#HEMRL

[6nikhilum6]

Helicopter Crashes in Pune’s Bavdhan Area, Three Feared Dead

Pune, 2nd October 2024: A helicopter crash occurred in the Bavdhan area early this morning, leaving three people critically injured and feared dead. The helicopter crashed near HEMRL shortly after taking off from the Oxford Golf Club’s helipad, with the incident happening between 7:00 AM and 7:10 AM. Initial reports suggest that dense fog in the area may have contributed to the crash, though an…

[shakooo]

DONA DIOOOOS ES HEMRLS 😭 💖

I almost never draw without the lineart so if it's weird that's why akksjs

Sorry for the bad quality... again xD and thanks for the support in my first post :D♡

[pravinsuryaask]

Vice Admiral SN Ghormade #VCNS reviewed the progress of various projects and activities related to #IndianNavy at Armament Research & Development Establishment #ARDE, High Energy Materials Research Lab #HEMRL & Naval Armament Inspectorate #NAI and Ammunition Factory Khadki #AFK at #Pune. The VCNS witnessed a new realm of futuristic and cutting-edge technologies being developed at ARDE and reviewed the progress of Life Extension, safety assessment, indigenisation and product improvement activities at HEMRL and appreciated the synergy between #DRDO and Indian Navy. He was also briefed on various Armament Stores being manufactured at AFK and the level of automation achieved in manufacturing Naval Armament Store and several aspects of Armament Inspection at NAI Pune. #AatmaNirbharBharat #ltcdrpravinsuryaask #MakeinIndia https://www.instagram.com/p/CZ66A0_p_ol/?utm_medium=tumblr

[govtjobsplacementstores]

HEMRL Recruitment 2021» Application Form Apprentice 45 Post

HEMRL Recruitment 2021» Application Form Apprentice 45 Post

द्वारा राजेश अंतिल – 21 मार्च 20211 दृश्य एचईएमआरएल भर्ती 2021: उच्च ऊर्जा सामग्री अनुसंधान प्रयोगशाला (एचईएमआरएल) – डीआरडीओ ने एचईएमआरएल भर्ती 2021 के लिए नवीनतम अधिसूचना जारी की है स्नातक / तकनीशियन अपरेंटिस रिक्ति पर 45 पद। इच्छुक उम्मीदवार आधिकारिक वेबसाइट http://www.drdo.gov.in DRDO HEMRL जॉब्स 2021 के माध्यम से आवेदन कर सकते हैं ९ अप्रैल २०२१। DRDO HEMRL भर्ती 2021 के अन्य विवरण जैसे आयु…

[globalnewses]

Pune: Gaur sightings not uncommon, the animal is not dangerous, say Sutarwadi residents

Pune: Gaur sightings not uncommon, the animal is not dangerous, say Sutarwadi residents

While the sightings of Gaurs in Pune may be making headlines, the residents of Sutarwadi area on the outskirts of the city, where the animal was spotted on Tuesday, say that spotting Gaurs in their area is not uncommon. A Sutarwadi resident, Sunil Bhandare, said he has seen a Gawa or Gaur many times in the area. “We see a Gaur once or sometimes twice a month. We don’t do anything when we see it,…

[parichaytimes]

डीआरडीओ ने मल्टी बैरल रॉकेट लॉन्चर सिस्टम पिनाका-ईआर का सफलतापूर्वक परीक्षण किया | समाचार - टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया वीडियो

डीआरडीओ ने मल्टी बैरल रॉकेट लॉन्चर सिस्टम पिनाका-ईआर का सफलतापूर्वक परीक्षण किया | समाचार – टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया वीडियो

दिसंबर 11, 2021, 02:58 PM ISTस्रोत: एएनआई रक्षा अनुसंधान विकास संगठन (DRDO) ने पोखरण रेंज में एक विस्तारित रेंज पिनाका (पिनाका-ईआर) मल्टी बैरल रॉकेट लॉन्चर सिस्टम का सफलतापूर्वक परीक्षण किया। प्रणाली को DRDO प्रयोगशाला ARDE द्वारा HEMRL, पुणे के साथ डिजाइन किया गया है, प्रौद्योगिकी को भारतीय उद्योग में स्थानांतरित कर दिया गया है। . Source link

[internationaljournalofresearch]

DRDO develops chaff technology for IAF jets

DRDO develops chaff technology for IAF jets

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed chaff technology for fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force against radar threats. DRDO laboratory Jodhpur has developed advanced chaff material and chaff cartridge-118/I in alliance with High Energy Materials Research Laboratories (HEMRL) and a Pune-based laboratory of DRDO looking after qualitative requirements of IAF. Chaff…

[khsnews]

दुश्मन के राडार के खतरे से सुरक्षित रहेंगे फाइटर जेट्स, जोधपुर के DRDO ने पुणे के HEMRL के सहयोग से भारतीय वायु सेना के लिए उन्नत चाफ तकनीक विकसित की है। दुश्मन के राडार खतरों से बचाव के लिए फाइटर जेट्स, जोधपुर DRDO ने वायु सेना के लिए उन्नत चाफ तकनीक विकसित की

दुश्मन के राडार के खतरे से सुरक्षित रहेंगे फाइटर जेट्स, जोधपुर के DRDO ने पुणे के HEMRL के सहयोग से भारतीय वायु सेना के लिए उन्नत चाफ तकनीक विकसित की है। दुश्मन के राडार खतरों से बचाव के लिए फाइटर जेट्स, जोधपुर DRDO ने वायु सेना के लिए उन्नत चाफ तकनीक विकसित की

हिंदी समाचार स्थानीय राजस्थान Rajasthan जोधपुर लड़ाकू विमानों को दुश्मन के राडार खतरों से बचाया जाएगा, जोधपुर डीआरडीओ ने एचईएमआरएल, पुणे के सहयोग से भारतीय वायु सेना के लिए उन्नत चाफ तकनीक विकसित की है। जोधपुर2 घंटे पहले लिंक की प्रतिलिपि करें रक्षा अनुसंधान और विकास संगठन (DRDO) ने वायु सेना के लड़ाकू विमानों को दुश्मन के राडार खतरों से बचाने के लिए एक उन्नत CHAFF तकनीक विकसित की है। जोधपुर…

[gktodaycurrentaffairs]

HEMRL Recruitment 2021 Apply 45 Apprenticeship Training Vacancies

HEMRL Recruitment 2021 Apply 45 Apprenticeship Training Vacancies

HEMRL Pune Recruitment 2021: Government of India, Ministry of Defence, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Sutarwadi, Pune-21 invites applications from eligible persons for Apprenticeship Training for a period of 01 year in various disciplines under the provisions of Apprentices Act-1961. Name of Post Total Vacancies Apprenticeship Training 45 ✅ Vacancy Disciplines /…

[iaf-in-ia]

Enhanced version of PINAKA Rocket System successfully Flight Tested: Enhanced PINAKA rocket, developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been successfully flight tested from Integrated Test Range, Chandipur off the coast of Odisha today, 04 November 2020. Development of Enhanced Pinaka system was taken up to achieve longer range performance compared to earlier design with reduced length. The design and development has been carried out by Pune based DRDO laboratories, namely Armament Research and Development Establishment, ARDE and High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, HEMRL. A total of six rockets were launched in quick succession and the tests met complete mission objectives. Rockets tested have been manufactured by M/s Economic Explosives Limited, Nagpur, to whom the technology has been transferred. All the flight articles were tracked by Range instruments such as telemetry,radar and Electro Optical Tracking Systems which confirmed the flight performance. Enhanced version of the Pinaka rocket would replace the existing Pinaka Mk-I rockets which are currently under production. #drdo #hypersonic #iaf_in_ia #india #indianarmy #indianairforce #militaryaircraft #militaryaviation #f22 #military #army #aviation #aviationgeek #instagramaviation #instaaviation #tbt #photooftheday #pictureoftheday #aircraftcarrier #cruisemissiles #subsonic #iaf (at India) https://www.instagram.com/p/CHPDbZZhlD1/?igshid=k7t2izy47bdr

[studywithds]

01-03-2020 | PIB News

01-03-2020 | PIB NEWS | StudywithDS

1.Shri Narendra Singh Tomar inaugurates the Pusa Krishi Vigyan Mela-2020 The Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Shri Narendra Singh Tomar has called for retention of talent in Agriculture. Today, He Inaugurating the Pusa Krishi Vigyan Mela-2020. and He Said India has a vast pool of agricultural scientists and specialists graduating from universities every year. & he added, “Government can provide funds, subsidies, and incentives, but there has to be an interest in farming. For this agriculture has to be made a profitable venture; it should fulfill the nation’s needs, its share in GDP and exports should rise,”. Shri Tomar said the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has given priority to agriculture and set a target of doubling farmers’ income by 2022. The Government has ensured one-and-a-half times MSP of input costs to farmers, assured Rs.6,000 annually to farmers covered under the PM-KISAN scheme and a loan of Rs.1,60,000 under Kisan Credit Card. Shri Tomar said the Prime Minister yesterday launched the registration of 10,000 new Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in order to promote cooperative farming. A budgetary provision of Rs. 6,600 crore has been made to provide each FPO a sum of Rs. 15 lakh for all farming-related activities ranging from sowing, harvesting to distribution and marketing. For this purpose, a Credit Guarantee Fund of Rs.1,500 crore has been created jointly by NABARD and NCDC. Shri Tomar said geographic divisions and climate change pose a challenge to our agriculture community. He said the Ministry is in the process of organizing a big conference in each of the eight zones. The Minister said field exhibitions on the patterns of Pusa Krishi Vigyan Mela should also be organized simultaneously. The Prime Minister has directed that a study on Pesticides be included as part of the Agriculture curriculum. the Minister of State for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Shri Parshottam Rupala called for organizing such Farmers’ Fairs in every state. He urged the Agriculture Institutes and scientists to ensure that superior seeds are provided to farmers at reasonable rates. an MoU was signed between the ICAR and Patanjali Bio Research Institute (PBRI), Haridwar in the presence of the three Ministers. The MoU was signed by Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra on behalf of ICAR and Shri Acharya Balkrishna, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Patanjali & Managing Director, PBRI. the MoU will promote Organic Farming with the R&D expertise of ICAR and the indigenization efforts of Patanjali in a wide range of products. 2.New explosive detection device, developed by DRDO & IISc Bangalore, unveiled in Pune Today, RaIDer-X, a new explosive detection device, was unveiled at the National Workshop on Explosive Detection (NWED-2020) in Pune RaIDer-X has the capability to detect explosives from a stand-off distance. The data library can be built in the system to expand its capability to detect a number of explosives in pure form as well as with the contaminants. Bulk explosive in a concealed condition can also be detected by the device. RaIDer-X has been co-developed by High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) Pune and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Secretary of Department of Defence Research &Developmentand Chairman Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) Dr. G Satheesh Reddy, inaugurated The NWED-2020. The two-day workshop has been organized by HEMRL Puneon its diamond jubilee celebration. HEMRL Pune is a premier laboratory of DRDO. It provides a platform to scientists, technocrats and users to share knowledge, experience and updated information on the technological advancements made in the recent past. The DRDO Chairman said that detection of explosives is a compelling need of the hour. Security agencies are continuously monitoring vulnerable targets with the help of intelligence agencies to thwart the attempts of anti-social elements. A total of 250 delegates from different DRDO laboratories, Army, CRPF, CISF, State Police, academic institutes, industries, and other security agencies are attending the workshop. 3.Memorandum of Understanding Between Indian Air Force and Savitribai Phule Pune University As a unique initiative of Indian Air Force. the IAF and Savitribai Phule Pune University entered into an academic collaboration by signing a Memorandum of Understanding to establish a 'Chair of Excellence' at the Department of Defence & Strategic Studies on 29 Feb 2020. To pay tribute to the legend and commemorate the centenary birth year of the MIAF, the IAF has named it as "Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh Chair of Excellence". The Chair will enable IAF officers to pursue Doctoral Research and higher studies in Defence & Strategic Studies and allied fields. The chair will facilitate research and higher studies in the area of National Defence and allied fields of Air Force officers. The chair would facilitate inculcating a strategic outlook and building a pool of strategic thinkers. The ceremony was presided over by Shri Nitin Karmalkar, Hon'ble Vice-Chancellor of SPPU. The Chief Guest of the function was Air Marshal Amit Dev AVSM, VSM, Air Officer-in-Charge Personnel, Indian Air Force and was attended by Air Vice Marshal LN Sharma AVSM, Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Education) and other senior IAF and University officials. 4.GST Revenue collection for February, 2020? 1,05,366 crore gross GST revenue collected in February The gross GST revenue collected in the month of February, 2020is ₹ 1,05,366crore of which CGST is ₹ 20,569crore, SGST is ₹ 27,348crore, IGST is ₹ 48,503crore (including ₹ 20,745crore collected on imports) and Cess is ₹ 8,947 crore (including ₹ 1,040crore collected on imports). The total number of GSTR 3B Returns filed for the month of January up to 29th February 2020 is 83.53lakh. The government has settled ₹ 22,586 crores to CGST and ₹ 16,553 crores to SGST from IGST as regular settlement. The total revenue earned by Central Government and the State Governments after regular settlement in the month of February 2020 is ₹ 43,155 crores for CGST and ₹ 43,901 crores for the SGST. The GST revenues during the month of February 2020 from domestic transactions have shown a growth of 12% over the revenue during the month of February 2019. Taking into account the GST collected from the import of goods, the total revenue during February, 2020has increased by 8% in comparison to the revenue during February 2019. During this month, the GST on import of goods has shown a negative growth of (-) 2% as compared to February 2019. The chart shows trends in revenue during the current year. The table shows the state-wise figures of GST collected in each State during the month of February 2020 as compared to Feb 2019.

State-wise GST revenue in February| StudywithDS 5.Week-Long “Ekam Fest” to Begin Tomorrow to Promote Craftsmanship & Products of Divyang Artisans And Entrepreneurs Union Minister of Social Justice & Empowerment Shri Thaawarchand Gehlot will inaugurate the week-long Exhibition-cum-Fair “EKAM Fest” organized by National Handicapped Finance Development Corporation (NHFDC) under M/o Social Justice & Empowerment tomorrow evening at State Emporia Complex, Baba Kharak Singh Marg, New Delhi-1. Union Minister for RT&H and MEME Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari and Union Minister for Women and Child Development and Textiles Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani will grace the occasion. Ministers of State for SJ&E Shri Krishan Pal Gurjar, Shri Rattan Lal Kataria and Shri Ramdas Athawale will also be present. EKAM Fest is an effort for promoting entrepreneurship and knowledge among the Divyangjan community, generating awareness among society about potentialities of PwDs & providing a major marketing opportunity to PwDs entrepreneurs. NHFDC Foundation is making efforts for the development of a brand and platform for marketing of products of these determined entrepreneurs. Accordingly, the name of the brand has arrived at Ekam (Entrepreneurship, Knowledge, Awareness, Marketing). The word Ekam also represents the inclusiveness, oneness, and unity which appropriately describe the efforts being put in by NHFDC to develop the marketing platform and aggregation of the products through the promotion of entrepreneurship, knowledge sharing, Awareness creation and marketing initiatives amongst the Divyangjan. The week-long Ekam Fest will also host a number of activities like cultural extravaganza including performances by Divyang artists and well-known professionals. Additional highlights of the event will be astrological consultations and foot massage by Divyang professionals. In the first Ekam Fest, Divyang Entrepreneur and Artisans from all over the country have been invited with representation from J&K to Puducherry and from Nagaland to Gujarat. The fest will see vibrant products from J&K and NE with products ranging from handicrafts, handloom, Embroidery work and dry fruits. During the Fair, around 80 Divyang Entrepreneur/Artisan and organizations from 18 States/UTs shall display their skills represented through their beautiful products, services and demonstration of skills. It will be an opportunity for all to encourage these products made with extraordinary determination by the divyang craftspersons and entrepreneurs. NHFDC also plans to start an online marketing platform to promote online sales and roping in the big corporate houses. The Ekam Fest stalls will see the following broad products category: Home Décor and Lifestyle Textiles Stationery and Eco-Friendly products Packed Food and Organic Products Toys and Gifts Personal Accessory –Jewelry, Clutch Bags The new initiatives of NHFDC will be showcased in the Fest. A few are highlighted below: NHFDC Swavalamban Kendra (NSK): NHFDC has taken an initiative to establish PWD owned micro skill training Centers throughout the country for skill training of PwDs. These NSKs will have the capacity to provide quality skill training to around 120 PwDs per year NSK. The PwD owner of the NSK is expected to earn around Rs 20,000 per month. Safe Cabs in Delhi and Indore: NHFDC has made an arrangement with Sakha Cabs where the PwD owned commercial vehicles will be driven by the Women drivers to provide safe taxi options for the women, children, and senior citizen commuters. Such Safe cabs are already in operation at New Delhi and Indore Airport. The vehicles here are financed by NHFDC under its scheme. Safe Drinking Water E Carts: NHFDC has recently agreed to finance E-carts fitted with RO water dispensing vending machines. These carts will sell water in paper glasses maintaining hygiene. The carts will be supported in operation by Bharat Jal. The PwD owner is expected to earn Rs 10,000/- to Rs 15,000/- per month in the operation of these carts. NHFDC is an Apex corporation under the aegis of Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan), Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment and is working since 1997. It is registered as a company, not for profit and provides financial assistance to the Divyangjan/Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan/PwDs) for their economic rehabilitation and provides a number of skill development programs to empower them to grow & sustain their enterprises. To empower the Divyang and marginalized groups of the society more closely, NHFDC has taken a step forward and established the NHFDC Foundation, this year. Recognizing the absence of a connect with the market which hinders fair prices and volumes in the sale of the unorganized tiny Divyang entrepreneurs, NHFDC Foundation is making efforts for the development of a brand and platform for marketing of products of these determined entrepreneurs. Read the full article

[ssbprep]

DRDO Inks Deal With Russian Company For Missiles Propulsion Systems

DRDO Inks Deal With Russian Company For Missiles Propulsion Systems

DRDO’s High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) signed contract with ROSOBORONEXPORT for development of Advanced Pyrotechnic Ignition Systems. Director HEMRL KPS Murthy said that this will enable advancement in the field of energetic materials and pyrotechnic technology leading to the development of advanced ignition systems. DRDO laboratory working in the development of spectrum of high…

[juniperpublishersajop]

Ballistic Studies on Fox-7 Based Triple Base Propellant for High Calibre Gun-Juniper Publishers

Abstract

In the present work, triple base propellant (TBP) containing mainly energetic nitrate polymer nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine, picrite, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) along with ingredients such as stabiliser and plasticizer has been processed by solvent method. Picrite has been replaced in increments with FOX-7 from the propellant composition. Acetone: ethanol used as solvent to gelatinise/plasticize NC during processing. Dimensions of the propellant was determined by physical measurement and propellant grains were subjected to mechanical properties (compressive strength (CS), % compression) determination, sensitivity tests and closed vessel (CV) firing. Incorporation of FOX-7 led to remarkable increase in CS at sub-zero temperatures (-20°C) and reduced at higher temperatures (+55°C) for 20 % FOX-7 in TBP composition. CV test of the propellant was carried out at 0.2g/cc loading density in 700cc closed vessel at +21, -20 & +55°C to evaluate ballistic parameters such as Pmax, force constant, (dP/dt) max, pressure index (α), burning rate coefficient (β), rise time, relative force (RF) and relative vivacity (RV). The trends observed during this work bring out the potential of FOX-7 to impart temperature independent characteristics in the TBP used for high calibre gun.

Keywords: FOX-7; Pressure index; Force constant; Burning rate; Chamber pressure

Introduction

FOX-7 or 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE) as reported by Lochert [1] is a low vulnerable energetic compound. It was first synthesized in 1990s by the FOA Defence Research Establishment (Sweden). However, its application in propellant has received attention during last decade. The performance of FOX-7 is comparable to cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) whereas its impact and friction sensitivities are much less than that of RDX and other nitramines. Calculated detonation velocity of FOX-7 based high

energy compositions has been of the order 9090m/s compared to 8800m/s for RDX based compositions [1-3]. FOX-7 has a potential for application in high performance IM-compliant explosive formulations. Most of the research establishments working in the area of high energy materials (HEMs) like Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory (AMRL) have focused on the synthesis, hazards characterisation and performance evaluation of FOX-7. Dorsett [4] has mentioned in the report that 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene i.e. FOX-7 is like the insensitive chemical compound triamino trinitro benzene (TATB), a benzene ring compound having three amino and three nitro groups. FOX-7 has a two-carbon backbone in place of a benzene ring, but the amino and nitro groups have similar effects in both cases according to published reports on sensitivity and chemical decay processes of FOX-7 [5] Table 1.

It is mainly produced by Eurenco Bofors AB & Sweden [1,6,7]. Some of the characteristics of FOX-7 vis-a-vis RDX and picrite are given in Table 2. Various tests such as slow cook off, fast cook off, bullet impact test have been conducted along with Composition B to establish the insensitive nature of FOX-7 based propellants. Most of the reported literature pertains to FOX-7 based plastic bonded explosives. FOX-7 based compositions have undergone deflagration (type V reaction) whereas, Composition B has given detonation response (type I reaction). Burn rate (mm/s) was found to increase with pressure (MPa) and force constant (J/g) was found to increase with temperature.

Thus, FOX-7 enhanced the safety of propellant without much compromise on propellant energy. Mishra et al [3] have also studied lower vulnerability of FOX-7 based, non-aluminized and aluminized, melt cast explosive with marginal decrease in performance compared to RDX based compositions. S Karlsson [8] has reported height of 50% explosion (H50) 63 - 79cm in Drop hammer tests and no reaction in the friction test (>340 N). A castable composition of FOX-7 and poly-glycidyl nitrate (Poly-GLYN) has also been studied by these researchers. Limited safety tests indicated that the compositions with FOX-7 were less sensitive to friction, it had excellent thermal stability at 65°C and slow cook-off stimuli. It did not detonate at a diameter of 25 mm and upon slow heating (3.3°C/hour) it ignites at 220°C and burns without damage to the container or the surroundings. Limited work has been reported in literature on FOX-7 based propellant. Wuxi Xie et al. [9] studied the performance of Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether (NEPE) rocket propellants containing FOX-7 as replacement of Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX). They observed decrease in combustion temperature by about 100K and increase in burning rate as well as pressure exponents. Moreover, tensile strength of the propellants was increased, whereas maximum elongation decreased by about 40%. The initiation probability under pressure decreased by 12% along with decrease in friction sensitivity of the propellant suggesting improved insensitivity characteristics. Bogdan Florczak [10] observed that, the propellant containing FOX-7 has a comparable deflagration temperature and gaseous reaction products volume as the composite propellant containing the same amount of HMX. Linear burn rate of propellant formulation containing FOX-7 is nearly 17% less than that of the propellant formulation containing HMX. Hendrik Lips et al. [11] has studied FOX-7 / Ammonium perchlorate (AP) / Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) based rocket propellants for a shoulder launched projectile. It is found that formulations containing FOX-7, AP and GAP exhibit a plateau burning behaviour between pressure values of 7 and 12 MPa, like double base propellants. Chemical stability and sensitivity test also within acceptable limits. FOX-7/ polyurethane compositions with nitro plasticizers exhibit the best thermal stability. Shock sensitivity test results of FOX-7 based propellant correspond to values with a hazard division (HD) 1.3. However, the mechanical properties need further improvement.

As limited studies are reported on FOX-7 based gun propellant, the present work was undertaken to study FOX-7 as a component of triple base gun propellant with NC as polymeric energetic binder.

Experimental Section

Materials

NC-NG paste having volatile matter (VM) content 0.4% and other ingredients weights are taken on dry weight basis for processing the propellant batch. NC-NG paste, picrite and FOX-7 loaded into incorporator for kneading and solvent (17-25%) along with di-butyl phthalate to form homogenous and fully consistent dough, warm water circulation started (38 - 40°C). Propellant processing was carried out by well-established method. (Surjit Singh Vol-II [12].

Chemical analysis of TBP was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) model No. Ultimate 3000. This model of HPLC is manufactured by Dionex Softron GmbH, Germering, Germany. The HPLC column has a neutral stationary phase containing C18, octadecasilane with the dimensions of 250mm length, 4.6mm diameter and 5μm pore size. Mobile phase included methanol: water (70:30) mixture. Propellant sample was ground, and ether extract was prepared by heating the content in water bath. It was injected into the HPLC column. The system is run for a duration of 30 minutes by conditioning at a temperature of 35°C at a standard flow rate of mobile phase of 1ml/min and 64 bar pressure in reverse phase. Content of polymeric binder NC, graphite and K2SO4 in the propellant is calculated by difference. In order to obtain only NC and graphite content in the propellant, the residue of ether extract is treated with hot water. K2SO4 gets dissolved in hot water that was estimated by well-known methods. To estimate graphite, acetone is added in the remaining extract to dissolve NC. Chemical analysis results are given below in Table 3.

Thermo chemical parameters for all the experimental propellant compositions that is processed are calculated using THERM program of HEMRL are given in Table 4. In this program, some basic thermodynamic equations that are reported for gun propellant combustion have been used for calculations [13-19]. Approximate determination of temperature of explosion is carried out using computer program. Then the calculation of heat of reaction of gas and its internal energy is carried out. Number of gram atom/gram of C, H, N, O are given by well-known and reported equation. The energy released at 2500K is evaluated making use of well-reported combustion parameters for C, H, N, O. The major products of propellant combustion are predicted viz. CO2, H2O, H2, N2 gases and dissociation products are OH, H, NO, O. Calculation of internal energy of these gases is carried out by applying standard thermodynamic equations. Thereafter, other important and quite relevant constants such as co-volume, force constant and heat of combustion are calculated and compared with values reported in the literature. Detailed research work involving computer program had been published by K P Rao [12]. Researchers have been using this program widely for approximate calculation of ballistic parameters pertaining to gun propellants [20-24].

Measurement of dimensions of dried propellant grain was carried out using Vaiseshika Zoom Stereoscopic Microscope Type 7004 TNC Sr. No. 99075 having resolution 7X to 60X manufactured by M/s Vaiseshika Electronic Devices, Ambala Cantt, Haryana, India. The propellant grain is held in different positions under the microscope which is connected to a programmed computer and image is frozen and thereafter various dimensions such as web size, hole size, grain diameter, length etc. are measured in mm by moving the crosswire from point to point in the frozen image. Movement of crosswire across the image gives the length or distance between the two selected points on the image that is displayed and recorded by a programmed computer connected to the microscope. Geometrical parameters of FOX 7 based TBP grains are tabulated in Table 5. Photograph of a few propellant grains taken using camera make Sony Japan. Model No. Cyber-shotDSC- S980, 12.1 Mega pixel, Optical zoom 4X is placed at Figure 1.

Form function is a measure of surface area of the propellant grain and theoretical web factor (TWF) is the ratio of ballistic web to geometric web is calculated using available computer program [11,12]. Input parameters like grain geometry, hole size, diameter, length: diameter ratio is given as input parameters for calculation and form function and TWF are obtained as output parameters. Mechanical properties testing was carried out using Hounsfield Universal Testing Machine H25KN, New York, US. Length: diameter (L/D) ratio of propellant grain was adjusted to 2.0 and conditioned at +21, -20 & +55°C for 4 hours. Mechanical properties viz. compressive strength (CS) and % compression of the propellant grains was determined.

Impact sensitivity and test was carried out using BAM IM Fall Hammer apparatus make Chilworth Technology, UK, with 2kg drop weight. Friction sensitivity test was conducted using BAM FR Friction test apparatus, make Chilworth Technology, UK. Similarly, autoignition temperature was determined using Wood’s metal bath. During all the three tests propellant sample was powdered by grinding and 150-300μm particle size was taken evaluation [6,25].

Closed vessel evaluation of FOX-7 based propellant along with standard TBP (Std TBP) was carried out at 0.2g/cc loading density in 700cc CV [26] after conditioning at +21, -20 & +55°C for 24 hours to determine ballistic parameters such as Pmax, force constant, (dP/dt)max, pressure index (α), burning rate coefficient (β), rise time, vivacity, relative force (RF) and relative vivacity (RV) [19,27]. Measurement of pressure during CV firing was done using tourmaline piezo-electric gauge. 1.2g gunpowder was used to ignite the main propellant charge. Nearly 4 ampere current was passed through a thin nichrome wire having length 22-25mm connected across the firing electrodes closed vessel in order to ignite the gunpowder which then ignites the propellant charge [28,29].

Results and Discussion

Chemical analysis results of TBP using HPLC is given in Table 2. Some important properties are reported from literature [3,4]. It shows that FOX-7 has higher density and oxygen balance as compared to picrite. Result of theoretical calculation (Table 4) shows that, most of the parameters such as flame temperature, force constant, chamber pressure, calorific value, and mean molecular mass are increasing for FOX-7 based propellant compositions as compared to standard TBP which do not contain FOX-7. Geometrical parameters of propellant grains (Table 5) shows that web size, hole size, diameter, length and form function for FOX-7 based compositions grains are comparable to the Std TBP grains.

Mechanical properties such as compressive strength (CS) and % compression after conditioning at +21, -20 & +55°C for four hours are given in Table 6. The result shows that incorporation of FOX-7 at 5% level bring down the CS whereas increase in FOX-7 content to 20% level results in improvement in CS at all the temperatures. The CS at -20°C for 20% FOX-7 based composition is more than that of even Std TBP. However, CS is increasing as the amount of FOX-7 is increased in the propellant grain composition. Incorporation of FOX-7 brought down the % compression at +21°C. These results suggest that incorporation of FOX-7 renders the TBP hard at sub-zero conditioning temperatures probably due to reinforcement by FOX-7 particles involving physical forces (hydrogen bonding). It is possible that microcracks may be developing in the FOX-7 based TBP grains at sub-zero conditioning temperatures offering greater burning surface resulting in combustion stability and near to temperature independent ballistics of gun propellant. This is on the lines of the work already reported. The results also suggest that FOX-7 based TBP can retain structural integrity even at higher temperature thereby preventing the accidental damage to gun.

FOX-7 based propellant grains are stronger at -20oC and weaker at higher temperatures than Std TBP as the value of CS is higher at sub-zero temperature and lower at +55°C. The performance at +21 & +55°C is almost similar. Values of CS are plotted in Figure 2.Impact, friction as well as auto-ignition temperature test results are given in Table 7. Auto-ignition test results bring out decrease in vulnerability to thermal stimulus of propellant on incorporation of FOX-7. These results are in line with the reported studies Waldemar A. Trzciński [30]. FOX-7 did not have adverse effect on impact and friction sensitivity of the propellant unlike RDX/ HMX. This may be due to stability gained by the molecules after each oxygen atom of the nitro groups involved with two hydrogen bonding in FOX-7 molecules resulting in two intra-molecular and six inter-molecular hydrogen bonds [31] Figure 3.

As depicted in Figure 4, rate of change of pressure i.e. differential pressure attains a maximum value for every composition during CV firing is denoted in terms of (dP/dt)max. The value of (dP/dt)max is lowered for FB-20 at +55°C whereas it is increased at -20°C and almost coincides at 21°C with that of Std TBP. This behaviour of FOX-7 based TBP indicates a trend towards low temperature coefficient propellant.

Chamber pressure was found marginally higher for FB-05 and FB-20 compositions compared to Std TBP evaluated during this work at -20°C and 21°C, as shown in Figure 5 whereas it is found to be marginally increased for FB-05 composition at +55°C. This may be due to brittleness of FOX-7 based propellant composition which gives rise to increase in surface area and increased burn rate. Increased burn rate increases the amount of gases thereby increasing the gaseous pressure. This trend in pressure indicated that FOX 7 based TBPs are showing low temperature sensitivity [32]. This result shows that FOX-7 based TBP can be used in large calibre guns without hazards.

Force constant which is a measure of propellant energy is almost same for FB-20 composition at -20°C and at 21°C as compared to Std TBP and FB-05 composition whereas it is increased at +55°C. The graph is plotted in Figure 6. This behaviour of FOX-7 based TBP indicates a trend towards low temperature coefficient propellant in sub-zero temperature region. This may be due to hardening of FOX-7 based propellant grain making it more brittle propellant composition which gives rise in surface area and increased burn rate. Increased burn rate increases flame temperature and gaseous molecules move faster giving more force or energy (Table 4) [30]. CV firing results bring out increase in force constant with increase in FOX-7 content in the propellant at replacement of picrite. This may be attributed to higher density and superior oxygen balance (stoichiometry) of FOX-7 compared to picrite.

Dynamic vivacity expressed as [(1/P). (1/Pmax). (dP/dt)] is plotted against normalized pressure (P/Pmax). A comparison of Figure 7-9 corresponding to CV tests at -20, +21 and +55°C respectively shows that graph of vivacity for FB-20 composition begins on the lower side as compared to FB-05 and marginally higher than Std TBP and it remains on the lower side for entire range of normalized pressure. It indicates comparative lowering of the production of gases at all temperatures of conditioning for FB-20 propellant composition and particularly at +55°C. This clearly brings out the fact that FOX-7 based propellant composition has the potential for exhibiting low temperature coefficient ballistic parameters. Similar is the trend in case of RV as observed from the graph between RV versus temperature shown in Table 8.

Burn rate versus pressure profile obtained during CV firing of FOX-7 based propellant compositions at -20, 21 & +55°C respectively plotted in Figure 10-12. Graph shows that burn rate increases with increase of temperature and attains peak at certain pressure and then falls off steeply even though the pressure increases as the propellant gets consumed fully. It may be noted that the burn rate is lowered as the FOX-7 content is increased in the propellant compositions. Burn rate for FOX-7 based composition FB-05 is reduced as compared to Std TBP; however, for FB-20 it was close to that for Std TBP at -20°C whereas at +55°C for FOX-7 based composition gave marginally lower burn rates at Pmax compared to Std TBP. These results are indicative of introduction of temperature independent/less dependent combustion of FOX-7 based TBP. It increases the duration of combustion. This indicates that pressure may act on the base of projectile for a longer duration increasing its velocity [Table 9 & 10].

Conclusion

FOX-7 based gun propellant has given improved energetics and ballistic properties as compared to conventional TBP. Force constant, Pmax, (dP/dt)max, and RV are on the higher side as compared to standard TBP propellant showing that loading density in high caliber gun can be reduced to get the same muzzle velocity and chamber pressure. Vivacity variation indicates lowering the production of gases at all temperatures of conditioning of the FB- 20 propellant composition and the rate of generation of gases is further lowered at higher temperatures as compared to Std TBP. This clearly brings out the fact that FB-20 propellant composition has the potential for exhibiting low temperature coefficient ballistic parameters. Similar trend is observed in case of RV versus temperature. Burn rate is lowered and the peak is broadened as the FOX-7 content is increased in the propellant compositions indicating increased duration of combustion. This indicates that pressure may act on the base of projectile for a longer duration increasing its velocity. The trends in ballistics observed bring out the fact that FOX-7 has potential to impart less sensitive, temperature independent characteristics in the TBP used for high calibre gun.

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