#NTFP

[filipeanut]

"...While we want our local craft to withstand the challenges of modernity alongside a climate crisis that threatens the nipa’s existence, the fact remains that there are only small incremental gains from such a complex, age-old tradition."

F. Jordan Carnice (FB post)

[anthrofreshtodeath]

@dirtyrobber70 tagged me in this one. I tried my best, but I feel like my list could look different depending on the day you ask me.

Rules: List your top 5 albums from 5 different artists on a poll, so your followers can vote which album they think captures your vibe best.

Play if you’d like! I feel like my vibes are all over the place so best of luck.

Tagging: @colossalsharks @sharknatho @one-against-an-army

[pinkie-pinkeroni]

i think ‘vital’ is one of my favorite anberlin albums (‘lowborn’ is up there too) and honestly it has the most songs on an album that make me think of ledian chronicles so……… just throwing that out there

[iso-updates]

Harnessing the Power of FSC Multiple Site Forest Certification of Non-Timber Forest Products

Forest certification is an efficient tool for the usage of significant and financially suitable forest products and connecting them to sustainable forest management works to ensure their sustainable use. It incorporates social, economic, and environmental features, accordingly reducing the anthropogenic tensions on forest-based Multiple Site Certification in UAE resources and keeping up with forest ecosystem services.

All forest products with the exception of timber, including different materials acquired from trees like gums and leaves, as well as some other plant and creature products can be grouped under Non-Timber Forest Products (NFTP). Models incorporated, however, are not restricted to, seeds, organic products, nuts, honey, ornamental plants, and other wood products whether they were started inside a forest framework.

Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Rural Livelihoods

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play a significant part in country means and the improvement of livelihoods in nearby networks. In any case, with the commercialization of NTFPs, risks to forest-based resources through over-group are a central issue, possibly prompting biological lopsidedness and environ misfortune. 

Accordingly, to boost the advantages of NTFP commercialization, the sustainable use of resources ought to be looked for with the dynamic commitment of the local area. Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), as characterized by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), are products that are of "biological origin other than wood derived from forests", like medicinal aromatic plants, wild edibles, fodder and other harvested forest products; like NWFPs, non-wood forest products (NTFPs) don't exclude wood other than timber.

Challenges of NTFP Commercialization

The expanded worry over NTFP harvests as of late reflects expanding request, with recognition of the commitment that NTFPs make to supporting the livelihoods of local area individuals in emerging nations, and the idea that NTFPs can be reaped with moderately little effect on the forest climate, however, there are various perspectives on economical group strategies and the opportunities for NTFP extraction.

Emergence of Certification as a Tool for Sustainable NTFP Harvesting

The certificate is a new and progressively involved marketing tool for empowering responsible resource stewardship through the legitimate naming of shopper-related products, cultivating trust in the purchaser in regard to the economical reap and lawful beginning of the collected produce. 

One of the issues looked at in the FSC-CoC Multiple Site Standard of NTFPs lies in the crucial absence of data on their general creation, utilization, and trade.

Impact of International Trade Laws and Compliance Costs on NTFP Markets

Monitoring and assessment systems are currently at the beginning phase of advancement and are lacking, inappropriately group and examining key data connected with NTFP certification. What's more, while considering global business sectors for NTFPs, the planning of worldwide regulations, rules, and guidelines for administering trade additionally become possibly the most important factor. 

The cost of compliance with certification is likewise high, which, however adding to the worth of the general item, makes it trying for limited-scope forest tenants and non-cutthroat business sectors.

Putting People First with FSC Certification

Many FSC Certification for Non-Timber Forest Products are reaped and traded by nearby communities and smallholder farmers living in or around forest regions. 

These products include:

Bamboo, bark, pine cones, and seeds

Fish, raw products, venison, and mushrooms

Honey, cinnamon, maple syrup, and tea

Natural gums, pitches, oils, and wax

Natural rubber, cork, and rattan

Three Key NFTPs: Bamboo, Cork, and Nuts

We've recognized three high-esteem NTFPs with the possibility to significantly impact nearby networks and smallholders.

We're working intimately with networks and supply chains to work on natural circumstances and market access.

Bamboo

Bamboo has various environmental and financial advantages. It's a viable carbon sink and its empty stems hold water to forestall desertification during droughts.

Gathered bamboo is utilized in furniture, textiles, and paper, and that's just the beginning. Once gathered, it recovers rapidly, turning out a consistent revenue for farmers.

Essential locales: North America, Latin America, Eastern Africa, Southeast Asia, China, and UAE

Cork

Cork oak bark is regenerative, and debarked cork trees can assimilate three to multiple times more carbon dioxide than non-gathered trees.

Cork's insulation and dampness-wicking properties make it helpful for various products, similar to wine-bottle corks, flooring, shoes, yoga mats, and as the center of baseballs and cricket balls.

Essential areas: Mediterranean nations, fundamentally Portugal and Spain

Nuts

Worldwide interest in tree nuts including almonds, pistachios, Brazil nuts, pecans, walnuts, pine nuts, and cashews has expanded emphatically throughout the last 10 years as additional purchasers search for sound and advantageous food choices.

Essential locales: Contingent upon the sort of nut, the beginning can go from tropical to calm districts, from deserts to rainforests.

Building Sustainably with FSC-Certified Wood

Progressively, development experts are effectively indicating FSC Multiple certified wood for their ventures.

Amazing Characteristics of Wood:

Has remarkable primary actual properties: great elasticity; is responsible (robust); can take the intensity; simple to work with; is lightweight yet solid, has an intrinsic adaptability; has superb warm protection properties; is flexible

Is the main inexhaustible development material; has less carbon impression and is less energy-concentrated than steel and cement;

Is recyclable (we can regrow and reuse);

Can lock away carbon; in a wood fabricating, the carbon is saved out of the climate for the lifetime of the structure or longer if the wood is recovered and reused for more modest designs and, reused again to make other wood products. 

Wood is likewise valued for its style and aesthetic esteem. Many analyses have likewise shown that involving wood inside, lessens pressure, increments efficiency, and decidedly influences our prosperity.

The FSC Multiple Site Certification label gives affirmation that the wood comes from all-around managed forests and has legal origins.

FSC-certified wood offers an answer for reducing the carbon footprint of the structure and development area.

FSC is the sustainable woods management plan trusted and liked by organizations (counting development and compositional firms) and purchasers.

Conclusion

Certification connected with NTFPs is a developing and propelling field in UAE. An assortment of certification plans with norms set by various associations has been rising over recent years. 

The point of ensuring more responsible use of forest-based assets is of essential significance for the overwhelming majority of these standards. The FSC-CoC Multiple Site Standard centers around specific goals and elevates the advantages to local manufacturers, as well as attempts to lessen the general environmental effect.

Certificate likewise fills in as an instrument for quality certification to the buyers, hence helping the environ, social, and economic spaces of turn of events.

[aquilariamalaccensistripura]

The Agar tree (Aquilaria Malacensis) is widely distributed in all the North-Eastern states and also widely cultivated in Tripura. It is now rarely found in the wild. The city Agartala is named after the tree. Agar or Agarwood is darkened or transformed aromatic resinous wood created after the tree is infected and produces a stress-related oleoresin in infected areas. 

[kashmirmonitor]

Go green: J&K launches new non-forest timber policy, sets up biodiversity management committees

Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir government has launched a policy for the sustainable collection and utilization of non-forest timber produce (NTFP) in the UT. J&K is one the unique biodiversity hotspots in the Indian Himalayas with around 48 percent of the geographical area under forest cover. The forests in the region are the repository of non-forest timber produce (NTFP) like bamboo, brushwood,…

[ibeforg]

What Is The Size Of The Forest Products Industry In India?

The forest products industry in India is diverse and plays a crucial role in the country's economy. Numerous manufacturers are producing a wide range of products derived from forest resources.

The forest products industry involves the production of goods and services derived from forest resources. And this crucial sector includes both timber and non-timber products. This industry plays an important role in the growth and development of the economy as it has a significant impact on rural communities and the environment.

Classification Of Forest Produce

1. Timber products

This includes sawn timber, plywood, veneers, and other wood-based products derived from forests. These products have wide applications in construction, furniture, and interior design manufacturing

2. Paper products

Paper is needed for the publishing industry and includes newsprint, printing paper, tissue paper, packaging, and other products made from wood pulp. These products have wide applications in both residential and commercial sectors.

3. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)

It includes a wide range of products derived from forest resources other than timber. Examples include rubber, resin, honey, nuts, mushrooms, and medicinal plants. There could be more products available depending on location and environment.

Bioenergy: Forests are a crucial source of bioenergy, including wood pellets, chips, and other biomass products used to generate electricity, heat buildings, and fuel vehicles.

India has a diverse range of forests that are home to a variety of tree species, many of which are used for different forest products. Some of the important forest products in India include the following:

Timber: India has several timber species that are used for furniture, construction, and other purposes. Some popular timber species include teak, rosewood, sal, deodar, sandalwood, and bamboo. The country has vast reserves of forests that provide quality timber.

Medicinal plants: India has a rich tradition of using medicinal plants for healthcare. Many of these plants are found in the forests and are used to produce medicines, herbal teas, and other health products. In addition, they are used to flavor cosmetics and health foods as nutritional supplements.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs): NTFPs are products that are derived from forest resources other than timber. Some examples of NTFPs in India include honey, beeswax, bamboo shoots, mushrooms, and various spices. These products are in great demand in both domestic and global markets.

Paper: India has a large paper industry that relies on wood pulp for paper production. The country has several paper mills that use different types of wood for paper production. It has a significant contribution to the country's economy.

Rubber: India is one of the major producers of natural rubber, which is extracted from rubber trees found in forest areas. Rubber is used for various purposes in different industries.

Fruits and nuts: Many forest areas in India are home to mixed fruit and nut trees such as mango, jackfruit, cashew, and walnut. These products have generated huge demand in both domestic and global markets.

Lac: Lac is a resinous substance secreted by an insect and used in the production of shellac, which is used in making varnish, wax, and other products. India is one of the major producers of lac in the world. Also, the country has initiated a special program to promote lac farming.

Government Initiative

The government formed Shellac Export Promotion Council (SEPC) in 1956 to promote the export of shellac and shellac-based products. Shellac is a resinous substance that is secreted by the female lac bug and is used in the production of various products, including varnishes, food glazes, and pharmaceuticals.

The SEPC is responsible for promoting the export of shellac and shellac-based products and providing support to shellac manufacturers and exporters. The council works closely with government agencies, industry associations, and other stakeholders to promote the use of shellac in various industries and to increase its export potential.

The Shellac Export Promotion Council works to create awareness about Indian shellac and forest products in the international market by organizing trade fairs, buyer-seller meets, and exhibitions. It also provides various kinds of assistance to exporters, such as information on market trends, opportunities, and regulatory requirements.

The SEPC is crucial in promoting and supporting the export of shellac and other forest products from India. Its various activities and initiatives help to increase the demand for Indian products and enhance the competitiveness of Indian exporters in the international market.

India has a thriving forest sector, with numerous manufacturers producing various products derived from forest resources. Some of the big forest products manufacturers in India include:

Greenply Industries: Greenply is one of the largest producers of plywood and other wood-based products in India. The company operates several manufacturing facilities across the country and offers a range of products, including plywood, veneers, and laminates.

Century Plyboards: Century Plyboards is another major player in the Indian Plywood industry, producing a wide range of plywood, veneers, and laminates. The company also operates a manufacturing facility that produces particleboard and MDF.

Dabur India: Dabur is a well-known Indian company that produces a range of ayurvedic and herbal products, including those derived from forest resources. The company is a major producer of honey, which is sourced from forest areas.

TTK Prestige: TTK Prestige is a manufacturer of kitchen appliances, including cookware and other products made from non-timber forest products like bamboo. The company sources bamboo from sustainable plantations and supports local communities through its operations.

Godrej and Boyce: Godrej and Boyce is a diversified company with operations in various sectors, including forest goods. The company produces a wide range of furniture, including those made from timber and other materials.

Cello Industries: Cello Industries is a manufacturer of plastic and composite products, including those made from bamboo composite. One of the most important forest-based industries, the company sources bamboo from sustainable plantations and produces a range of products, including furniture, flooring, and other items.

[cfor36garh]

Grab the Imli chaska & make ur food moments memorable #taste of #sukma Exploring with: @hashim_rules #shg #enterprise #tribalstuff #bastardiaries #believe #foodprocessing #culturallandscape #ruralindia #thursdaymotivation #chhattisgarhtourism #forestproducts #ntfp #गढ़बोनवाछत्तीसगढ़ #progressivebastar #chhattisgarh #cg_update #cgartist #chhattisgarhdiaries #chhattisgarhfood #tribesofindia #tasteofindia #cfor36garh https://www.instagram.com/p/CLEraGLrZNq/?igshid=1nriaxyu5fywp

[oaresearchpaper]

Marantaceae in Central Gabon: Identification and Marketing

Abstract

The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.

Introduction

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), through their multiple uses, contribute to the subsistence of populations and provide them with income (Shankar et al., 2001; Walter, 2001; Mbolo et al., 2002; Biloso & Lejoly, 2006; Vermeulen et al., 2009). The use of various categories of non-timber forest products is sometimes the only source of income for some rural populations (Nguenang et al., 2010; Thiombiano et al., 2010; Ngoya-Kessy, 2011). In recent years, NTFPs have considerably aroused interest worldwide as it contribution to household economy and food security is increasingly recognized (Lescuyer, 2010; Loubelo, 2012), as well as to the achievement of environmental objectives such as the conservation of plant biodiversity (Arnold & Ruiz, 2001; Doucet, 2006; Tchatat & Ndoye, 2006). According to the abovementioned authors and Lehoux and Chakib (2012), these products play a role in terms of food, economic value and their usage for divers purposes (Sunderland et al., 2003; Tchiegang & Mbougueng, 2005; Betti & Lejoly, 2010; Priso et al., 2011). 

According to Tchatat and Ndoye (2006), the question of reasonable management of NTFPs is of great importance in meeting sustainable development objective. Vermeulen et al. (2009) point out the need to know the techniques used for the exploitation of plant genetic resources on the one hand, and the promotion of the domestication of these resources in their different regions, on the other hand. Plants of the Marantaceae family are mainly distributed across the ecologies of tropical America and Africa (Cabezas et al., 2005; Tchatat & Ndoye, 2006).

These are monocotyledons with fairly significant genetic variability, which offers many uses to the populations. For example, the use of Haumania liebrechtsiana (De Wild. & T. Durand) is preferred over other Marantaceae because of its flexible stem used for building huts, basketwork and making fishing vessels. The bevelled pieces of internodes are also used to build cages for rat traps. The stem rings can be made and used to hold bundles of wood and leaves (Tchatat & Ndoye, 2006). According to the same authors, the stems of Hypselodelphys violacea (Ridl.) are also used for traps making. The rings formed with these stems are used to hold together bundles of wood and leaves. The strips detached from the petiole of Marantochloa manii (Benth.) are used in basketry, in cooking as ties for cassava sticks and various packets of food, as well as ties for bundles Marantaceae leaves. 

According to Ndouano & Ada-Ntoutoume (2002), the leaves of Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Benth.) were used as vegetable roof tiles to cover huts or waterproof clothing. However, the most prominent use of those leaves is for food packaging (e.g., cassava sticks) as well as food storage and food cooking of various types of food products. The cortical strips of the petioles (free from the pith) are used for weaving fishing tools, but also as ties to fix the leaves on the roofs or consolidate bundles. The short leaves of Sarcophrynium brachystachys (Benth.) are widely used by women for wrapping short cassava sticks.

The aim of this present study is twofold: firstly, to identify the species of Marantaceae exploited by the peasants in the central Gabon, and secondly laying the foundations of the domestication of this perishable resource. This study is therefore of multiple interest, from a social, economic, ecological and scientific standpoint.

Source : Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Gabon

[ijtsrd]

Forest Resources and Growth of Tribal Economy A Study in the District of Keonjhar

by Sri Rajib Lochan Acharya "Forest Resources and Growth of Tribal Economy: A Study in the District of Keonjhar"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37969.pdf

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/randd-management/37969/forest-resources-and-growth-of-tribal economy-a-study-in-the-district-of-keonjhar/sri-rajib-lochan-acharya

internationaljournalsofcomputerscience, callforpapercomputerscience, ugcapprovedjournalsforcomputerscience

The tribal economy is largely affected by forest resources since they mainly live in and around forest areas. But due to increase in population, deforestation on various grounds and excess pressure on forest resources, their income is decreasing. Social forestry, though a welcome step, cannot be treated as a perfect substitute of natural forest. We can neither ignore the interest of the scheduled tribes constituting 8.6 of our population, nor can we afford lose our rich forest resources. At present the per capita income of tribal is only 56 of the per capita income of India. The pressure on forests for Non Timber Forest Products NTFP will increase further till we provide them the alternative sources of income. Hence, time has come to make appropriate policy decisions which can ensure their economic growth and protection of forest resources simultaneously. And for the successful implementation, tribal’s involvement is necessary. Their knowledge, culture, tradition, custom, beliefs, practices, opinions, view points and suggestions need to be considered while making plans, policies, schemes, etc., for their economic development. Keeping the objectives, namely protection of forest resources and growth of tribal economy a survey was made in the district of Keonjhar, Odisha. Both primary and secondary data have been collected for the study. As per our findings Goatery, Poultry, Horticulture, Medicine and Spice plants, Sal Leaf Plate making etc., could become the viable sources of income for tribal’s economic growth. The lesser the dependence on forest the more will be the protection and sustainability of forest resources. If solar power could be made a substitute of firewood for cooking purpose, it could perhaps be the most viable step towards protection and sustainable use of forest resources 

[photos-tell-stories]

#Repost image (c) @jasonflorio for @united.purpose with @get_repost ・・・ Each year, we celebrate the 'Forest Festival' in the #Casamance region, #Senegal 🌳🎉 The festivities bring the local communities together to work as one combined force and reduce conflict and mistrust over resources. The incredible community forests that we helped establish, have united to protect the forest ecosystem and ensure forest products are harvested sustainably. 📷 credit @JasonFlorio with Helen Jones-Florio ----- #reforestation #deforestation #CommunityForest #EverydayAfrica #EverydaySenegal #VisualStories #AmazingPlaces #NTFPs #ClimateAction #NGO #jasonflorio (at Koudibékounda, Kolda, Senegal) https://www.instagram.com/p/BoaxufiF1QY/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=12wylu9rfyy52

[wahyuawaludin]

Green Jobs: Tips Mempersiapkan Karir di Bidang Lingkungan 2026 Untuk Anak Muda

by Wahyu Awaludin

Krisis Menghadang

Krisis COVID telah menghancurkan banyak hal. Pada tanggal 20 Februari 2021, Covid telah tercatat di angka 111 juta kasus dan merenggut 2,45 juta jiwa. Sebagai perbandingan, penduduk kota Depok adalah 2,41 juta jiwa. Artinya, jika Covid cuma terjadi di Depok, ia telah sukses membuat Depok punah dari muka bumi.

Kasus di Indonesia sendiri belum menggembirakan. Tercatat sudah 1,25 juta kasus dan 33.969 jiwa wafat. Ini setengah dari kapasitas Stadion Gelora Bung Karno. Bayangkan Anda tengah menonton sepak bola dengan penonton penuh, lalu setengah dari mereka tewas serentak. Mengerikan.

Situasi ini telah mendorong banyak negara untuk berbenah, salah satunya di bidang ekonomi. Mereka mulai meninggalkan ekonomi karbon dan mulai mengembangkan green economy. Orang-orang mulai paham bahwa kesehatan penting. Tak disangka, green economy adalah salah satu sektor yang berkembang di masa covid ini.

Kelak, tentu saja green economy memunculkan green jobs (pekerjaan ramah lingkungan).

 Apa itu Green Jobs?

Katadata mengutip World Economic Forum bahwa ekonomi hijau seperti 1) pangan, pemanfaatan lahan dan laut; 2) infrastruktur dan lingkungan buatan; 3) serta energi dan industri ekstraktif dapat menghasilkan peluang bisnis senilai US$ 10,1 triliun (Rp140 ribu trilyun) dan 395 juta lapangan pekerjaan pada tahun 2030.

Peluang itu akan memunculkan apa yang disebut dengan pekerjaan ramah lingkungan (green jobs). SIngkatnya, green jobs adalah pekerjaan yang layak secara penghasilan sekaligus bisa membantu menyelamatkan lingkungan. Di Indonesia sendiri, menurut perhitungan Rafika Dewi, Green Jobs bisa membuka lapangan pekerjaan sampai 4,2 juta buah. Jumlah yang tidak sedikit bukan?

Untuk menangkap peluang luar biasa di masa depan itu, pemerintah Indonesia sudah berkomitmen untuk menyiapkan anak-anak muda supaya memiliki skill di green jobs ini. Dalam ASEAN Labour Ministers Meeting (ALMM) ke-25, Indonesia bersama negara-negara tetangga juga menyatakan komitmennya untuk mengkampanyekan green jobs. Persiapan ini juga melibatkan banyak institusi, misalnya Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Industri, Apindo, dan unsur-unsur lainnya.

Sebenarnya, untuk mendeteksi jenis-jenis green jobs yang akan muncul di Indonesia agak menyulitkan. Sebab, dunia masa kini berubah dengan cepat. Siapa yang menyangka di tahun 2019 bahwa tahun depannya, dunia akan diserang virus Covid yang ganas?

Bisa jadi green jobs pun akan berubah dengan cepat dan kita terus dituntut untuk beradaptasi. Namun, bagaimanapun juga, prediksi ini tetap diperlukan sebagai kompas kita dalam bergerak. Nah, dengan sedikit analisa, Rafika Dewi menyebutkan bahwa sektor-sektor green jobs inilah yang akan berkembang di Indonesia beberapa tahun ke depan.

1.       Sektor pertanian

a.       Pertanian organik

b.      Budidaya tanaman berdampak rendah

c.       Perkebunan karet

d.      Minyak kelapa sawit berkelanjutan

e.      Perkebunan organik untuk minuman

f.        Pertanian kombinasi.

 2.       Sektor kehutanan

a.       Produksi hutan alam yang mengikuti hukum SFM

b.      Konsesi hutan alam yang berkelanjutan

c.       Rotan

d.      Hasil hutan non-kayu (NTFP)

e.      Jasa hutan

f.        Perlindungan dan konservasi.

 3.       Sektor energi

a.       Geothermal

b.      Energi yang dapat diperbaharui atau energi terbarukan

c.       Biomassa.

 Sedangkan menurut catatan International Labour Organization, saat ini sudah ada banyak perusahaan Indonesia yang membuka lowongan Green Jobs. Jadi, ini bukan sesuatu yang nun jauh di sana, tapi sudah ada di depan mata. Perusahaan-perusahaan itu misalnya adalah

a.       Astra International

b.      Climate field school for farmers

c.       PT Petromat Agrotech

d.      Indocement

e.      Green Building Council Indonesia

f.        Medcoenergy, dan lainnya.

 Apa yang Harus Anak Muda Siapkan?

Setelah kita tahu peluang green jobs di Indonesia, timbul pertanyaan, apa yang harus kita siapkan sebagai anak muda? Saya membagi persiapan yang sifatnya personal ini menjadi dua poin, yaitu persiapan 1 tahun dan persiapan 5 tahun ke depan.

 To do list 1 tahun:

a. Cari tahu lebih jauh soal green jobs. Peluang ini relatif masih baru dan belum banyak yang tahu. Oleh karena itu, kita harus mencari tahu lebih banyak dari sumber-sumber internet yang ada. Pelajarilah lebih jauh. Baca artikel-artikel yang terkait dengan green jobs, video wawancara, dan lainnya.

b. Bergabung ke komunitas green jobs dan sustainability. Carilah komunitas-komunitas nasional maupun global terkait lingkungan lalu gabunglah ke sana. Ini adalah langkah yang tepat untuk mempersiapkan karirmu di green jobs, sebab lebih baik punya teman banyak dibanding sendirian kan.  

c. Follow akun sosial media soal green jobs, lingkungan, dan terhubung dengan orang-orang di bidang ini. Contohnya adalah coaction. Ada banyak sekali update dan info terbaru yang ditawarkan oleh akun-akun ini. Orang-orang di bidang ini juga biasanya senang berbagai di sosial media mereka. Cobalah untuk terhubung dan kenalan dengan mereka.

d. Coba ikut webinar dan workshop terkait green jobs. Di masa depan, pasti webinar dan workshop terkait topic ini akan sering muncul. Ikutlah dan gabung ke acara-acara semacam ini untuk terhubung dengan topic ini lebih sering.

 To do list 5 tahun:

a. Siapkan S1 dan S2 di bidang green jobs. Apakah kamu seorang mahasiswa S1? Jika iya, persiapkan lah S2 kamu yang berhubungan dengan green jobs, contohya di Lund University. Sebenarnya tidak harus di sana. Tentu saja kamu bisa kuliah di tempat lain. Dengan memasang target sejak sekarang, kamu memiliki banyak waktu untuk mempersiapkannya. Kamu 2-3 langkah di depan teman sebayamu.

b. Cari lowongan dan kalau memungkinkan ikutlah magang. Untuk mencari info sedini mungkin, saya menyarankan untuk magang di perusahaan yang membuka green jobs. Tujuannya untuk menimba pengalaman awal dulu.

c. Tulis buku simpel tentang green & sustainability. Menurut saya, ini adalah langkah besar dan tidak banyak orang lain yang berpikir hal sama. Dengan menulis buku, kamu menjadi jauh lebih menonjol dibanding orang lain di industry green jobs ini. Kamu tidak harus membahas hal-hal rumit dan ilmiah jika kamu tidak sanggup. Intinya buatlah buku yang menjelaskan pandanganmu dan apa yang sudah kamu lakukan terkait masalah lingkungan.

d. Personal branding digital. Bangunlah personal branding digital dengan cara berbagi konten tentang lingkungan di sosial mediamu. Ini akan membuat nilai dirimu naik secara luar biasa.

e. Ikut ecourse, non gelar, workshop, dan sertifikasi. Saat ini sudah banyak online course tentang lingkungan. Sebagian dari mereka bahkan ada yang dipersiapkan dengan sangat serius oleh pengajar-pengajar yang berlevel internasional, baik dalam bentuk workshop serius maupun sertifikasi. Jadi, saran saya ikutilah hal-hal itu.

f. Coba jadi reseller perusahaan-perusahaan lingkungan untuk coba langsung masuk ke industri itu. Ada beberapa perusahaan yang produknya ramah lingkungan dan membuka sistem reseller. Hemat saya, jadilah reseller itu dan masukilah industri itu sejak dini. Dengan menjadi reseller dan mencoba menjual produk yang bersangkutan, kamu akan tahu kondisi realitas market yang ada di Indonesia yang terkait dengan lingkungan. Sejauh apa marketnya? Apa yang kurang? Apa yang harus dikembangkan? Dan seterusnya. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu bisa terjawab olehmu jika kamu sudah terjun langsung ke industri yang bersangkutan.

 Itulah tips-tips yang bisa kamu lakukan untuk mempersiapkan karir green jobs di masa setidaknya 5 tahun lagi. Selamat mencoba!

 Referensi

Anonim. "Lembar Fakta tentang Pekerjaan yang Layak dan Ramah Lingkungan (Green Jobs) di Indonesia." International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilojakarta/documents/publication/wcms_149950.pdf . Diakses 20 Februari 2021.

Dewi, Rafika & Ahmad Maruf. "Analisis Penciptaan Green Jobs (Pekerjaan Hijau) di Indonesia Menggunakan Model Skenario Investasi Hijau", Journal of Economics Research and Social Sciences Vol 1, No 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.18196/jerss.v1i1.9059. Diakses 20 Februari 2021.

Strietska-Ilina, Olga; Hofmann, Christine; Durán Haro, Mercedes; Jeon, Shinyoung. 2011. SKILLS FOR GREEN JOBS A GLOBAL VIEW: SYNTHESIS REPORT BASED ON 21 COUNTRY STUDIES. International Labour Office. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_159585.pdf . Diakses 20 Februari 2021.

https://katadata.co.id/ariemega/infografik/5fae68d68adb9/green-jobs-masa-depan-ekonomi-dan-lapangan-kerja . Diakses 20 Februari 2021.

https://news.google.com/covid19/map?hl=id&mid=%2Fm%2F03ryn&gl=ID&ceid=ID%3Aid

https://id.exchange-rates.org/ . Diakses 20 Februari 2021.

https://www.scribd.com/document/420761730/PELUANG-GREEN-JOBS-PADA-PENDIDIKAN-KEJURUAN-docx . Diakses 20 Februari 2021.

[lupine-publishers-prjfgs]

Enforcement of Regulatory Bodies to Trade Indian Medicinal Plants and DNA Bar-coding In Wildlife Forensics

Lupine Publishers| Journal of Forensic

Abstract

India's diverse topology and habitat flourishes near about 45,000 species of plants. Certain species among these plants are medicinal plant species which are endemic to India. These plants are valuable for their medicinal or aromatic properties. Due to India's biodiversity abundance, plants from the wild are wildly exploited resulting in over exploitation of medicinal plants. The present review is carried out to ascertain the rules and their regulations in various states of India which are presently saving the national heritage and helping officials to apprehend herb smugglers. The review also presents the data suggesting the present scenario of advancements in the field of wild life forensic genetics to deal with such cases and technical advancements in the field of plant/part identification during the confiscations in various states.

Keywords: DNA bar-coding; Laws protecting plants; Indian Forest ACT; Wild Life Protection Act; CITES Appendix

Introduction

Wildlife forensics uses scientific tools to confiscate criminals dealing with restricted wildlife products. In recent times, very less literature could be found on crimes related to plants which are likewise smuggled for their socioeconomic importance. Many newspaper headlines mention such trade happenings around the world [1]. Various national and international regulatory bodies are also actively regulating such trade practices. But, due to lack of awareness and limited research work on these aspects of wildlife forensics, herbal medicine industry is growing. According to traffic.org India and china ranked 3rd and 2nd respectively to export plant material used in traditional healing systems. Plants with medicinal values are majorly collected from the wild [2]. To regulate herbal plants in trade, organizations like CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) plays a major role by providing guidelines to the signatory bodies. CITES convention has provided three appendixes i.e. Appendix I deals with species which are threatened or near to extinction, Appendix II deals with the species which might become threatened in the coming future, Appendix III of cites deals with plant requested to be included under regulation by member signatory countries. CITES is dedicated to provide fortification to plants as well as animals worldwide [3]. CBD is a different biodiversity convention which utilizes Nagoya protocol that gives the ability to access genetic resources of the native country and also ensure fair and unbiased sharing of remuneration arising from their use of these assets between it signatory countries of the convention [4]. Laws protecting Non wood forest produce in India. According to Indian Forest Act, 1927, thirteen Chapters have been solely dedicated to the protection of wildlife flora. The law stated to facilitate the lawful and unlawful activities of forests, duties and powers to forest officers and penalties and punishments as per the state Government rules. The act defines itself by stating the following definition.

"Consolidate the law related to forest, the transit of forest produce and the duty livable on timber and other forest produce". The word "forest produce" include timber, charcoal, caoutchouc, catechu, wood-oil, resin, natural varnish, barck, ac, mahua flower, mahua seeds and myrabolams. The chapter 1 clause2 (4b) in the Indian forest act also gives the liberty to add the trees, leaves, flowers, fruits, grass, creepers reeds, moss and all parts of such plant produce and other parts or produce that are not directly mentioned in the act to be protected and preserved by same regulations prescribed by the act [5]. By describing the forest produce broadly, the Indian forest act take the responsibility to even protect the non-economical plants which are mentioned or not mentioned in the act [6]. Basically the non-wood forest produce is economically important produce of the forest other than wood, which is being exploited by the law breakers to earn the instant money [7]. NTFPs are the active ingredient of budding small scale and fully developed large scale industries to commercialize the products to earn profit [8]. The produce (medicinal herbs) is profitable forest produce which is often used by pharmaceutical industries to launch health related products in the market [9]. These companies or organizations have permits and licenses to collect the permitted plant varieties from the locals [10]. The local herb dwellers have certain powers given by state and center governments through Indian biodiversity act etc. to earn their living by using their traditional knowledge of gathering wild flora [11]. This lawful business turns illegal when these dwellers and industrial set up without prior permissions gather and motivate forest dweller to supply the produce in bulk [12]. With limited knowledge of endangered and threatened species restricted from wild collection or deliberate collection to earn instant money is the main reason of utilization of forest produces [13].

According to the chapter 2 of INDIAN FOREST ACT which defines the reserve forest area under section 28 clause (f) which states "Any person who fells, girdles, lops, taps or burns any tree or strip off the bark leaves from, or otherwise damages the same and clause (g) removes any forest produce shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine or both in comparison to the damage [14]. Similar State Provision according to section 26. In this Bihar Sec. (26) the Forest range Offence is said to be cognizable and punishable with sentence for a maximum term of 6 months which may extend up to 24 years or with fine up to 5000/- or both + compensation[15]. In Gujarat Sec (26) of Indian Forest Act, punishment up to 1 year or with fine up to 1000/. In Himachal Pradesh according to Sec (26) punishment for forest offence is two years along with the fine of 5000. In Madhya Pradesh & West Bengal I year punishment is decided for the offender and fine of 2000 is imposed on such illegal activities. In Uttar Pradesh the maximum imprisonment for violating the rules of Indian forest act maximum punishment of 2 years or a fine of Rs. 5000/- or both is imposed on the offender when proved guilty for violation of sect. (26) (b), (h) (i) (j) but if the equivalent crime is committed second time and subsequently, sentence up to 2years or fine up to Rs. 20,000 but not less than Rs. 5000/- or both are imposed [16]. For the abuse other clauses of Sec. (26) imprisonment up to six month or a fine up to Rs. 1000/- or both is provided and for second and subsequent violation of these subsections is punishable by imprisonment up to six month or a fine up to Rs. 2000/- or both. Similarly, in chapter 3 which defines the protected forest areas under section 33 clauses is punishable with same penalty as is defined for the activities in reserve forest declared by the officials [17].

State Provisions According to Section 33

In Bihar state according to the section (33) imprisonment minimum of six months, maximum 2 of years fine minimum Rs. 1000/- maximum Rs. 5000/- imprisonment + fine both is availed to punish the convicted criminal but in case of Haryana:-15Sec (33) Imprisonment up to 1 year or with fine up to Rs. 1000 is imposed for the conviction in similar crime [18]. In Madhya Pradesh punishment lesser than Bihar Punishment is decided upto1 year or with fine up to Rs. 1000/ [19]. In Maharashtra punishment for violating Indian forest act rules is only up to 1 year or with fine up to Rs. 2000. Similarly in West Bengal Sec. (33) up to 1 year or with fine up to Rs. 1000 only. Uttar Pradesh is strict in terms of punishment for forest offences as their Maximum imprisonment of two years or fine up to Rs. 5000/- or both and for second and subsequent violation maximum term of 2 years or fine up to Rs. 10,000/-[20]. Wildlife protection Act. 1972 and the listed species Wildlife protection Act. 1972, SCHEDULE VI six plants are protected strictly by this Act which offers severe penalties to the offenders [20].The penalty is minimum 3 years which may extend depending upon the severity of the illegal activity and with fine of rupees 25000. If the convict is license holder the license will be cancelled and upon repetitive offence the penalty may increase up to 7 years [21]. Chapter ii of WPA outlines the protection of definite plants by declaring two clauses which are as follows:

a) Willfully pick, uproot, damage, destroy, acquire or collect any specified plant from any forest land and any area specified, by notification, by the Central Government.

b) Posses, sell, offer for sale, or transfer by way of gift or otherwise, or transport any specified.

Plant, whether alive or dead, or part or derivative thereof: Provided that nothing in this section shall prevent a member of a scheduled tribe, subject to the Provisions of Chapter IV, from picking, collecting or possessing in the district he resides any Specified plant or part or derivative thereof for his bona fide personal use." Further in section 17B of chapter 2 the law provides relaxation to educational institutions, researchers, scientific institutions to collect plant samples by acquiring the permission from chief wildlife warden [22]. The plants mentioned in this section are also prohibited to be cultivated without the prior permission from chief wildlife warden. The license is necessary to commercially cultivate the plants and sell them to the wholesalers. These rules are followed more strictly in protected and preserved forest areas or any such areas which are being declared protected by the government officials [23].

First species listed is Beddomescycad (Cycas beddomei) is native to trimulla hills of Andhra Pradesh. The male cones incorporate bioflavonoid which is used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and muscle pains. It is listed in cites Appendix1 and Wild Life Protection Act 1972 Schedule 6 and CITES appendixes [24]. Blue Vanda (Vanda soerulec) is another endangered native plant of India which is found at 2000m- 3000m altitude. The plant is traded for its ornamental properties [25]. Kuth (Saussurea lappa) is list in WPA is also listed in CITES appendix 1. It is found at 2500 to 3000m Himalayas, Jammu Kashmir forest areas, Western Ghats, and kishenganga valley. It is traded by the name kuth kauri, kuth mithi. Basically the root of the plant contains Sesquiterpene lactones which are used to treat serious ailments like asthma, inflammatory diseases, and ulcer and stomach problems [26]. In India, only two genera namely Cypripedium and Paphiopedilum listed in Cites 1 and WPA schedule 6 can be found in Himalayan and NorthEast Indian region except one species of Paphiopedilum which is endemic to Western Ghats. This orchid specie is specifically traded for its ornamental and aromatic properties [27]. Pitcher plant's natural habitat is India and mostly originates in Jarain area of the Jaintia Hills, the Baghmara area of the Garo Hills of Meghalaya or in Assam.

The plant is exploited from the wild for its ornamental and medicinal use. It is enumerated in cites Appendix1 and Wild Life Protection Act 1972 Schedule 6 [28]. Red Vanda is listed CITES appendix 1 and schedule 6 of WPA is found in Meghalaya. It is being traded internationally for its ornamental properties [29]. Customs Act. 1962, regulates the import and export of India. Under this act, section 112 defines the penalties for improper import and export of any good which is restricted by any law in action at that present time will be confiscated and fine of rupees 5000 or value of goods whichever is higher will be imposed. According to the section 118 and 119 deals with smuggling goods and goods used to conceal the smuggling goods. The section give the power to custom officers to seal any import and export goods and goods which are used to conceal the smuggled goods which are brought out of the limits of custom area and custom ports[30,31].

International treaties to protect plants

a) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IT PGRFA)

Secretary-General of the United Nations [32].

b) The International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA, 1983), International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 (ITTA, 1994 or ITTA2) [33].

c) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) [34].

d) Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, also known as the Bern Convention (or Berne Convention), council of Europe [35].

e) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Secretary- General of the United Nations [36].

f) Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora Secretary- General of the United Nations [37].

Trade of restricted medicinal herbs

Wildlife trafficking have emerged with its medium from physical markets to online e commerce sites. Numbers of species are being sold on the web portals with dedicated websites, WebPages through face book, Instagram YouTube and many more social networking sites illegally just because these platforms provide greater anonymity to the seller. The plants which are being sold on these platforms are basically threatened rare or endangered [38]. EVAN MATI 307 medicinal products corresponding to ca. 283 species. Ten species out of 35 were found to be locally endangered and listed in IUCN [39]. The plants are also advertised online on daily bases and delivered without being securitized by the authorities. This may be due to lack of awareness on this issue specifically in India. Figure number 1-4 clearly shows such online business [40].

DNA Bar-Coding to Identify Plants in Trade

DNA bar-coding is presently quick and precise tool to identify plant species. Chloroplast genome off plant sequencing can convey a consistent barcode to accurately identify plants. The development of specific barcodes provides a new approach to distinguish closely related Species to tackle illegal trade of medicinal plants in trade [41]. Table 1 shows the ingenuities of Investigation work in wildlife forensics with respect to flora. The scanty research work in this area provide ample scope to scientist and researcher to explore this budding field of wild life forensics and establish barcode libraries specific to plant families or location specific libraries showing mutations if any [42-46].

Table 1: Shows the research work in the field of wildlife forensic

Conclusion

Due to India's biodiversity abundance, plants from the wild are wildly exploited resulting in depletion of important medicinal herbs. The illegal trade practices often go unnoticed because lack of awareness and lesser punishments as compared to the reimbursements involved to such trades practices. The punishments mentioned as such in the paper are demonstrating the lack of momentousness of law enforcement toward this serious issue. The Scanty literature on DNA Bar-coding provide ample opportunities of research in this untouched area of wildlife genetics which will directly benefit the law enforcement agencies to convict forest offenders

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