#HIV- Protease Inhibitors

[drpedi07]

Atazanavir Drug

Medical information for Atazanavir on Pediatric Oncall including Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction, Renal Dose, Hepatic Dose

[dyke-terra]

Yo, Mia Dearden fans. Found a one off panel appearance in Manhunter (2004).

IMAGE ID: A comic panel showing Mia as Speedy looking at a bottle of pills with Ollie looking on. A voice from a TV says: Many beneficial drugs already on the market-- such as some protease inhibitors used by HIV patients-- are ethically questionable due to Vesetech's involvement in their development." END ID.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.6 (after 1940)

1941 – World War II: Camp X opens in Canada to begin training Allied secret agents for the war. 1956 – A violent water polo match between Hungary and the USSR takes place during the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, against the backdrop of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. 1957 – Project Vanguard: A launchpad explosion of Vanguard TV3 thwarts the first United States attempt to launch a satellite into Earth orbit. 1967 – Adrian Kantrowitz performs the first human heart transplant in the United States. 1969 – Altamont Free Concert: At a free concert performed by the Rolling Stones, eighteen-year old Meredith Hunter is stabbed to death by Hells Angels security guards. 1971 – Pakistan severs diplomatic relations with India, initiating the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. 1973 – The Twenty-fifth Amendment: The United States House of Representatives votes 387–35 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States. (On November 27, the Senate confirmed him 92–3.) 1975 – The Troubles: Fleeing from the police, a Provisional IRA unit takes a British couple hostage in their flat on Balcombe Street, London, beginning a six-day siege. 1977 – South Africa grants independence to Bophuthatswana, although it is not recognized by any other country. 1978 – Spain ratifies the Spanish Constitution of 1978 in a referendum. 1982 – The Troubles: The Irish National Liberation Army bombs a pub frequented by British soldiers in Ballykelly, Northern Ireland, killing eleven soldiers and six civilians. 1989 – The École Polytechnique massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the École Polytechnique in Montreal. 1990 – A military jet of the Italian Air Force, abandoned by its pilot after an on-board fire, crashed into a high school near Bologna, Italy, killing 12 students and injuring 88 other people. 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: In Croatia, forces of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) heaviest bombardment of Dubrovnik during a siege of seven months. 1992 – The Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, India, is demolished, leading to widespread riots causing the death of over 1,500 people. 1995 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves Saquinavir, the first protease inhibitor to treat HIV/AIDS. Within 2 years of its approval, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fall from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000. 1998 – in Venezuela, Hugo Chávez is victorious in presidential elections. 1999 – A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.: The Recording Industry Association of America sues the peer-to-peer file-sharing service Napster, alleging copyright infringement. 2005 – An Iranian Air Force C-130 military transport aircraft crashes into a ten-floor apartment building in a residential area of Tehran, killing all 94 on board and 12 more on the ground. 2006 – NASA reveals photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor suggesting the presence of liquid water on Mars. 2015 – Venezuelan parliamentary election: For the first time in 17 years, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela loses its majority in parliament. 2017 – Donald Trump's administration officially announces the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

[aetospharma]

Darunavir Tablets 600mg - Aetos Pahrma

Darunavir Tablets 600mg is Used to treat HIV in adults and children (3+ years) with the support of boosters like ritonavir or cobicistat. Darunavir, a protease inhibitor, helps lower HIV levels in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of AIDS and related conditions. Combining with safer lifestyle choices can minimize the risk of spreading HIV. For more information contact us : +91 7946020065

[digitalservices99]

Lopinavir Intermediates & API Manufacturer in India

Vineet Labs has established itself as a leading manufacturer of Lopinavir intermediates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in India, providing top-tier solutions to the global pharmaceutical industry. With a deep commitment to quality and innovation, Vineet Labs plays a crucial role in the production of Lopinavir, a key component in antiretroviral therapy used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.

Expertise in Lopinavir API Manufacturing

Lopinavir, a potent protease inhibitor, is essential in the fight against HIV, often used in combination with other antiretrovirals. The complexity of its synthesis requires a high level of expertise, which Vineet Labs excels in. Our manufacturing process is driven by cutting-edge technology and stringent quality control measures to ensure the highest purity and efficacy of the product. The company's well-equipped facilities are compliant with international standards, making Vineet Labs a reliable partner for pharmaceutical companies worldwide.

Advanced Manufacturing Capabilities

At Vineet Labs, we leverage advanced manufacturing capabilities to produce Lopinavir intermediates that meet the exacting requirements of our clients. Our team of experienced chemists and researchers continually work to refine and optimize the production process, ensuring cost-effectiveness without compromising on quality. This dedication to excellence allows us to deliver Lopinavir intermediates with consistent performance, crucial for the successful development and production of the final drug formulation.

Commitment to Quality and Compliance

Quality is at the heart of everything we do at Vineet Labs. Our Lopinavir intermediates and APIs are produced under strict adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and are subject to rigorous testing and validation procedures. This ensures that every batch meets the highest standards of purity, potency, and safety. Additionally, our commitment to regulatory compliance ensures that our products meet the requirements of health authorities across the globe, making Vineet Labs a trusted name in the industry.

Strategic Partnerships and Global Reach

Vineet Labs' reputation as a leading manufacturer of Lopinavir intermediates and APIs is further bolstered by our strategic partnerships with major pharmaceutical companies. These collaborations enable us to stay at the forefront of industry trends and advancements, ensuring that our products are always aligned with the latest therapeutic developments. Our global reach allows us to serve clients across multiple continents, providing them with the reliable and high-quality intermediates they need to produce life-saving medications.

Sustainable and Ethical Manufacturing Practices

In addition to our focus on quality, Vineet Labs is also committed to sustainability and ethical manufacturing practices. We strive to minimize our environmental footprint through efficient use of resources and adherence to eco-friendly practices in our production processes. This commitment not only reflects our responsibility to the environment but also ensures that our partners can trust us to uphold the highest ethical standards in all aspects of our operations.

Conclusion

Vineet Labs stands as a beacon of excellence in the manufacturing of Lopinavir intermediates and APIs in India. Our unwavering commitment to quality, innovation, and ethical practices has made us a preferred partner for pharmaceutical companies worldwide. As the demand for effective antiretroviral therapies continues to grow, Vineet Labs remains dedicated to supporting the global healthcare community with our superior products and services, contributing to the ongoing fight against HIV/AIDS.

[medicineforcare]

Avaforce 50mg

Avaforce 50mg is a medication primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. Here is a detailed overview:

Active Ingredient

Sildenafil Citrate: The same active ingredient found in Viagra. It is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor that helps increase blood flow to the penis, facilitating an erection when sexually aroused.

How It Works

Mechanism of Action: Sildenafil Citrate inhibits the PDE5 enzyme, which is responsible for regulating blood flow in the penis. By inhibiting this enzyme, sildenafil helps maintain an erection by increasing blood flow to the penile region.

Usage and Dosage

Recommended Dosage: Typically, the recommended dose is 50mg taken approximately one hour before sexual activity. However, it can be taken anywhere from 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual intercourse.

Administration: It should be taken orally with water. It can be taken with or without food, though a high-fat meal may delay its effectiveness.

Side Effects

Common side effects include:

Headache

Flushing

Indigestion

Nasal congestion

Dizziness

Visual disturbances (e.g., changes in color vision, blurred vision)

Less common but more serious side effects include:

Sudden hearing loss

Chest pain

Priapism (prolonged and painful erection lasting more than 4 hours)

Precautions

Medical History: Inform your healthcare provider about your medical history, especially if you have heart problems, stroke, liver or kidney disease, high or low blood pressure, dehydration, penis conditions, eye problems, or any allergic reactions to medications.

Interactions: Avaforce 50mg can interact with other medications, particularly nitrates (often prescribed for chest pain), leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Other interactions include certain antifungals, antibiotics, HIV protease inhibitors, and other ED medications.

Alcohol: Limit alcohol consumption, as it can increase certain side effects of sildenafil.

Contraindications

Individuals taking nitrates or nitric oxide donors

Severe cardiovascular conditions

Severe liver impairment

Recent history of stroke or myocardial infarction

Known hypersensitivity to sildenafil or any component of the tablet

[wellnessweb]

Navigating Opportunities: Understanding the Global HIV Drugs Market Size

The HIV Drugs Market size is expected to reach USD 43.06 Bn by 2031 and was valued at USD 32.7 Bn in 2023, the CAGR growth rate for HIV drug market is expected 3.5% over the forecast period of 2024-2031. The HIV drugs market is a dynamic landscape, characterized by continual innovation and advancements in treatment options. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prognosis for individuals living with HIV has drastically improved, transforming what was once considered a terminal illness into a chronic condition. This market encompasses a wide array of medications, ranging from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) to protease inhibitors (PIs) and integrase inhibitors (INIs), each targeting different stages of the HIV replication cycle. Furthermore, the emergence of novel drug delivery mechanisms, such as long-acting injectables and implants, is reshaping the treatment paradigm by offering improved adherence and convenience for patients. As research continues to unravel the complexities of HIV pathogenesis and drug resistance, the future of the HIV drugs market holds promise for more effective therapies with fewer side effects, ultimately driving towards the goal of achieving an HIV-free world.

Get Sample Of This Report @ https://www.snsinsider.com/sample-request/3509

Market Scope & Overview

The research looks into the major variables affecting the expansion of the global market. The report used a bottom-up approach to gather and forecast data for a wide range of industrial verticals and end-user industries, as well as their reach across several categories, in order to determine the overall size of the HIV Drugs Market market throughout the forecast period. Market actors may use market data to create plans to improve their competitive position.

The HIV Drugs Market research report covers all of these topics in great detail, including the Porter's Five Forces analysis, significant segments, drivers, opportunities, and the competitive environment. For business experts, stakeholders, investors, VPs, and newcomers who want to learn more about the company and formulate a competitive strategy, this study is an excellent resource.

Market Segmentation Analysis

By Drug Class

Integrase Inhibitors

Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (NRITs)

Combination HIV medicines

Others

By Distribution Channel

Hospital Pharmacies

Retail Pharmacies

Online Pharmacies

Others

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Due to the COVID-19 lockout, it was necessary to create original strategies for dealing with future occurrences while sustaining steady growth. The market research report also provides advice for overcoming pandemic-like situations and lessening their harmful effects. The HIV Drugs Market was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic. Due to delays in new developments, the industry has also been suspended internationally.

Regional Outlook

With a focus on North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa, the HIV Drugs Market research report digs into market aspects including estimations for total price from top manufacturers and trends toward advancement in various regions of the world.

Competitive Analysis

The research report offers a complete analysis of the worldwide HIV Drugs Market  and suggests important adjustments that market players should take into account when developing their business plans. To gain market dominance, these companies have used partnerships, product development, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, diversification, and joint ventures.

Key Reasons to Purchase HIV Drugs Market Report

To identify important geographic regions and leading nations that have a substantial impact on market revenue, the researchers conduct geographic study.

Prospect information may be used by market participants to evaluate potential and formulate their next moves.

Report Conclusion

Manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and policymakers may use the data from the market research report to assess which industry sectors should be prioritized in the upcoming years in order to plan investments and take advantage of the HIV Drugs Market  expansion.

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When you employ our services, you will collaborate with qualified and experienced staff. We believe it is crucial to collaborate with our clients to ensure that each project is customized to meet their demands. Nobody knows your customers or community better than you do. Therefore, our team needs to ask the correct questions that appeal to your audience in order to collect the best information.

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[helthcareheven]

A New Era of Healing: Transformative Infectious Disease Therapeutics

Infectious diseases have plagued mankind since antiquity. While public health improvements over the past century have helped control many infectious illnesses, new pathogens continue to emerge and existing ones adapt in the face of globalization and antimicrobial resistance. Researchers have made tremendous progress understanding the biology of infection and developing new therapeutic agents, but more work remains. This article outlines some of the latest advances in infectious disease therapeutics across different disease categories and research areas. Antibacterial Drug Development The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major public health crisis, and the dwindling antibiotic pipeline requires novel solutions. Several new classes of antibacterial agents are under development with activity against resistant pathogens. These include novel ß-lactams that evade extended-spectrum ß-lactamases and novel protein synthesis inhibitors that avoid ribosomal protection mechanisms. Phage therapy is also being revisited, with early clinical studies of engineered phages demonstrating safety and efficacy against difficult-to-treat infections like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Alternative antibacterial platforms like antimicrobial peptides and small molecule inhibitors of virulence factors also show promise. Antiviral Drug Discovery While antibiotics face resistance challenges, antiviral drug development continues making progress against several important viral pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major success story, with over 90% cure rates now possible using direct-acting antiviral agents. Research on HIV continues as well, with newer integrase inhibitors and second-generation protease inhibitors demonstrating increased genetic barriers to resistance. Influenza remains a serious threat, but novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors could provide the first truly universal flu drug. For other viruses like herpes simplex, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia as well as invasive pneumococcal disease such as bacteremia and meningitis worldwide. The development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) targeting the most prevalent disease-causing serotypes has substantially reduced the global burden of pneumococcal disease. PCV7 was first introduced in 2000 and dramatically cut rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in vaccinated children.

Malaria Control Efforts Malaria remains one of the leading infectious killers globally, with drug and insecticide resistance complicating control efforts. Important infectious disease therapeutics advances include the development of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) that help delay antimalarial resistance. Novel compounds also aim to complement ACTs through new mechanisms of action. These include the spiroindolone KAE609, which acts on the ATP4 transporter essential for parasite viability, and the Oz439 compound targeting the apicoplast organelle to block isoprenoid biosynthesis. Vaccine progress includes the RTS,S/AS01 candidate demonstrating promising reduction of malaria cases in young children in African clinical trials. Combined with improvements in diagnostics, vector control through insecticide-treated bed nets continues reducing malaria morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tuberculosis Treatment Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance continues complicating tuberculosis (TB) treatment and control globally - about 20% of MDR-TB cases are estimated to further develop extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). New and repurposed drugs aim to shorten treatment duration for drug-sensitive TB from 6 months to 4 months or less. Regimens including pretomanid, bedaquiline, and delamanid demonstrate potential to treat both drug-sensitive and resistant TB in significantly less time than current guidelines. New anti-TB therapies also target mycobacterial virulence factors and pathways specific to the pathogen. Developing rapid diagnostics to detect drug resistance and evaluating optimized dosing regimens are additionally helping curb the global TB epidemic.

Novel Antifungal Therapies Life-threatening invasive fungal infections negatively impact public health worldwide, especially in immunocompromised patients. Current antifungal drug classes include azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes, but limitations include toxicities, drug interactions, emerging resistance, and lack of oral options for many serious mycoses. Novel therapies in development aim to overcome these challenges. Novel azoles target the sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme through different binding properties than existing drugs. Echinocandin follow-ups show activity against resistant Candida as well as Aspergillus species.

[drpedi07]

Amprenavir Drug

Medical information for Amprenavir on Pediatric Oncall including Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse Effect, Interaction, Renal Dose, Hepatic Dose.

[pillsblue]

Buy Malegra 200 Mg Online In Canada | USA | Belgium

Sildenafil Citrate 200mg tablet works by increasing blood flow to the penis, which helps you improve erectile function. It contains the active ingredient Sildenafil Citrate, which is a type of medication known as a PDE5 inhibitor. 

When you become sexually aroused, your body releases nitric oxide, which stimulates the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This chemical helps to relax the blood vessels in the penis, allowing for increased blood flow and resulting in an erection.

How to use Malegra 200mg?

You can take Malegra 200 dosage orally approximately 30 to 60 minutes before sexual activity.

Should be taken with a full glass of water, and may be consumed with or without food.

Don't consume alcohol or grapefruit because maybe can increase the risk of side effects.

It's important to not take more than one dose of Sildenafil Citrate Malegra 200mg in 24 hours.

What are the benefits of using Malegra 200?

Increased Erection Strength: Malegra helps improve the strength and hardness of erections, making it easier to achieve and maintain.

Enhanced Sexual Performance: It can boost sexual performance by increasing confidence and stamina during intimate moments.

Improved Sexual Satisfaction: It can lead to increased satisfaction for both partners by addressing erectile dysfunction effectively.

Long-lasting Effects: The effects of Malegra can last for several hours, providing a longer window of opportunity for sexual activity.

Convenience: Malegra 200 comes in tablet form, making it easy to use discreetly and conveniently before engaging in sexual activity.

Malegra 200 Side effects

Common side effects of 200mg Malegra include headache, dizziness, flushing, indigestion, nasal congestion, diarrhea, vision changes, and hearing loss.

Malegra 200 mg Dosage

Missed Dose

Take the missed shot as soon as you remember. It can be skipped if it is nearly time for the next scheduled dose. This applies to conditions like Pulmonary Hypertension where the shot regimen is fixed.

Overdose

Contact Erectile Dysfunction Consultation or doctor immediately if an overdose is suspected. You might require immediate health check attention if the overdose is severe.

Other Dosage

Malegra 25mg

Malegra 100mg

Malegra Oral Jelly 

Malegra Professional

Who should avoid taking Malegra 200 mg?

If you've had allergic reactions to sildenafil or similar drugs in the past, it's best to avoid this tablet.

Avoid 200mg Sildenafil pill if you are currently taking nitrates for chest pain or heart conditions.

Individuals with severe liver or kidney issues should steer clear of Malegra.

People with low blood pressure or uncontrolled high blood pressure should not take medicine.

If you have specific eye conditions like retinitis pigmentosa, it's advisable to avoid 200mg malegra.

Those who have recently experienced a heart attack or stroke should not use Malegra 200 mg.

Individuals with hereditary degenerative retinal disorders should refrain from taking tablet.

If you are prone to priapism (prolonged erection), it's recommended not to use viagra.

Avoid Malegra if you are using protease inhibitors for HIV treatment.

Malegra 200mg is not suitable for women and children under 18 years old.

How to store Malegra 200

It's should be stored at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C)

It should be kept in its original packaging, away from moisture and heat.

Keep Malegra 200 out of reach of children and pets.

Do not store the 200mg diamond Viagra pill in the bathroom or other damp or humid areas, as moisture can affect its effectiveness.

Don't flush them down the toilet or throw them in the trash. Instead, talk to your pharmacist or healthcare provider for guidance on how to safely dispose of the medication.

FAQ

Is Malegra 200 safe for everyone?

Yes, 100% safe & fully FDA-verified.

Can I split or crush Malegra 200 tablets?

You should not split or crush Malegra tablets, you take them whole as directed by a healthcare provider.

Is it safe to buy Malegra 200 online?

It's important to exercise caution and ensure that you are purchasing from a reputable and licensed online pharmacy. 

Does Malegra 200 improve sexual stamina?

No, malegra does not increase sexual stamina, it primarily helps with erectile dysfunction by aiding in achieving and maintaining an erection.

Can Malegra 200 be taken with food?

Yes, you can take this tablet with food.

[zenbiotech11]

Dexlansoprazole Ec Pellets Manufacturers In India

Dexlansoprazole  is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medication used to treat certain stomach and esophageal problems caused by excessive stomach acid production. It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach, allowing the esophagus and stomach to heal. Dexlansoprazole comes in the form of an extended-release (EC) pellet capsule.

What are EC (Enteric-Coated) Pellets?

EC pellets are tiny drug-containing granules coated with an enteric coating. This coating prevents the pellets from dissolving in the acidic environment of the stomach. Instead, they remain intact until they reach the higher pH environment of the small intestine, where the coating dissolves, and the medication is absorbed into the bloodstream.

The advantage of the EC pellet formulation is that it protects the medication from being broken down by stomach acid before it can be absorbed. This allows for more efficient drug delivery and consistent therapeutic effects.

How Do Dexlansoprazole EC Pellets Work? Dexlansoprazole belongs to the PPI class of drugs that work by blocking the final step in the acid production process in the stomach. Specifically, it inhibits the gastric proton pump - an enzyme system that pumps acid into the stomach.

By reducing acid secretion, dexlansoprazole helps:

Heal erosive esophagitis (damage to the esophageal lining caused by acid reflux)

Treat heartburn and acid reflux symptoms

Promote healing of stomach and duodenal ulcers

Manage conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (a rare disorder that causes excessive stomach acid production)

The extended-release EC pellet formulation allows dexlansoprazole to provide more prolonged acid suppression compared to some other PPIs. This can potentially improve symptom control and healing rates in certain conditions.

Usage and Precautions

Dexlansoprazole EC pellets Manufacturers are typically taken once daily, with or without food. The capsules should be swallowed whole and not crushed, chewed, or opened, which may affect the extended-release properties.

Like other PPIs, dexlansoprazole may interact with certain medications, such as antifungal drugs, HIV protease inhibitors, and anti-seizure medications. Patients should inform their doctor about all medications they are taking.

Long-term use of PPIs has been associated with potential risks, such as an increased risk of bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and certain bacterial infections. Patients should discuss the benefits and risks of long-term PPI use with their healthcare provider.

In summary, dexlansoprazole EC pellets offer an effective and convenient way to manage conditions related to excessive stomach acid production. The extended-release pellet formulation helps ensure consistent acid suppression throughout the day.

[joeepaul]

Saquinavir for HIV

Saquinavir is an antiretroviral medicine. It is prescribed for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It slows the progress of HIV infection, but it is not a cure. HIV destroys cells in the body, called CD4 T cells. These cells are a type of white blood cell and are important because they are involved in protecting your body from infection. If left untreated, the HIV infection weakens your immune system so that your body cannot defend itself against bacteria, viruses and other germs. Saquinavir slows down the progress of HIV infection by reducing the amount of virus in your body. It does this by stopping the production of a protein that the virus needs to copy (replicate) itself.

Saquinavir will be prescribed for you by a doctor who is a specialist. It belongs to a group of antiretroviral medicines known as protease inhibitors (PIs). It is given alongside a number of other antiretroviral medicines, as part of a combination therapy. Taking three or more antiretroviral medicines at the same time is more effective than taking one alone. Taking a combination of different medicines also reduces the risk that the virus will become resistant to any individual medicine.

[daisydeborahh]

Clinical Commissioning Policy: Dolutegravir for treatment of HIV-1 infection (all ages)

HIV treatment has improved greatly over the last two decades and standard of care now involves triple therapy, typically with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus one of the following: a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r), a non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or an integrase inhibitor.

Effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) requires high adherence to drug regimes. Development of new ARV medicines often focuses on improvements in tolerability, reductions in toxicity and drug to drug interactions.

Effectiveness of ART is measured by an undetectable viral load. The proportion of treated individuals with a viral load less than 50 has improved (94% in 2016) which may be driven, at least in part, by improvements in drug choice. Current standard treatment is therefore effective for many people. The availability of generic ART has reduced the cost of standard treatment considerably. New drug treatments need to demonstrate both clinical and cost effectiveness over standard treatments.

[stelladebraa]

Structural Adaptation of Darunavir Analogs Against Primary Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Protease

HIV-1 protease is one of the prime targets of agents used in antiretroviral therapy against HIV. However, under selective pressure of protease inhibitors, primary mutations at the active site weaken inhibitor binding to confer resistance. Darunavir (DRV) is the most potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor in clinic; resistance is limited, as DRV fits well within the substrate envelope. Nevertheless, resistance is observed due to hydrophobic changes at residues including I50, V82 and I84 that line the S1/S1’ pocket within the active site. Through enzyme inhibition assays and a series of 12 crystal structures, we interrogated susceptibility of DRV and two potent analogs to primary S1’ mutations. The analogs had modifications at the hydrophobic P1’ moiety to better occupy the unexploited space in the S1’ pocket where the primary mutations were located. Considerable losses of potency were observed against protease variants with I84V and I50V mutations for all three inhibitors.

The crystal structures revealed an unexpected conformational change in the flap region of I50V protease bound to the analog with the largest P1’ moiety, indicating interdependency between the S1’ subsite and the flap region. Collective analysis of protease-inhibitor van der Waals (vdW) interactions in the crystal structures using principle component analysis indicated I84V mutation underlying the largest variation in the vdW contacts. Interestingly, the principle components were able to distinguish inhibitor identity and relative potency solely based on vdW interactions of active site residues in the crystal structures. Our results reveal the interplay between inhibitor P1’ moiety and primary S1’ mutations, as well as suggesting a novel method for distinguishing the interdependence of resistance through principle component analyses.

[medicineforcare]

Super Zhewitra

Super Zhewitra is a medication that combines two active ingredients: Vardenafil and Dapoxetine. It's used primarily to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) in men. Here is detailed information about Super Zhewitra:

Active Ingredients:

Vardenafil:

Class: Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor

Function: Treats erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation.

Dapoxetine:

Class: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Function: Treats premature ejaculation by increasing serotonin levels in the brain, delaying ejaculation.

Uses:

Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Helps achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.

Premature Ejaculation (PE): Increases the time to ejaculation, providing better control over ejaculation.

Dosage and Administration:

Dosage: Typically, one tablet is taken 30-60 minutes before sexual activity. It should not be taken more than once in a 24-hour period.

Administration: The tablet should be swallowed whole with water. It can be taken with or without food, but a high-fat meal may delay the drug's effect.

Mechanism of Action:

Vardenafil: Inhibits the PDE5 enzyme, which promotes the degradation of cGMP. By inhibiting PDE5, Vardenafil allows cGMP to accumulate, leading to prolonged smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow to the penis.

Dapoxetine: Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the central nervous system, increasing its action at the postsynaptic cleft and enhancing the delay in ejaculation.

Side Effects:

Common side effects include:

Headache

Dizziness

Flushing

Nasal congestion

Nausea

Less common side effects:

Blurred vision

Changes in color vision

Back pain

Muscle pain

Precautions:

Medical Conditions: Patients with heart problems, low blood pressure, liver or kidney disease, retinitis pigmentosa, or any condition that predisposes them to priapism (a prolonged erection) should consult their doctor before using Super Zhewitra.

Interactions: Can interact with nitrates (used for chest pain), alpha-blockers, other PDE5 inhibitors, certain antibiotics, antifungals, and HIV protease inhibitors.

Alcohol: Consumption of alcohol should be limited as it can increase the risk of side effects such as dizziness and can also impair the ability to achieve an erection.

[tomafome]

Diamanda Galás’ left hand tattoo WE ARE ALL HIV+ (Photo: Peter Macdiarmid, 1994/7/7)

In 1992, when I wrote “we are all HIV positive” on my hand with a tattoo artist from Brooklyn, I said several things: One was that you may not separate the uninfected from the infected as so many so-called liberal doctors wanted to do, by putting the infected on Plum island outside of New York City. You cannot separate the uninfected from the infected by denying them access to your country. You cannot separate the uninfected from the infected by putting the infected on a separate floor that has red danger contagion signs and giving them crap to eat and instructing Catholic nurses not to administer painkillers to the guilty and allowing Catholic priests to visit them and inform them of their future in Hell if they do not confess that their entire life has been a crime. You cannot separate the infected from the uninfected by saying I do not have AIDS, I have syphillis, but most assuredly nothing to do with HIV, and then allow them to die an early death because they would rather die of the disease than the stigma, as so many did, and do, including my best friend—in 1996—who would be living today if he had not been petrified of the stigma and intentionally saw a doctor whose research was based on the option and the opinion that HIV did not cause AIDS. A second opinion, or better yet, my friend’s own research with other researchers would have been smarter. He knew better, but he told me when we first met in 1989 that he would kill himself if he were diagnosed with HIV. No matter what I said to him he continued to visit the one practitioner who would condone this denial for six years until it was too late, and the following year protease inhibitors hit the market—the year after he died. No, you cannot separate the uninfected from the infected by saying “I do not suffer from this virus: I have been spared.” Because one day, in one city, in one moment, you will learn that you suffer from some virus, some pathogen, something poisonous that will not exit from your body; and you will realize that you do not mourn the dead, you mourn the suffering of the living while they are still alive. No one can escape death, and worse than that, no one can escape the life of anything and everything that smells your blood and lives because of it.

Diamanda Galás, excerpt from “STIGMA”, in UPDATING THE PLAGUE AND THE MASS: PRAYERS FOR THE INFIDEL (2009/10/9)