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khalilhumam · 4 years ago

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Bangladesh battles the country's longest-running floods since 1998

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Bangladesh battles the country's longest-running floods since 1998

Hundreds have died, and over a million find themselves displaced or marooned

Flood-prone lands at an embankment in Bangladesh. Image from Flickr by Rezwan. Used with permission.

The monsoon season has arrived in South Asia and has already ravaged large swathes of farming and urban areas, leaving millions who were already suffering the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in financial ruin. Approximately 10 million people in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal have been affected by monsoon floods in 2020, the worst flooding since 1998. Over 550 people have died as a result, while over a million have been displaced or marooned. One-third of Bangladesh was underwater after torrential rains caused 53 rivers to overflow in June, when Bangladesh was just beginning to recover from the devastation left by Cyclone Amphan in May. Expat Bangladeshi M. Jubair Ahmed posted some images of flooding in the southern parts of the country:

Flood in Southern part of Bangladesh pic.twitter.com/iEdQOrkVCl — M. Jubair Ahmed (@MJubairAhmed1) August 21, 2020

Journalist Rafiqul Islam Montu wrote on the GainConnection website that:

Villagers lost their livelihood and have found no work, hence no income. Unemployment is rising. Cyclone affected families are struggling to get their daily food. There is an acute shortage of drinking water as well. The COVID-19 pandemic has made things worse, as relief supplies are affected. The west coast of Bangladesh is facing multiple disasters.

The voluntarily repaired #embankment was washed away by the pressure of the tide. People are floating in the water again. The embankment that collapsed in Cyclone Ampan was repaired at the initiative of the villagers. Picture of the west. #coastofBangladesh.@third_pole pic.twitter.com/EJMgN5qgcp — Rafiqul Montu (@ri_montu) July 24, 2020

According to Bangladesh's Ministry of Agriculture, BDT 13.23 billion (US$ 156 million) worth of crops have been damaged, and approximately 257,148 hectares of farmland submerged by floodwaters, affecting over one million farmers. According to UNICEF, more than 3.3 million people in Bangladesh, among whom 1.3 million are children, have been rendered homeless or are living in hazardous, unsanitary conditions. The devastation comes at a time when emergency and health services are overwhelmed with responding to the COVID-19 epidemic.

Read More: COVID-19 is rapidly exhausting Bangladesh healthcare system amidst alarming rise of infected people

The impact of India's water management

India has built over 5,000 dams and embankments on transnational rivers, with many of these affecting the flow of water o Bangladesh. In the dry season, rivers such as the Teesta are reduced to narrow streams. When India opens its floodgates during the monsoon season, the added pressure causes erosion on river banks, affecting nearby settlements. Bangladesh has several longstanding issues with India around the sharing of water. The latest agreements signed in 2019 between India and Bangladesh have been met with criticism from Bangladeshi citizens who say the arrangements favor India, which possesses a natural advantage as rivers headwaters are located within its borders.

Experts blame India for prolonged flood in Bangladesh https://t.co/LYeeiY73Gk pic.twitter.com/w4kWWydjdd — South Asian Monitor (@S_A_Monitor) August 17, 2020

Two-step trigger system

This year, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) worked with International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BDRCS) to implement a new model of anticipatory humanitarian action that aims to distribute humanitarian aid to potentially affected populations before a disaster strikes. The program has a two-step trigger system — a pre-activation trigger, based on the GloFAS forecast, and an activation trigger, based on the Government of Bangladesh's Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre (FFWC). After the two triggers have been activated, the government distributes allocated funds accordingly.

It's finally happening! They call it #anticipatory #humanitarian #action. Interesting.. but what happened to Disaster Risk Reduction #DRR as a term? Faster than floods: How to prevent a double disaster in Bangladesh https://t.co/vZt0WQucbi — Minna (@MinnaAja) August 19, 2020

On July 4, severe flooding was forecast for the approaching weeks along the Jamuna River. The United Nations promptly released US$ 5.2 million from its Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) for distribution among the communities most likely to be affected by the floods. Recipients of the funds can then prepare by purchasing food, medicine, and reinforcing their homes before the flooding occurs. Raquib Rony, who works at the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Bangladesh office, tweeted:

81179 tube wells were damaged by the on going #floods in #Bangladesh. With the support of @IFRC, @BDRCS1 started to provide tube well disinfection services where the water receded. Families do not need to worry to go other places to collect drinking water.

BDRCS #Jamalpur Branch pic.twitter.com/cl3QaFTyfk — Raquib Rony (@RaquibRony) August 20, 2020

Climate activist Greta Thunberg announced in a July 28 tweet that she will donate 100,000 euros to BRAC, ActionAid Bangladesh, and other humanitarian organizations in Bangladesh and India working in the field:

Right now millions are suffering from extreme flooding fuelled by the climate crisis in India and Bangladesh – already hit by the devastation of cyclone Amphan and COVID-19. My foundation will donate €100.000 prize money to BRAC, Goonj, Action Aid India- and Bangladesh. 1/3 pic.twitter.com/oOMZ3jrhsV — Greta Thunberg (@GretaThunberg) July 28, 2020

Since July, Bangladeshi students have been participating in a digital campaign in partnership with Fridays For Future — Bangladesh, the national chapter of Thunberg's climate movement, posting portraits of themselves holding placards with demands and slogans such as “no future under water” and “mother nature shouldn't be drowned.”

#RT @GretaThunberg: RT @FFF_Bangladesh: Today's, FFF Barishal has addressed the biggest problem facing Bangladesh right now in their online strike. They want Permanent solution & recovery for flood affected people. @GretaThunberg @Fridays4future #Digi… pic.twitter.com/VL2TbluCWK — Travis 4 Climate

(@Travis4Climate) August 15, 2020

For many Bangladeshis, however, such tragedies have become normalized, cyclical events that people endure every year:

“Every time a flood comes, it destroys our house, crops and takes the lives of many. Everything is washed away by the mighty river Padma, leaving us without shelter, food or livelihood. But life goes on.”https://t.co/RyUoCMet45 — The Third Pole (@third_pole) August 15, 2020

< p class='gv-rss-footer'>Written by Samaya Anjum

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sumikaooba · 4 years ago

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The flood waters are coming down, people are returning home

After a lengthy month then a half, people in the flood-hit areas bear started subsequent domestic so the oppress waters proceed in accordance with recede. Even even though the cloud recedes, distress is now not leaving them behind. Affected human beings stated that theirs houses were submerged among lotus because a month then a half. As a result, she is concerned in relation to instant repairs. Many unemployed humans have been affected via the floods because of a long time. The crops concerning the field hold been ruined. In this situation, the struggle after live on has in conformity with start anew. The Water Development Board mentioned IV districts have been still affected via the floods. Floods should enhance into this districts among 24 hours. However, the honest information of degenerating lotus is once more elevating concerns. The cloud of Brahmaputra flood has all of sudden began rising afterward continuous decrease in lotos because numerous days. The Water Development Board has hinted up to expectation the lotus level about the Jamuna River choice upward thrust of a epoch then two. According in imitation of the organization, the cloud regarding the primary flood Jamuna within the upper intention end up stable through today. Then the lotus desire start according to rise. For then lengthy the cloud on it joining main rivers into the north had begun to recede. In many locations the lotus got here under below the risk line. Not only the Brahmaputra, however additionally the Jamuna and ignoble principal rivers intention keep flooded beside August sixteen onwards. As a result, the flood situation may want to come off further. The waters on nearly rivers should go the jeopardy block again. Meanwhile, Arifuzzaman Bhuiyan, executive grease monkey concerning the Water Development Board, reported the lotus degree within the Brahmaputra River is rising. It wish continue. Today, the lotos on the river Jamuna might also come to be stable. After as the lotus regarding Jamuna flood pleasure rise again. The cloud level within the Ganges-Padma flood is still declining. It pleasure minimize among the subsequent few days. In the northeast, the waters on the predominant rivers regarding the Meghna Basin, without the Kushiyara River, are declining. The enwrap situation among Natore, Faridpur, Manikganj yet Rajbari may also improve today. The cover scenario may also improve of the decrease reaches about the Dhaka City Corporation. According according to the Water Development Board, outdoors on the one zero one plain stations observed, the cloud level slight by way of 28 factors on Tuesday then diminished through seventy two points. The variety about flood-affected districts has at last dropped after four. The water regarding hexa rivers is still gush via the gamble region thru seven places. They observed so much the rivers to that amount are still stream over the gamble degree consist of Gur lotus into Singra area, Dhaleshwari river cloud within Elasine, Turag watercourse lotus into Mirpur point on the capital, Tongi cloud between Tongikhal, Kaliganga flood between Taraghat, Padma stream within Goaland point. . However, among the fundamental rivers about the country, the lotos of Padma is nevertheless passing the jeopardy line. The waters concerning the Jamuna, Brahmaputra yet Meghna hold in the meantime desert under the gamble level. However, if the cloud degree rises again, these rivers can also pass the jeopardy line. Experts lecture the floods are therefore extended that time because of the difficult rains. Upstream rainfall was once much greater than in Bangladesh. As the oppress scenario has disintegrated among the lotus advent beneath beside the higher reaches, that has additionally been late due in imitation of the inland rains. As a result, though the oppress scenario did not absorb a terrible turn, the floods lasted for in regard to 50 days fit according to rains. As a result, flood-affected humans hold had in conformity with spend close over their epoch between shelters yet embankments. Eventually human beings started out regressive domestic as much the lotos receded. According after the Health Emergency Center and Control Room regarding the Department regarding Health, 36,223 humans hold been affected via various water-borne diseases appropriate in accordance with the floods when you consider that its inception. And 193 people died. Of these, 9,839 humans hold been infected between the last 24 hours, and IV hold died. The nearly affected have been 13,115 into Madaripur. The easiest loss of life ding into the floods was 34 in Tangail. Then so are 29 human beings within Jamalpur. However, according after the Ministry about Disaster Management yet Relief, 41 humans died between the floods beyond June 26 to Tuesday. About 9 lakh families are nevertheless stranded within the floods. Half of the human beings in the shelter hold again home. A sennight ago, there have been touching 60,000 humans between shelters, however, on Tuesday such dropped to 40,000. Meanwhile, the Ministry regarding Disaster Management or Relief said among a grip release regarding Tuesday so then some distance 19,510 tonnes of maneuver has been allocated because of parceling as like humanitarian useful resource in accordance with the overwhelm victims. 11 chiliad 650 heaps on trick have been distributed. According to in conformity with the information obtained beside the flood-hit district administration till August 10, Tk 4.28 end has been allotted of cash or Tk 2.83 ten million has been distributed. One lakh 37 thousand 336 packets regarding dried and other food have been distributed. ninety-one lakh thirteen thousand 756 rupees have been distributed as much infant food aid. The volume distributed for shopping for garget food is some tip 7 lakh 14 chiliad rupees. In addition, a hundred bundles of corrugated iron had been distributed, Tk 12 lakh was once allotted because of residence wage and Tk three lakh was once distributed. The districts affected by way of the floods from the beginning on this yr are Dhaka, Gazipur, Tangail, Manikganj, Faridpur, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Madaripur, Shariatpur, Gopalganj, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Netrokona, Jamalpur, Chandpur, Noakhali, Laxmipur, Brahman. Sirajganj, Bogra, Pabna, Rangpur, Kurigram, Nilphamari, Gaibandha, Lalmonirhat, Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Habiganj then Sunamganj. There are 185 flood-affected Upazilas or 1,008 unions. The quantity over waterlogged households is 9 lakh 64 millenary 313 and the affected populace is 54 lakh 51 chiliad fifty-seven people. The dying ringing beyond the floods has issued to 41 hence far. One chiliad 295 shelters bear been opened of the flood-hit districts. The populace sheltered between the refuge is 40,360. The range on cattle added according to the refuge is 6,408. 624 medical teams have been built in the flood-hit districts and 256 are currently into operation.

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release-info · 5 years ago

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Rony: This year, about 1 lakh people in Jamalpur were flooded by [] https://ift.tt/3aPozJC

#IFTTT #RELEASE | サイト全体のアクティビティ

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juniperpublishers-etoaj · 5 years ago

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Juniper Publishers - Open Access Journal of Engineering Technology

Hydro-Morphometric Modeling for Flood Hazard Vulnerability Assessment of Old Brahmaputra River Basin in Bangladesh

Authored by : Rathindra Nath Biswas

Abstract

The present research introduces hydro-morphometric modeling to assess flood hazard vulnerability in old Brahmaputra River Basin in Bangladesh. Hydro-morphometric modeling is a spatial analysis in a GIS environment that has been applied for the estimation of flood hazard vulnerability. In this study the developed methodology processes information of seven parameters namely basin, flow accumulation, flow direction, stream order, stream length, stream density and drainage density. By applying Horton's and Strahler's formula of stream order, stream density and drainage density of old Brahmaputra River Basin are calculated. According to Horton's stream density and drainage density reflects the runoff and discharge status of a basin which also revealed that basin having high stream density and drainage density is most vulnerable to flooding. The old Brahmaputra River Basin subdivided into five sub-Basin named as sub-basin A, B, C, D and E and their stream density are 1.318km-2, 1.113 km-2, 1.2009km-2, 1.028km-2, 0.998km-2 and their drainage density are 0.713 km-1, 0.690km-1, 0.689km-1, 0.703 km-1 and 0.703km- 1, respectively. Among the five sub-basins of this river basin, sub-basin A contains high stream and drainage density, which means this basin is most vulnerable to flooding, whereas basin C and D are least vulnerable because of its low stream and drainage density. Among the different floods, severe river flooding affects the area of 33.66 hectors agriculture land, 855.27 hectors fallow land, and 548.55 hectors vegetation cover, 275.22 hectors settlements and 177.3 hectors water bodies in this river basin. This study also revealed that agriculture land and resources, and life defence of marginal community of the Old Brahmaputra river basin are vulnerable to flood hazard.

Keywords: Hydro-morphometric modeling; Flood hazard vulnerability assessment; Old brahmaputra river basin; High level of poverty; Neighbourhood; Flooding; Destructive floods; Crop production; Livelihoods; Monsoon; Stream density; Stream order

Abbreviations: LFF: Low Flash Flooding; SFF: Severe Flash Flooding; LRF: Low River Flooding; MRF: Moderate River Flooding; SRF: Severe River Flooding; USGS: United States Geological Survey

Introduction

Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of flood hazard in south Asia. This country is extremely vulnerable to flood because of its geographical location, high population density, high level of poverty, and the reliance of many livelihoods on flood hazard sensitive sectors [1]. Moreover, the climate of the country is strongly influenced by monsoon rainfall which creates flood in three major river basin named as Ganges- Padma, Brahmaputra-Jamuna, and Meghna River Basin. Though Bangladesh occupies only 7% of the combined catchment area of the Ganges-Padma, Brahmaputra-Jamuna and Meghana river basin, the country has to drain out 92% of the flow into the Bay of Bengal [2]. Too much water in the monsoon period affects different sectors along with livelihoods and food security. There is six major destructive floods occurred in 1984, 1987, 1988, 2004 and 2007 since after liberation war of Bangladesh [3]. In 1984 flood about 50,000sq.km area of land was flooding. In 1987 flood about 2,055 people died, flood affected area was 50,000sq.km and losses 1 billon US $. Among the six floods, more destructive flood was 1988. In the historical memory of Bangladesh most destructive flood was occurred in 1988 and where 61 percent of the country was inundated, 2,000-6,500 people died, about 45 million people become homeless and caused 1.2 million US $. In 1998, flood inundates nearly 100,000 sq. km, damages 500,000 homes and rendered 30 million people homeless, death counted 1,100 people and estimated loss was 2.8 million US $. In last 2007 flood about 32, 000sq.km area was flooding and 649 people losses their lives and property losses is about 1 billion US $ [4]. Flood visits every year. In 2017, flood visits Bangladesh for two times. Early Flash flood at the Haor region of Bangladesh caused heavy loss of crop production and other life defence. Second flood of 2017 visits northern, north-west and north-east parts of Bangladesh at the time of monsoon season; damaged agricultural production and created human sufferings.

Moreover, the inhabitants of Old Brahmaputra river basin are exposed to flood risk mainly due to geographic location, geological and geomorphological formation, and heavy rainfall during the monsoon and river siltation. In this basin, people understand the risks and still living in the neighbourhood for decades. People of the basin developed some indigenous approaches of their own to adapt against the hazards. Government and non-government organization are also working for the welfare of flood area people.

Therefore, flood risk management needs to overcome national borders, geographic location and socio-economic limitations [5]. Flood risk management usually includes flood risk assessment and flood risk mitigation [6]. This distinction takes into account apart from the hazard also its impact, since the total elimination of risk is neither possible nor efficient. Indisputably, strategies against floods' impact at a region scale require the identification of prone areas [7]. To provide early warning, facilitate quick response and decrease the impact of possible flood events [8] hydro-morphometric modeling, flood hazard zoning and risk for people's resource are better option in flood hazard risk flood Risk management in old Brahmaputra River Basin.

Study Area

The studied Old Brahmaputra River Basin comprised of nine districts of Bangladesh, namely Sherpur, Jamalpur, Mymensingh, Tangail, Netrokona, Kishoreganj, Brahmanbaria, Narsingdi and Gazipur. Total area of the studied river basin is 6851.58km2. The topographic elevation of this river basin extract from DAM satellite image which range -25m to 53m.

The main river of this Basin is Old Brahmaputra which is one of the main distributaries of the Jamuna (Brahmaputra) that distributes part of Jamuna discharge over a large area of north central region of Bangladesh. The earliest study of the Brahmaputra was made by Rennell who mapped the Brahmaputra as a braided river flowing into the Meghna River and following a course now occupied by a much smaller river known as the Old Brahmaputra. Since then the river has changed course and avulsed into its present course known as the Jamuna River. Gradual tilting caused the Old Brahmaputra River to become antecedent in places, necessitating river scour into slowly or periodically rising, comparatively resistant Pleistocene sediments [9]. Faulting was probably the major cause of the recent shift of the Brahmaputra River from its course east of the Madhupur tract to its present position [10]. The Old Brahmaputra River is at present reduced to a left bank spill channel of the Brahmaputra River and only active during the high stage of the Brahmaputra River. The discharge and sediment transport through the river is dependent on opening of the off take with the Brahmaputra River [11]. During the recent years, the river basin is more vulnerable to flood due to lower elevation, river siltation and monsoon rainfall. Moreover, Monsoon rainfall overtop the banks of this river causes serious destruction of the inhabitants settlement, Agricultural crops and domestics animals (Figure 1 & 2).

Methods and Materials

In this research for identification of stream channels to delineate the extent of regular inundation in Old Brahmaputra River basin satellite Image (DEM) is collected from United States Geological Survey (USGS). By applying Strahler [12], stream ordering method in GIS environment Old Brahmaputra River Basin stream are ordered. For exploration of flood depth grids using spatial analyst tools (hydrological model) and prepare a comprehensive flood zone map which is integrated with flood zoning data of Bangladesh Water Development Board. Predict and determine the potential flood vulnerability and list of vulnerable sectors, elements and resources for the community of old Brahmaputra River Basin Satellite Image (Landsat TM) is also collected from United States Geological Survey (USGS) for Land Use and Land Cover classification using supervised classification of RS tools and techniques for mapping potential flood risk for the community.

Stream Channel Extraction

The stream network of the study area is extracted from a series of geo processing tools. According to Strahler [12], the output of this technique creates a stream network grid with stream classification. Strahler's system of classification designates a segment with no tributaries as a first-order stream. Where two first-order stream segments join, they form a second- order stream segment and so on. The highest stream order in the study area was computed as third. Manual corrections are made by merging the streams of same order with separated nodes.

Stream Order

To analyze drainage basin, it is needed to determine stream orders. In this study, the channel segment of the drainage basin has been ranked with the lens of Strahler's stream ordering system. According to Strahler [12], the smallest fingertip tributaries are designated as order 1. Where two first order channels join, a channel segment of order 2 is formed; Where two of order 2 joins, a segment of order 3 is formed.

Stream Length

In this study, Horton law has been applied to measure stream length (Lu) of Old Brahmaputra River basin. Stream Length reflects surface runoff of a river basin which is one of the essential hydro-morphometric features for assessing flood hazard vulnerability. According to Horton [13], Stream length of a river basin is higher in first order and gradually decreases in next orders. GIS spatial analysis in hydrological environment is used to compute number of stream in a stream order and their stream length.

Drainage and Stream Density

Drainage and Stream density are important morphometric parameters to analyze flood risk. The concept of drainage and stream density model developed by Horton [14] has been used in this study to analyze spatial vulnerability of flood in Old Bramhaputra River basin. The core ideas of these models are that a basin having high stream and drainage density is most vulnerable to flooding [13]. With the use of GIS tools and techniques firstly measured stream length and then divided it by total area of the basin to calculate drainage density. Furthermore, stream density computed by counting number of stream and then divided it by area of basin.

Drainage Density (Dd) = Lu / A (l)

Stream Density (Sd ) = Ns / A (2)

Where, Dd is drainage density, Lu is the total stream length of all orders, Sd is stream density, Ns is the total stream of all orders and A is the Basin area (km2).

Results and Discussion

Flood vulnerability of old brahmaputra river basin from hydro-morphometric modeling

According to Horton's stream density and drainage density reflects the runoff and discharge status of a basin which also revealed that basin having high stream density and drainage density is most vulnerable to flooding. The old Brahmaputra River Basin subdivided into five sub-Basin named as sub-basin A, B, C, D and E and their stream density are 1.318km-2, 1.113km2, 1.2009km-2, 1.028km-2, 0.998km-2 and their drainage density are 0.713km-1, 0.690km-1, 0.689km-1, 0.703km-1 and 0.703km-1, respectively (Figure 3) and (Table 1). Among the five sub-basins of this river basin, sub-basin A contains high stream and drainage density, which means this basin is most vulnerable to flooding, whereas basin C is least vulnerable because of its low stream and drainage density.

Community flood vulnerability of brahmaputra river basin

The flooding area of this river basin is 2956.43km2, including 0.056139km2 in Brahmanbaria, 12.527km2 in Gazipur, 46.0295km2 in Jamalpur, 114.664km2 in Kishoreganj, 1926.51km2 in Mymensingh, 267.303km2 in Narsingdi district, 533.258km2 in Netrokona, 55.4984km2 Sherpur and 0.583869km2 in Tangail of 24% of total land; Vegetation covers the area of 153752 district (Figure 4) and (Table 2). Among the studied districts hectors which is the 14% of total land; water bodies covers of this river basin, 65% of area of Mymensingh is vulnerable to the area of 147410 hectors which is the 14 % of total land and flood hazard.

Flood risk for resources of old brahmaputra river basin

In Brahmaputra River Basin land use and land cover classification (Figure 5) revealed that Agricultural Land covers the maximum area of 397444 hectors which is 37% of total land; fallow land covers the area of 250696 hectors which consists settlement covers area of 119729 hectors which is 11% hectors of the research area (Table 3). On the basis of severity flood in Brahmaputra River Basin are classified into 6 such as low flash flood, severe flash flood, low river flood, moderate river flood and severe river flood and storm tidal surge (Figure 4). Low flash flooding affects area of 2719.62 hectors agriculture land, 200.07 hectors fallow land, 336.96 hectors vegetation cover, 396.27 hectors settlements and 84.33 hectors water bodies in this river basin. Severe flash flooding affects area of 157.86 hectors agriculture land, 4.95 hectors fallow land, and 2.7 hectors vegetation cover, 18.54 hectors settlements and 0.63 hectors water bodies in this river basin. Low River Flooding affects area of 128218 hectors agriculture land, 57509.2 hectors fallow land, and 392 37.9 hectors vegetation cover, 55319.6 hectors settlements and 5666.4 hectors water bodies in this river basin.

Moderate river flooding affects area of 1910.52 hectors agriculture land, 1704.42 hectors fallow land, and 1333.26 hectors vegetation cover, 527.58 hectors settlements and 154.62 hectors water bodies in this river basin. Severe river flooding affects area of 33.66 hectors agriculture land, 855.27 hectors fallow land, and 548.55hectors vegetation cover, 275.22hectors settlements and 177.3 hectors water bodies in this river basin (Table 4) and (Figure 6).

(Note: LFF=Low Flash Flooding, SFF= Severe Flash Flooding, LRF: Low River Flooding, MRF= Moderate River Flooding and SRF: Severe River Flooding)

From this analysis it can be said that agriculture land and resource of this river basin are more vulnerable and which is life defence of the community of Brahmaputra River basin.

Conclusion

The drainage network of Old Brahmaputra River Basin reveals that the basin is vulnerable to flooding due to its geotectonic formation and low elevation where over rain often causes flash flood and seasonal flood visit every single year. The flood zoning showed in the study that comparatively north eastern part of the basin area is at more risk that southern part due to elevation and number of streams of high order that carries huge volume of water. Community people of Old Brahmaputra River Basin are more at risk than the actual figures show in the research. As land use classes for assessing resources vulnerability reflect that vegetation and agriculture are proportionally much higher in account of area than settlements that do not mean people are safer, people living in the vicinity live densely due to lack of higher grounds that stays above water. Though people know that they are vulnerable and exposed to disasters the sense of love for the place and locality makes them stay and a few don't even have the ability to move somewhere to settle. Keeping all the risks aside they developed some indigenous knowledge by living there for years where they anticipate hazards and tries to protect and mitigate in their own local capabilities.

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