#José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

[sefaradweb]

A história ignorada do Brasil

🇧🇷🇵🇹 Durante três séculos, a Inquisição portuguesa teve uma presença marcante no Brasil, apesar de não ter um tribunal fixo no país. Os suspeitos de heresia, muitos deles cristãos-novos, eram presos por agentes do Tribunal do Santo Ofício e levados acorrentados a Portugal, onde eram julgados. Esses julgamentos muitas vezes resultavam em sentenças severas, como cárcere perpétuo, trabalho forçado nas galeras ou morte na fogueira. O arquivo da Inquisição permaneceu secreto até a década de 1960, e grande parte de sua documentação ainda precisa ser estudada. Entre as vítimas da Inquisição estão brasileiros ilustres, como o poeta Antônio José da Silva e o patriarca da independência, José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. Com a recente abertura dos arquivos, uma nova luz é lançada sobre essa parte ignorada da história do Brasil, revelando que muitos brasileiros, especialmente no Nordeste, têm origens judaicas, e alguns ainda mantêm tradições culturais judaicas.

🇺🇸 For three centuries, the Portuguese Inquisition had a significant presence in Brazil, despite not having a fixed tribunal in the country. Suspected heretics, many of them New Christians, were arrested by agents of the Holy Office Tribunal and taken in chains to Portugal, where they were judged. These trials often resulted in severe sentences, such as life imprisonment, forced labor on royal galleys, or execution by burning. The Inquisition's archive remained secret until the 1960s, and much of its documentation still needs to be studied. Among the Inquisition's victims were notable Brazilians, such as the poet Antônio José da Silva and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, the patriarch of Brazil's independence. With the recent opening of the archives, new light is shed on this forgotten chapter of Brazil's history, revealing that many Brazilians, especially in the Northeast, have Jewish ancestry, with some still maintaining Jewish cultural traditions.

[napoleonic-sexyman-tournament]

Compañeros, hermanos, amigos escuchen y regocíjense.

Europa está en caos, el imperio español se está derrumbando, Portugal continúa perdiendo influencia y Francia pelea en demasiados frentes, es hora de unir nuestras fuerzas, nuestros pueblos pelearán por la libertad, por la justicia ¡Por América!

No sólo derrotaremos a los gachupines, portugueses y franceses en el campo de batalla ¡También nos veremos mejor que ellos mientras lo hacemos!

Esta encuesta determinará quién de todas estas sensuales personas latinoamericanas será la que opacará más a los europeos, a la que más gente le encantaría tener en su cama por una noche ¡El mas grande ejemplo de exquisitez latinoamericana!

¿Quieres nominar a alguien para tan aclamado premio? Puedes hacerlo aquí

Reglas:

1. Puedes nominar a todas las personas que quieras, el formulario no tiene un límite

2. Animamos a que manden propaganda (en inglés o español o portugués)

3. Sexy man/hombre sexy es un término sin género, todos, todas y todes son bienvenidos.

4. Serán juzgados en base de las edades que tenían durante las guerras por la independencia y los admins se esforzarán para encontrar los retratos apropiados.

Eng:

Comrades, brothers, friends listen and rejoice.

Europe is in chaos, the Spanish empire is collapsing, Portugal continues to lose influence, and France is fighting on too many fronts. It is time to join forces, our people fight for liberty and for justice. For America!

We will not only defeat the gachupines, the Portuguese and the French on the battlefield. We will also do it while looking better than them!

This contest will determine who among these sexy Latin Americans outshines the Europeans the most, who most people would invite to their bed for a night. The best example of the exquisiteness of Latin America!

Do you want to nominate someone for such an honor? Nominate them here.

Rules:

You can nominate as many people as you want. The form does not have a limit.

Propaganda is encouraged (in English or Spanish or Portuguese)

Sexyman is a gender neutral term.

They will be judged based on the age they were during the wars for independence and the admins will try their best to find appropriate portraits.

La lista hasta ahora/The existing list is here:

Virreinato de Nueva España

México:

1. Agustin de Iturbide

2. Leona Vicario

3. Juan Aldama

4. José Maria Morelos y Pavón x3

5. Vicente Guerrero x2

6. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada:

Colombia:

7. Antonio Nariño x3

8. Antonio Morales Galavís

9. Policarpa Salavarrieta x2

10. Francisco de Paula Santander x 2

Venezula:

13. Simón Bolívar x2

14. José Antonio Paez

Virreinato del Perú:

Perú

11. Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru

12. Micaela Bastidas

Ecuador:

15. Manuela a.k.a Manuelita Saenz x4

Bolivia:

16. Antonio José de Sucre x 2

17. María Ana Carcelén de Guevara y Larrea-Zurbano

Chile:

21. Manuel Javier Rodríguez y Erdoíza

22. José Miguel Carrera Verdugo

Virreinato del Río de la Plata:

Argentina:

18. Manuel Belgrano

19. José de San Martín x 3

20. Martín Miguel de Güemes

Uruguay:

23. Manuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana

24. Juan Antonio Lavalleja

25. José Fructuoso Rivera y Toscan

Haití:

26. Toussaint L’Ouverture

Brasil/The Empire of Brazil:

27. Joaquim Pires de Carvalho e Albuquerque

28. Maria Quitéria de Jesus x2

29. Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo

30. Maria Leopoldina

31. Pedro I

32. Hipólito José da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça

33. José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

34.Francisco Gomes da Silva

35. Domitila de Castro Canto e Melo, Marquesa de Santos

[adrianoantoine]

Brazilian Days (232): August 20

Brazilian Days (232): August 20

Brazilian Days 232 August 20 . DAY OF: Dia do Maçom (Freemason). According to the dictionary of Freemasonry, the actual Freemasonry was founded in London, on June 24, 1717. The origin of the word – maçom in Portuguese, maçon in French, Metz in German – is to be traced back in the work of mason. The origin of freemasonry is found in the legends of Isis and Osiris in the Egyptian Era. In…

[drinkthemlock]

he was an atheist, a womanizer, a liberal, a bitch, a scholar (derogatory) and an abolitionist

born too early to be thrown off a cliff as a baby in Sparta, born too late to down six shots of vodka and commit a presidential assassination, born just in time to be afraid of robespierre’s ghost and to manipulate an 11-year-old into monarchism

[caroline-klaus]

♕ 200 years since the Prince Regent Dom Pedro declared the Independence of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves — 7 SEPTEMBER 1822

On September 2, 1822, a new decree from Portugal arrived in Rio de Janeiro while the Prince Regent of Brazil, Dom Pedro, was in a political tour in the Province of São Paulo. The letter overturned the Brazilian government and demanded the immediate return of Pedro to Portugal. Since August 13 the Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria was the Acting Princess Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil and head of the Council of State in the absence of her husband. Aware that Portugal intended to relegate Brazil again to the status of a simple colony rather than a kingdom united to that of Portugal and fearing a civil war the Princess acted imediately. Maria Leopoldina met in the morning of 2 September 1822 the minister José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva and summons the Council of State. She signs on that day the Decree of Independence, declaring Brazil separate from Portugal. Leopoldina sends Pedro the news, along with letters from her and from José Bonifácio urging him to proclaim the independence of Brazil. In her letter Maria Leopoldina warns: “The pommel is ripe, pick it up already, or it will rot.”.

On September 7, 1822 at the shore of the Ipiranga River the letters reached the Prince. Dom Pedro turned to his companions and spoke: “Friends, the Portuguese Cortes want to enslave and pursue us. From today on our relations are broken. No ties can unite us anymore” and continued after he pulled out his armband that symbolized Portugal: “Armbands off, soldiers. Hail to the independence, to freedom and to the separation of Brazil from Portugal!”. He unsheathed his sword affirming that “For my blood, my honor, my God, I swear to give Brazil freedom,” and cried out: “Brazilians, from this day forward our motto will be Independence or Death!”. This event is remembered as the “Cry of Ipiranga”. The Prince and Princess then became Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Consort Maria Leopoldina of Austria, inauguring the Empire of Brazil (1822-1889).

Caio Castro as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and King Dom Pedro IV of Portugal and Letícia Colin as Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, the Empress Consort of Brazil, Queen Consort of Portugal and Archduchess of Austria in “Novo Mundo” (2017).

[hafizgemstones]

Available for sale !!! No filter / Emrald cut Beauty Unheated purple Spodumene is one of Rarest Material in this Size which is very rare and top color. Dm or pm me if interested. Note: After Heat it will Become nice pink color. 77.20 Carats/ 27 x 23 x 15 mm / unheated / patrock mine Afghanistan. Don’t miss this Beauty. Thanks Interesting Facts about Kunzite Stones Kunzite Gemstone is popular as so-called Evening Gemstone. Kunzite is the trade name of of the lithium-rich, heat-sensitive, highly pleochroic pink variety of spodumene, a pyroxene species that was first described by Portuguese-Brazilian mineralogist José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838). History of Kunzite Kunzite is the pink to light violet gemstone. This is variety of Pyroxene mineral spodumene. Spodumene is a lithium aluminum inosilicate. It was first discovered in USA. Its name was given on name after George Frederick Kunz (1856 - 1932), an American mineralogist and the former vice president and buyer for Tiffany & Company. He was popular mineralogist and gemologist. He is the first person who described the Kunzite stone in 1902. Facts about Kunzite Mineral: Spodumene Chemical composition: LiAlSi2O6 Color: Pink-violetish purple, light-intense Refractive index: 1.660 to 1.676 Birefringence: 0.014 to 0.016 Specific gravity: 3.18 Mohs hardness: 6.5 to 7.00 KUNZITE BIRTHSTONES & ANNIVERSARIES Kunzite is also considered to be an alternate birthstone for February apart from Amethyst stone. Recently, kunzite has been regarded as highly desirable gemstone. Having pink to purple hue, Kunzite comes in large crystals with a small inclusions. Locations of Kunzite Kunzite is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique, and the U.S. (California, and Maine). #kunzitecrystalcrystal#kunzites#kunzite#crystal#gems#gemstones#denvergemshow#gemscollector#mineralshow#crystalcollection#crystalhealing#mineralscollector#gemscollector#mineralshow#rockshop#rockshow#geologypage#geologyrocks#geology#rocks#rockcrystal#rock#rockstone#rockspecimen#rocklovers#paprok#finemineral#fineminerals#gemology#mineralcollecting#gemporn#mineralmuseum https://www.instagram.com/p/CPTBbO-h6NH/?utm_medium=tumblr

[astronautalis]

José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, noted Brazilian statesman, scientist, and abolitionist looks on from his perch at Bryant Park as protestors pass through Manhattan. (at New York, New York) https://www.instagram.com/p/CBN1dSal_on/?igshid=n95crmkh7pgw

[lukeskywaker4ever]

Maria Leopoldina, Queen of Portugal (Wife of King Pedro IV)

Tenure: 10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826

Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was an archduchess of Austria, Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal.

She was born Caroline Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda of Habsburg-Lorraine in Vienna, Austria, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, 

and his second wife, Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily. 

Among her many siblings were Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria 

and Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, 

the wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Leopoldina was born on 22 January 1797 in Schönbrunn Palace, in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria. She was given the name Caroline Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda, according to her biographer Carlos H. Oberacker, and confirmed by Bettina Kann in her work "Cartas de uma Imperatriz", who mentioned a contemporary source: the Austrian newspaper Wiener Zeitung of 25 January 1797, who gave the news of the birth of the Archduchess three days before with her full name. According to Oberacker, the name "Maria" wasn't present in the preserved baptismal record of the Archduchess, and she began to use it only during her journey to Brazil, where she began to be named Maria Leopoldina in all documents, including the Constitutional oath of 1822. According to another theory presented by Oberacker, the Archduchess probably began to use the name "Maria" due to her great devotion to the Virgin Mary and because all her sisters-in-law used this name.

She was raised in accordance with the educational principles laid down by her grandfather, Emperor Leopold II. Among these was the habit of exercising her handwriting by writing the following text:

“Do not oppress the poor. Be charitable. Do not complain about what God has given you, but improve your habits. We must strive earnestly to be good.”

In addition, she and her sisters were taught to speak French and Latin. They were also educated in drawing, piano, riding and hunting. Her mother died when she was ten years old and her father went on to remarry Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este. 

Her late mother was a soprano and Leopoldina had the chance of meeting Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 

in 1810 and 1812, when she went to Carlsbad with her stepmother. Her passions included natural sciences, especially botany and mineralogy. She was formed according to the three Habsburg principles: discipline, piety and a sense of duty.

Although Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily was her birth mother, Leopoldina always considered Maria Ludovika d'Este, her stepmother, to be her mother and she grew up with Ludovika as her "spiritual mother".

On 24 September 1816 it was announced by Leopoldina's father that Pedro of Braganza wished to take a Habsburg princess as his wife. Klemens von Metternich suggested that it should be Leopoldina to go get married, as it was "her turn" to become a wife. Two ships were prepared and in April 1817 scientists, painters, gardeners and a taxidermist, all with assistants, travelled to Rio de Janeiro ahead of Leopoldina, whom, in the meantime, studied the history and geography of her future home and learned Portuguese. During these weeks Leopoldina compiled and wrote a vade mecum, a unique document the like of which has never been produced by any other Habsburg princess.

On 13 May 1817 Leopoldina was married to Dom Pedro per procuram (by proxy) in Vienna. At the ceremony the bridegroom was represented by Leopoldina’s uncle, Archduke Charles.

Embarkation took place in Livorno on 13 August 1817 

among much celebration, and after an adventure-filled voyage lasting 81 days, Leopoldina arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 5 November and finally met her husband.

From a distance Pedro initially appeared to Leopoldina to be a perfect, well-educated gentleman, but the reality was very different. Dom Pedro was a year younger than Leopoldina and sadly rarely measured up to the descriptions given by the matchmakers. His temperament was impulsive and choleric, and his education but modest. Even spoken communication between the young married couple proved difficult, as Pedro spoke very little French and his Portuguese could only be described as vulgar.

In keeping with Portuguese tradition, at the age of eighteen Pedro of Bragança not only had a string of amorous adventures behind him and was principally interested in horse racing and love affairs, but in 1817 (the year of his marriage to Leopoldina) he was living as if in wedlock with French dancer Noemie Thierry, who was finally removed from the court by his father a month after Leopoldina's arrival in Rio de Janeiro.

The young married couple took up residence in six relatively small rooms in the Palace of São Cristóvão. The inner courtyard and path to the stables were unpaved and the tropical rainfall quickly turned everything to mud. There were insects everywhere, including in their clothing, for the uniforms and court regalia made of velvet and plush rotted and turned mouldy in the heat and humidity.

On 25 April 1821, the court returned to Portugal. A fleet of 11 ships took the king, the court, the royal house and the royal treasury, and only Prince Pedro remained in Brazil as regent of the country, with ample powers counterbalanced by a regency council. At first Pedro was incapable of dominating the chaos: the situation was dominated by the Portuguese troops, in anarchic conditions. The opposition between Portuguese and Brazilians became increasingly evident. It is clear from Leopoldina's correspondence that she has warmly espoused the cause of the Brazilian people and even desired the independence of the country and is therefore loved and venerated by the Brazilians.

According to Ezekiel Ramirez, below, the signs of a nascent Brazilian unit as an independent nation in the southern provinces were visible, but the north supported the Lisbon Cortes and called for regional independence. If the Prince Regent had left the country at that moment, Brazil would be lost to Portugal because the courts of Lisbon repeated the same error that led the Spanish courts to lose the colonies, seeking to establish direct contacts with each province in particular.

In Rio, thousands of signatures collected required the regents to remain in Brazil. "José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva's courageous attitude toward Portuguese arrogance greatly encouraged the aspirations for unity that existed in the southern provinces, especially in São Paulo. A highly educated men led this movement." After Fico's day, 9 January 1822, a new ministry was organized under the leadership of José Bonifácio, "strictly monarchist", and the Prince Royal soon won the trust of the people. On 15 February 1822 the Portuguese troops left Rio, and their departure represented the dissolution of the ties between Brazil and the metropolis. The prince was triumphantly received in Minas Gerais.

When her husband, prince regent, traveled to São Paulo in August 1822 to pacify politics (which culminated in the proclamation of Brazil's independence in September), Leopoldina exercised the regency. Great was his influence in the process of independence. The Brazilians were already aware that Portugal intended to call Pedro back, relegating Brazil again to the status of a simple colony rather than a kingdom united to that of Portugal. There were fears that a civil war would separate the Province of São Paulo from the rest of Brazil. Pedro gave power to Leopoldina on 13 August 1822, appointing her head of the Council of State and Acting Princess Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, with legal powers to govern the country during his absence and set out to appease São Paulo.

The Princess received news that Portugal was preparing action against Brazil and, without time to wait for Pedro's return, Leopoldina, advised by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, and using his attributes as interim head of government, met in the morning of 2 September 1822, with the Council of State, signing the decree of Independence, declaring Brazil separate from Portugal. The Princess sends Pedro a letter, along with another letter from José Bonifácio, as well as comments from Portugal criticizing the actions of her husband and King João VI. It demands that Pedro proclaim the Independence of Brazil and, in the letter, warns: "The pommel is ripe, pick it up already, or it will rot."

The officer arrived at the prince on 7 September 1822. Leopoldina had also sent papers received from Lisbon, and comments from Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada, deputy to the courts, for which the Prince-Regent learned of criticism of him in the metropolis. The position of João VI and all his ministry, dominated by the courts, was difficult.

While awaiting the return of Pedro, Leopoldina, the interim ruler of an already independent Brazil, idealized the flag of Brazil, in which she mixed the green of the House of Bragança and the golden yellow of the House of Habsburg. Other authors say that Jean-Baptiste Debret, the French artist who designed what he saw in Brazil in the 1820s, was the author of the national pavilion that replaced that of the old Portuguese court, symbol of the oppression of the old regime. Debret is the design of the beautiful imperial flag, in collaboration with José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, in which the green rectangle of the Bragança represented the forests and the yellow rhombus, color of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, represented the gold.

Maria Leopoldina became Brazil's first empress consort. She also played an important role in the process of issuing a Declaration of Independence. On 2 September 1822, a new decree with demands from Lisbon arrived in Rio de Janeiro, while Prince Pedro was in São Paulo.

Leopoldina, advised by José Bonifácio, and using her power as Princess Regent, met on 2 September 1822 with the Council of Ministers. She decided to send her husband the news along with a letter advising him to declare Brazil's independence and warned him, "The fruit is ready, it's time to harvest." Prince Pedro declared the country's independence upon receiving the letter on 7 September 1822.

When his father, João VI, died on 10 March 1826, Pedro inherited the Portuguese throne as King Pedro IV, while remaining Emperor Pedro I of Brazil. Maria Leopoldina thus became both Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal. However, two months later, Pedro was forced to give up the Portuguese throne to their seven-year-old daughter Maria.

At the end of November 1826, Pedro traveled to Cisplatina (now Uruguay) to join his soldiers. To mark the occasion there was a large farewell reception on 20 November 1826, and Pedro demanded that both women, Maria Leopoldina and his official mistress Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos, appear together before the ecclesiastical and diplomatic dignitaries and receive his kiss on the hand. With the fulfillment of this demand, Maria Leopoldina would have officially recognized her husband's mistress, and for this she refused to appear at the reception. This caused a bitter argument with Pedro, who departed with no resolution to the situation.

Shortly after, Maria Leopoldina became ill, had spells of fever, became delirious at times, and then suffered a miscarriage on 2 December 1826. She died eight days later, on 11 December, five weeks before her thirtieth birthday. She was buried on 14 December 1826 in Rio de Janeiro, in the church of the Ajuda Convent.

Maria Leopoldina had seven children with her husband King Pedro IV of Portugal: 

Maria II of Portugal (4 April 1819 –15 November 1853) Queen of Portugal from 1826 until 1853. Maria II's first husband, Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, died a few months after the marriage. Her second husband was Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became King Dom Fernando II after the birth of their first child. She had eleven children from this marriage. Maria II was heir to her brother Pedro II as Princess Imperial until her exclusion from the Brazilian line of succession by law no. 91 of 30 October 1835.

Miguel, Prince of Beira (26 April 1820) Prince of Beira from birth to his death.

João Carlos, Prince of Beira (6 March 1821 – 4 February 1822) Prince of Beira from birth to his death.

Princess Januária of Brazil (11 March 1822 – 13 March 1901) Married Prince Luigi, Count of Aquila, son of Don Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. She had four children from this marriage. Officially recognized as an Infanta of Portugal on 4 June 1822, she was later considered excluded from the Portuguese line of succession after Brazil became independent.

Princess Paula of Brazil (17 February 1823 – 16 January 1833) She died age 9, probably of meningitis. Born in Brazil after its independence, Paula was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.

Princess Francisca of Brazil (2 August 1824 – 27 March 1898) Married Prince François, Prince of Joinville, son of Louis Philippe I, King of the French. She had three children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Francisca was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession.

Pedro II of Brazil (2 December 1825 –5 December 1891) Emperor of Brazil from 1831 until 1889. He was married to Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, daughter of Don Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies. He had four children from this marriage. Born in Brazil after its independence, Pedro II was excluded from the Portuguese line of succession and did not become King Dom Pedro V of Portugal upon his father's abdication.

[aloneinstitute]

O orçamento inicial era de 1,3 mil contos de réis, mas a obra acabou custando o dobro. Para a base do monumento, que tem 12 metros de altura (mais nove metros que avançam em subsolo), foi utilizado granito. Foi montada uma fundição para produzir as peças de bronze, que representam os personagens e fatos históricos ligados à independência do Brasil como a a Revolução Pernambucana de 1817, a Inconfidência Mineira (1789) e as figuras de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, Hipólito da Costa, Diogo Antônio Feijó e Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo.

[marcuscabaleiro]

Monumento aos Andradas - Praça da Independência em Santos - SP Brasil Monumento aos Andradas está localizado no bairro do Gonzaga, em Santos. O monumento é uma homenagem aos irmãos José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, o nosso Patriarca da Independência, Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada e Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada e Silva. O monumento construído em granito, com figuras e ornamentos em bronze, de autoria do escultor Antonio Sartori. Photo Marcus Cabaleiro Site: https://marcuscabaleirophoto.wixsite.com/photos Blog http://marcuscabaleiro.blogspot.com.br/ ©Direitos Reservados Proibida Reprodução 013IIOIIOIIOIIOIIOII013 #marcuscabaleiro #MonumentoAndradas #josébonifáciodeandradaesilva #bicentenáriodaindependência #santos #sp #brasil #montserrat #fotografia #antoniosartori #nikon #photographer #photography #brazil #monumentos #História #Linhas #Conceito (em Praça da Independência (Santos)) https://www.instagram.com/p/CiNEG-egX0R/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[napoleonic-sexyman-tournament]

Long-overdue Updated List for Latin American Independence Sexyman Nominations: If you want to nominate, the form is here

Virreinato de Nueva España Mexico:

Agustin de Iturbide

Leona Vicario

Juan Aldama

José Maria Morelos y Pavón x3

Vicente Guerrero x2

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Ignacio Allende Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada: Colombia:

Antonio Nariño x3

Antonio Morales Galavís

Policarpa Salavarrieta x2

Francisco de Paula Santander x 2 Venezula:

Simón Bolívar x2

José Antonio Paez Virreinato del Perú: Peru

Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru

Micaela Bastidas

Mariano Melgar Ecuador:

Manuela a.k.a Manuelita Saenz x4 Bolivia:

Antonio José de Sucre x 2

María Ana Carcelén de Guevara y Larrea-Zurbano

Juana Azurduy Chile:

Manuel Javier Rodríguez y Erdoíza

José Miguel Carrera Verdugo

Bernardo O'Higgins Virreinato del Río de la Plata: Argentina:

Manuel Belgrano

José de San Martín x 3

Martín Miguel de Güemes

Juan Bautista Cabral

Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson

Bernardo de Monteagudo

Mariano Necochea Uruguay:

Manuel Ceferino Oribe y Viana

Juan Antonio Lavalleja

José Fructuoso Rivera y Toscan Haiti:

Toussaint L’Ouverture Brazil/Empire of Brazil:

Joaquim Pires de Carvalho e Albuquerque

Maria Quitéria de Jesus x2

Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo

Maria Leopoldina

Pedro I

Hipólito José da Costa Pereira Furtado de Mendonça

José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva

Francisco Gomes da Silva

Domitila de Castro Canto e Melo, Marquesa de Santos

[inconformax]

Uma série de conflitos havia se iniciado após a Proclamação da Independência do Brasil, cujo Bicentenário será celebrado daqui a oito dias. O Ministro José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva providenciou a compra e fabricação de equipamentos bélicos para o Brasil, recrutou tropas e contratou mercenários estrangeiros para reforçar a proteção nacional. Nosso país saiu vitorioso nas batalhas da Independência. Portugal tentou propor uma reconciliação em que o Brasil seria emancipado, mas não independente, e não teve sucesso. O governo britânico mediou em favor da causa brasileira e, após reuniões em Londres e Lisboa, um acordo foi firmado no Rio de Janeiro em 29 de agosto de 1825. O acordo reconhecia, por parte de Portugal, a Independência do Brasil. Entre os britânicos, se destacaram no processo da independência brasileira o Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros, George Canning, e o embaixador Charles Stuart. Entre os brasileiros, se destacaram o ministro das relações exteriores, Luís José de Carvalho e Melo, e os conselheiros de estado Francisco Vilela Barbosa e José Egídio Álvares de Almeida. Com o Tratado estabelecido, os conflitos tiveram fim e o Brasil teve garantida a sua SOBERANIA. Nestes dias que antecedem o Bicentenário da Independência do Brasil, relembramos e celebramos os episódios mais importantes da nossa história como país independente. 📲 Compartilhe nas redes sociais. #setedesetembro #verdeeamerelo #independenciadobrasil #inconformax (em Brazil) https://www.instagram.com/p/Ch94-RjOaDt/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[adrianoantoine]

Brazilian Days (204): July 23

Brazilian Days (204): July 23

  Brazilian Days 204 July 23 . DAY OF: Dia do Guarda Rodoviário (Highway Patrol Man). On July 24, 1928, president Washington Luíz created the Polícia Rodoviária Federal. Initially, this unit was called ‘Polícia das Estradas’ (Road Police). The first highway patrol man was Antônio Felix Filho, nicknamed ‘Turquinho’. He started his job on July 23, 1935. He and his colleagues were called…

[thewolfcatcher]

Ai o Dom Bonifácio!

DANTAS

[caroline-klaus]

♕ 200 years since Maria Leopoldina of Austria signed the Decree of Independence of Brazil — SEPTEMBER 02, 1822

On September 2, 1822, a new decree from Portugal arrived in Rio de Janeiro while the Prince Regent of Brazil, Dom Pedro, was in a political tour in the Province of São Paulo. The letter overturned the Brazilian government and demanded the immediate return of Pedro to Portugal. Since August 13 the Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria was the Acting Princess Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil and head of the Council of State in the absence of her husband. Aware that Portugal intended to relegate Brazil again to the status of a simple colony rather than a kingdom united to that of Portugal and fearing a civil war the Princess acted imediately. Maria Leopoldina met in the morning of 2 September 1822 the minister José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva and summons the Council of State. She signs on that day the Decree of Independence, declaring Brazil separate from Portugal. Leopoldina sends Pedro the news, along with letters from her and from José Bonifácio urging him to proclaim the independence of Brazil. In her letter the Princess Regent says to her husband: "The fruit is ripe, pick it up, otherwise it will rot". On September 7, 1822 at the shore of the Ipiranga River in São Paulo the letters reached Dom Pedro and he declared the independence of Brazil from the former United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The Prince and Princess then became Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Consort Maria Leopoldina of Austria.

Coincidentally, 196 years later, on September 2, 2018 the Palace of São Cristóvão, then the home of the Museu Nacional (National Museum of Brazil) was destroyed in a large fire. The palace was the residence of the Portuguese Royal Family and the Brazilian Imperial Family between 1808 and 1889, and housed the Museum and it’s collection of natural history, ethnology and archaeology since 1892. The facade of the building still stands, but the approximately 122 rooms and the majority of the 20 million objects of the Museum’s collection were lost.

Letícia Colin as Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, the Empress Consort of Brazil, Queen Consort of Portugal and Archduchess of Austria in “Novo Mundo” (2017).