#Hydrogen Production Size

[omshinde5145]

The Hydrogen Production Market: Driving the Future of Clean Energy

The Global Hydrogen Production Market was valued at USD 160.1 billion in 2023-e and will surpass USD 268.4 billion by 2030; growing at a CAGR of 10.5% during 2024 - 2030. This growth is fueled by increasing investments in renewable energy, government initiatives, and advancements in hydrogen production technologies. In the process, all the high-growth and upcoming technologies were identified and analyzed to measure their impact on the current and future market.

The report also identifies the key stakeholders, their business gaps, and their purchasing behavior. This information is essential for developing effective marketing strategies and creating products or services that meet the needs of the target market.

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Key Technologies in Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen can be produced through various methods, each with its advantages and challenges. The primary technologies include:

Steam Methane Reforming (SMR): The most common method for hydrogen production, SMR involves reacting methane with steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. While cost-effective, this process is carbon-intensive, necessitating carbon capture and storage (CCS) to mitigate its environmental impact.

Electrolysis: This method uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. When powered by renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, or hydropower, electrolysis can produce "green hydrogen," which is entirely free of carbon emissions.

Coal Gasification: Coal is converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide through gasification. This method is typically used in regions with abundant coal resources but faces criticism for its environmental impact.

Biomass Gasification: Biomass is converted into hydrogen through a thermochemical process. This method offers a renewable source of hydrogen but requires sustainable biomass supply chains.

Thermochemical Water Splitting: This involves using high temperatures generated by solar or nuclear energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. While still in the experimental stage, this technology holds promise for future large-scale hydrogen production.

Major Players in the Hydrogen Production Market

Several companies and organizations are leading the charge in hydrogen production. Some of the key players include:

Air Liquide: A global leader in gases, technologies, and services for industry and health, Air Liquide is heavily invested in hydrogen production and infrastructure.

Linde plc: Linde is one of the world's largest industrial gas companies and a major player in hydrogen production, focusing on both SMR and electrolysis technologies.

Plug Power: Specializing in hydrogen fuel cell systems, Plug Power is also expanding its hydrogen production capabilities, particularly in green hydrogen.

Shell: An energy giant, Shell is investing significantly in hydrogen production and distribution, aiming to become a leader in the hydrogen economy.

NEL Hydrogen: A Norwegian company specializing in hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, NEL Hydrogen is known for its advanced electrolysis technology.

Government Initiatives and Policies

Governments worldwide are implementing policies and initiatives to support the growth of the hydrogen economy. For example:

European Union (EU): The EU's Hydrogen Strategy aims to install at least 40 GW of renewable hydrogen electrolysers by 2030 and produce up to 10 million tonnes of renewable hydrogen.

United States: The U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Program focuses on research, development, and demonstration projects to reduce the cost of hydrogen production and deployment.

Japan: Japan's Basic Hydrogen Strategy aims to establish a "hydrogen society" by 2050, with significant investments in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization.

China: China is rapidly expanding its hydrogen production capacity, with ambitious plans to integrate hydrogen into its energy system and transportation sector.

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Future Prospects

The future of the hydrogen production market looks promising, with several trends likely to shape its growth:

Cost Reduction: Advances in technology and economies of scale are expected to reduce the cost of hydrogen production, making it more competitive with fossil fuels.

Infrastructure Development: The development of hydrogen infrastructure, including refueling stations and pipelines, will be critical for the widespread adoption of hydrogen energy.

Integration with Renewable Energy: Integrating hydrogen production with renewable energy sources will be crucial for producing green hydrogen and achieving climate goals.

Expansion of Applications: Hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in various sectors, including transportation, power generation, and industrial processes, driving demand and market growth.

Conclusion

The hydrogen production market is at the forefront of the global transition to a sustainable energy future. With technological advancements, supportive policies, and increasing investments, hydrogen is poised to become a key component of the global energy mix. As the world continues to seek solutions to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change, hydrogen offers a versatile and promising pathway towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy system.

[globalgrowthinsights]

(USA & Europe) Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market Latest Research Study, Size, Forecast to 2032

""Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market""provides in-depth analysis on the market status of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market, including best facts and figures, overview, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions, and the most recent developments worldwide. The report also computes market size, Price, Revenue, Cost Structure, Gross Margin, Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market Sales, and Market Share, Forecast and Growth Rate. The report helps to determine the revenue generated by the sale of this report and technologies across various application segments.

It is projected that between 2024 and 2032, The Global Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market would grow at a significant rate. In 2023, the market is likely to grow rapidly and over the estimated horizon due to the growing adoption of strategies by major players. This research provides a detailed analysis of the market size, characteristics, and growth of the Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market industry from 2024 to 2032. It is segmented based on the product type, downstream application, and consumption area of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market. Along with introducing industry participants from a value chain viewpoint, the research also examines the top businesses.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market in these regions till the forecast period

North America

Middle East and Africa

Asia-Pacific

South America

Europe

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Key Attentions of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market.

The market statistics represented in different Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market segments offers complete industry picture.

Market growth drivers, challenges affecting the development of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market are analyzed in detail.

The report will help in the analysis of major competitive market scenario, market dynamics of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market.

Major stakeholders, key companies Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market, investment feasibility and new market entrants study is offered.

Development scope of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market in each market segment is covered in this report. The macro and micro-economic factors affecting the Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market

Advancement is elaborated in this report. The upstream and downstream components of Hydrogen Production Equipment by Electrolysis of Water Market and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

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[dsiddhant]

Chicago, Aug. 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global Electrolyzers Market is expected to grow from an estimated USD 1.2 billion in 2023 to USD 23.6 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 80.3% according to a new report by MarketsandMarkets™.

[todropscience]

DEEP SEA PRODUCE ITS OWN "DARK OXYGEN"

Small metallic nodules, like potato-size strewn across the deep sea ocean seafloor produce oxygen in complete darkness and without any help from living organisms, a new research reveals.

Called polymetallic nodules, are found in the deep sea and produce oxygen through seawater electrolysis, where seawater splits into oxygen and hydrogen in the presence of an electric charge. This charge may come from the difference in electric potential that exists between metal ions within the nodules, which leads to a redistribution of electrons. This is called by scientists as dark oxygen, as is produced without sunlight, as photosintesys does.

-Polymetallic nodules coat fields of the ocean floor Photo: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research

These nodules polymetallic nodules are common between 3,000 to 6,000 m below the ocean surface. These nodules mostly contain oxides of iron and manganese , but also metals like cobalt, nickel and lithium, as well as rare earth elements such as cerium that are essential components of electronics and low-carbon technologies. This also raise new concerns about potentially mining polymetallic nodules, which could represent a vital source of oxygen for deep-sea ecosystems.

Main photo by Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Reference (Open Access): Sweetman et al., 2024. Evidence of dark oxygen production at the abyssal seafloor. Nat. Geosci.

[fantasy-anatomy-analyst]

I hope I'm not asking too many questions... but I really love the skywhale trope and wanted to hear your thoughts on them?

i think we need more variety of whales in the sky! seems like more people go for a blue whale or humpback whale design on their sky whales, which is fine because they are very iconic whales and i love the way they look. but how about some beaked or toothed whales? flying orcas? a bowhead? i think a sky whale that looked like a bowhead whale would be just wonderful, look at this thing.

(image description: first is an underwater photo of a bowhead whale's face. the top of its mouth is very narrow while the bottom of it is enormous, like a pelican. there is a white patch at the front of its lower jaw with black spots in a line across it. the second image is a detailed illustration of the whale's whole body, comparing it to the size of an elephant and showing the shape of its fins and tail. the elephant is roughly the size of the whale's lower jaw. end description.)

i love this thing. look at that face. the humpback whale may have longer and prettier fins for that sky whale aesthetic, but the bowhead's face shape is delightful. more diversity in sky whale designs!

but of course, the more interesting thought is how exactly to make such an enormous vertebrate work as a flying animal. where is it going? what does it eat? what happens when it dies?

it would be more realistic for sky whales to be smaller, but when people think of sky whales, they want the huge size! it's a fantasy, we want the epic huge flying creatures with their strange singing calls swimming through the clouds. so i'm not going to talk about the more logical small flying whales that go around in flocks to hunt birds (though the idea of smaller flying dolphins is also delightful!) I'm going to just talk about big slow baleen sky whales, the most iconic and desired of all sky whales.

step one: how the heck are these things in the air. it's easier to explain how a dragon can fly, they have big powerful wings. how do whales fly? I think the clearest answer is that they have some form of massive internal air sac full of lifting gas. real life oceanic whales are full of blubber, but maybe sky whales don't have as much blubber and get a lot of their size from their big air sacs instead.

lifting gas is just an umbrella term for any gases that are lighter than the standard atmospheric air. this includes heated atmospheric air, hydrogen, helium, coal gas, ammonia, and methane. (according to wikipedia) and with that list I think we've found our answer. whales are actually even-toed ungulates like cows. they could easily produce a lot of methane with the right diet. they'd just keep it in their air sacs instead of releasing it as a waste material! and for the best production of methane, these sky whales should have multi-chambered stomachs.

This does mean they're probably going to eat a lot of plant matter! so imagine them swooping low to take huge mouthfuls of tree tops! terrifying! maybe their baleen is structured to scrape the leaves off the branches. Maybe they swoop down to kelp forests in the ocean and take huge mouthfuls of that as well. any critters they happen to consume in the process are just bonus snacks full of protein. they likely also consume large flocks of small birds on the go, and probably clouds of flying insects too! locust swarms, for example. watch out for the low flying whales! I think they'd be slow like blimps and mostly use their tails and fins to steer and swoop down for food. they probably also rub themselves on tree branches or mountain sides to scratch their itches. I bet they'd have a symbiosis with many bird species that pick off their parasites.

like cow manure, sky whale dung could be a great source of fertilizer. best to avoid the usual paths of migrating sky whales so you don't end up dead by having giant poop clumps fall on you, but once it's hit the ground, that's free whale manure for every farmer in the area. the lands along the paths of migrating sky whales are probably very fertile, which also serves the whales, since they'll be eating the leafy tree tops! and when a whale dies, falling to the ground, the resulting small earthquake would certainly be startling, and both the impact and the rot process would cause a lot of damage to the surrounding land.

things are not immediately fertilized when a corpse rots. it takes a while! the rot causes more harm at first and then starts to nourish the ground later.

and dead bodies tend to bloat with gases and i have already established that these whales are full of methane. a lot of it would be released at death anyway, and i don't think the whale would drop immediately. or perhaps they fly lower in their old age and just crash land and die slowly. either way, these things are huge and full of methane and then they bloat. which means they might also explode spontaneously as part of the decay process. the air for miles around is going to be so nasty. but i think if you live in sky whale territory, you're just going to have to get used to the stink, because the manure that falls on a more regular basis is also going to be so so stinky.

like real world whale falls, sky whale falls will attract absolutely every carnivorous creature in the area. anything that eats meat will follow that awful stench right to the source and start gnawing away at the thick skin. people will have the easiest time, since they have tools for this beyond just their teeth and claws. the faster the whale is cut open, the less likely there will be an explosive bloat stage, so I'm sure the culture of the region would have some superstitions about leaving a dead whale lying too long. if you don't go harvest that bounty, it will explode and you never know where those chunks will land.

and then when there's only bones, people use em for building all sorts of things! the societies that exist in the paths of sky whales would be very cool to see.

that turned into a ramble and I haven't even designed a sky whale lol. lemme doodle one real quick.

(image description: a sketch of a sky whale, which resembles the aforementioned bow whale, swooping down to munch on trees in a forest. end description.)

[thepastisalreadywritten]

The Year’s Most Spectacular Photos from the James Webb Telescope

By Jeffrey Kluger

December 22, 2023

Close to 1,500 light years from Earth lie a pair of baby stellar twins known as Herbig-Haro 46/47 — which are barely a few thousand years old.

A star the size of our sun, by contrast, takes an average of 50 million years to reach even the stellar equivalent of young adulthood It's Herbig-Haro 46/47's extreme youth that gives the formation more of a blob-like appearance than the stellar duo it is.

Young stars are buried in clouds of dust and gas, which they absorb as they grow. Sometimes, however the infant stars ingest too much material too fast.

When that happens, dust and gas erupts from both sides of the formation, giving the young pair their misshapen look.

But if you have patience — 50 million years worth of patience — what is a blob today will be stars tomorrow.

NASA, ESA, CSA. Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

A pair of brilliant stellar nurseries located 1,600 light years from Earth, the Orion Nebula and Trapezium Cluster are home to a relative handful of very young but very bright stars.

Four of the stars are easy to see with a simple, amateur, four-inch telescope.

One of the four — the beast of the young litter — is especially visible, a full 20,000 times brighter than our sun.

Apart from their four main stars, the Orion Nebula and Trapezium cluster contain approximately 700 additional young stars at various stages of gestation.

NASA, ESA, CSA/Science leads and image processing: M. McCaughrean, S. Pearson, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

(L): It’s not easy being a Wolf-Rayet star, like this specimen imaged by the Webb telescope at a distance of 15,000 light years.

A rare species of stellar beast — NASA estimates there are only 220 of them in a Milky Way galaxy with at least 100 billion stars — the Wolf-Rayet burns hot and burns fast, with temperatures 20 to 40 times the surface of the sun.

All of that rapidly expended energy causes the star to lose its hydrogen envelope quickly and expose its helium core.

The result: a very early and very violent death.

A star like our sun burns for about 10 billion years. As for a Wolf-Rayet? Just a few hundred thousand before it dissolves into cosmic dust.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Webb ERO Production Team

(R): If the Wolf-Rayet star dies an ugly and violent death, the celebrated Ring Nebula, photographed by the Webb at a distance of 2,000 light years from Earth, has been expiring beautifully.

The glowing remains of a sun-like star, the nebula was discovered in 1779 by the French astronomer Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix.

As the nebula throws off its outer layers of ionized gas, it reveals its characteristic blue interior, composed of hydrogen and oxygen that have not yet been expelled off by the nebula’s stellar wind.

ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, M. Barlow (University College London), N. Cox (ACRI-ST), R. Wesson (Cardiff University)

Dwarf galaxy NGC 6822 lives up to to its name — home to just 10 million stars, compared to the minimum of 100 billion in the Milky Way.

But what NGC 6822 lacks in numbers, it makes up in spectacle — which the keen eye of the Webb telescope has revealed.

Discovered in 1884 by American astronomer E.E Barnard, NGC 6822, is now known to have a prodigious dust tail measuring 200 light years across..

What's more, it's home to a dense flock of stars that glow 100,000 times brighter than our sun.

ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, M. Meixnev

Spiral galaxies are often defined by uneven — and even ragged — arms.

But not galaxy M51, which lies 27 million light years from Earth and is defined by the tautness of its arms and the compactness of its structure.

M51 isn't alone in space. Nearby lies the companion galaxy NGC 5195.

The two galaxies are engaged in something of a gravitational tug of war — one that the NGC 5195 is winning.

NGC's constant gravitational pull is thought to account for both the tightly woven structure of M51's arms and for tidal forces that are thought lead to the creation of new stars in the arms.

ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Adamo (Stockholm University) and the FEAST JWST team

Just below Orion’s belt lies one of the most celebrated objects in the night sky: the Orion Nebula, a stellar nursery that is home to about 700 young stars.

This Webb image focuses not on the entirety of the nebula but on a structure in the lower left-hand quadrant known as the Orion Bar.

So named because of its diagonal, ridge-like appearance, the bar is shaped by the powerful radiation of the hot, young stars surrounding it.

ESA/Webb, NASA, CSA, M. Zamani (ESA/Webb), and the PDRs4All ERS Team

A baby by stellar standards, the IC 348 Star cluster is just five million years old and located about 1,000 light years from Earth.

Composed of an estimated 700 stars, IC 348 has a structure similar to wispy curtains, created by dust that reflects the light of the stars.

The conspicuous loop in the right hand side of the image is likely created by the gusting of solar winds blowing in the direction that, from Earth, would be west to east.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Kevin Luhman (PSU), Catarina Alves de Oliveira (ESA)

When it comes to galaxies, there's big and then there's huge and by any measure, Pandora's Cluster — more formally, known as Abell 2744 — qualifies as the latter.

Not just a galaxy, and not even a cluster of galaxies, Abell 2744 is a cluster of four clusters, which long ago collided with one another.

Located 3.5 billion light years from Earth, Pandora's Cluster measures a staggering 350 million years across.

The cluster's massive collective gravity allows astronomers to use it as a gravitational lens, bending and magnifying the light of foreground objects, making them easier to study.

NASA, ESA, CSA, I. Labbe (Swinburne University of Technology) and R. Bezanson (University of Pittsburgh). Image processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)

Webb was built principally to look at the oldest and most distant objects in the universe, some of 13.4 billion light years away.

But doesn't prevent the telescope from peering into its own back yard.

This image of Saturn and some of its 146 moons, rivals the images obtained by the Pioneer and Voyager probes.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Matt Tiscareno (SETI Institute), Matt Hedman (University of Idaho), Maryame El Moutamid (Cornell University), Mark Showalter (SETI Institute), Leigh Fletcher (University of Leicester), Heidi Hammel (AURA). Image processing: J. DePasquale (STScI)

Infant stars are born all over the universe, but the closest stellar birthing suite to Earth is the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, located just 460 light years distant.

A turbulent — even violent — place, Rho Ophiuchi is defined by jets of gas roaring from young stars.

Most of the stars in this comparatively modest nursery are more or less the size of the sun.

But one, known as S1, is far bigger — so much so that it is self-immolating, carving a great cavity around itself with its stellar wind, the storm of charged particle's all stars emit, though few with the gale-force power of S1.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Klaus Pontoppidan (STScI)

[chef-mordo]

Hyper-Species Database Entry #002 | Radon kashiwagii (“Rodan”)

Species: Radon kashiwagii (Rodan)

Subtitle: The Fire Demon

First Modern Sighting: December 26, 1956

Temporal Range: 156-0 Ma

Height: 111.43 Metres

Wingspan: 361.52 Metres

Weight: 42,634.601 Tonnes

Category: 5

The fastest of Earth’s native species, Rodan are a massive species of highly derived hyper-faunal pterosaur, a true relic from Earth’s ancient past. It is believed that the Rodan species diverged from rhamphorhynchid pterosaurs sometime in the mid-Jurassic when ancestors of the species had somehow acquired G-Cells. It is thought that its ancestors nested within volcanoes and gradually developed a bio-volcanic nature by absorbing bursts of radiation occasionally emitted through underground caves and tunnels within these volcanoes through their lower wings and storing it in their middle crest. The radiosynthesis done by Rodan is very similar to that of the Gojira species, though the process is far less efficient. As such, the species has to also rely on gaining nutrients from hunting other large fauna and it is believed that many individuals currently lie dormant in areas with high-levels of radiation to recharge. Due to the bio-volcanic nature of Rodan, their inner organs can reach temperatures of nearly 1 '300 degrees Celsius. Though their body insulates most of this heat, it is additionally vented through their lower wings to prevent internal combustion, causing a trail of potential airborne ash and magma to be released during flight. The presence of a hydrogen sac connected to the lungs of Rodan also brings into question why such a similar organ with a similar purpose to the one within the Godzilla species exists. Thought it may simply be a product of convergent evolution, the implications of it are much less straightfoward.

Rodan exhibits corvid-like levels of intelligence and can replicate many sounds. The species has been documented mimicking the sounds of whales, fog horns, earthquakes, storms, and even other kaiju. It’s additionally been discovered that Rodan are capable of interspecies communication through variety of vocalisations and gestures. Despite the low number of documented Rodan; likely due to the general size of the species, the kaiju are believed to be a very social species. It would seem that the species mates for life as the first two recorded Rodan in modern history seemed to be a mated couple; even prior to emerging from dormancy. The fact that the original male rodan often spent time roosting near Godzilla Junior and spots he would often frequent after the death of his mate seems to reinforce the idea of Rodan being a social species, even among other species.

Rodan seem to have much less durable bodies than most other kaiju, likely due to the limitations of being fast fliers. Despite this, they are still impervious to conventional weaponry, though it has been show to irritate the kaiju. One major defensive capability possessed by the Rodan species is the tightly packed sharp pycnofiber quills on their underbelly. Rodan are known to be the fastest of Earth’s native kaiju, with a current max speed of Mach 5.2. When flying at high speeds close to the ground, the species has been known to cause “cyclonic drift streams”, shockwaves capable of leveling entire cities. And though the kaiju prefer to often avoid conflicts when alone or against much stronger opponents, they also have many specialized offensive abilities, including:

Supersonic Divebomb: The intelligence of the Rodan species cannot be understated as they seem to be aware of the destruction caused by their cyclonic wind drafts. In fact, they seem to utililize this capability in combat; soaring thousands of feet into the air and diving down at top speed before pulling up at the last second, sending shockwaves equivalent to those produced by a small nuclear weapon. 

Volcanic Lightning Ray: The maximum output of Rodan’s offensive capabilities, the kaiju expel radiation stored in their center crest into their mouths, inflating their gular pouch. In addition, they begin to create distortions in the air, manipulating the electric charge of surrounding atoms causing the area around their beak and horns to become charged with powerful static electricity. Finally, the kaiju release the contents of their hydrogen sac into their mouth as they open their beak, the reaction with the radiation causing scorching “heat beams” somewhat akin to Godzilla's atomic breath. These heat beams disrupt the static electricity causing an effect similar to volcanic lightning to follow the ray, creating a devestatic explosive and electrically charged blast upon impact.

[play-now-my-lord]

hydrogen cars are a fascinating case of industrial conservatism reaching a sort of Irish elk point where "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" is actually capable of breaking things all on its own. They can be adapted from existing ICE parts with minimal trouble... in theory. They can comply with tightening emissions requirements, especially CO2... in theory. They can provide for a post-oil future... in theory.

In practice, electrolyzed hydrogen is inherently absurdly energy-inefficient and nothing but oil production has hydrogen as a large-scale unused byproduct; fuel density is stupefyingly low on account of hydrogen being the least dense substance in nature at STP so you better make peace with a fuel tank half the size of a car; and without some kind of additive that completely fucks any chances of passing emissions standards, raw H2 will eat through any tanks, pipes, and ultimately engines you stick it in over the course of a few years. (It's so non-dense, and the molecules themselves so small, that it habitually slips through molecular-scale gaps in solid matter one molecule at a time, getting stuck, widening holes, generally raising hell; embrittling parts exposed to H2 gas worse and worse until they fail.)

Toyota in particular is absolutely in love with the idea, not least because they've sunk a shitload of money into making good hybrids, the industrial design expertise and tooling from that don't transfer readily into electrics, and they're pretty sure if they politely ignore global warming it'll go away

[shaythempronouns]

The Helix Nebula / Eye of God

A planetary nebula in Aquarius

I got another 2 hours of exposure time on the Helix Nebula in the Aquarius constellation and integrated it with my data from last year (about another 2h) to produce this shot. This is a narrowband image made from captured hydrogen and oxygen emissions.

The Helix Nebula is an absolutely gorgeous target specifically because of its rarity. Most planetary nebulae (the products of stars collapsing into white dwarfs) are extremely small because they're far away. The Helix isn't any bigger than them, but it's incredibly close to us, at just under 700 Ly from Earth, which makes it appear 20 times the linear size of other planetary nebulae (e.g. the Crab Nebula or the Ring Nebula).

Musings on the acquisition process after the cut.

This is easily the hardest target I've ever shot. From the USA, it barely rises above 20 degrees, giving a pretty short window to shoot it each night and more atmosphere to shoot through, magnifying the effects of poor seeing. Aquarius has a relatively low density of bright stars, which makes guiding frustrating at poor focal ratios (which are unavoidable at high focal lengths on any kind of budget). And, of course, the Helix is fairly dim and diffuse, requiring lots of exposure time to capture good enough signal for an image. All that together meant that the two hours of data I captured for this shot took five clear nights to pull together. An absolute mess.

I achieved the gold effect at the borders with some slight hue shifting - that area isn't quite synthetic, but is instead the place where the oxygen emissions at the core overlap with the hydrogen emissions of the edges. By slightly bumping the green channel and then stretching the hue to push green toward its adjacent colors (yellow and blue), you get a golden color from the edge of the hydrogen.

[akechisv]

tell me everything yk about the moon I wanna see how long you can yap for

((ooc: i LOVE you sm.)

I know many facts about the moon! It’s one of my favorite things to learn about. My first fact would have to be about supermoons! A “supermoon” occurs when a full moon coincides with the Moon’s closest approach to Earth in its elliptical orbit, a point known as perigee. During every 27-day orbit around Earth, the Moon reaches both its perigee, about 226,000 miles (363,300 km) from Earth, and its farthest point, or apogee, about 251,000 miles (405,500 km) from Earth. Because the Moon’s orbit wobbles and differs depending on where the Sun and Earth are in their orbits, the exact distance of these closest and furthest points varies, and some supermoons are closer or farther than others. “Supermoon" isn’t an official astronomical term, but typically it’s used to describe a full Moon that comes within at least 90 percent of perigee. Super-moons only happen three to four times a year, and always appear consecutively. Throughout most of Earth's orbit around the sun, perigee and the full moon do not overlap. At its closest point, the full moon can appear up to 14 percent bigger and 30 percent brighter than the faintest Moon of the year, which occurs when it’s farthest from Earth in its orbit. Even though 14 percent doesn’t make a big difference in detectable size, a full supermoon is a bit brighter than other moons throughout the year. It might be hard to detect a supermoon visually, but it does have an effect on Earth. Because the Moon is in its closest approach to Earth, it can cause higher tides than usual, which actually increases the risk of natural disasters! Another fact is about Lunar Water, Lunar water is water that is present on the Moon. The search for the presence of lunar water has attracted considerable attention and motivated several lunar missions, largely because of water's usefulness in making long-term lunar habitation feasible. The Moon is believed to be generally anhydrous after analysis of Apollo mission soil samples. It is understood that any water vapor on the surface would generally be decomposed by sun light, leaving hydrogen and oxygen lost to outer space. However, subsequent robotic probes found evidence of water, especially of water ice in some permanently-shadowed craters on the Moon; and in 2018 water ice was confirmed in multiple locations. This water ice is not in the form of sheets of ice on the surface nor just under the surface, but there may be small (less than about 10 centimetres (3.9 in)) chunks of ice mixed into the regolith, and some water is chemically bonded with minerals. Other experiments have detected water molecules in the negligible lunar atmosphere and even some in low concentrations at the Moon's sunlit surface. On the Moon, water (H2O) and hydroxyl group (-OH) are not present as free water but are chemically bonded within minerals as hydrates and hydroxides, existing in low concentrations across the lunar surface. Adsorbed water is estimated to be traceable at levels of 10 to 1000 ppm. The presence of water may be attributed to two primary sources: delivery over geological timescales via impacts and in situ production through interactions of solar wind hydrogen ions with oxygen-bearing minerals. Confirmed hydroxyl-bearing materials include glasses, apatite [Ca5(PO4)3(F, Cl, OH)], and novograblenovite [(NH4)MgCl3·6H2O]. I could talk about the moon for way longer, but im sure you don’t have the time to read all of that. Have a great christmas! More information on these topics Here and Here!

[buzzdixonwriter]

Duty Now For The Future [AI edition]

First the eyes gave it away, then they figured out how to make them the same size and facing the same direction.

Fingers and limbs proved to be next the next tells, but now limbs usually look anatomically correct and fingers --  while problematic -- are getting better.

Rooms and vehicles and anything that needs to interact with human beings typically show some detail that's wrong, revealing the image as AI generated.

But again, mistakes are fewer and fewer, smaller and smaller, and more and more pushed to the periphery of the image, thus avoiding glaring error.

Letters and numbers -- especially when called to spell out a word -- provide an easy tell, typically rendered as arcane symbols or complete gibberish, but now AI can spell out short words correctly on images and it's only a matter of time before that merges with generative text AI to provide seamless readable signs and paragraphs.

All this in just a few years.  We can practically see AI evolving right before our eyes.

Numerous problems still must be dealt with, but based on the progress already displayed, we are in the ballpark. All of this is a preamble to a look at where AI is heading and what we'll find when we get there. I haven't even touched on AI generated music or text yet, but I will include them going forward.

. . .

The single biggest challenge facing image generating AI is that it still doesn't grasp the concept of on model.

For those not familiar with this animation term, it refers to the old hand drawn model sheets showing cartoon characters in a variety of poses and expressions.  Animators relied on model sheets to keep their characters consistent from cartoon to cartoon, scene to scene, even frame to frame in the animation.  Violate that reference -- go “off model” as it were -- and the effect could look quite jarring.*

AI still struggles to show the same thing the same way twice.  Currently it can come close, but as the saying goes, “Close don't count except in horseshoes, hand grenades, and hydrogen warfare.”

There are some workarounds to this problem, some clever (i.e., isolate the approved character and copy then paste them into other scenes), some requiring brute force (i.e., make thousands of images based on the same prompt then select the ones that look closest to one another).  

When done carefully enough, AI can produce short narrative videos narrative in the sense they can use narration to appear to be thematically linked.

Usually, however, they're just an endless flow of images that we, the human audience, link together in our mind.  This gives the final product, at least from a human POV, a surreal, dreamlike quality.

In and of themselves, these can be interesting, but they convey no meaning or intent; rather, it's the meaning we the audience subscribed to them.

Years ago when I had my first job in show biz (lot attendant at a drive-in theater), a farmer with property adjoining us raised peacocks as a hobby.  The first few times I heard them was an unnerving experience:  They sounded like a woman screaming help me.

But once I learned the sounds came from peacocks, I stopped hearing cries for help and only heard birds calling out in a way that sounded similar to a woman in distress.

Currently AI does that with video.  This will change with blinding speed once AI learns to stay on model.  The dreamlike / nightmarish / hallucinogenic visions we see now will be replaced with video that shows the same characters shot to shot, making it possible to actually tell stories.

How to achieve this?

Well, we already use standard digital modeling for animated films and video games.  Contemporary video games show characters not only looking consistent but moving in a realistic manner.  Tell the AI to draw only those digital models, and it can generate uniformity.  Already in video game design a market exists for plug-in models of humans, animals, mythical beasts, robots, vehicles, spacecraft, buildings, and assorted props. There are further programs to provide skins and textures to these, plus programs to create a wide variety of visual effects and renderings.

Add to this literally thousands of preexistent model sheets and there's no reason AI can't be tweaked to render the same character or setting again and again.

As mentioned, current AI images and video show a dreamlike quality.  Much as our minds attempt to weave a myriad of self-generated stimulations into some coherent narrative form when we sleep, resulting in dreams, current AI shows some rather haunting visual images when it hits on something that shares symbolic significance in many minds.

This is why the most effective AI videos touch on the strange and uncanny in some form.  Morphing faces and blurring limbs appear far more acceptable in video fantastique than attempts to recreate reality.  Like a Rorschach blot, the meaning is supplied by the viewer, not the creator.  

This, of course, lends to the philosophical rabbit hole re quantum mechanics and whether objects really exist independent of an observer, but that's an even deeper dive for a different day.

 © Buzz Dixon

 *  (There are times animators deliberately go off model for a given effect, of course, but most of the time they strive for visual continuity.)

[angelacademy]

Clear skin is more than just skincare: Gut Health

(A science based read)

What you eat is shown through your skin and on body. If your constantly shoving junk down your throat, junk is what will be shown on you. Essentially what you eat is what you are.

Eat bad -> bad skin

Eat good -> good skin

If your constantly breaking out and you feel icky. You need to figure out what is up with your gut health.

Research suggests many skin disorders are linked to an altered or unbalanced gut microbiome.

“When the relationship between gut microbiome and the immune system is impaired, subsequent effects can be triggered on the skin, potentially promoting the development of skin diseases.”

“13 Several dermatologic conditions, such as acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea are linked with intestinal dysbiosis. 223 Many studies have associated gastrointestinal health with skin homeostasis and allostasis, and there is evidence of a bidirectional interaction between the gut and the skin.”

Diet, drugs and other consumed substances affect skin through gut microbiome:

“Several studies have related the diversity and pathogenicity of the gut microbiome to skin disorders, which can be significantly altered by long-term dietary patterns. 43,105–107 Diet can affect the skin condition both positively and negatively through alteration of the gut microbiome, indicating that there is a relationship between the skin and the gut. 16 Not only diet, but also many synthetic and natural products consumed by humans as drugs can provide direct and indirect evidence on the connection between gut microbiome and skin.”

High and low fat diet:

“In the gut, a diet high in industrial trans-fatty acids increases the number of harmful microbes (such as Desulfovibrionaceae and Proteobacteria) while suppressing populations of advantageous microorganisms (e.g. members of Bacteroidetes, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroidales). 121 Refined and hydrogenated oils (e.g., soybean, sunflower, safflower, canola, corn, and vegetable oils) can cause inflammation in the gut, which then manifests on the skin.”

Industrially produced trans fat can be found in margarine, vegetable shortening, Vanaspati ghee, fried foods, and baked goods such as crackers, biscuits and pies. Baked and fried street and restaurant foods often contain industrially produced trans fat.

Prebiotics:

“133,134 Prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, inulin, polydextrose, lactulose, sorbitol, and xylitol are a promising group of compounds that modulate the gut microbiome and can also provide skin benefits.”

“The effect of prebiotics on the skin condition is also obvious. For example, a Lactobacillus extract helps to reduce the size of acne lesions as well as inflammation by reducing skin erythema, improving skin barrier function and lowering the microbial counts on skin.”

types of prebiotics include:

Chicory root

Garlic

Onion

Dandelion greens

Apples

Bananas

Jerusalem artichoke

Asparagus

Probiotics:

“Probiotics can prevent gut colonization by pathogens and support anti-inflammatory responses by producing metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties. The most common probiotic microbes currently in use belong to the genera Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and Streptococcus. 143,144 Several beneficial effects of probiotic consumption have been demonstrated on many dermatological conditions, thus proving the existence of the gut-skin axis.”

Common types of probiotics include:

Lactobacillus: This is a common probiotic found in fermented foods, such as yogurt.

Bifidobacterium: This probiotic is found in some dairy products and helps with the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.

Saccharomyces boulardii: This is a type of yeast found in many probiotics. You can find these probiotics and more in supplements and select foods.

Yogurt

Buttermilk

Cottage cheese

Miso soup

Sauerkraut

Kefir

Kimchi

Tempeh

Protein:

“The proteins from animal-based food sources may have better effects on gut microbiota compared to plant-based food sources due to the higher protein digestibility of animal proteins and the fact that the digestion of plant proteins may be limited by the presence of antinutritional factors found in plants [67]. Animal proteins have more balanced essential amino acids than plant proteins [68,69] and are thus considered higher quality protein.”

“Dairy and meat protein intake at a recommended level increased the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus and maintained a more balanced composition of gut microbiota compared to soy protein, which is beneficial to the host [25,26,28].”

“Your body makes lots of different peptides, each of which has a different role. Scientists can also make synthetic peptides in the lab. Companies have been adding peptides to skin care products for decades.”

High protein foods:

Salmon

Chicken breast

Tuna

Red split lentils

Tofu

Greek yogurt

Fibre:

“Dietary fibre is comprised of plant-based carbohydrates that cannot be metabolised by digestive enzymes encoded in the human genome, such as amylase. Instead, fibre can only be metabolized by certain species of gut microbiota through anaerobic fermentation, with the main product of this reaction being SCFAs.”

“Dietary fibre is a carbohydrate in plant foods, such as whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and legumes, which have been dominant in human diets for millions of years. From the Paleolithic era, when the hunter-gatherers mainly ate fruit and wild grains, to the agricultural era, when crops began to be cultivated, the ancients consumed more than 100 g of various digestible and indigestible dietary fibre from plants per day [1,2].”

Fibre rich foods:

Chia seeds

Lentils

Broccoli

Avacado

Carrots

Red kidney beans

Raspberries

XOXO

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Researchers engineer nanoparticles using ion irradiation to advance clean energy, fuel conversion

MIT researchers and colleagues have demonstrated a way to precisely control the size, composition, and other properties of nanoparticles key to the reactions involved in a variety of clean energy and environmental technologies. They did so by leveraging ion irradiation, a technique in which beams of charged particles bombard a material. They went on to show that nanoparticles created this way have superior performance over their conventionally made counterparts. "The materials we have worked on could advance several technologies, from fuel cells to generate CO2-free electricity to the production of clean hydrogen feedstocks for the chemical industry [through electrolysis cells]," says Bilge Yildiz, leader of the work and a professor in MIT's Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering.

Read more.

[namelessdeceased]

.🧉 D-41 ✧ tue ✧ 13.8.24 ✧ sawc day 13

posting after classes. i feel good today, not as great as ystd but still pretty good. all homework for tmr is done as well, js got a bunch of revision to do. im gna be sleeping less today (hopefully) to fix up my sleep schedule, so don't do like i do today ok

.🕯 academic

science act bk pg 77 + padlet

history admin work

math admin work

english admin work

science admin work

bumrush MM2 T10

.🏺 personal

plan today

plan tmr

shower

fix headphone paddings

try and clean maybe

.☕ sawc goals

sleep: 4h (like i said this is js to get myself ready. dont)

routine: morning

deep focus: 1.5h

body: shower + maybe choreo

read: crime and punishment

.📜 goal productivity: 5, 6h

.🌙 01 30

.☀ 05 30

.♬ ~ lawnmower 〢 lemon demon

.🤎 positivityposting

fun fact: the LHC (large hadron collider) has a canister of hydrogen (about fire extinguisher size i assume) that contains enough protons to fuel the LHC for a billion years.

i own my future. will update ~

╰ theo 🍻

[jimmylovemail]

How to make meth

Making Methamphetamine at home:

List of chemicals and materials:

Diluted HCl - also called Muriatic acid - can be obtained from hardware stores, in the pool section

NaOH - also called lye

Ethyl Ether - aka Diethyl Ether - Et-0-Et - can be obtained from engine starting fluid, usually from a large supermarket. Look for one that says "high ethyl ether content", such as Prestone

Ephedrine The cottons in todays vicks nasle inhalers dont contain efed or pfed (ephedrin or psuedoephedrin) but there are still lots of easy ways to get good ephed or pfed, pure ephedrin can be extracted out of it's plant matter, from a plant that can be bought at most garden stores. Or you can get pfed from decongestive pills like sudafed. Most people perfer to work with pfed from pills rather then ephed from the plant. The important thing is that you must have pure pfed/ephed as any contaminants will fuck up the molar ratio leaving you with over-reduced shit or under-reduced shit. Or contaminats will jell durring baseifying and gak up your product which will then be very hard to clean. So you want to find a pill that is nearly pure pfed hcl, or as close to pure as you can get. Also check the lable on your pills and see what inactive ingredients they contain. Inactive ingredients are things like binders and flavors. These you dont want and will remove when cleaning your pills. but certain inactive ingredients are harder to remove then others. You dont want pills with a red coating, you dont want pills with alot of cellose in them and you dont want pills with much wax. you also dont want pills that contain povidone. As a rule, if you have a two pills that contain the same amount of pfed hcl then take the smaller sized pill because it obviously has less binders and inactive ingredients, time released pills are usualy harder to work with because they have more binders and tend to gel up durring the a/b stage. Also only buy pills that have pfed hcl as the only active ingredient. You first have to make ephedrine (which is sometimes sold as meth by itself):If you are selling it...I would just make ephedrine and say it's meth.

Distilled water - it's really cheap, so you have no reason to use the nasty stuff from the tap. Do things right.

List of equipment :

A glass eyedropper

Three small glass bottles with lids (approx. 3 oz., but not important)one should be marked at 1.5oz, use tape on the outside to mark it (you might want to label it as ether). One should be clear (and it can't be the marked one).

A Pyrex dish (the meatloaf one is suggested)

A glass quart jar

Sharp scissors

Clean rubber gloves

Coffee filters

A measuring cup

Measuring spoons

Preparing your Lab:

Preparing Ethyl Ether:

WARNING: Ethyl Ether is very flammable and is heavier than air. Do not use ethyl ether near flame or non-sparkless motors. It is also an anaesthetic and can cause respiratory collapse if you inhale too much.

Take the unmarked small bottle and spray starter fluid in it until it looks half-full. Then fill the rest of the way with water, cap the bottle and shake for 5 minutes. Let it sit for a minute or two, and tap the side to try and separate the clear upper layer. Then, draw off the top (ether) layer with the eyedropper, and throw away the lower (water) and cloudy layer. Place the ether in the marked container. Repeat this until you have about 1.5 oz. of ether. Put the cap on it, and put it in the freezer if you can. Rinse the other bottle and let it stand.

Ethyl ether is very pungent. Even a small evaporated amount is quite noticeable.

Ephedrine & or P-Ephedrine: Please discuss this on the neonjoint forum

5. Pour 1/8 teaspoon of the lye crystals into the bottle of ephedrine and agitate. Do this carefully, as the mixture will become hot, and give off hydrogen gas and/or steam. H2 gas is explosive and lighter than air, avoid any flames as usual. Repeat this step until the mixture remains cloudy. This step neutralizes the HCl in the salt, leaving the insoluble free base (l-desoxyephedrine) again. Why do we do this? So that we can get rid of any water-soluble impurities. For 3 oz. bottles, this should take only 3 repetitions or so.

6. Fill the bottle from step 5 up the rest of the way with ethyl ether. Cap the bottle, and agitate for about 8 minutes. It is very important to expose every molecule of the free-base to the ether for as long as possible. This will cause the free base to dissolve into the ether (it -is- soluble in ether).

7. Let the mixture settle. There will be a middle layer that is very thick. Tap the side of the bottle to get this layer as thin as possible. This is why this bottle should be clear.

8. Remove the top (ether) layer with the eyedropper, being careful not to get any of the middle layer in it. Place the removed ether layer into a third bottle.

9. Add to the third bottle enough water to fill it half-way and about 5 drops of muriatic acid. Cap it. Shake the bottle for 2 minutes. When it settles, remove the top layer and throw it away. The free base has now been bonded to the HCl again, forming a water soluble salt. This time, we're getting rid of ether-soluble impurities. Make sure to get rid of all the ether before going to step 11!

10. If there is anything left from step 3, repeat the procedure with it.

11. Evaporate the solution in the Pyrex dish on low heat. You can do this on the stove or nuke it in the microwave (be careful of splashing), but I have found that if you leave it on top of a hot-water heater (like the one that supplies hot water to your house) for about 2-3 days, the remaining crystals will be ephedrine HCl.

If you microwave it, I suggest no more than 5-10s at one time. If it starts "popping", that means you have too little liquid left to microwave. You can put it under a bright (100W) lamp instead. Microwaving can result in uneven heating, anyway.

First Batch: 120mg ephedrine HClEstimated: 300mg (100% of theoretical, disregarding HCl)

Now, Making Methamphetamine out of ephedrine by reducing it with Hydroiodic Acid and Red Phosphorus.

Items needed:

Alot of matchbooks (the kind with the striking pad)

Coffee filters (or filter paper)

Something that measures ml and grams

A flask (a small pot with a lid can be used)

iodine

Hydroiodic Acid (I will tell you how to make this)

Red Phosphorus (I will tell you how to make this)

Lye

*Optional (toluene and HCI gas)

Making Red Phosphorus:

The striking pad on books of matches is about 50% red phosphorus. The determined experimenter could obtain a pile of red phosphorus by scraping off the striking pads of matchbooks with a sharp knife. A typical composition of the striking pad is about 50% red phosphorus, along with about 30% antimony sulfide, and lesser amounts of glue, iron oxide, MnO2, and glass powder. I don't think these contaminants will seriously interfere with the reaction. Naturally, it is a tedious process to get large amounts of red phosphorus by scraping the striking pads off matchbooks, but who cares?

Making Hydroiodic Acid:

This is made by mixing iodine and red phosphorus. When making hydroiodic acid from iodine and red phosphorus, the acid is prepared first, and allowed to come to complete reaction for 20 minutes before adding the ephedrine to it. The way around the roadblock here is to just boil off some more of the water from the ephedrine extract, and make the acid mixture in fresh pure water. Since the production of HI from iodine and red phosphorus gives off a good deal of heat, it is wise to chill the mixture in ice, and slowly add the iodine crystals to the red phosphorus-water mixture.

Now, Making Methamphetamine:

To do the reaction, a 1000 ml round bottom flask is filled with 150 grams of ephedrine. Also added to the flask are 40 grams of red phosphorus and 340 ml of 47% hydroiodic acid. This same acid and red phosphorus mixture can be prepared from adding 150 grams of iodine crystals to 150 grams of red phosphorus in 300 ml of water. This should produce the strong hydroiodic acid solution needed. Exactly how strong the acid needs to be, I can't say . With the ingredients mixed together in the flask, a condenser is attached to the flask, and the mixture is boiled for one day. This length of time is needed for best yields and highest octane numbers on the product. While it is cooking, the mixture is quite red and messy looking from the red phosphorus floating around in it.When one day of boiling under reflux is up, the flask is allowed to cool, then it is diluted with an equal volume of water. Next, the red phosphorus is filtered out. A series of doubled up coffee filters will work to get out all the red phosphorus, but real filter paper is better. The filtered solution should look a golden color. A red color may indicate that all the red phosphorus is not yet out. If so, it is filtered again. The filtered-out phosphorus can be saved for use in the next batch. If filtering does not remove the red color, there may be iodine floating around the solution. It can be removed by adding a few dashes of sodium bisulfate or sodium thiosulfate.The next step in processing the batch is to neutralize the acid. A strong lye solution is mixed up and added to the batch while shaking until the batch is strongly basic. This brings the meth out as liquid free base floating on top of the water. The strongly basic solution is shaken vigorously to ensure that all the meth has been converted to the free base. You now can sell or use the free base for injection use or with free base meth now obtained, the next step you can do is to form the crystalline hydrochloride salt of meth. To do this, a few hundred mls of toluene is added to the batch, and the meth free base extracted out as usual. If the chemist's cooking has been careful, the color of the toluene extract will be clear to pale yellow. If this is the case, the product is sufficiently pure to make nice white crystals just by bubbling dry HCl gas through the toluene extract. If the toluene extract is darker colored, a distillation is called for to get pure meth free base. The yield of pure methamphetamine hydrochloride should be from 100 to 110 grams.