#Masters Program in Germany

[mbaingermanyforindianstudents]

Masters Programs with Low Tuition Fees in Germany

Germany has established itself as a hub for quality education, attracting students from around the world. One of the compelling reasons behind its popularity is the availability of master's programs with remarkably low tuition fees. This blog will explore the various opportunities for international students seeking affordable yet high-quality education in Germany.For More Info Visit: MBA in Germany for Indian students 

Tuition Fee Landscape in Germany: Unlike many other countries, Germany has adopted a policy of low or even no tuition fees for public universities. Most public institutions receive significant government funding, allowing them to offer education at a minimal cost. However, some states in Germany may charge a nominal fee to cover administrative costs.Public Universities Offering Affordable Programs: Numerous public universities in Germany are renowned for their world-class education and affordable master's programs. Institutions such as the University of Stuttgart, TU Dortmund University, and the University of Mannheim are among those offering diverse and cost-effective options. For More Info Visit: ms in Management in germany 

STEM Programs:Master's programs in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields are particularly popular for international students seeking low-cost education in Germany. Universities like the Technical University of Munich and RWTH Aachen University offer a range of STEM programs with competitive tuition fees.Business and Economics Programs:Germany is also home to several prestigious business schools offering master's programs in Business Administration, Economics, and related fields. Notable institutions like the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management and the Leipzig Graduate School of Management provide affordable options for students pursuing careers in business and finance.DAAD Scholarships:The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) offers a variety of scholarships to international students, further easing the financial burden. These scholarships cover tuition fees and sometimes provide additional financial support for living expenses. Research and apply for suitable DAAD scholarships aligned with your academic goals.Part-Time Work Opportunities:International students in Germany are allowed to work part-time to support themselves financially. This not only helps cover living expenses but also offers valuable work experience. Cities like Berlin, Munich, and Frankfurt are known for their vibrant job markets, providing ample opportunities for students to balance work and studies.

For More Info Visit: Part time Jobs in Germany for Students 

Private Universities with Affordable Options:While private universities in Germany generally have higher tuition fees than public institutions, some private universities offer more affordable programs compared to counterparts in other countries. Research thoroughly and consider the advantages each institution provides before making a decision.Cost of Living Considerations:While tuition fees are low, it's essential to consider the cost of living in Germany. This includes accommodation, food, transportation, and other miscellaneous expenses. However, with careful budgeting and smart choices, students can manage their finances efficiently and enjoy a comfortable lifestyle.

For More Info Visit: Cost of Living in Germany for Indian StudentsConclusion:Choosing Germany for your master's studies not only opens doors to top-notch education but also allows you to do so without breaking the bank. With low or no tuition fees, a myriad of affordable programs, and various funding opportunities, Germany remains a highly attractive destination for international students seeking quality education on a budget. By exploring the options outlined in this blog, you can embark on a rewarding academic journey in Germany without compromising on the quality of your education.

[yes-germany]

Embark on a transformative academic journey with us – your gateway to higher studies in the land of opportunity, Germany!

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Why Yes Germany? We go beyond mere consultation – we become your guiding light throughout the entire process. Our expert advisors will help you navigate the intricate world of applications, scholarships, and university choices, ensuring a smooth transition to your desired program.

Visit our website now to discover the vast array of programs and resources waiting for you. Take the first step towards your academic success by scheduling a consultation with our friendly and experienced advisors. Your future in Germany begins right here!

[arthoe-iceland]

little life update in tags

[treecakes]

genuinely while masters programs are intimidating to me the one i’ve been researching in germany really excites me..

[germaneducationconsultancy]

YES Germany - Unlocking the Door to the Top University Experience in Germany for Masters

Are you looking for an opportunity to study in one of the top universities in Germany for a master's degree? Look no further than Yes Germany! With our innovative and comprehensive range of master's programs, we provide you with the perfect platform to explore a variety of career paths and gain unparalleled insight into the German academic landscape. Whether you’re interested in business, engineering, or any other field of study, we have the right program for you!

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[munaeem]

Applying for Data Science MS in Germany

Applying for an MS in Data Science or Artificial Intelligence in Germany can be a great decision due to the country’s strong emphasis on technology and research. Given your qualifications and situation, here are some considerations and steps you can follow: 1. Check Admission Requirements Before you apply, it’s important to review the admission requirements for your target universities.…

[buzzessays]

Call for Applications: 📢

DAADP EPOS Scholarship 2025-26 (Fully Funded) by Germany Government

Fully Funded Masters, MPhil, PhD, Doctoral Scholarships in German Stats Universities.

The DAAD will Cover Airfare Tickets, Accommodation, Health Insurance, Monthly & Family Allowance, Tuition Fees.

[aimchase]

From top-notch universities to innovative research centers, Germany offers a perfect blend of tradition and modernity.

Call - 098463 12020

Visit - https://www.aimchase.com/countries/study-in-germany/

#StudyInGermany#EducationAbroad#FutureLeaders"

[engineering-in-germany]

Choosing the Right Master's Program in Germany for Indian Students

Germany has become a preferred destination for Indian students pursuing higher education, especially master's programs. With its world-class universities, innovative curriculum, and vibrant cultural experience, Germany offers a unique opportunity for academic and personal growth. However, choosing the right master's program can be daunting. Here are some key factors Indian students should consider when selecting a master's program in Germany:

For More Info Visit: MBA in Germany for Indian Students  

Research: Conduct thorough research on different universities and their master's programs. Consider factors such as rankings, faculty expertise, program curriculum, and available resources.

Language Proficiency: Most master's programs in Germany are taught in English, but having proficiency in German can be advantageous, especially for internships and job opportunities. Consider enrolling in language courses to improve your German skills.

Cost of Living: Germany offers relatively affordable tuition fees compared to other study destinations, but the cost of living varies depending on the city. Consider factors such as accommodation, transportation, and daily expenses when planning your budget.

For More Info Visit: Cost of Living in Germany for Indian Students  

Scholarship Opportunities: Explore scholarship options available for international students in Germany. Many universities and organizations offer scholarships based on academic merit, financial need, and specific criteria.

For More Info Visit: Scholarships in Germany for Indian Students  

Networking Opportunities: Look for master's programs that provide opportunities for networking and professional development. Consider joining student organizations, attending workshops and conferences, and building connections with alumni and industry professionals.

For More Info Visit: Study in Germany for Indian Students  

Career Prospects: Research job prospects and industry trends related to your field of study in Germany. Consider factors such as job market demand, salary potential, and post-graduate work opportunities.

For More Info Visit: MBA Jobs in Germany  

Cultural Adaptation: Prepare for cultural differences and challenges of living abroad. Take advantage of orientation programs, cultural exchange events, and support services offered by universities to facilitate your transition to life in Germany.

Conclusion:

Choosing the right master's program in Germany is a significant decision that requires careful consideration and planning. By researching universities, assessing language proficiency, managing finances, exploring scholarship opportunities, networking, evaluating career prospects, and preparing for cultural adaptation, Indian students can embark on a successful academic journey in Germany.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Q: Can I work while studying in Germany?

A: Yes, international students in Germany are allowed to work part-time during their studies. However, there are restrictions on the number of hours you can work per week.

Q: Is it easy to find accommodation in Germany?

A: Finding accommodation in Germany can be competitive, especially in major cities. Start your search early and consider options such as student dormitories, shared apartments, and private rentals.

[mbafromgermany]

Discover Masters programs in Germany in English. Learn about the programs, what they offer, and how to apply easily.

[mba-in-germany-for-indians]

Cost-Effective Master's Programs in Germany

When considering pursuing a Master's degree, cost is a significant factor. Germany, known for its high-quality education and affordable living, offers a range of cost-effective Master's programs. In this blog, we'll delve into the advantages and opportunities that make pursuing your Master's in Germany a financially viable and rewarding choice

For More Info Visit:Masters programs in Germany in English  

Tuition Fees and Affordability

One of the most appealing aspects of Master's programs in Germany is the minimal tuition fees. Many public universities charge low to no tuition, making education more accessible. This affordability factor extends to international students, fostering a diverse and inclusive academic environment.Scholarships and Financial SupportGermany provides various scholarship opportunities for both domestic and international students. Research and apply for scholarships offered by universities, government institutions, and private organizations to alleviate financial burdens and enhance the accessibility of Master's programs.

For More Info Visit: Scholarships in Germany for Indian Students  

Part-Time Work Opportunities

Germany allows international students to work part-time during their studies, providing an avenue for financial support. With a thriving job market and a robust economy, students can gain valuable work experience while managing living expenses.

For More Info Visit: Part time Jobs in Germany for Students  

Cost of Living

Compared to many other European countries, the cost of living in Germany is relatively reasonable. From accommodation to daily expenses, students can maintain a comfortable lifestyle without breaking the bank. Careful budgeting and smart financial choices contribute to a cost-effective living experience.

For More Info Visit: Cost of Living in Germany for Indian Students  Diverse Program Offerings

Germany's universities offer a diverse range of Master's programs, ensuring that students can find courses that align with their interests and career goals. Whether in engineering, business, humanities, or sciences, the options are vast, allowing for customization based on individual preferences.

For More Info Visit: MBA in Germany for Indian students 

Integration into German Society

Studying in Germany is not just about academics; it's an opportunity to immerse oneself in a rich cultural experience. Students can engage in various cultural and social activities without straining their budgets, contributing to a holistic and fulfilling student life.

For More Info Visit: MS in Management in Germany 

Conclusion:Exploring cost-effective Master's programs in Germany is not just a financial decision; it's an investment in a high-quality education and a unique cultural experience. The combination of affordable tuition, scholarship opportunities, part-time work options, and a reasonable cost of living makes pursuing a Master's degree in Germany an attractive proposition. By choosing Germany, students can embark on a journey that balances financial prudence with academic excellence, setting the stage for a successful and fulfilling future.

[europeanstudy]

Free Master's Programs In Germany

[rinaforpages]

how (not) to survive academic invalidation

park gunwook x reader

hahahha...

using the american hs system bcs wow! im american... (i half wrote this at the end of last school yr so)

warnings: swearing, self-deprecation (obv), yn hits themself, angst with a bit of fluff at the end, reader is actually smart but surrounds themself with geniuses.

2.6k words

________________________________

# 1 dont compare yourself

"junior year kicks everyones ass." you wanted to kick whoever said that ass. not only was the school work kicking your ass, your friends and classmates seemed to be doing just fine.

they were working on ap chemistry minus laura and gunwook who were working on ap environmental science, and you, who took neither of those classes, felt extremely out of place, doing your ap us history homework.

"whats species richness again?" laura asked gunwook, who quickly answered her question. you looked up, planning to ask the soon-to-be early graduate a question, only to see him helping sarah with a chemistry problem.

you weren't like them and you despised that. your friends were top of the class, an average of a 4.4 gpa, an early graduate (and first in the 2024 class overall) and there you sat with your measly 3.75. they were in 3-4 ap classes, and you sat there, struggling through your 2. (in your defense, ap lang and apush are the two hardest aps juniors could take).

you didnt excel in any way shape or form. they had just about an a in every class (minus ryan in french, who had a b), and a b was your most common grade.

a good 10 minutes later you had finished struggling through apush, you moved on to mandarin. you were the only one who took mandarin, everyone else opting for french. the characters jumbled your brain as your friends spoke in french, seemingly coming easy to them.

you heard footsteps walk by, and ricky laid a hand on your shoulder, looking over. "thats wrong." he said simply. the french kids careened their necks to look at you. he grabbed your pencil and wrote the right character, then walked away. you hummed as you circled the characters you didnt know, opting to ask zhang hao over bothering ricky again.

"you ok over there?" gunwook asked. you scowled.

"i dont understand why there are so many idioms! im losing my goddamn mind." parker laughed, mumbling that you chose the language. you couldnt (or didnt want to) voice your doubts as you thought you could.

as they focused their attention on their homework again, you waved over zhang hao, who hanbin had asked to help cut fruits for you and your friends. he set down a plate in front of you, then sat down.

"what does 开夜车 mean zhang hao please im gonna kill myself." he laughed as hanbin looked up, extremely concerned.

"you know 熬夜, right?" you nodded "so its kind of like that but youre doing work. it literally means burn the midnight oil" you thanked him as he patted your head, pulling the plate of fruit away from your friends and toward you, gunwook making a sound of discontent.

you sighed, packing up your bag at a text from your oldest brother. he was home from his masters program in germany, apparently, and was now waiting outside the dorm. you loved your older brothers, you really did, but they were so much smarter than you ever will be. the oldest graduated magna cum laude from mit, now achieving an accelerated masters for mechanical engineering, and the younger was attending harvard for premed, both completely full ride.

your friends, finally re-noticing you, looked up. "where are you going?" gunwook asked, shushing yujin.

"brothers here," you mumbled, not wanting to wreck your self-esteem any more than you had. sarah pouted, but nodded, whipping out her phone. gunwook opened his mouth, but then quickly closed it. "bye hao, thanks for the help. bye, hanbin and jiwoong!" the three oldest members waved back, hanbin hugging you as you walked by. when you got in your fathers' car that your brother was driving, you spilled your guts.

# 2 dont fall behind

at some point, your motivation fell through. all you wanted to do was lie down and stare at the ceiling all day. sadly though, education laws (and school rules) prevailed.

as you trudged up the stairs from last lunch to pre-calculus, you cursed the architects of the three-floor building and whoever required you to go to school.

two of your friends—laura and ryan—had junior priv, which meant they left early. sarah and coral (who had missed the study session) were in ap chem, and gunwook left for a shoot. without your friends to motivate you to work harder, you felt there was nothing left for you to do.

you had fallen asleep in mandarin earlier that day, so why were you still exhausted?

quick answer: you had stayed up late finishing your apush bonus points.

actual answer: you had no motivation to do anything.

you were falling behind on homework: what used to be doing homework as soon as you got home turned into doing it right before class. a teacher had approached your freshman-year english teacher about it, the one teacher who you could talk easily to. yujin was standing right there; they mustve not have realized you two knew each other.

ricky and zhang hao had invited you over for a cdrama binge session. (ricky said "itll help you" in his texts.) but yujin quickly pulled you aside.

"youre falling behind?" he asked, pointedly. you sighed, nodded, opening your mouth to reply as gunwook walked by, asking what you were doing.

"nothin! ricky and hao invited me over." the words rushed out, and they were so not convincing, but gunwook shrugged and moved to sit down beside ricky and gyuvin. you hushed yujin and walked over and sat down beside hao. gunwook stared at you.

"come here." he motioned, shoving ricky off the couch. you hesitated as you made eye contact ricky, but eventually, there were only so many thumps against the couch you could take. "see? more comfortable over here" you hit him, and he let out a yelp.

"do you have much homework, yn?" taerae asked, setting down a bowl of popcorn.

"only a couple of classes," you replied, shoving a kernel in your mouth.

matthew laughed, "the usual suspects, im guessing?" you nodded. gunwook threw a (toned) arm around you as the two chinese members debated the drama.

"how much have you done? its sunday." gunwook asked, lightly, rubbing circles on your arm with his thumb.

"i can do it all tonight and tomorrow." you sighed, the sentence reminding you of where you are in school. gunwook hummed.

"make sure you get sleep, though. you need sleep, its not healthy if you dont." fuck. you were in deep shit in two ways. you were falling deeper into your rut, and you were falling deeper in love with your childhood best friend.

# 3 dont be too hard on yourself

...was easier said than done. your mind cursed you every time you got a bad grade. you wondered what was the point: you werent good enough to get into the likes of yale, or any of your colleges for that matter.

you had long since fallen off the ladder. it had injured you your 8th-grade year, and every attempt to climb back to where you were or any pushing from a 3rd party proved futile, as you only slipped and fell back down again.

the sat was fast approaching, and every practice test you did was never where you wanted them to be. every stupid math problem you got wrong brought a punch to your head. you had called gunwook, only realizing when he didnt pick up that he was in a shoot. panicked, you hung up before the voicemail. when he called you back (10 times with his members also calling you), you opted to ignore it. it was getting late, anyhow, and you had to go in early for apush in the morning.

apush lab made you want to kill yourself. sarah sat next to you, but everything always seemed to favor her. the quizzes, the teacher. it was unfair, really. american history was supposed to be your thing. so why were you struggling? after lab, sarah asked you what was wrong. "gunwook had called us in a panic because you didn't pick up." you shook your head, lying through your teeth.

"i had a question, but then passed the fuck out like 5 minutes later." sarah laughed and nodded, saying she was glad you got proper sleep, mumbling something about the aforementioned friend. when you asked, she waved you off, the man himself standing outside your classroom. he swung an arm around you as sarah walked in the opposite direction to her next class. he asked you the same thing. you lied to him too, but he looked less convinced. he didnt press you further, though, as you two began to walk down the stairs to your creative writing workshop—a senior elective you had begged your guidance counselor to take. gunwook took it to fill spots in his schedule.

the teacher loved him. as did everyone. you wondered if you could ever experience that. your oldest friend was everything you weren't and it was a point of contention inside your mind. you cursed yourself that you were nothing like him. gunwook nudged you in the middle of class when you were given an opportunity to work, asking what was wrong.

"i know thats not why you called me and then didn't pick up. you're also in your head right now." he pointed out, softly. you hummed, scribbling down something in your notebook.

"i just... i had a question but it was stupid. i figured it out." he looked at you pointedly, a look that told you to tell him the truth. "seriously! im ok!" he nodded, grabbing your hand for a squeeze.

# 4 do your best

you were nervous. ok nervous was an understatement. you rocked from heel to toe as you awaited the announcement that the doors were open. your friends chattered nervously around you. for them, this was the first time they were taking the sat. this was your second. you had gotten a 1340 on your first try—nowhere near where you wanted it to be. your brothers had gotten 1600 and 1590, respectively.

you were on call with all your friends the night before, gunwook coaching you guys through certain questions. he had texted you, (only you, but you didnt know that) wishing you luck. ricky and zhang hao had wished you luck as well.

everything seemed like bricks in your bag. it was only a couple of things—a computer, for the digital sat, a pencil, a calculator, a water bottle, and a banana. but it felt like you had hundreds of textbooks in your bag for no reason at all.

the doors swung open, and you rushed up to your assigned room. the setup was a blur, and the reading section seemed to be so too. during the break, your friends voiced similar opinions. then, during math, you began to struggle. somewhere along the way, though, gunwook popped into your head. you dont know if it was   because you wanted to make him proud, or you didnt want to disappoint your oldest friend and crush, but it worked. you powered through module 1 and 2, module 2 being the toughest one by far.

when the results came back two weeks later, you waited with baited breath as your friends skipped class with you to check all of your scores. gunwook held your hand as you refreshed the page.

"i dont want to look." you said, hiding your face in his chest.

"ill look for you." he mumbled into your hair, scrolling down. you felt him smile into the crown of your head, "i knew you could do it, sweetheart." you looked, and a big glaring 1590 stared back at you.

"wook!! holy shit a 1590!!" you wrapped your arms around him, squeezing him tight.

# 5 talk about it

you sat with your friends and the members as you awaited gunwook's family's arrival. gunwook smiled from his seat on the gymnasium floor, holding up his phone. almost on instinct, you all checked your own.

wook🩵: this'll be you guys next year. ill be up there watching you all.

sarah burst in to tears. laura full on sobbed, and ryan and carols eyes were brimming with tears. as you read the text again and again, you got a separate text.

wook🩵: i'm proud of you y'know? i saw you struggling a bit at the end there but you made it through. i love you, yn. im glad to call you my friend.

i love you i love you i-

"hey yn sweetheart!" gunwooks mom sat next to you. his brother waved, and his father gave you a curt nod.

"hi. you guys must be excited." his mom laughed, nodding, then shoving your shoulder.

"im more excited about something else." you opened your mouth to ask her what, but the ceremony started

giving gunwook his graduation flowers made him blush. he shook his head. "do you not like them, wook? i thought theyre your favorites." he shook his head again, dropping the flowers into his mom's hands, grabbing your face.

"you are clueless, yknow that? i gave you so many hints. everyone knows." when you asked him what he meant, "yn, you didnt think id notice you putting yourself down? you know i cant fucking stand that. sorry mom. it kills me that the love if my life doesnt realize how fucking amazing they are, and it kills me that they dont realize that im in love with them." at this point, you dont know what you were doing. because gunwook was confessing to you that he both likes you and that he knows about your self-deprication. so now, surrounded by friends and seniors, gunwooks family and members, you kissed him.

it wasnt like anything you had imagined. your first kiss, you mean. peering seniors were waved off by shouts from matthew and gunwooks brother—both burly enough that even the biggest varsity football players would shrink away.

gunwook smiled on your lips as your friends cheered amongst themselves. you heard a loud "闭嘴!" from zhang hao to what you presume was ricky chatting with the senior mandarin class. when you broke off, gasping for air, gunwook tore off his graduation gown, pushing it onto his poor unsuspecting leader. he grabbed your arm, and the two of you sprinted as fast as you could.

out the gymnasium doors, out back by the cafeteria, through the back-woods path. he stopped when he was sure no one would follow him.

"so whats going on? with the whole." he gestured to your head. you knew what he meant, so you nodded. you told him everything, how you compared yourself to everyone, especially your friends and brothers, you were falling behind, your motivation was close to 0, and you never really believed that you could do it. he was quiet for a while. you knew he was trying to find the right words.

you wanted to cry, or throw up, probably both. it felt like the trees and the birds and your boyfriend? were judging you. but gunwook just apologized, for not noticing sooner, for not knowing how to help. you shook your head, tears threatening to fall, but he shook his too.

"no, no, im your best friend, yn, i need to be here for you. im serious, you have people to rely on, you dont have to shoulder this all by yourself." the tears threatening to fall were not a threat anymore, and the dam broke. gunwook grabbed the back of your head, pulling you into a hug.

—

mandarin guide:

开夜车: kai ye che, lit. burn the midnight oil

熬夜: ao ye, stay up late

闭嘴: bi zui, shut up/close your mouth

[mostlysignssomeportents]

Richard R John’s “Network Nation”

THIS SATURDAY (July 20), I'm appearing in CHICAGO at Exile in Bookville.

The telegraph and the telephone have a special place in the history and future of competition and Big Tech. After all, they were the original tech monopolists. Every discussion of tech and monopoly takes place in their shadow.

Back in 2010, Tim Wu published The Master Switch, his bestselling, wildly influential history of "The Bell System" and the struggle to de-monopolize America from its first telecoms barons:

https://memex.craphound.com/2010/11/01/the-master-switch-tim-net-neutrality-wu-explains-whats-at-stake-in-the-battle-for-net-freedom/

Wu is a brilliant writer and theoretician. Best known for coining the term "Net Neutrality," Wu went on to serve in both the Obama and Biden administrations as a tech trustbuster. He accomplished much in those years. Most notably, Wu wrote the 2021 executive order on competition, laying out a 72-point program for using existing powers vested in the administrative agencies to break up corporate power and get the monopolist's boot off Americans' necks:

https://www.eff.org/de/deeplinks/2021/08/party-its-1979-og-antitrust-back-baby

The Competition EO is basically a checklist, and Biden's agency heads have been racing down it, ticking off box after box on or ahead of schedule, making meaningful technical changes in how companies are allowed to operate, each one designed to make material improvements to the lives of Americans.

A decade and a half after its initial publication, Wu's Master Switch is still considered a canonical account of how the phone monopoly was built – and dismantled.

But somewhat lost in the shadow of The Master Switch is another book, written by the accomplished telecoms historian Richard R John: "Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications," published a year after The Master Switch:

https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674088139

Network Nation flew under my radar until earlier this year, when I found myself speaking at an antitrust conference where both John and Wu were also on the bill:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VNivXjrU3A

During John's panel – "Case Studies: AT&T & IBM" – he took a good-natured dig at Wu's book, claiming that Wu, not being an historian, had been taken in by AT&T's own self-serving lies about its history. Wu – also on the panel – didn't dispute it, either. That was enough to prick my interest. I ordered a copy of Network Nation and put it on my suitcase during my vacation earlier this month.

Network Nation is an extremely important, brilliantly researched, deep history of America's love/hate affair with not just the telephone, but also the telegraph. It is unmistakably as history book, one that aims at a definitive takedown of various neat stories about the history of American telecommunications. As Wu writes in his New Republic review of John's book:

Generally he describes the failure of competition not so much as a failure of a theory, but rather as the more concrete failure of the men running the competitors, many of whom turned out to be incompetent or unlucky. His story is more like a blow-by-blow account of why Germany lost World War II than a grand theory of why democracy is better than fascism.

https://newrepublic.com/article/88640/review-network-nation-richard-john-tim-wu

In other words, John thinks that the monopolies that emerged in the telegraph and then the telephone weren't down to grand forces that made them inevitable, but rather, to the errors made by regulators and the successful gambits of the telecoms barons. At many junctures, things could have gone another way.

So this is a very complicated story, one that uses a series of contrasts to make the point that history is contingent and owes much to a mix of random chance and the actions of flawed human beings, and not merely great economic or historical laws. For example, John contrasts the telegraph with the telephone, posing them against one another as a kind of natural experiment in different business strategies and regulatory responses.

The telegraph's early promoters, including Samuel Morse (as in "Morse code") believed that the natural way to roll out telegraph was via selling the patents to the federal government and having an agency like the post office operate it. There was a widespread view that the post office as a paragon of excellent technical management and a necessity for knitting together the large American nation. Moreover, everyone could see that when the post office partnered with private sector tech companies (like the railroads that became essential to the postal system), the private sector inevitably figured out how to gouge the American public, leading regulators to ever-more extreme measures to rein in the ripoffs.

The telegraph skated close to federalization on several occasions, but kept getting snatched back from the brink, ending up instead as a privately operated system that primarily served deep-pocketed business customers. This meant that telegraph companies were forever jostling to get the right to string wires along railroad tracks and public roads, creating a "political economy" that tried to balance out highway regulators and rail barons (or play them off against each other).

But the leaders of the telegraph companies were largely uninterested in "popularizing" the telegraph – that is, figuring out how ordinary people could use telegraphs in place of the hand-written letters that were the dominant form of long-distance communications at the time. By turning their backs on "popularization," telegraph companies largely freed themselves from municipal oversight, because they didn't need to get permission to string wires into every home in every major city.

When the telephone emerged, its inventors and investors initially conceived of it as a tool for business as well. But while the telegraph had ushered in a boom in instantaneous, long-distance communications (for example, by joining ports and distant cities where financiers bought and sold the ports' cargo), the telephone proved far more popular as a way of linking businesses within a city limits. Brokers and financiers and businesses that were only a few blocks from one another found the telephone to be vastly superior to the system of dispatching young boys to race around urban downtowns with slips bearing messages.

So from the start, the phone was much more bound up in city politics, and that only deepened with popularization, as phones worked their ways into the homes of affluent families and local merchants like druggists, who offered free phone calls to customers as a way of bringing trade through the door. That created a great number of local phone carriers, who had to fend off Bell's federally enforced patents and aldermen and city councilors who solicited bribes and favors.

To make things even more complex, municipal phone companies had to fight with other sectors that wanted to fill the skies over urban streets with their own wires: streetcar lines and electrical lines. The unregulated, breakneck race to install overhead wires led to an epidemic of electrocutions and fires, and also degraded service, with rival wires interfering with phone calls.

City politicians eventually demanded that lines be buried, creating another source of woe for telephone operators, who had to contend with private or quasi-private operators who acquired a monopoly over the "subways" – tunnels where all these wires eventually ended up.

The telegraph system and the telephone system were very different, but both tended to monopoly, often from opposite directions. Regulations that created some competition in telegraphs extinguished competition when applied to telephones. For example, Canada federalized the regulation of telephones, with the perverse effect that everyday telephone users in cities like Toronto had much less chance of influencing telephone service than Chicagoans, whose phone carrier had to keep local politicians happy.

Nominally, the Canadian Members of Parliament who oversaw Toronto's phone network were big leaguers who understood prudent regulation and were insulated from the daily corruption of municipal politics. And Chicago's aldermen were pretty goddamned corrupt. But Bell starved Toronto of phone network upgrades for years, while Chicago's gladhanding political bosses forced Chicago's phone company to build and build, until Chicago had more phone lines than all of France. Canadian MPs might have been more remote from rough-and-tumble politics, but that made them much less responsive to a random Torontonian's bitter complaint about their inability to get a phone installed.

As the Toronto/Chicago story illustrates, the fact that there were so many different approaches to phone service tried in the US and Canada gives John more opportunities to contrast different business-strategies and regulations. Again, we see how there was never one rule that governments could have used if they wanted to ensure that telecoms were well-run, widely accessible, and reasonably priced. Instead, it was always "horses for courses" – different rules to counter different circumstances and gambits from telecoms operators.

As John traces through the decades during which the telegraph and telephone were established in America, he draws heavily on primary sources to trace the ebb and flow of public and elite sentiment towards public ownership, regulation, and trustbusting. In John's hands, we see some of the most spectacular failures as more than a mismatch of regulatory strategy to corporate gambit – but rather as a mismatch of political will and corporate gambit. If a company's power would be best reined in by public ownership, but the political vogue is for regulation, then lawmakers end up trying to make rules for a company they should simply be buying giving to the post office to buy.

This makes John's history into a history of the Gilded Age and trustbusters. Notorious vulture capitalists like Jay Gould shocked the American conscience by declaring that businesses had no allegiance to the public good, and were put on this Earth to make as much money as possible no matter what the consequences. Gould repeated "raided" Western Union, acquiring shares and forcing the company to buy him out at a premium to end his harassment of the board and the company's managers.

By the time the feds were ready to buy out Western Union, Gould was a massive shareholder, meaning that any buyout of the telegraph would make Gould infinitely wealthier, at public expense, in a move that would have been electoral poison for the lawmakers who presided over it. In this highly contingent way, Western Union lived on as a private company.

Americans – including prominent businesspeople who would be considered "conservatives" by today's standards, were deeply divided on the question of monopoly. The big, successful networks of national telegraph lines and urban telephone lines were marvels, and it was easy to see how they benefited from coordinated management. Monopolists and their apologists weaponized this public excitement about telecoms to defend their monopolies, insisting that their achievement owed its existence to the absence of "wasteful competition."

The economics of monopoly were still nascent. Ideas like "network effects" (where the value of a service increases as it adds users) were still controversial, and the bottlenecks posed by telephone switching and human operators meant that the cost of adding new subscribers sometimes went up as the networks grew, in a weird diseconomy of scale.

Patent rights were controversial, especially patents related to natural phenomena like magnetism and electricity, which were viewed as "natural forces" and not "inventions." Business leaders and rabble-rousers alike decried patents as a federal grant of privilege, leading to monopoly and its ills.

Telecoms monopolists – telephone and telegraph alike – had different ways to address this sentiment at different times (for example, the Bell System's much-vaunted commitment to "universal service" was part of a campaign to normalize the idea of federally protected, privately owned monopolies).

Most striking about this book were the parallels to contemporary fights over Big Tech trustbusting, in our new Gilded Age. Many of the apologies offered for Western Union or AT&T's monopoly could have been uttered by the Renfields who carry water for Facebook, Apple and Google. John's book is a powerful and engrossing reminder that variations on these fights have occurred in the not-so-distant past, and that there's much we can learn from them.

Wu isn't wrong to say that John is engaging with a lot of minutae, and that this makes Network Nation a far less breezy read than Master Switch. I get the impression that John is writing first for other historians, and writers of popular history like Wu, in a bid to create the definitive record of all the complexity that is elided when we create tidy narratives of telecoms monopolies, and tech monopolies in general. Bringing Network Nation on my vacation as a beach-read wasn't the best choice – it demands a lot of serious attention. But it amply rewards that attention, too, and makes an indelible mark on the reader.

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If you'd like an essay-formatted version of this post to read or share, here's a link to it on pluralistic.net, my surveillance-free, ad-free, tracker-free blog:

https://pluralistic.net/2024/07/18/the-bell-system/#were-the-phone-company-we-dont-have-to-care

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