#Hydrogen Production Size

[omshinde5145]

The Hydrogen Production Market: Driving the Future of Clean Energy

The Global Hydrogen Production Market was valued at USD 160.1 billion in 2023-e and will surpass USD 268.4 billion by 2030; growing at a CAGR of 10.5% during 2024 - 2030. This growth is fueled by increasing investments in renewable energy, government initiatives, and advancements in hydrogen production technologies. In the process, all the high-growth and upcoming technologies were identified and analyzed to measure their impact on the current and future market.

The report also identifies the key stakeholders, their business gaps, and their purchasing behavior. This information is essential for developing effective marketing strategies and creating products or services that meet the needs of the target market.

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Key Technologies in Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen can be produced through various methods, each with its advantages and challenges. The primary technologies include:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): The most common method for hydrogen production, SMR involves reacting methane with steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. While cost-effective, this process is carbon-intensive, necessitating carbon capture and storage (CCS) to mitigate its environmental impact.

Electrolysis: This method uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. When powered by renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, or hydropower, electrolysis can produce "green hydrogen," which is entirely free of carbon emissions.

Coal Gasification: Coal is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide through gasification. This method is typically used in regions with abundant coal resources but faces criticism for its environmental impact.

Biomass Gasification: Biomass is converted into hydrogen through a thermochemical process. This method offers a renewable source of hydrogen but requires sustainable biomass supply chains.

Thermochemical Water Splitting: This involves using high temperatures generated by solar or nuclear energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. While still in the experimental stage, this technology holds promise for future large-scale hydrogen production.

Major Players in the Hydrogen Production Market

Several companies and organizations are leading the charge in hydrogen production. Some of the key players include:

Air Liquide: A global leader in gases, technologies, and services for industry and health, Air Liquide is heavily invested in hydrogen production and infrastructure.

Linde plc: Linde is one of the world's largest industrial gas companies and a major player in hydrogen production, focusing on both SMR and electrolysis technologies.

Plug Power: Specializing in hydrogen fuel cell systems, Plug Power is also expanding its hydrogen production capabilities, particularly in green hydrogen.

Shell: An energy giant, Shell is investing significantly in hydrogen production and distribution, aiming to become a leader in the hydrogen economy.

NEL Hydrogen: A Norwegian company specializing in hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, NEL Hydrogen is known for its advanced electrolysis technology.

Government Initiatives and Policies

Governments worldwide are implementing policies and initiatives to support the growth of the hydrogen economy. For example:

European Union (EU): The EU's Hydrogen Strategy aims to install at least 40 GW of renewable hydrogen electrolysers by 2030 and produce up to 10 million tonnes of renewable hydrogen.

United States: The U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Program focuses on research, development, and demonstration projects to reduce the cost of hydrogen production and deployment.

Japan: Japan's Basic Hydrogen Strategy aims to establish a "hydrogen society" by 2050, with significant investments in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization.

China: China is rapidly expanding its hydrogen production capacity, with ambitious plans to integrate hydrogen into its energy system and transportation sector.

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Future Prospects

The future of the hydrogen production market looks promising, with several trends likely to shape its growth:

Cost Reduction: Advances in technology and economies of scale are expected to reduce the cost of hydrogen production, making it more competitive with fossil fuels.

Infrastructure Development: The development of hydrogen infrastructure, including refueling stations and pipelines, will be critical for the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy.

Integration with Renewable Energy: Integrating hydrogen production with renewable energy sources will be crucial for producing green hydrogen and achieving climate goals.

Expansion of Applications: Hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in various sectors, including transportation, power generation, and industrial processes, driving demand and market growth.

Conclusion

The hydrogen production market is at the forefront of the global transition to a sustainable energy future. With technological advancements, supportive policies, and increasing investments, hydrogen is poised to become a key component of the global energy mix. As the world continues to seek solutions to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, hydrogen offers a versatile and promising pathway towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy system.

[globalgrowthinsights]

(USA & Europe) Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market Latest Research Study, Size, Forecast to 2032

""Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market""provides in-depth analysis on the market status of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market, including best facts and figures, overview, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions, and the most recent developments worldwide. The report also computes market size, Price, Revenue, Cost Structure, Gross Margin, Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market Sales, and Market Share, Forecast and Growth Rate. The report helps to determine the revenue generated by the sale of this report and technologies across various application segments.

It is projected that between 2024 and 2032, The Global Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market would grow at a significant rate. In 2023, the market is likely to grow rapidly and over the estimated horizon due to the growing adoption of strategies by major players. This research provides a detailed analysis of the market size, characteristics, and growth of the Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market industry from 2024 to 2032. It is segmented based on the product type, downstream application, and consumption area of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market. Along with introducing industry participants from a value chain viewpoint, the research also examines the top businesses.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market in these regions till the forecast period

North America

Middle East and Africa

Asia-Pacific

South America

Europe

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Key Attentions of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market.

The market statistics represented in different Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market segments offers complete industry picture.

Market growth drivers, challenges affecting the development of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market are analyzed in detail.

The report will help in the analysis of major competitive market scenario, market dynamics of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market.

Major stakeholders, key companies Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market, investment feasibility and new market entrants study is offered.

Development scope of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market in each market segment is covered in this report. The macro and micro-economic factors affecting the Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market

Advancement is elaborated in this report. The upstream and downstream components of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

Browse More Details On This Report at:-  https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com/market-reports/hydrogen-production-equipment-by-electrolysis-of-water-market-101446

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[alenaalenaalena]

Ultimate Shine - Crystal Sparkle 03 - Farmasi USA

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[dsiddhant]

Chicago, Aug. 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global Electrolyzers Market is expected to grow from an estimated USD 1.2 billion in 2023 to USD 23.6 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 80.3% according to a new report by MarketsandMarkets™.

[todropscience]

DEEP SEA PRODUCE ITS OWN "DARK OXYGEN"

Small metallic nodules, like potato-size strewn across the deep sea ocean seafloor produce oxygen in complete darkness and without any help from living organisms, a new research reveals.

Called polymetallic nodules, are found in the deep sea and produce oxygen through seawater electrolysis, where seawater splits into oxygen and hydrogen in the presence of an electric charge. This charge may come from the difference in electric potential that exists between metal ions within the nodules, which leads to a redistribution of electrons. This is called by scientists as dark oxygen, as is produced without sunlight, as photosintesys does.

-Polymetallic nodules coat fields of the ocean floor Photo: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research

These nodules polymetallic nodules are common between 3,000 to 6,000 m below the ocean surface. These nodules mostly contain oxides of iron and manganese , but also metals like cobalt, nickel and lithium, as well as rare earth elements such as cerium that are essential components of electronics and low-carbon technologies. This also raise new concerns about potentially mining polymetallic nodules, which could represent a vital source of oxygen for deep-sea ecosystems.

Main photo by Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Reference (Open Access): Sweetman et al., 2024. Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor. Nat. Geosci.

[thepastisalreadywritten]

The Year’s Most Spectacular Photos from the James Webb Telescope

By Jeffrey Kluger

December 22, 2023

Close to 1,500 light years from Earth lie a pair of baby stellar twins known as Herbig-Haro 46/47 — which are barely a few thousand years old.

A star the size of our sun, by contrast, takes an average of 50 million years to reach even the stellar equivalent of young adulthood It's Herbig-Haro 46/47's extreme youth that gives the formation more of a blob-like appearance than the stellar duo it is.

Young stars are buried in clouds of dust and gas, which they absorb as they grow. Sometimes, however the infant stars ingest too much material too fast.

When that happens, dust and gas erupts from both sides of the formation, giving the young pair their misshapen look.

But if you have patience — 50 million years worth of patience — what is a blob today will be stars tomorrow.

NASA, ESA, CSA. Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

A pair of brilliant stellar nurseries located 1,600 light years from Earth, the Orion Nebula and Trapezium Cluster are home to a relative handful of very young but very bright stars.

Four of the stars are easy to see with a simple, amateur, four-inch telescope.

One of the four — the beast of the young litter — is especially visible, a full 20,000 times brighter than our sun.

Apart from their four main stars, the Orion Nebula and Trapezium cluster contain approximately 700 additional young stars at various stages of gestation.

NASA, ESA, CSA/Science leads and image processing: M. McCaughrean, S. Pearson, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

(L): It’s not easy being a Wolf-Rayet star, like this specimen imaged by the Webb telescope at a distance of 15,000 light years.

A rare species of stellar beast — NASA estimates there are only 220 of them in a Milky Way galaxy with at least 100 billion stars — the Wolf-Rayet burns hot and burns fast, with temperatures 20 to 40 times the surface of the sun.

All of that rapidly expended energy causes the star to lose its hydrogen envelope quickly and expose its helium core.

The result: a very early and very violent death.

A star like our sun burns for about 10 billion years. As for a Wolf-Rayet? Just a few hundred thousand before it dissolves into cosmic dust.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Webb ERO Production Team

(R): If the Wolf-Rayet star dies an ugly and violent death, the celebrated Ring Nebula, photographed by the Webb at a distance of 2,000 light years from Earth, has been expiring beautifully.

The glowing remains of a sun-like star, the nebula was discovered in 1779 by the French astronomer Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix.

As the nebula throws off its outer layers of ionized gas, it reveals its characteristic blue interior, composed of hydrogen and oxygen that have not yet been expelled off by the nebula’s stellar wind.

ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, M. Barlow (University College London), N. Cox (ACRI-ST), R. Wesson (Cardiff University)

Dwarf galaxy NGC 6822 lives up to to its name — home to just 10 million stars, compared to the minimum of 100 billion in the Milky Way.

But what NGC 6822 lacks in numbers, it makes up in spectacle — which the keen eye of the Webb telescope has revealed.

Discovered in 1884 by American astronomer E.E Barnard, NGC 6822, is now known to have a prodigious dust tail measuring 200 light years across..

What's more, it's home to a dense flock of stars that glow 100,000 times brighter than our sun.

ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixnev

Spiral galaxies are often defined by uneven — and even ragged — arms.

But not galaxy M51, which lies 27 million light years from Earth and is defined by the tautness of its arms and the compactness of its structure.

M51 isn't alone in space. Nearby lies the companion galaxy NGC 5195.

The two galaxies are engaged in something of a gravitational tug of war — one that the NGC 5195 is winning.

NGC's constant gravitational pull is thought to account for both the tightly woven structure of M51's arms and for tidal forces that are thought lead to the creation of new stars in the arms.

ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team

Just below Orion’s belt lies one of the most celebrated objects in the night sky: the Orion Nebula, a stellar nursery that is home to about 700 young stars.

This Webb image focuses not on the entirety of the nebula but on a structure in the lower left-hand quadrant known as the Orion Bar.

So named because of its diagonal, ridge-like appearance, the bar is shaped by the powerful radiation of the hot, young stars surrounding it.

ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, M. Zamani (ESA/Webb), and the PDRs4All ERS Team

A baby by stellar standards, the IC 348 Star cluster is just five million years old and located about 1,000 light years from Earth.

Composed of an estimated 700 stars, IC 348 has a structure similar to wispy curtains, created by dust that reflects the light of the stars.

The conspicuous loop in the right hand side of the image is likely created by the gusting of solar winds blowing in the direction that, from Earth, would be west to east.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Kevin Luhman (PSU), Catarina Alves de Oliveira (ESA)

When it comes to galaxies, there's big and then there's huge and by any measure, Pandora's Cluster — more formally, known as Abell 2744 — qualifies as the latter.

Not just a galaxy, and not even a cluster of galaxies, Abell 2744 is a cluster of four clusters, which long ago collided with one another.

Located 3.5 billion light years from Earth, Pandora's Cluster measures a staggering 350 million years across.

The cluster's massive collective gravity allows astronomers to use it as a gravitational lens, bending and magnifying the light of foreground objects, making them easier to study.

NASA, ESA, CSA, I. Labbe (Swinburne University of Technology) and R. Bezanson (University of Pittsburgh). Image processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)

Webb was built principally to look at the oldest and most distant objects in the universe, some of 13.4 billion light years away.

But doesn't prevent the telescope from peering into its own back yard.

This image of Saturn and some of its 146 moons, rivals the images obtained by the Pioneer and Voyager probes.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Matt Tiscareno (SETI Institute), Matt Hedman (University of Idaho), Maryame El Moutamid (Cornell University), Mark Showalter (SETI Institute), Leigh Fletcher (University of Leicester), Heidi Hammel (AURA). Image processing: J. DePasquale (STScI)

Infant stars are born all over the universe, but the closest stellar birthing suite to Earth is the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, located just 460 light years distant.

A turbulent — even violent — place, Rho Ophiuchi is defined by jets of gas roaring from young stars.

Most of the stars in this comparatively modest nursery are more or less the size of the sun.

But one, known as S1, is far bigger — so much so that it is self-immolating, carving a great cavity around itself with its stellar wind, the storm of charged particle's all stars emit, though few with the gale-force power of S1.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Klaus Pontoppidan (STScI)

[zvaigzdelasas]

[RFA is US State Media]

China’s economy improved in the first two months of the year buoyed by a 7% rise in industrial output despite the ongoing decline in the beleaguered real estate industry, a major economic driver.

The two-month increase in industrial output from enterprises above designated size was also a 0.2 percentage point increase from December, according to data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on Monday.

A 5% jump in retail sales – a gauge of consumption – also boosted growth in the world’s second-largest economy[...]

[The] numbers surpassed market expectations, according to a Reuters poll of economists, which forecast a 5% increase.[...]

The state’s investment push would also have boosted overall growth. Fixed asset investments, including those in infrastructure projects, expanded 4.2% to 5.08 trillion yuan (US$706 billion) in January and February from the year-earlier period. Investments in real estate continued to be a drag as, minus property investments, the increase was 8.9%.

On the other hand, investments in property slid 9%, underlined by a 20.5% drop in the amount of newly built floor area compared with the first two months of 2023. In tandem, sales of new homes plunged 29.3% to 1.05 trillion yuan ($145.9 billion).

Still, Liu conceded that the worst is over.

She said industries and companies continue to suffer operational pressure due to rising costs and insufficient orders.

But she was quick to add that a “new leap forward” to modernize the industrial system and accelerate the development across sectors like electric vehicles, hydrogen power, new materials, life sciences and commercial spaceflight would revive growth.

It is also part of the domestic consumption drive under Chinese President Xi Jinping’s latest mantra to unleash “new productive forces,” [...]

To support the domestic demand policy, Beijing will issue 1 trillion yuan of special long-term bonds this year, and more in the next few years.

Externally, China continues to face a complex and difficult global trade environment, even though exports edged up 10.3% in the first two months of this year, compared with the previous year.

Seething lol (18 Mar 24)

[play-now-my-lord]

hydrogen cars are a fascinating case of industrial conservatism reaching a sort of Irish elk point where "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" is actually capable of breaking things all on its own. They can be adapted from existing ICE parts with minimal trouble... in theory. They can comply with tightening emissions requirements, especially CO2... in theory. They can provide for a post-oil future... in theory.

In practice, electrolyzed hydrogen is inherently absurdly energy-inefficient and nothing but oil production has hydrogen as a large-scale unused byproduct; fuel density is stupefyingly low on account of hydrogen being the least dense substance in nature at STP so you better make peace with a fuel tank half the size of a car; and without some kind of additive that completely fucks any chances of passing emissions standards, raw H2 will eat through any tanks, pipes, and ultimately engines you stick it in over the course of a few years. (It's so non-dense, and the molecules themselves so small, that it habitually slips through molecular-scale gaps in solid matter one molecule at a time, getting stuck, widening holes, generally raising hell; embrittling parts exposed to H2 gas worse and worse until they fail.)

Toyota in particular is absolutely in love with the idea, not least because they've sunk a shitload of money into making good hybrids, the industrial design expertise and tooling from that don't transfer readily into electrics, and they're pretty sure if they politely ignore global warming it'll go away

[shaythempronouns]

The Helix Nebula / Eye of God

A planetary nebula in Aquarius

I got another 2 hours of exposure time on the Helix Nebula in the Aquarius constellation and integrated it with my data from last year (about another 2h) to produce this shot. This is a narrowband image made from captured hydrogen and oxygen emissions.

The Helix Nebula is an absolutely gorgeous target specifically because of its rarity. Most planetary nebulae (the products of stars collapsing into white dwarfs) are extremely small because they're far away. The Helix isn't any bigger than them, but it's incredibly close to us, at just under 700 Ly from Earth, which makes it appear 20 times the linear size of other planetary nebulae (e.g. the Crab Nebula or the Ring Nebula).

Musings on the acquisition process after the cut.

This is easily the hardest target I've ever shot. From the USA, it barely rises above 20 degrees, giving a pretty short window to shoot it each night and more atmosphere to shoot through, magnifying the effects of poor seeing. Aquarius has a relatively low density of bright stars, which makes guiding frustrating at poor focal ratios (which are unavoidable at high focal lengths on any kind of budget). And, of course, the Helix is fairly dim and diffuse, requiring lots of exposure time to capture good enough signal for an image. All that together meant that the two hours of data I captured for this shot took five clear nights to pull together. An absolute mess.

I achieved the gold effect at the borders with some slight hue shifting - that area isn't quite synthetic, but is instead the place where the oxygen emissions at the core overlap with the hydrogen emissions of the edges. By slightly bumping the green channel and then stretching the hue to push green toward its adjacent colors (yellow and blue), you get a golden color from the edge of the hydrogen.

[angelacademy]

Clear skin is more than just skincare: Gut Health

(A science based read)

What you eat is shown through your skin and on body. If your constantly shoving junk down your throat, junk is what will be shown on you. Essentially what you eat is what you are.

Eat bad -> bad skin

Eat good -> good skin

If your constantly breaking out and you feel icky. You need to figure out what is up with your gut health.

Research suggests many skin disorders are linked to an altered or unbalanced gut microbiome.

“When the relationship between gut microbiome and the immune system is impaired, subsequent effects can be triggered on the skin, potentially promoting the development of skin diseases.”

“13 Several dermatologic conditions, such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea are linked with intestinal dysbiosis. 223 Many studies have associated gastrointestinal health with skin homeostasis and allostasis, and there is evidence of a bidirectional interaction between the gut and the skin.”

Diet, drugs and other consumed substances affect skin through gut microbiome:

“Several studies have related the diversity and pathogenicity of the gut microbiome to skin disorders, which can be significantly altered by long-term dietary patterns. 43,105–107 Diet can affect the skin condition both positively and negatively through alteration of the gut microbiome, indicating that there is a relationship between the skin and the gut. 16 Not only diet, but also many synthetic and natural products consumed by humans as drugs can provide direct and indirect evidence on the connection between gut microbiome and skin.”

High and low fat diet:

“In the gut, a diet high in industrial trans-fatty acids increases the number of harmful microbes (such as Desulfovibrionaceae and Proteobacteria) while suppressing populations of advantageous microorganisms (e.g. members of Bacteroidetes, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroidales). 121 Refined and hydrogenated oils (e.g., soybean, sunflower, safflower, canola, corn, and vegetable oils) can cause inflammation in the gut, which then manifests on the skin.”

Industrially produced trans fat can be found in margarine, vegetable shortening, Vanaspati ghee, fried foods, and baked goods such as crackers, biscuits and pies. Baked and fried street and restaurant foods often contain industrially produced trans fat.

Prebiotics:

“133,134 Prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, inulin, polydextrose, lactulose, sorbitol, and xylitol are a promising group of compounds that modulate the gut microbiome and can also provide skin benefits.”

“The effect of prebiotics on the skin condition is also obvious. For example, a Lactobacillus extract helps to reduce the size of acne lesions as well as inflammation by reducing skin erythema, improving skin barrier function and lowering the microbial counts on skin.”

types of prebiotics include:

Chicory root

Garlic

Onion

Dandelion greens

Apples

Bananas

Jerusalem artichoke

Asparagus

Probiotics:

“Probiotics can prevent gut colonization by pathogens and support anti-inflammatory responses by producing metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties. The most common probiotic microbes currently in use belong to the genera Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and Streptococcus. 143,144 Several beneficial effects of probiotic consumption have been demonstrated on many dermatological conditions, thus proving the existence of the gut-skin axis.”

Common types of probiotics include:

Lactobacillus: This is a common probiotic found in fermented foods, such as yogurt.

Bifidobacterium: This probiotic is found in some dairy products and helps with the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Saccharomyces boulardii: This is a type of yeast found in many probiotics. You can find these probiotics and more in supplements and select foods.

Yogurt

Buttermilk

Cottage cheese

Miso soup

Sauerkraut

Kefir

Kimchi

Tempeh

Protein:

“The proteins from animal-based food sources may have better effects on gut microbiota compared to plant-based food sources due to the higher protein digestibility of animal proteins and the fact that the digestion of plant proteins may be limited by the presence of antinutritional factors found in plants [67]. Animal proteins have more balanced essential amino acids than plant proteins [68,69] and are thus considered higher quality protein.”

“Dairy and meat protein intake at a recommended level increased the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus and maintained a more balanced composition of gut microbiota compared to soy protein, which is beneficial to the host [25,26,28].”

“Your body makes lots of different peptides, each of which has a different role. Scientists can also make synthetic peptides in the lab. Companies have been adding peptides to skin care products for decades.”

High protein foods:

Salmon

Chicken breast

Tuna

Red split lentils

Tofu

Greek yogurt

Fibre:

“Dietary fibre is comprised of plant-based carbohydrates that cannot be metabolised by digestive enzymes encoded in the human genome, such as amylase. Instead, fibre can only be metabolized by certain species of gut microbiota through anaerobic fermentation, with the main product of this reaction being SCFAs.”

“Dietary fibre is a carbohydrate in plant foods, such as whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and legumes, which have been dominant in human diets for millions of years. From the Paleolithic era, when the hunter-gatherers mainly ate fruit and wild grains, to the agricultural era, when crops began to be cultivated, the ancients consumed more than 100 g of various digestible and indigestible dietary fibre from plants per day [1,2].”

Fibre rich foods:

Chia seeds

Lentils

Broccoli

Avacado

Carrots

Red kidney beans

Raspberries

XOXO

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Researchers engineer nanoparticles using ion irradiation to advance clean energy, fuel conversion

MIT researchers and colleagues have demonstrated a way to precisely control the size, composition, and other properties of nanoparticles key to the reactions involved in a variety of clean energy and environmental technologies. They did so by leveraging ion irradiation, a technique in which beams of charged particles bombard a material. They went on to show that nanoparticles created this way have superior performance over their conventionally made counterparts. "The materials we have worked on could advance several technologies, from fuel cells to generate CO2-free electricity to the production of clean hydrogen feedstocks for the chemical industry [through electrolysis cells]," says Bilge Yildiz, leader of the work and a professor in MIT's Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering.

Read more.

[alenaalenaalena]

Ultimate Shine - Crystal Sparkle 03 - Farmasi USA

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[namelessdeceased]

.🧉 D-41 ✧ tue ✧ 13.8.24 ✧ sawc day 13

posting after classes. i feel good today, not as great as ystd but still pretty good. all homework for tmr is done as well, js got a bunch of revision to do. im gna be sleeping less today (hopefully) to fix up my sleep schedule, so don't do like i do today ok

.🕯 academic

science act bk pg 77 + padlet

history admin work

math admin work

english admin work

science admin work

bumrush MM2 T10

.🏺 personal

plan today

plan tmr

shower

fix headphone paddings

try and clean maybe

.☕ sawc goals

sleep: 4h (like i said this is js to get myself ready. dont)

routine: morning

deep focus: 1.5h

body: shower + maybe choreo

read: crime and punishment

.📜 goal productivity: 5, 6h

.🌙 01 30

.☀ 05 30

.♬ ~ lawnmower 〢 lemon demon

.🤎 positivityposting

fun fact: the LHC (large hadron collider) has a canister of hydrogen (about fire extinguisher size i assume) that contains enough protons to fuel the LHC for a billion years.

i own my future. will update ~

╰ theo 🍻

[wumblr]

advertising is literally so embarrassing on a conceptual basis from the ground up. like, i know for any given ad i see, after a rube goldberg machine of human misery has been slung into action during the last microseconds of every pageview i take -- primarily the reason any site's page load times remain like 56k dialup from the 90s -- meanwhile, an auction machine algorithm clearinghouse has sold my eyes based on the attributes they were able to cull from a covert op surveillance database, so that an image could be sold for pennies on the dollar regarding a product i will literally never buy. but it's none of that. what gets me is that each of these images were painstakingly designed by some dozen strong demon horde of college graduates who lost their soul before they matriculated, focus groupped again for pennies on the dollar so that the people in the focus group can try to form a meaningless opinion on a subject that matters to no one, in exchange for a gift card, probably, but by the time it's gotten there it's already gone through research and development and design phases, each scrobbling for a scrap of bread under threat of starvation, blindly insisting they know something about selling things that every other marketing office populated by vultures and guttersnipes doesn't, and this is all before they send it to the graphic designer that painstakingly selects a pantone swatch from their adobe subscription and a font that a typographer sold for someone's real money to slather on top of this brilliant sales idea that's been flushed down the sewer of commerce. and at the end of it all, "THAT'S what you came up with? bit shit innit" is what i find myself saying every time before i select the x the size of a hydrogen atom to tell a database at google that the whole experience was offensive

[jcmarchi]

Study finds health risks in switching ships from diesel to ammonia fuel

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/study-finds-health-risks-in-switching-ships-from-diesel-to-ammonia-fuel/

Study finds health risks in switching ships from diesel to ammonia fuel

As container ships the size of city blocks cross the oceans to deliver cargo, their huge diesel engines emit large quantities of air pollutants that drive climate change and have human health impacts. It has been estimated that maritime shipping accounts for almost 3 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions and the industry’s negative impacts on air quality cause about 100,000 premature deaths each year.

Decarbonizing shipping to reduce these detrimental effects is a goal of the International Maritime Organization, a U.N. agency that regulates maritime transport. One potential solution is switching the global fleet from fossil fuels to sustainable fuels such as ammonia, which could be nearly carbon-free when considering its production and use.

But in a new study, an interdisciplinary team of researchers from MIT and elsewhere caution that burning ammonia for maritime fuel could worsen air quality further and lead to devastating public health impacts, unless it is adopted alongside strengthened emissions regulations.

Ammonia combustion generates nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas that is about 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. It also emits nitrogen in the form of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, referred to as NOx), and unburnt ammonia may slip out, which eventually forms fine particulate matter in the atmosphere. These tiny particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs, causing health problems like heart attacks, strokes, and asthma.

The new study indicates that, under current legislation, switching the global fleet to ammonia fuel could cause up to about 600,000 additional premature deaths each year. However, with stronger regulations and cleaner engine technology, the switch could lead to about 66,000 fewer premature deaths than currently caused by maritime shipping emissions, with far less impact on global warming.

“Not all climate solutions are created equal. There is almost always some price to pay. We have to take a more holistic approach and consider all the costs and benefits of different climate solutions, rather than just their potential to decarbonize,” says Anthony Wong, a postdoc in the MIT Center for Global Change Science and lead author of the study.

His co-authors include Noelle Selin, an MIT professor in the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society and the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS); Sebastian Eastham, a former principal research scientist who is now a senior lecturer at Imperial College London; Christine Mounaïm-Rouselle, a professor at the University of Orléans in France; Yiqi Zhang, a researcher at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; and Florian Allroggen, a research scientist in the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. The research appears this week in Environmental Research Letters.

Greener, cleaner ammonia

Traditionally, ammonia is made by stripping hydrogen from natural gas and then combining it with nitrogen at extremely high temperatures. This process is often associated with a large carbon footprint. The maritime shipping industry is betting on the development of “green ammonia,” which is produced by using renewable energy to make hydrogen via electrolysis and to generate heat.

“In theory, if you are burning green ammonia in a ship engine, the carbon emissions are almost zero,” Wong says.

But even the greenest ammonia generates nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen oxides (NOx) when combusted, and some of the ammonia may slip out, unburnt. This nitrous oxide would escape into the atmosphere, where the greenhouse gas would remain for more than 100 years. At the same time, the nitrogen emitted as NOx and ammonia would fall to Earth, damaging fragile ecosystems. As these emissions are digested by bacteria, additional N2O  is produced.

NOx and ammonia also mix with gases in the air to form fine particulate matter. A primary contributor to air pollution, fine particulate matter kills an estimated 4 million people each year.

“Saying that ammonia is a ‘clean’ fuel is a bit of an overstretch. Just because it is carbon-free doesn’t necessarily mean it is clean and good for public health,” Wong says.

A multifaceted model

The researchers wanted to paint the whole picture, capturing the environmental and public health impacts of switching the global fleet to ammonia fuel. To do so, they designed scenarios to measure how pollutant impacts change under certain technology and policy assumptions.

From a technological point of view, they considered two ship engines. The first burns pure ammonia, which generates higher levels of unburnt ammonia but emits fewer nitrogen oxides. The second engine technology involves mixing ammonia with hydrogen to improve combustion and optimize the performance of a catalytic converter, which controls both nitrogen oxides and unburnt ammonia pollution.

They also considered three policy scenarios: current regulations, which only limit NOx emissions in some parts of the world; a scenario that adds ammonia emission limits over North America and Western Europe; and a scenario that adds global limits on ammonia and NOx emissions.

The researchers used a ship track model to calculate how pollutant emissions change under each scenario and then fed the results into an air quality model. The air quality model calculates the impact of ship emissions on particulate matter and ozone pollution. Finally, they estimated the effects on global public health.

One of the biggest challenges came from a lack of real-world data, since no ammonia-powered ships are yet sailing the seas. Instead, the researchers relied on experimental ammonia combustion data from collaborators to build their model.

“We had to come up with some clever ways to make that data useful and informative to both the technology and regulatory situations,” he says.

A range of outcomes

In the end, they found that with no new regulations and ship engines that burn pure ammonia, switching the entire fleet would cause 681,000 additional premature deaths each year.

“While a scenario with no new regulations is not very realistic, it serves as a good warning of how dangerous ammonia emissions could be. And unlike NOx, ammonia emissions from shipping are currently unregulated,” Wong says.

However, even without new regulations, using cleaner engine technology would cut the number of premature deaths down to about 80,000, which is about 20,000 fewer than are currently attributed to maritime shipping emissions. With stronger global regulations and cleaner engine technology, the number of people killed by air pollution from shipping could be reduced by about 66,000.

“The results of this study show the importance of developing policies alongside new technologies,” Selin says. “There is a potential for ammonia in shipping to be beneficial for both climate and air quality, but that requires that regulations be designed to address the entire range of potential impacts, including both climate and air quality.”

Ammonia’s air quality impacts would not be felt uniformly across the globe, and addressing them fully would require coordinated strategies across very different contexts. Most premature deaths would occur in East Asia, since air quality regulations are less stringent in this region. Higher levels of existing air pollution cause the formation of more particulate matter from ammonia emissions. In addition, shipping volume over East Asia is far greater than elsewhere on Earth, compounding these negative effects.

In the future, the researchers want to continue refining their analysis. They hope to use these findings as a starting point to urge the marine industry to share engine data they can use to better evaluate air quality and climate impacts. They also hope to inform policymakers about the importance and urgency of updating shipping emission regulations.

This research was funded by the MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium.