#HistoricalDevelopment

[sliceoflife90]

The Neolithic

The term Neolithic, derived from the Greek words "neo" (new) and "lithos" (stone), indicates the era in which humanity perfected the art of working stone, giving it a smooth surface. This phase began approximately 8,000 years ago and concluded about 5,000 years ago.

Transformation Engines: Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

The transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic was primarily driven by the discovery of agriculture and animal husbandry. These two pillars transformed humans from nomads to sedentary beings, marking the beginning of community life.

Mesolithic: The Transitional Age

The Mesolithic, known as the middle stone age, served as a bridge between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, characterized by a gradual shift in human lifestyles.

Neolithic Architecture: From Huts to Stilt Houses

While in the Paleolithic, dwellings consisted of caves and rudimentary huts, the Neolithic witnessed the construction of the first structured houses. Houses, made with wooden beams and clay and straw bricks, featured a single large central room, often equipped with a hearth.

Over time, to defend against enemies and fierce animals, humans developed stilt houses, huts built on stilts driven into lakes or marshes, connected to the mainland by walkways.

Neolithic Village Organization: From Field to Community

Neolithic villages were located near watercourses and included houses, ovens, granaries, and other essential elements. Village inhabitants specialized in specific tasks, with women dedicated to weaving and leatherworking, while men engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry.

Social Structure: Clans, Tribes, and Communities

Families within the village formed clans, each with an elder as its leader. Decisions involving the entire village were made by gathering the heads of families. The need to live in groups led to the creation of shared rules, giving rise to cohesive communities with common language, habits, and rules.

Exploring New Horizons: Art, Trade, and Spirituality

With the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the Neolithic human perfected the art of working stone and metals, giving rise to advanced tools. Ceramics, craftsmanship, and early forms of trade flourished, paving the way for new artistic expressions and the construction of monuments dedicated to divine worship.

In conclusion, the Neolithic is not just the era of new stone but represents a crucial chapter in human history, marked by the transformation of lifestyles and the emergence of complex societies.

[kartaca2013]

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[mapsontheweb]

Population of the Roman Empire in 1 C.E. over modern national boundaries.

Made with Tableau with data from the Maddison Project Database: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2018

[actuallyexistingbarbarism]

The world of Nazi concentration camps has often been cited as a confirmation of the classic alternative that Europe faced, according to Rosa Luxemburg, at the beginning of the First World War: ‘socialism or barbarism’. While Luxemburg’s intuition was striking, the ritualrepetition of this slogan has turned it into a sort of evasive, disorienting smokescreen. It has summoned up the spectre of a decline of civilisation without acknowledging that Auschwitz was barbarism. With few exceptions – above all Walter Benjamin – Marxists had conceived of the decline of humanity as a regression, a return to pre-modern, even primitive socialforms. This left them disarmed, disoriented and sometimes blind in the face of the unexpected emergence of a new, modern ‘barbarism’, which fitted in with the fundamentaltendencies of historicaldevelopment instead of deviating from or reversing them: in other words, a technological, industrial barbarism, organised and directed by its own instrumental rationality.

Enzo Traverso - Understanding the Nazi Genocide

[mohamed-salah2]

#mypic #history #historicaldevelopment (at Sultan Hussien St.)

[kartaca2013]

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[kartaca2013]

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[kartaca2013]

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[kartaca2013]

#Din #Mitoloji #İlkler #Çiftçilik #İnanç #Göbeklitepe #Şanlıurfa #Türkiye #history #Followme #happy #inception #historicaldevelopment #gezginçift #isot (Göbekli Tepe, Urfa, Turkey) https://www.instagram.com/p/B5T-apxFlbI/?igshid=iimjgpsvgsv0

[kartaca2013]

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[educationinacreativeway-blog]

The Historical Development of CALL

The historical development of CALL can be examined in three different stages:

·         Behavioristic CALL

·         Communicative CALL

·         Integrative CALL.

 In Behavioristic CALL, Skinner's operant conditioning is dominant. Learning is seen as a process which occurs through practice. Learning is not interactive and based upon computer-learning interaction. Repetition is crucial. Despite its disadvantages, one point is remarkably important. In Behavioristic CALL, students have the chance of studying at their own paces.

 In Communicative CALL, the major point is teaching students to create utterances not simply memorize them. Generally, students give more original answers because questions are more flexible. Communicative CALL gives three different roles to the computer:

·         The Computer as a tutor

·         The Computer as a stimulus

·         The Computer as a tool.

  In Integrative CALL, there are two key factors:

·         Multimedia

·         Electronic Communication.

The content is divided into four sections (listening, speaking, writing, and reading) and Integrative CALL gives more importance to the content rather than learning approaches. Also, students have the opportunity of making their own way of learning.

Resources:

https://www.slideshare.net/Izaham/development-of-call