#Neurohormones

[caesarsaladinn]

I took a break from biology and am now realizing how terrible the citation system is:

Neuropeptides are a diverse group of signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the function of the nervous system in most metazoan animals (Hökfelt et al. 2000; Grimmelikhuijzen et al. 2002; Jékely 2013; Mirabeau and Joly 2013; Roch and Sherwood 2014). These signaling molecules do not only mediate by direct synaptic transmission but mostly transfer signals by volume transmission as neurohormones or neuromodulators and, thus, play important roles in the modulation of neural circuits (Christie et al. 1995; Nassel and Winther 2010; Catak et al. 2014; Diao et al. 2017; Senatore et al. 2017; Williams et al. 2017; Jékely et al. 2018).

illegible! use footnotes.

[polyphonetic]

My mech just bought me a "Trophy Pilot" croptop to wear when my neurohormonal responses are plugged into him

[elminx]

If melatonin is bad for your kidneys, why are there NIH studies that say it is protective of kidneys in the case of kidney disease?

Not a big fan of what melatonin has been doing to my dreams lately.

[bishhnubanerji]

Your Body's Natural Mood Boosters

Endorphins are natural neurochemicals produced by the central nervous system and pituitary gland. The word “endorphin” is a combination of “endogenous” (produced within the body) and “morphine” (a pain-relieving compound). Endorphins function as neurotransmitters and neurohormones, playing a vital role in regulating pain, mood, stress, and pleasure. There are several types of endorphins,…

[nursingwriter]

Sexual Disorders According to Croucher (2003), there are five layers in the erotic life of human beings. The first of these is sexual identity. This is the physical differentiation between male and female, which is fixed by the end of the first trimester in the development of the foetus. Transsexuals feel that they have the "wrong sex" and therefore the wrong core identity. The second layer is sexual orientation, which refers to hetero- or homosexuality. This is also almost impossible to change, since a genetic component plays a role here. The third layer, which is sexual preferences, refers to the elements of sexual stimulation. For men, for example, this would generally be female body parts, while women are aroused by factors such as intimacy, character, and other more subtle factors. The fourth layer is sex roles, where roles are assigned accordign to gender. This demarcation is strongest in young children. The final, fifth layer is sexual performance. For men, problems in this area include impotence and premature ejaculation, while women experience frigidity and failure to reach orgasm as problems. Both men and women may experience a loss of sexual passion, are acedias. Both males and females have gonads, or sex glands. These take the form of testicles in the male and ovaries in the female (Magnus Hirschfield Archive for Sexology, 2011). The hormones that are produced in these glands divide into distinct groups: androgens, which are prominent in the male, and estrogens, which are prominent in the female. Both male and female do have both hormones present in their biology. Progesterone is another hormone produced by the female gonads. These are essential for a woman's productive life. All the hormones play an important role in the sexual maturation process. Transgender people experience a hormonal imbalance that makes them feel as if they are the "wrong gender." This is a very strong feeling, producing the idea that the individual can only be happy once the "mistake" has been corrected. This is why these people are willing to undergo an often long, painful procedure to change their gender. Currently, there are two main theories on the origin of homosexuality: Genetic theories, which include elements of sociobiology; and neurohormonal theories. In genetic theories, it has been suggested that homosexuality can be transferred to offspring by means of genes. Taylor (1997) holds that this is relatively implausible, as twin studies focus on the presence of one major gene, which is unlikely to, by itself, produce a certain sexual orientation. There is also not a large body of evidence to suggest that neurohormonal theories might hold an element of truth. Little consistency has been found in the differences of hormonal levels in homosexual people as compared to heterosexual people. Both theories are therefore subject to further research before any theory can be proved conclusively. Normal sexual interest refers to sexual attraction among adult people, where both parties share a mutual attraction and respect for each other. Disordered sexual interest often involves personality elements beyond the merely sexual. Dominance and control or submission could form part of these disorders. Hucker defines paraphilia as "intense, recurring sexual fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors…" These involve unconventional objects of desire, such as non-human objects, children or non-consenting adults. Three common types of paraphilia include pedophilia, where the object of sexual desire is children; exhibitionism, where the genitals are exposed in public; and fetishism, which refers to specific objects as the focus of arousal, such as rubber, pantyhose, or other objects. Young children categorize their world accordign to sex and show an early tendency to stereotype sex roles. This could be based upon the fact that young children are very oriented towards the physical environment that they can observe. Observing the differences between themselves and those of the opposite gender, this is one of the first identity formation elements that they encounter in their lives. Differentiating themselves from other groups is the start of a path towards individualization, during which the individual becomes aware of him- or herself as an individual distinct from others. One of the first steps in this process is the differentiation between groups, where one individual belongs to the male gender and the other to the female. These stereotypes become less prominent as the child grows and learns to make more distinctions between the self as individual and others as individuals themselves. As mentioned above, males may suffer from premature ejaculation and impotence, while women may suffer from frigidity and failure to reach orgasm. These conditions can be treated by means of both medications and psychotherapy. According to Berman (2005), for example, sexual dysfunction in women has several factors, including the biological and psychological. In females, sexual dysfunction tends to be age-related and progressive, affecting 30-50% of American women. About 31% of men suffer from sexual disorders, which can also have physical or psychological causes. Psychologically, conditions like stress and depression can severely affect sexual performance. Physically, conditions such as kidney or liver disease, alcoholism or drug abuse can affect sexual performance. One important common element in the treatment of sexual dysfunction for both men and women is to address the core cause before addressing the sexual function itself. As mentioned, biomedical causes for sexual dysfunction could include diseases such as kidney or liver disease. Additionally, heart disease and diabetes could also affect sexual performance. Medication could have an effect, where side-effects of substances such as anti-depressant drugs could have an effect on sexual performance. The best approach towards managing sexual dysfunction is to address the root cause of the problem, which may often be a combination of physical and psychological factors. Once the root cause is addressed, men and women are more likely to find sexual fulfilment. References Berman, J.R. (2005). Physiology of female sexual function and dysfunction. International Journal of Impotence Research, Vol. 17. Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/ijir/journal/v17/n1s/full/3901428a.html Croucher, R. (2003, Jan 4). What you Can Change and What you Can't. John Mark Ministeries. Retrieved from: http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/2136.htm Hucker, S.J. (2005). Paraphilias. Forensic Psychiatry.ca. Retrieved from: http://www.forensicpsychiatry.ca/paraphilia/overview.htm Magnus Hirschfield Archive for Sexology. (2011). The Role of Hormones. Retrieved from: http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/the_role_of_hormones.html MedicineNet.com (2011). Sexual Problems in Men. Retrieved from: http://www.medicinenet.com/sexual_sex_problems_in_men/article.htm Taylor, T. (2005). Current Theories of the Genesis of Homosexuality. Retrieved from: http://www.tim-taylor.com/papers/twin_studies/theories.html Read the full article

[knick-nudiex]

Orgasm

Orgasm (from Greek ὀργασμός, orgasmos; "excitement, swelling") or sexual climax (or simply climax) is the sudden release of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, characterized by intense sexual pleasure resulting in rhythmic, involuntary muscular contractions in the pelvic region.[1][2] Orgasms are controlled by the involuntary or autonomic nervous system and experienced by both males and females; the body's response includes muscular spasms (in multiple areas), a general euphoric sensation, and, frequently, body movements and vocalizations. The period after orgasm (known as the resolution phase) is typically a relaxing experience after the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin, as well as endorphins (or "endogenous morphine").

Human orgasms usually result from physical sexual stimulation of the penis in males (typically accompanied by ejaculation) and of the clitoris (and vagina) in females. Sexual stimulation can be by masturbation or with a sexual partner (penetrative sex, non-penetrative sex, or other sexual activity). Physical stimulation is not requisite though, as possibilities exist to reach orgasm through psychological means alone. And getting to orgasm may be difficult without a suitable psychological state. During sleep, a sex dream can trigger an orgasm and the release of sexual fluids.

The health effects surrounding the human orgasm are diverse. There are many physiological responses during sexual activity, including a relaxed state, as well as changes in the central nervous system, such as a temporary decrease in the metabolic activity of large parts of the cerebral cortex while there is no change or increased metabolic activity in the limbic (i.e., "bordering") areas of the brain. These effects affect cultural views of orgasm, such as the beliefs that orgasm (and the frequency or consistency of it) is either important or irrelevant for satisfaction in a sexual relationship, and theories about the biological and evolutionary functions of orgasm. There are also sexual dysfunctions involving orgasm, such as anorgasmia.

Definitions

[bluejaystory]

Pt 3 of Ch 1

"Great thank you dad."
Wow I can't believe dad gave me permission for this?! Is the sky falling?! Is the world ending?!
"Octavia the doctor called for a checkup at the medical center. Sounded urgent."
That is if I can even spend time with Dennis if the prescriptions don't keep me from interaction.
"Okay dad..."
~
The hospital trip went about as you'd expect. My health worsened so I needed another prescription. Problem was I was already taking four so I was now on my fifth medication. Life was so unfair sometimes.
I tried to make a break for my bedroom upstairs but my dad stopped me to hand me the bottle. The ones I had mostly helped to prevent calcium channel blocks or were neurohormonic. This one was supposed to help my heart rate and keep it beating at a steady pace.
I begrudgingly took it from him for the sole reason that I hated taking so much medicine.
"Do you need anything? I can fix up some lunch if you're hungry."
"No thank you dad. I'm gonna get started on my homework."
"Okay. Love you Octavia."
"I love you too dad."
I said before I shut the door behind and I gasped in pain. I often tried to hide it from my dad so he doesn't make me go to the hospital. I prayed that this medicine would help me enough so I wouldn't have to go again.
Today it was mostly my chest and I was starting to feel dizzy.
"Okay...just breathe and make it to bed..."
I did have homework but it looked like I was going to have another long night.
I sighed in relief as I laid down on the bed and ripped the shoes off my feet so I could rest my entire body on my bed.
I poured myself a glass of water while I was lying in bed and used it to help me gulp down a few of the pills. I felt relief almost instantly and I rested for about a few hours before I had enough strength to walk over to my desk and start my math homework.
I finished around midnight and my stomach growled loudly as I realized I had not eaten anything since I got home. I was about to head downstairs to make myself a sandwich when I found a tray of a healthy lunch waiting for me outside my bedroom door. Boiled kale and cabbage complimented with whole wheat bread and a glass of water.
I picked up the tray of food without any complaints and ate it quietly in my room.

(Stay tuned for Ch 2!)

[superpte]

Stress Prepares For Fight, Flight, Heroism, Great Feats & Utmost Mental Nobility... But Stress Is Counterindicated To Slaves

Is Stress as bad as its repute? Does one get addicted to it? And why? Why stress? Does stress have a good side? Is stress inherent to the mental creation process? (Yes it is!) “Stress” as a word is very old, but the modern notion of stress as a psychological condition is very recent. I reckon that this has to do with the state of the world. The word “stress” comes from Old French estrece from…

[neotia-getwel]

What is the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure?

Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF):

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body and fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues. The pathophysiology involves several interconnected mechanisms:

Reduced Cardiac Output: CHF occurs when the heart's pumping capacity (either due to weakened heart muscle or stiffened heart walls) is insufficient to meet the body’s needs, leading to a reduction in cardiac output.

Increased Preload: When the heart cannot pump effectively, blood backs up in the veins (particularly in the lungs in left-sided heart failure) and increases the volume (preload) that the heart has to pump.

Neurohormonal Activation: The body responds to reduced cardiac output by activating compensatory mechanisms like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system. This increases blood pressure and fluid retention, which further strains the heart and worsens heart failure.

Ventricular Remodeling: Chronic stress on the heart causes changes in the structure and function of the heart muscle, known as remodeling. This may involve dilation of the ventricles, thickening of the heart walls, and fibrosis, making the heart less efficient.

Fluid Retention: The kidneys respond to reduced blood flow by retaining salt and water, which worsens fluid buildup (edema) in tissues, leading to symptoms like swelling in the legs and shortness of breath (due to pulmonary congestion).

Decreased Ejection Fraction: In systolic heart failure, the heart's ability to contract is impaired, leading to a low ejection fraction (EF). In diastolic heart failure, the heart’s ability to relax and fill with blood is impaired, often with a preserved EF but reduced overall filling capacity.

These factors lead to a vicious cycle that worsens heart failure symptoms over time, contributing to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and peripheral tissues (such as in the legs, abdomen, and liver).

If you're concerned about CHF symptoms or diagnosis, it's important to consult healthcare professionals, such as those at Neotia Getwell Multispecialty Hospital, for a comprehensive evaluation and management plan tailored to your condition.

[santaispa]

How We Offer the Best Russian Massage in Dubai Center

Russian massage treatment was created in the former USSR and is used in both sporting and therapeutic settings. It accomplishes this by manipulating the body's soft tissues with a variety of techniques, which lessens tension and eases soreness in the muscles. Numerous societies worldwide have evolved distinct forms of massage therapy. The Greek physician Hippocrates, who is regarded as the father of medicine, was among its earliest proponents. Many people think that Per Henrik Ling, a Swedish physician, invented contemporary European massage in the 1800s. Ling vigorously rubbed to promote lymphatic and circulatory flow. In Russia, massage was not systematically studied or applied until 1860. Following World War II, when medications were scarce, treatment techniques were improved.

Physiatrists, or physicians with advanced degrees in physical therapy, were employed by the Soviet Union to investigate the potential advantages of complementary therapies. To help in the stimulation of new muscle growth and the reversal of muscular atrophy, they created a type of petrissage. According to Russian physiologists, neurohormone and neuroendocrine responses are the source of all massage movements. Russian massage, in contrast to other forms of massage, focuses more on treating the problem's physiology than its anatomy. Water-softened oak (or birch) branches are used by two venik practitioners to "hit" face-down clients in a gentle and rhythmic manner. The collisions and friction of these branches heat the body and enhance circulation. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in this unusual type of massage therapy from both Russians and non-Russians.

In our Russian steam baths known as "banyas," venkarma procedures are offered

Before receiving a massage, many clients like to relax in steam rooms, take hot baths, and then dive into cold water pools. It's likely that people started doing this customary way of life to get used to the brutally cold Russian winters. Many others, however, favor a more contemporary kind of massage that originated in the same area. Modern Russian massage, which was developed in the former Soviet Union and brought to Russia in the 1800s, shares certain parallels with reflexology, point massage, and sports massage. Our dubai russian massage center increases immunity, facilitates breathing, and enhances neurological system performance.

Compared to their counterparts in the sports massage industry, Russian massage therapists work more slowly and gently. They promote circulation and generate heat in their clients' bodies by generating friction. In addition, Russian massage therapists use methods like vibrating, slapping, and kneading to release tension in the soft tissues, including the muscles.Russian doctors blended conventional medicine with massage techniques during the 20th century; this combination was frequently called "manual therapy," even by those serving on the front lines of World War II. Throughout the Soviet era, massage therapy treatments were actually exclusively available to athletes and medical patients.

Our dubai russian massage center is increasingly widely used by patients as a supplement to other forms of therapy and medical attention. It can expedite the recovery from trauma and the healing of various illnesses. To find out if this type of massage will improve your health, lessen symptoms, or limit adverse effects, speak with us.

[sanetimental]

The Stigma Surrounding Addiction in Developing Countries

Explore the pervasive stigma surrounding addiction in developing countries and discover the importance of empathy and compassion in dismantling barriers and challenging negative beliefs.

Introduction: The Importance of an Empathetic and Compassionate Approach In my third year of pre-clinical studies, I had to write a research paper in Biochemistry on nicotine addiction with emphasis on the brain pathways and neurohormonal mechanisms involved. It was an interesting study to conduct, but in retrospect, my biases still tainted my perspectives on cigarette addiction. In my immediate…

[elixir-ayurveda]

Ayurvedic Treatment in Trivandrum: The Synergistic Dance of Ayurveda and Yoga

In the vibrant landscape of Trivandrum, Ayurvedic treatment in Trivandrum thrives as an embodiment of holistic well-being. Here, Ayurveda and Yoga form a remarkable union, two sciences harmonizing to unlock the secrets of health. Ayurveda, the guardian of both physical and mental vitality, partners with Yoga, the guardian of mental health. The practice of Yoga offers a preventive and therapeutic embrace that guides the body's neurohormones and metabolism back into their natural rhythm, enhancing endocrine functions. This symbiotic relationship provides a profound defense against stress and its related afflictions, nurturing holistic rejuvenation at the heart of Trivandrum.

[nursingwriter]

Healthy Heart vs. Coronary Disease Human pathology typically has associated abnormal physiological conditions. Further understanding the physiological differences between healthy and diseased hearts is critical for diagnosis, treatment and future research. Coronary artery disease, according to Shirato and Swan, is the leading cause of death in women, killing more women than all forms of cancer combined. This paper will discuss the normal physiology of a healthy heart and then compare it to a heart suffering from coronary artery disease. These physiological differences will be connected to the normal anatomy of a healthy heart and the pathological condition of coronary disease. Physiological Condition of a Healthy Heart: In a healthy heart, the coronary blood flow provides the oxygen supply for the body. This myocardial oxygen automatically increases, in a healthy heart, from a resting level to a maximum level. This difference between the resting flow and maximal coronary flow is known as coronary flow reserve (CFR). This increased demand can result from exercise, neurohormones, or pharmacological stimuli. According to Kera et al., there are three primary resistance components to blood flow. These include: the epicardial vessel, small arterioles and arteries and the intramyocardial capillary system. In a healthy heart, there is only minimal resistance in the epicardial vessel and arteries that have a diameter of >400µm. Coronary resistance occurs, in a healthy heart, in the small arteries and arterioles. Physiological Condition of Coronary Disease: Kera et al. note that one of the primary physiological conditions of coronary disease is a change in coronary flow and pressure. This imbalance between the supply and demand of myocardial oxygen can lead to myocardial ischemia. Plaque build up inside the arteries, narrows the arteries, restricting oxygenated blood flow to the heart. This increased pressure within the arteries is present at any flow rate; however, it is most significant during times of increased need for myocardial oxygen. Connection Between Normal Anatomy of a Healthy Heart and Coronary Disease: In a normal, healthy heart oxygenated blood travels with minimal resistance through the epicardial vessel and larger arteries. When an heart needs more oxygen, such in times of exercise, stress or pharmacological stimuli, blood flow is increased to fulfill this demand. However, the physiological narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up found in coronary disease restricts blood flow to the heart, especially in times of when an increase in myocardial oxygen is needed. These restrictions mean a lessened CFR for the individual, which can lead to coronary ischemia, cardiac infarction, and several other dangerous effects. This physiological change in the coronary system, through the build up of plaque, occurs for several reasons. Lack of physical activity and poor nutrition, with the consumption of certain fats and cholesterols, can facilitate plaque build up. High blood pressure, obesity, depression, and anxiety are also contributing factors (Pazoki, Nabiour, Seyednezami, and Imami). There are different treatment options for coronary artery disease. Two treatment clinical options include lifestyle modification and revascularization. Lifestyle modification, when combined with pharmacological intervention, can be as effective as revascularization, for patients with lower coronary risk constellation and those who are highly motivated. Coronary revascularization is used when there is myocardial infarction greater than ten percent (Rub et al.). Works Cited Kern, Morton, Amir Lerman, Jan-Willen Bech, Bernard De Bruyne, Eric Eeckhout, William Fearon, Stuart Higano, Michael Lim, and Martjin Meuwissen. "Physiological Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory ." American Heart Association Journal 114 (2006): 1321-1341. American Heart Association. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. Pazoki, Raha, Iraj Nabipour, Nasrin Seyednezami, and Seyed Reza Imami. "Effects of a community-based healthy heart program on increasing healthy women's physical activity: a randomized controlled trial guided by Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)." BMC Public Health 7 (2007): 216-220. Print. Rub, M., Cremer, J., Krian, a., Meinertz, T., Werdan, K., & Zerkowski, H. "Different Treatment Options in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease." Deutschs Arzteblatt International 106.15 (10 Apr 2009): 253-261. Shirato, Susan, and Beth Ann Swan. "Women and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidentiary Review." MedSurg Nursing 19.5 (2010): 282-306. Print.Healthy Heart vs. Coronary Disease Human pathology typically has associated abnormal physiological conditions. Further understanding the physiological differences between healthy and diseased hearts is critical for diagnosis, treatment and future research. Coronary artery disease, according to Shirato and Swan, is the leading cause of death in women, killing more women than all forms of cancer combined. This paper will discuss the normal physiology of a healthy heart and then compare it to a heart suffering from coronary artery disease. These physiological differences will be connected to the normal anatomy of a healthy heart and the pathological condition of coronary disease. Physiological Condition of a Healthy Heart: In a healthy heart, the coronary blood flow provides the oxygen supply for the body. This myocardial oxygen automatically increases, in a healthy heart, from a resting level to a maximum level. This difference between the resting flow and maximal coronary flow is known as coronary flow reserve (CFR). This increased demand can result from exercise, neurohormones, or pharmacological stimuli. According to Kera et al., there are three primary resistance components to blood flow. These include: the epicardial vessel, small arterioles and arteries and the intramyocardial capillary system. In a healthy heart, there is only minimal resistance in the epicardial vessel and arteries that have a diameter of >400µm. Coronary resistance occurs, in a healthy heart, in the small arteries and arterioles. Physiological Condition of Coronary Disease: Kera et al. note that one of the primary physiological conditions of coronary disease is a change in coronary flow and pressure. This imbalance between the supply and demand of myocardial oxygen can lead to myocardial ischemia. Plaque build up inside the arteries, narrows the arteries, restricting oxygenated blood flow to the heart. This increased pressure within the arteries is present at any flow rate; however, it is most significant during times of increased need for myocardial oxygen. Connection Between Normal Anatomy of a Healthy Heart and Coronary Disease: In a normal, healthy heart oxygenated blood travels with minimal resistance through the epicardial vessel and larger arteries. When an heart needs more oxygen, such in times of exercise, stress or pharmacological stimuli, blood flow is increased to fulfill this demand. However, the physiological narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up found in coronary disease restricts blood flow to the heart, especially in times of when an increase in myocardial oxygen is needed. These restrictions mean a lessened CFR for the individual, which can lead to coronary ischemia, cardiac infarction, and several other dangerous effects. This physiological change in the coronary system, through the build up of plaque, occurs for several reasons. Lack of physical activity and poor nutrition, with the consumption of certain fats and cholesterols, can facilitate plaque build up. High blood pressure, obesity, depression, and anxiety are also contributing factors (Pazoki, Nabiour, Seyednezami, and Imami). There are different treatment options for coronary artery disease. Two treatment clinical options include lifestyle modification and revascularization. Lifestyle modification, when combined with pharmacological intervention, can be as effective as revascularization, for patients with lower coronary risk constellation and those who are highly motivated. Coronary revascularization is used when there is myocardial infarction greater than ten percent (Rub et al.). Works Cited Kern, Morton, Amir Lerman, Jan-Willen Bech, Bernard De Bruyne, Eric Eeckhout, William Fearon, Stuart Higano, Michael Lim, and Martjin Meuwissen. "Physiological Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory ." American Heart Association Journal 114 (2006): 1321-1341. American Heart Association. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. Pazoki, Raha, Iraj Nabipour, Nasrin Seyednezami, and Seyed Reza Imami. "Effects of a community-based healthy heart program on increasing healthy women's physical activity: a randomized controlled trial guided by Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)." BMC Public Health 7 (2007): 216-220. Print. Rub, M., Cremer, J., Krian, a., Meinertz, T., Werdan, K., & Zerkowski, H. "Different Treatment Options in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease." Deutschs Arzteblatt International 106.15 (10 Apr 2009): 253-261. Shirato, Susan, and Beth Ann Swan. "Women and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidentiary Review." MedSurg Nursing 19.5 (2010): 282-306. Print.Healthy Heart vs. Coronary Disease Human pathology typically has associated abnormal physiological conditions. Further understanding the physiological differences between healthy and diseased hearts is critical for diagnosis, treatment and future research. Coronary artery disease, according to Shirato and Swan, is the leading cause of death in women, killing more women than all forms of cancer combined. This paper will discuss the normal physiology of a healthy heart and then compare it to a heart suffering from coronary artery disease. These physiological differences will be connected to the normal anatomy of a healthy heart and the pathological condition of coronary disease. Physiological Condition of a Healthy Heart: In a healthy heart, the coronary blood flow provides the oxygen supply for the body. This myocardial oxygen automatically increases, in a healthy heart, from a resting level to a maximum level. This difference between the resting flow and maximal coronary flow is known as coronary flow reserve (CFR). This increased demand can result from exercise, neurohormones, or pharmacological stimuli. According to Kera et al., there are three primary resistance components to blood flow. These include: the epicardial vessel, small arterioles and arteries and the intramyocardial capillary system. In a healthy heart, there is only minimal resistance in the epicardial vessel and arteries that have a diameter of >400µm. Coronary resistance occurs, in a healthy heart, in the small arteries and arterioles. Physiological Condition of Coronary Disease: Kera et al. note that one of the primary physiological conditions of coronary disease is a change in coronary flow and pressure. This imbalance between the supply and demand of myocardial oxygen can lead to myocardial ischemia. Plaque build up inside the arteries, narrows the arteries, restricting oxygenated blood flow to the heart. This increased pressure within the arteries is present at any flow rate; however, it is most significant during times of increased need for myocardial oxygen. Connection Between Normal Anatomy of a Healthy Heart and Coronary Disease: In a normal, healthy heart oxygenated blood travels with minimal resistance through the epicardial vessel and larger arteries. When an heart needs more oxygen, such in times of exercise, stress or pharmacological stimuli, blood flow is increased to fulfill this demand. However, the physiological narrowing of arteries due to plaque build up found in coronary disease restricts blood flow to the heart, especially in times of when an increase in myocardial oxygen is needed. These restrictions mean a lessened CFR for the individual, which can lead to coronary ischemia, cardiac infarction, and several other dangerous effects. This physiological change in the coronary system, through the build up of plaque, occurs for several reasons. Lack of physical activity and poor nutrition, with the consumption of certain fats and cholesterols, can facilitate plaque build up. High blood pressure, obesity, depression, and anxiety are also contributing factors (Pazoki, Nabiour, Seyednezami, and Imami). There are different treatment options for coronary artery disease. Two treatment clinical options include lifestyle modification and revascularization. Lifestyle modification, when combined with pharmacological intervention, can be as effective as revascularization, for patients with lower coronary risk constellation and those who are highly motivated. Coronary revascularization is used when there is myocardial infarction greater than ten percent (Rub et al.). Works Cited Kern, Morton, Amir Lerman, Jan-Willen Bech, Bernard De Bruyne, Eric Eeckhout, William Fearon, Stuart Higano, Michael Lim, and Martjin Meuwissen. "Physiological Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory ." American Heart Association Journal 114 (2006): 1321-1341. American Heart Association. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. Pazoki, Raha, Iraj Nabipour, Nasrin Seyednezami, and Seyed Reza Imami. "Effects of a community-based healthy heart program on increasing healthy women's physical activity: a randomized controlled trial guided by Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR)." BMC Public Health 7 (2007): 216-220. Print. Rub, M., Cremer, J., Krian, a., Meinertz, T., Werdan, K., & Zerkowski, H. "Different Treatment Options in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease." Deutschs Arzteblatt International 106.15 (10 Apr 2009): 253-261. Shirato, Susan, and Beth Ann Swan. "Women and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidentiary Review." MedSurg Nursing 19.5 (2010): 282-306. Print. https://www.paperdue.com/customer/paper/healthy-heart-vs-coronary-disease-11829#:~:text=Logout-,HealthyHeartvsCoronaryDisease,-Length2pages Read the full article

[rocals]

I'm gonna try to go to sleep now so that I don't say I'll look at just one frixel and then end up fully horrorsed up and awake til 4am. so just like send me asks with what you assume I'm posting

[iocheaira]

silliest part of the post run endorphins is the anti dysphoria effect. objectively i look exactly the same but psychologically i think im the coolest shit

[santaispa]

Why Prefer Our Dubai Russian Massage Centre

Many communities around the world, including the ancient inhabitants of China, and Greece, have developed different types of massage therapy. One of the first proponents was the Greek physician Hippocrates, who is recognized as the founding father of medicine. Many people believe that modern European massage originated with the Swedish doctor Per Henrik Ling in the 1800s. Ling massaged hard to stimulate circulation and lymph flow. It wasn't until 1860 that massage was systematically studied or used in Russia. Treatment methods were refined in the aftermath of World War II, when pharmaceuticals were in short supply.

The Soviet Union hired doctors with doctorates in physical therapy, known as physiatrists, to look into the benefits of alternative therapies. They developed a form of petrissage to aid in the stimulation of new muscle growth and the reversal of muscular atrophy. Our Dubai russian massage center claim that every massage movement is derived from neurohormone and neuroendocrine responses. Unlike other massage techniques, Russian massage primarily treats the issue based on its physiology rather than its anatomy. Venkarma therapies are available which the best Russian steam baths are. Many guests enjoy taking hot baths, unwinding in steam rooms, and then plunging into cold water pools prior to getting massages. It is probable that individuals adopted this traditional practice in order to acclimate to the extremely frigid Russian winters.

Why choose us

As with any alternative therapy, you should speak with your doctor to determine whether Russian massage is good for you. If you have a heart condition, massage may help improve circulation, but it may not be appropriate for all people. To find out whether massage is appropriate for them, patients with cardiac issues and cancer should consult with their doctors. Some doctors prescribe specific massage therapists who specialize in treating severely ill patients. Make sure you ask our Russian massage therapist about their qualifications. Even though many states and regulatory organizations offer extensive accreditation, our Russian massage therapists must first complete college-level medical studies in nursing or physiotherapy before commencing their intense massage instruction. It should be possible for you to find out about the qualifications and achievements of your practitioner. We are a global pioneer in massage research and there, massage therapists are often accorded the same respect as other medical professions.