#Measurement in Physics

[innovativejunction]

Mastering the Basics: Measurement in Physics with The Physical World: Building Blocks of Physics - Class XI

Mastering the Basics: Measurement in Physics with The Physical World: Building Blocks of Physics – Class XI Understanding the science of measurement forms the cornerstone of any study in physics. The Physical World: Building Blocks of Physics – Class XI delves deeply into the foundational unit of physics—Measurement—bringing clarity to a topic essential for mastering not just Class XI physics,…

[thespacecaseace]

clickity clack down the track, it's lots and lots of [click clack]

[worstloki]

teehee~ (˵ •̀ ᴗ - ˵ ) ✧ ~

[danadiadea]

love that argument about "well Remus says Levicorpus was popular so it was okay to use it", Mudblood word was also pretty popular, why would you ever think it wasn't normal to use it then?

[inkyrainstorms]

they plague me

uhhhhh @afkphorabit @aliens-took-my-iwa-chan @kaykayli look at them <3

[nitewrighter]

I think because I had to read so much YA in Library school, of course, I'm naturally more burnt out on first-person narration than most, but unreliable first-person narration is such a treat when it's done well. I do especially love romances that are like, "I'm actually very focused and well-adjusted and I can't be distracted by my feelings right now."

*thinks about the love interest every 2 paragraphs*

*thinks about the love interest every 2 paragraphs*

*devotes an entire paragraph to the love interest but look this is TOTALLY PLOT-RELEVANT AND MY FEELINGS HAVE NO BEARING ON THIS MATTER NO SIR*

*thinks about the love interest again*

*goes absolutely apeshit when the love interest gets hurt and then never mentions how they went apeshit ever again because I don't know what you're talking about that was a totally measured and reasonable reaction*

[gl1tchr]

To justify why I think Edward would just Die if exposed to a high dose of fear toxin - I think the Levels of fear toxin works to slowly break away at the conscious and unconscious coping mechanisms one has to defend against fear, and I think the more you strip Edward of his defenses, the more his body is actually going to REACT to all of the anxiety he's been experiencing for his entire 30-odd years of life. Anxiety takes a physical toll, and I think the lowest dose doesn't do much to him because his defenses are just THAT used to dealing with fear that low dose fear toxin is "normal" for him. The medium dose would break down all of his CONSCIOUS coping mechanisms and force him into catatonia, like we see when he has the breakdown after his second encounter with the man outside his apartment. And the highest dose would break down all of his SUBCONSCIOUS defenses, e.i. shutting down. It would force his mind and body to react fully to the fear and I think years of anxiety has made him extremely physically fragile and I don't think his heart could take it.

basically

Edward's first line of defense is his numbness, his second line of defense when faced with anxiety that surpasses his numbness are the few coping mechanisms he has learned to exercise, and his final line of defense is shutting down. And I don't think his body can handle much after the shutting down phase

[heckarum]

Day 16: something you’ve been bullied for

[evienyx]

Calculating Sentry's Power Level (with science!!!)

In Thunderbolts*, we are told rather explicitly that Sentry has "the power of a thousand exploding suns." I have seen this used a lot when discussing how he might measure up against other beings within the MCU.

Now, I have no real way of calculating or quantifying the power of someone like Wanda or Loki or anyone like that. For Bob, though, we might actually be able to find a number. What would this number mean? Unimportant, this is just for fun, so don't take anything as gospel either because I'm barely checking my math here and am just stream-of-consciousness-ing this thing.

Okay, so, let's figure out just how much power Bob has (spoiler: it's so much omg lmao). My man is stressed and doesn't wanna know but that's too damn bad okay here we go.

To start, let's look at how much energy, or power, the Sun outputs.

When it comes to stars, their power output is referred to as their luminosity, and is measured in Watts (also known as Joules/second, or the energy output every second).

The Sun's luminosity is about 3.828 × 10^26 Watts. (source)

For reference, the total U.S. electricity consumption in 2022 was about 4.07 trillion kWh (or about 1.4652 × 10^19 Joules) (source). Dividing our Sun's luminosity of 3.828 × 10^26 Joules/second by this, we can find that the Sun outputs enough energy to power the U.S. for a year 26,126,126 times over, every second.

So, a lot of power.

This alone would pack quite a punch. However, we are not looking at the power of just one Sun, but of 1000. So, we multiply our Luminosity by 1000, and can also multiply our number of United States as well to find that our power output is now

3.828 × 10^29 Watts, or 26,126,126,000 United States (in a year, every second).

Even now, though, we aren't getting the whole picture. After all, Sentry's power isn't "the power of a thousand Suns." It's "the power of a thousand exploding Suns." Therefore, we need to look at the amount of energy that the Sun would output at the end of its life.

In astronomy, stars are categorized based off of their luminosity and their surface temperature, as well as color (source). The majority of stars (as in about 90%) fall into the "main sequence," while the other 10% are made up white dwarfs, giants, and supergiants. They are organized in what is known as the Hertzprung-Russell (HR) diagram, shown below.

Our Sun is what is known as a G-Type (yellow) star. It is a very average star (which is a good thing). For average stars, their life comes to an end when they run out of excess hydrogen to use for nuclear fusion (the process of fusing hydrogen atoms into helium, which releases immense energy and powers the star). Once that hydrogen runs out, the star begins to collapse.

This collapse, however, produces more heat, so that the star can then create essentially a burning shell of its little remaining hydrogen that wraps around the star's core. This shell causes the outer layers of the star to expand rapidly, turning the star into a red giant, which will consume its helium until it is gone, and collapse and expand again.

As material continues to be ejected from the red giant, it also forms a planetary nebula around the dying star. After about a billion years, it will run out of material and the inner core of the star will be exposed. At this point, the star is left as a white dwarf (source).

Now, that was a lot, and a lot of energy was involved, but there are three main parts of the G-Type star's death: the red giant, the planetary nebula ejection, and the white dwarf.

When a star expands into a red giant, it heats up a lot, and its luminosity increases significantly (source). We don't know exactly how much the Sun's luminosity will increase by at this point. Some estimates put it anywhere between 1000 times greater and 3000 times greater, so for the sake of this, let's just say 2000 times greater.

So, the luminosity of our dying red giant star is about

7.656 × 10^29 Watts.

Unfortunately, Watts is measuring our energy output per second, and we want it overall. So, let's keep going.

Though the red giant period lasts for about a billion years, the increased luminosity is really only toward the end of it, as it comes from the burning of helium into carbon, which goes by much quicker than the hydrogen burning that took up most of the star's life.

So, instead of a billion years, we will go with about ten million years worth of our high luminosity.

Energy = luminosity (watts) × time (seconds)

Energy = (7.656 × 10^29 joules/second) × (3.154 × 10^7 seconds/year) × 10^7 years

Energy = 2.415 × 10^44 joules.

I'm not even gonna try to figure out how many United States that is.

This is only the red giant phase, of course. We still have a bit more to look at.

Though there is no fusion involved or anything, the planetary nebula ejection still outputs a lot of kinetic energy, which we can thankfully calculate relatively easily. We only need the mass and the velocity.

For mass, we're looking at about 40% of the Sun's original mass being sent out into space (source), so about 7.9536 × 10^29 (source).

For velocity, we're looking at about 20 km/s, or 20,000 m/s (source).

Another note: 1 joule = 1 kg × (m/s)^2

Now, onto kinetic energy:

E = 0.5 × mass × velocity^2

E = 0.5 × (7.9536 × 10^29 kg) × (20,000 m/s)^2

E = 1.591 × 10^38 joules.

That's a lot of energy, but in terms of stellar and astrophysics things, it's not actually that much lol. Still, now we know it.

Lastly, we have the white dwarf phase. Now, once a star is a white dwarf, its death is essentially already done. All that would be left in terms of energy for this white dwarf phase would be the energy that is output as it is cooling. Certainly, this is a lot of energy, but it isn't really enough to make much of a dent in our calculations, especially since it is happening over the course of billions of years.

So, our final number for the amount of energy output by the Sun in its death is about:

2.415 × 10^44 joules.

Our planetary nebula ejection number (1.591 × 10^38 joules) is so insignificant against this number that adding it changes literally nothing.

This is just one Sun, though. We need a thousand.

So, if we want to quantify the amount of power that Sentry has, knowing that it is the power of "a thousand exploding Suns," we can say that it is about:

2.415 × 10^47 joules.

This is more energy than the Sun will output over its entire lifetime, and by quite a lot.

Now, one thing may have caught your attention through all of this.

The idea of "exploding star" evokes a very particular image, and it is certainly not that of a star turning red and expanding and contracting over the course of a billion years. When you hear "exploding star," you don't think red giant; you think supernova.

The thing is, most stars don't go supernova. Our Sun is not nearly massive enough to go supernova. It would need a mass at least eight times that which it has to even have a possibility of going supernova.

However, supernovae have a general amount of energy that they output when they occur, in the ballpark of about 10^44 joules (source). Multiply this by 1000, and you get about the answer we already found (10^47 joules).

The exciting thing about a supernova explosion is not just the amount of energy that it outputs, but the speed at which it does so. The fact that the Sun cannot go supernova, and therefore cannot explode, will not affect our final answer in any way but vibes.

And so, we come to our not-at-all-peer-reviewed, done at midnight, completely without double-checking my work, final answer.

MCU Sentry, with the power of "a thousand exploding Suns," has the power roughly equivalent to 2.415 × 10^47 joules.

Or:

241,500,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 joules.

For reference, in 2019, the world total electricity consumption was about 22,848 TWh (source), or about 8.225 × 10^19 joules. This means that Sentry's power is equivalent to about how much energy the entire world uses in a year, 2.936 octillion times over (or 2.936 × 10^27).

Considering this is (I think) representative of his power level and not something like the total amount of power he can use ever, it's safe to say that, even if it is the power of a thousand exploding Suns rather than a million, MCU Sentry is still pretty strong, all things considered.

Anyway, if you find anything in particular that is grievously wrong with this, feel free to let me know. I did this in like under two hours.

Read next: Sentry Vs. The Avengers (with science!)

POV: They don't know I've got 2.415 × 10^47 joules worth of power inside me (except they kinda do lol)

[pluvio-lj]

I used to not think much of Jayce, but girl, he's really going through it

I can't help but love that little tragic, miserable, bisexual man

[independent-fics]

I’ve just realized that Hardison and Eliot’s “high five for moral” the same as Hardison and Parker’s “kiss for luck”.

[kissingagrumpygiant]

Incredible things seen on datwt and by incredible I mean jail time

[essektheylyss]

I do think it's worthless to try to argue with the "amount of screen time = relative significance" crowd, but I really cannot stress enough how great this episode was for me personally, as an Essek stan.

I was doing the math between the mention of the war in the prelude (instead of a more general, 'since the Mighty Nein largely parted ways') and Trent saying, "Don't you want to know what I have?" and sat in my chair for ten minutes before Trent actually said it like, "Surely this man is not about to threaten Essek. That is way too much wish fulfillment for me personally. There is no way that's what he's about to say." AND THEN.

Fundamentally my opinions of an episode are not predicated on whether my fave was physically in attendance, nor even whether he was relevant, but it does show how reductive the measurement of screen time is as a metric considering Trent didn't even have to mention Essek by name to drag his living soul in kicking and screaming to briefly haunt this narrative.

[camcorderrevival]

something "only remotely connected with knights in armour" changing natalie's perspective of the trees behind the house, that same site becoming the place where she's assaulted by her father's colleague or friend, and mr waite's letter to natalie referring to himself as a knight in armour.

[shakingparadigm]

hey have we considered the possibility that the reason ivan specifically choked till was because he was mimicking what mizi did to luka in round 5

Yup, pretty sure that's where he got the idea. Ivan got to witness exactly what the consequences were in that kind of situation. He became aware of the near-immediate death sentence, a way to eliminate yourself before the scores are even tallied. Ivan was desperate, and this seemed like the only sure-fire method to ensure Till's survival since he was underperforming. It's most likely thanks to Mizi's outburst in ROUND 5 that Ivan was able to pull off this sacrifice.

[77ngiez-archive]

project sekai is crazy because literally every character is queer trans neurodivergent physically disabled or some combination of the above