Elves who awoke on Middle-earth were persuaded to travel into the West and live with the Valar,   effectively the gods of Middle-Earth.   Some Elves grew tired or afraid on the journey west and remained in Middle Earth,   but most made the journey all the way to the land of the Valar.   They were divided into three groups or tribes:   the Vanyar,   the Ñoldor,    and the Teleri.

In Valinor,   the Elves reached the pinnacle of their abilities.   Galadriel was born during this time,   the granddaughter of the King of the Ñoldor.

Leaving Valinor

In time,   Melkor,  the first Dark Lord,   planted suspicion in the hearts of the Ñoldor,   making them think that they were being imprisoned in Valinor.   Galadriel's half-uncle Fëanor,   eventually led a large portion of the Ñoldor to leave Valinor in pursuit of Melkor.   Galadriel went with them,   and we hear that:

Galadriel,   the only woman of the Ñoldor to stand that day tall and valiant among the contending princes,   was eager to be gone...   the words of Fëanor concerning Middle-earth had kindled in her heart,   for she yearned to see the wide unguarded lands and to rule there a realm of her own will.

Galadriel through the Three Ages

The First Age

At length the Ñoldor came to Middle-earth,   drove back the servants of Melkor  ( now renamed Morgoth ),   and established their own realms.   The Ñoldor were noted as being stronger,   wiser,   more skillful,   and more powerful than the Elves who had remained in Middle-earth.

This was the time that the power of the Elves was at its height,   the heroic age when legends were made.   Galadriel remains the only woman mentioned as a leader of the Elves in this time.

Near the end of the First Age,   the Ñoldor kingdoms were overrun by Morgoth,   and many of their leaders were killed.

The Second Age

At the end of the First Age,   the western lands where the Elves had settled were largely destroyed by the war between the Valar and Morgoth.   Most of the leaders of the Ñoldor were already dead;   many of the Elves now chose to leave Middle-earth and return to Valinor.   Galadriel,   however,   took a portion of the Ñoldor east,   and with her husband Celeborn founded the Elven kingdom of Eregion.

Eregion was the last great kingdom of the Ñoldor.   Here the Rings of Power were forged,   though Galadriel distrusted the being who called himself Annatar and taught them to make Rings.   Her distrust was well-placed,   since Annatar was Sauron.

Eventually,   Galadriel left Eregion to take up the rule of Lothlórien;   and there she remained,   until the time of Lord of the Rings.

That,   then,   is the short version of Galadriel's history.   Her great power and wisdom come from her history,  being born in heaven and having lived through the greatest legends of Middle-earth.  She's older than any other leader in Lord of the Rings or the Hobbit   ( except for Cirdan,   the shipwright, but he never does much ).   She is in many ways a relic of a bygone age,   a memory of what the Elves could do at their peak.

The Ring

Galadriel bears one of the Three,   the pure rings that the Elves made without Sauron's personal help.   The power of the Three is to preserve and remember,   so it is likely that the ring helps her maintain her native power,   keeping her at her peak.

Sauron

Sauron is a Maia,   one of the servants of the Valar.   He is a being far beyond any elf or human,   an angelic spirit that once helped to build Middle-earth in the very beginning.   He has by this time lost much of his native power,   pouring a lot of it into the ring,   squandering more in creating servants,   but he is still formidable.   The Valar forbade any of their people from fighting Sauron directly,   since last time they tried something like that it destroyed a continent.All things considered,   the banishment of Sauron from Dol Guldur was a great achievement for any individual  ( while it's true,   as comments have pointed out,   that Sauron planned to flee and return to Mordor,   he also most likely could not have withstood Galadriel if he wanted to );   Galadriel is one of the few who could possibly have driven him out.

"They took Dol Guldur, and Galadriel threw down its walls and laid bare its pits, and the forest was cleansed." (The destruction of Dol Guldur, Lord of the Rings).

[bao3bei4]

i have basically covered the material in this post several times on my twitter. but this is, in my opinion, the only s*xy t*mes with w*ngxian take you need. 

(cw transphobia, transphobic slurs, antiblack racism, mentions of csa and bestiality in fiction)

edit 6/10/21: hi! i’m realizing people are still reading this! this was written in response to aja romano’s vox article on the fic that was published in late february of this year. i had been frustrated with how their article seemed to miss the point in many ways, because they never talked about the substance of the fic. which, i mean, fair. i wouldn’t want to read a 1million word fic either.

but i already had, so i thought i’d write about some things that i believed needed to be part of the conversation. namely, that its author wasn’t a harmless troll, but a person i genuinely disliked who i believed should be deplatformed.

i think virtual1979 is a bad person. 

i think a lot of people mainly know about sexy times the phenomenon more than they do sexy times the fic itself. i have the dubious honor of being one of the few people who has actually read large portions of the million word fic, and that’s why i wanted to write this meanspirited hit piece. 

the fic is down right now and the author’s notes and comments have both been deleted, which is why i cannot provide screenshots. however, these are all quotes i have saved from when the fic was online, and i’m happy to talk with anyone if you feel any of these quotes are mischaracterizations of the fic. 

i also want to be clear this is not a “callout post” and i’m not trying to “cancel” them or whatever. i am just explaining why i don’t like them, why i don’t feel bad they’re being harassed, and why i do not find them sympathetic at all, and perhaps why you should also adopt these stances. 

let’s start with transphobia. 

sexy times with wangxian is transphobic. this much is apparent from the tags. virtual1979 tagged the following: F*tanari, d*ckgirl, Sh*male. they use this language in the chapters that include a character with both a vagina and a penis. 

they refer to this character (wei wuxian) with the pronouns “he-she.” the following excerpt is a fair representation of how this wei wuxian is referred to in the chapters where wei wuxian has a vagina and a penis. 

[Lan Zhan] would never be turned on by a female, and he would actually be turned off by a drag queen - but this… this Wei Ying, it’s Wei Ying, and he-she looks [...]

i know these words are common in porn categories, but they are also slurs. virtual1979 also uses hermaphrodite to refer to this set of anatomy, which is not strictly a slur, but definitely a stigmatizing choice of language. 

they have repeatedly made clear they are not open to criticism. they have also since removed the comment section. making an intersex character for the express purpose of using transmisogynistic language towards them in your million word porn fic isn’t annoying the way their tags are, it’s actively fucked up. 

fanfiction has a transphobia problem, and if we’re talking about sexy times with wangxian in any capacity, we must be clear: sexy times with wangxian is part of that problem too. 

secondly, virtual1979 is also complicit in ao3’s racism problem.

i think the way they write about chinese characters and settings is annoying and racist, but they are a malaysian chinese person, so i do have some sympathy for them. i am committed to having some patience for people who are annoying if they themselves are working through the prejudice they have faced. 

they’ve commented as much: 

Not gonna lie, this fic has been a steep learning curve for me despite my roots being Chinese as well, but I have absolutely zero knowledge in some of these aspects!

and i’m happy on some level they can get in touch with their roots. who among us has not been cringe and diaspora. any criticisms i have of their portrayal of chinese people will stay private and be made to other people of color.

i’m going to be clear here i don’t think the actual comment they made makes them super evil or anything. but this essay IS clearly in response to That Article, which did mention racism in fandom. so.

i think we have all seen the infamous karen comment they made, in which they compared people who criticized their tagging with “Karens,” equating antiblack state violence to... mean comments on ao3? and “SJWs,” which, eye roll. no ageism but you’re 41 why the hell are you complaining about sjws

anyway. i am deeply frustrated by the co-option of the word karen. a stand-in for a particular type of racist violence white women specifically can and do inflict has become fused with that reddit-type mommy issue “can i speak to the manager” internecine white resentment. 

so their trivialization of antiblack racism is another reason i don’t like them. again i KNOW it’s petty to point this out here, but this to me shows that virtual is afflicted with the same kind of fandom brainrot that aja is, where everything comes back to that same sort of self-centered bullshit. 

sorry for that jab. julian told me that aja thought that cql was about callout culture and all i could think was “wow! just like virtual thinking that--” because i also have spent too much time on twitter this week. 

this is just like. part of this ongoing pattern i’ve noticed with virtual, where they’re aware enough of real problems to acknowledge they exist (police violence, accessibility issues caused by their tagging) but are determined to double down on their minor relative persecution as king, shittily drawing parallels between like... real problems and fandom problems. equating the two or allowing the second to take priority over the former is like... par for the course for this type of person! 

third, this is just another clarification on more parallels between ao3 discourse and sexy times that went completely unremarked on by That Article. 

i would rather DIE than get into discourse. but why did they write this sentence: 

Lan Zhan’s rational mind finally broke with a tsunami of pedophilic lusts [...]

by the way that is the start of a 430 word sentence. and yes this fic does contain hundreds of thousands of words of aged down wei wuxian. make of that what you will. 

also why would you make wei wuxian teach baby chickens how to sexually pleasure him. do you hate these characters. what’s going on. i think mxtx should be able to sue virtual for that one. 

there’s a very obvious connection between mainstream ao3 discourse and sexy times that went completely unremarked on in That Article. sexy times contains multitudes and some of those multitudes are bestiality and explicit childfucking. 

this is not unrelated to fannish culture, they are not unfamiliar with fannish norms, blah blah blah. this is just normal fandom. they’re not subverting shit, they’re just a normal fan who unlike 99% of fanfiction writers on twitter, spends more time writing than posting. this has taken their fannish tendencies to cartoonish heights. 

finally, they don’t care about mdzs or wangxian. they’re literally just horny and spiteful that’s it. this isn’t a question of like... “ohh they were a good faith participant in fandom until they went joker mode” and the REAL villain is society/ao3. like no they wanted to write shitty porn, and when they found out they were annoying people, they decided to double down because they could be the main character of the mdzs ao3 tag every time they found a spare hour to write. 

here are some select receipts on that topic:

they do not care about canon: 

MDZS has quite a complicated and expansive plot and history, and enough content that one can choose to tune out certain parts and still get to the end of the story in one piece. Also, because of its source, some fans may not fully realize the nuances, cultural aspects (ooh, cultural appropriation is another triggering topic) or the full breadth and depth of the source material, such as a person like me, who is half-baked in terms of knowing what the canon universe is all about. So I end up playing with characters and settings technically borrowed from the story, and make them do things that would otherwise run counter to the original source material - and that draws quite some flak from those opinionated people I mentioned just now. It's part of what makes the fandom toxic. It's like they're the self-appointed guardians of the source material and they act like they own the rights to question such questionble fanworks, and dare I say, try to take down those that cross certain lines too.

they are just horny: 

After that giddines of extra drunken Lan Wang Ji scenes at the beginning, I'm blessed with Lan Wang Ji (Wang Yibo's, actually) fuzzy nips! Bless Bless Bless, and Amen! muahs the nips on the screen

anyway they did get nuked over wishing covid on people. 

so yeah. i want to be really clear. this is my thesis: i do not feel bad for them. you should not either. i do not like them. you should not either. that’s ALL!!!! 

[whoisjennifercornet]

Update: Monica Edwards and the Freddie Lounds Youtube Channel

Jennifer Cornet. The FF7 House. An internet mystery we all know. In the second half of the 2010s a fandom investigator surfaced, claiming to link Jennifer Cornet with the fan community of the TV Series “Hannibal.” This was the dawn of the “Tattle-Crime Saga”, as reported by a Youtube channel titled “Freddie Lounds”. The channel was created by Monica Edwards, a woman in her mid-thirties at the time and a fan of the series. Aside from her above listed legal name she has also been known as Eve Rebecca Habat in some corners of the internet and possibly other aliases. 'Unprofessional' would be a kind way to describe Monica's narration of the case as she would constantly fly into rants which were barely relevant to the overarching story. However, her investigation work often appeared solid and credible. Then one day in early 2020, the Youtube channel she had worked so hard on vanished, erased from existence by Monica herself. My immediate suspicion was that she had terminated the page because inaccuracies and falsehoods of her claims had been brought to light. Was the Tattle-Crime Saga a hoax? Monica had mentioned that she was a writer working on a TV script (unrelated to the saga) and that a deal with a production company might be on the horizon. My immediate thought was that her Youtube channel had been an ARG (alternate reality game), a publicity stunt in designed to gain her internet fame and launch her writing career. Alas, it wasn't that simple.

Who Is Monica Edwards?

Monica had a long history of posting on forums and running blogs. The topics ranged from fandom, to lifestyle, to what she referred to as “political” blogs. From what I was able to find of her political blogs, they often consisted of her trolling people into a reaction, for example a post in which she cruelly mocked excerpts of other people's posts about their difficulties in high school, essentially stating, “No one had it harder than me, you're all a bunch of babies, quit crying about it,” etc. So if Monica has a paper-trail of being both an obsessive fan and an internet troll, how can she be taken seriously? With these questions piling up, I look to reddit seeking answers as to the validity of Monica's reports and why she had terminated her channel. The below conclusions were revealed to me by moderators of the r/tattlecrime subreddit. They have authorized me to publish these findings.

Why did Monica delete the channel?

According to my sources, the “Tattle-Crime Saga” was not a hoax. It has in fact been verified by multiple community members that Jennifer Cornet was the individual Monica Edwards encountered in the Hannibal fandom. Despite her lack of professionalism and explosive temper, Monica had pinned down Jennifer's real identity and exposed her. In short, the day Jennifer Cornet crossed paths with Monica Edwards would be akin to a ballistic missile colliding with a fire bomb. In regards to the channel's deletion, a coming-to-light of various false reports were involved as I had suspected. Monica was right about some things but not everything. As Jennifer went deeper underground Monica stretched further and further for updates on the case. Meanwhile, a rift was forming between Monic and the Tattle-Crime Reddit as well as the Discord server. It appeared that Monica disliked these communities existing outside her moderation. She was quick to hurl insults and accusations at anyone who questioned her methods and conclusions. In early 2020, Monica apparently posted multiple videos about a supposed re-surfacing of Jennifer involving a Tumblr account which she claimed Jennifer was behind. This allegation was quickly dispelled as a hoax by the broader community. Rather than owning up to her mistake, Monica went dark on all her blogs “For fear of her life” as she insisted her critics were stalking her. One month later in March, 2020 she briefly reappeared to delete the videos and subsequently the channel. It should be noted here that the deletion of videos on her channel was a gradual process. Even before the false Jennifer sighting debacle occurred, Monica had deleted the 20-part series on the Tattle-Crime Saga and replaced it with a single, more concise video.

Conclusions

So there you have it. Monica Edwards did expose Jennifer Cornet in the Hannibal fandom. That said, all details of the case otherwise reported by Monica should be taken with a grain of salt. In this writer's opinion, Monica Edwards can no longer be trusted as a source due to she has self-sabotaged her credibility. Finally, I will add that after an IMDB search, it appears that Monica's script has not been picked up by a production company.

[pittrarebooks]

Fan Interactions: Then and Now

Professor Rachel Grozanick’s ENGLIT 0512 Narrative and Technology class visited Archives & Special Collections during the Spring 2020 term. Students had the opportunity to closely examine collections around the themes of constructing the canon, inclusivity,  alternative formats, and fandom.  Students examined artists’ books, comics, pop-up books, Modern Language Association editions, and Clifton Fadiman.  

Today it is easier than ever to find and participate in communities centered around any niche media series or hobby imaginable, but that was not always the case. Before the age of the Internet, it was much harder for the earliest fans to connect and correspond with each other. One of the earliest ways these gaps were bridged was through the creation and limited publication of fan made magazines, often abbreviated to fanzines or simply zines. Small audiences developed around these independent projects, and over time the focuses of many of these once tiny and relatively unknown groups have grown to be parts of the mainstream consciousness. This growth is largely due to the widespread and increasingly accessible virtual communication platforms and social media. Despite the differences in format, platform, etc, there are striking similarities between old fan interactions in fanzines and modern fan interactions online.

The lightning fast response times of internet forums today may be taken for granted now, but decades ago discussions around media and fandom depended on the postal systems to flourish. This is often lamented in The Invisible Fan #7, an issue of a zine containing a debate relating to feminism, inclusion, and the effectiveness of feminist groups comprised entirely of men, as the editor, Avedon Carol, occasionally mentions her annoyance with having to maintain and truncate an active mailing list along with the slow response time of those writing to respond to her (Carol 13, 21). These responses took the form of a "loc", or letter of comment, which subscribers would write in to the publishers or creators to give their thoughts on the topics discussed or the quality of the zines themselves (Southard 27). This particular issue of The Invisible Fan also contained a number of these referring to previous issues, which revolved around similar topics, specifically women and writing science fiction (Carol 18-19). This entire issue is almost like looking at a transcription of an internet forum discussion, especially in the case of the locs, as many of these have a bit of a dialogue between the fans and Carol.

Figure 1: An excerpt from one of the many locs from The Invisible Fan #7 (Carol 18).

While originally these dialogues consisted only of fans themselves, overtime industry professionals and creators began to get involved directly as well. This is not solely due to the rise in social media and instead has roots in zines themselves. In his book detailing the history of zines, New York University Gallatin Professor of Media and Culture Stephen Duncombe notes that science fiction zines were integral in pushing for more interactivity between fans and media producers, as well as between fans and other fans (Duncombe 114). Originally, fans simply wrote in letters with concerns or requests to the relevant publishers as well as to each other, and it was this active participation, Duncombe argues, that eventually allowed fans to play a part in shaping the final products as opposed to just consuming them (Duncombe 114). A more fully realized version of this relationship can be seen today with fans reaching out to companies and individual creators on social media platforms, where they can discuss their favorite franchises with the people responsible for them. Because some of these platforms have millions of users, in the past there have been instances where enough of them have formed collective pushes towards these companies to elicit changes they deem necessary. A recent example would be the delay of the movie Sonic the Hedgehog, as after initial trailers were uploaded fans were so outspoken in their dislike of the main character’s design that the movie’s release date was pushed back in order to update it. Clearly modern fandoms have a much larger impact than a handful of letters.

That isn’t to say that fans and zines never had any interactions with those working in the industries before the Internet. Another zine, Incognito, which was centered around Marvel and DC comics, published an issue that contains an interview between one of its editors, Rick Jones, and the late Marvel Comics Writer Stan Lee, who is responsible for many of the superheroes in mainstream culture today (Jones et al. 4). It’s more common now because it’s much easier to reach out to the people behind shows and movies directly. Creators and companies themselves have also taken steps to involve fans by hosting promotional question and answer sessions on Twitter or Reddit before upcoming releases, among other things. This, along with the added level of anonymity online usernames provide that may make others more comfortable in participating, ensures that discussions are open and available to everyone.

Some other avenues of fan discussion and discourse include the sharing of related pictures and fan made art. Because resources were often limited while making these zines, some took it upon themselves to recreate officially produced artwork via copying or tracing the official art as best they could, like in figure 2. Alternatively, some took to creating their own original artwork instead of or in addition to tracing. In the current year, we still often circulate and share images or memes of our favorite shows, and it's never been easier to find high resolution reference material, images or otherwise, via Google or similar search engines.

Figure 2: Doctor Strange characters traced by Bill Schelly in order to provide simple visual aids (Jones et al. 9).

What may be lost today, however, is the amateurish charm of yesteryear due to the advances and availability of better tools and technology. Both The Invisible Fan and Incognito contain some sort of spelling errors or printing errors, which can be seen in figure 3. While this may hurt any professionalism they may have aspired for, it could also be argued these mistakes add to the charm, as these projects were usually the work of small but dedicated teams or even single individuals. They might not be incredibly polished, but the passion shines through regardless. Currently, with the prominence of word processors with automated spell checking software, unintentional spelling mistakes are almost always seen negatively due to how easy they are to fix. This luxury was not a feature of the typewriters the original zines were written on. There is also a seemingly endless supply of such high quality fan art now due to the increasing availability of professional software. That doesn’t mean that the artists and fans of today don't have the same levels of dedication as those in the past. In fact, as these fan made pieces grew in elaboration, the time and technical skill required to produce them grew as well. Regardless, these works are still shared far and wide with others, but through the Internet instead of the mail or in person.

Figure 3: A particularly gruesome printing error. A spelling mistake is also visible in the top right corner (Carol 5).

The fans of today are still largely doing what the original fans accomplished through their zines decades ago except now there’s a much wider audience. The large communities of today are so expansive that the feeling of being a part of a small, tight-knit group might be lost. For example, it would be impossible to know every single individual personally today, due to some communities being so expansive they encapsulate millions worldwide. What may have felt like a special and even exclusive club back then now has the door bolted open for anyone and everyone to participate in. That’s not necessarily a bad thing, and in fact on the whole it’s more beneficial for those who want to get involved and participate. It's now possible for everyone to be an active participant, fan content producer, or just an observer, in the current cultural climate. The activities are largely the same, it's simply the avenues of distribution and communication that have changed.

- Derek Halbedl, undergraduate, University of Pittsburgh

Works Cited

Carol, Avedon. “The Invisible Fan.” The Invisible Fan, 1978, pp. 1–21.

Duncombe, Stephen. Notes from underground: Zines and the politics of alternative culture. Microcosm Publishing, 2014, pp. 114

Jones, Rick, and Billy Schelly. “Incognito.” Incognito, Sept. 1965, pp. 1–17.

Southard, Bruce. “The Language of Science-Fiction Fan Magazines.” American Speech, vol. 57, no. 1, 1982, pp. 19–31. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/455177. Accessed 2 Feb. 2020.

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