#HCFCs

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from EcoWatch:

An international team of scientists say efforts to protect the ozone layer have been a “huge global success,” with damaging atmospheric gases declining more quickly than expected.

According to the new study, the total amount of chlorine — which depletes the ozone — in all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) peaked in 2021, five years earlier than the most recent predictions.

“This has been a huge global success. We’re seeing that things are going in the right direction,” said Dr. Luke Western, lead author of the study and a Marie Curie Research Fellow at University of Bristol’s School of Chemistry, as The Guardian reported.

The reduction in HCFCs is largely due to the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which introduced controls on the usage and production of ozone-depleting substances. HCFCs were once common in the manufacturing of hundreds of products, from refrigerators and packaging to aerosol sprays and foams.

Lowering the amount of HCFCs — which are also greenhouse gases — should help lessen global heating, a press release from University of Bristol said.

Developed to replace chlorofluorocarbons — banned globally since 2010 — production and usage of HCFCs is still in the process of being phased out.

“The results are very encouraging. They underscore the great importance of establishing and sticking to international protocols,” Western said in the press release. “Without the Montreal Protocol, this success would not have been possible, so it’s a resounding endorsement of multilateral commitments to combat stratospheric ozone depletion, with additional benefits in tackling human-induced climate change.”

HCFC emissions fell less than one percent between 2021 and 2023, but are still moving in the right direction.

“Their production is currently being phased out globally, with a completion date slated for 2040. In turn these HCFCs are being replaced by non-ozone depleting hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and other compounds. By enforcing strict controls and promoting the adoption of ozone-friendly alternatives, the protocol has successfully curbed the release and levels of HCFCs into the atmosphere,” Western said.

[wachinyeya]

[whats-in-a-sentence]

See the timeline of events in Fig. 3.5.

"Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective", 4e - Gary W. VanLoon & Stephen J. Duffy

[hinsfansandcantopop]

張敬軒Revisit演唱會之我見：令歌迷憤怒的劣作

在2022年12月20日，我和好友去觀賞了張敬軒宣傳多時的sidetracks大作: 張敬軒Revisit演唱會。(12月20日是頭場，同時是HCFC會員專場) 在購買門票時就已經是一波三折，因為雖然好友和我都是張敬軒歌迷會 (Hins Cheung Fans Club，又名HCFC) 的會員，但是這次歌迷會的安排十分不恰當，每位銀會員竟然只可以購買一張門票。只有在歌迷會網店消費滿$3000，升級做金會員才可以購買兩張門票 (即是俗稱「二連位」)，導致即使我和好友已經乖乖地課金去加入歌迷會，到最後都要淪落到我倆需要分開庭位去觀賞演唱會，這個「神級安排」實在令人啼笑皆非。據我所知在網上都有不少歌迷都對這個安排感到不滿，只是一眾網軍打手在網上帶風向，強行要求別人學習獨自去觀看演唱會，打壓反對的意見，去掩蓋歌迷會的安排不當。幸好當日去到現場，我的好友成功和一位女士交換了門票，令我們可以坐在一起欣賞這次的演唱會。在此要再多謝一次該名女士的慷概大方，願意臨時和我的朋友交換位置。

返回正題，這次的Revisit演唱會，張敬軒揚言會重遊過去20年的許多回憶，更會把許多的經典帶回舞台上。即是說這個演唱會是會以sidetracks為主，會為歌迷去獻唱一些非主打歌，但事實是否如此呢? 就是因為這次演唱會名不符實，才會令我感到如此憤怒! 在此我先定義一下我自己心中的sidetrack，第一個定義是比較客觀的，就是歌曲剛推出時沒有被歌唱公司用作專輯中的主打歌和沒有拿去派台的歌曲。而第二個定義則比較主觀，就是該歌曲當年是主打歌曲，但是其傳頌度不高，而且沒有或甚少在演唱會中獻唱。但問題是，這次Revisit演唱會的rundown當中，有許多歌曲是不符合這兩個定義的。所以與其��是sidetrack concert，倒不如說這次是「晒track」concert，把許多從前的滄海遺珠都浪費了。當然，即使是sidetracks，如果是平平無奇，根本沒有創意及衝擊力的作品，我都認為是不應該放上舞台的。

我順著這個演唱會的rundown由頭到尾去分析一次，看看這個演唱會的問題出在哪裡。開場的歌是《Deadline》、《Sweet Escape》、《Stop the time》所組成的快歌medley。這三首歌根本完全不屬於sidetracks的行列。《Deadline》是張敬軒在2011年的專輯《P.S. I love you》中的第一主打歌曲，而且在2014年中的《Hins Live in Passion》都以medley的方式出現過。《Sweet Escape》如果對於近幾年來開始關注張敬軒的人一定不會陌生，因為它正是最新專輯《The Brightest Darkness》中的主打歌! 而且在年初的《The Next 20》演唱會當中，它已經是主要rundown中的其中一首歌，所以都不是sidetrack。而《Stop the time》在過去的《張敬軒港樂演唱會》及《Hins Live in Passion》都是已經唱到耳熟能詳，再加上它本身都是一首派台歌曲。第一部份的這些快歌，就已經全部不是sidetracks。不過，張敬軒一直都是喜歡用快歌打開演唱會的節奏，而且這三首歌都是優秀的作品，自然是問題不大，而且都成功地把現場的氣氛炒熱。

然後就來到了《病況》及《攝氏零度》的部份，我要大讚的是《病況》的出現令人十分感動! 《病況》這一首sidetrack是源自《笑忘書》專輯的歌曲，繼上一次張敬軒在《The Next 20演唱會》中的encore以一個十分平平無奇的編曲 (其實我想說是比CD的編曲差許多) 去獻唱後，《病況》來到這一次演唱會，終於以一個比較成熟的方式去表演。作為張敬軒多年的歌迷，當然樂見張敬軒去唱出更多這些真正的滄海遺珠。但之後就還原基本步，他選擇了《攝氏零度》去緊接著上一首歌曲。《攝氏零度》不算是太差的歌曲，雖然它都有主打歌的普遍問題，就是旋律太flat、K歌味太重，但算是合格的作品。但是這首歌有另一個問題，就是它都不屬於sidetrack，因為它是《No. Eleven》專輯的主打曲及派台歌，同樣都有少少「唱到爛」的感覺，但暫時我認為還是可以接受的。

然後來到7首歌連唱的環節，順序是《風起了》、《夜宴》、《迷失表參道》、《狐》、《隱形人》、《傾慕》、《裝睡的情人》。首先第一首歌《風起了》，當我一聽到前奏，我就立即起身去廁所了。這首歌完完全全就是一個廁所位，因為張敬軒完全不適合唱這首歌，《風起了》的歌詞都完全不能引起我的共嗚，難聽點講，這首歌完全就是不好聽，不合格。由倪力原唱的《Marjoice》比起這個改到畸型的《風起了》是要好十倍以上。而且《風起了》都不是Sidetrack!當年英皇是有為這首歌製作MV的，誰膽敢說《風起了》是一首sidetrack? 這首歌既不好聽而且不是sidetrack，自然令我對這個show扣分不少。但之後《夜宴》出來，令我立即趕回去座位好好欣賞。要多謝吳林峰在上一次做張敬軒演唱會嘉賓時，把這一首佳作帶回上舞台，讓那位善忘的負心歌手終於想起自己曾經有這麼好的作品。《夜宴》的旋律雖然聽得出是以sidetrack的創作思路去寫出來的，但其詞曲的憂鬱感卻不輸他的主打歌，是屬於這次演唱會其中一個正確選擇。《迷失表參道》都是正常水準發揮，但這首歌都不屬於sidetrack，其實放它在中間，會不會反而浪費了一個位置呢? 張敬軒有這麼多sidetracks，是不是可以考慮轉唱其他歌曲呢?

來到《狐》及《隱形人》，這部份是我最喜歡的部分! 這兩首歌都是來自《urban emotions》專輯的sidetracks，兩首歌同樣都是屬於比較沉重的快歌，歌詞都帶有深度，旋律都是十分動聽，不是那種千遍一律的K歌。這兩首歌我沒有什麼可以批評的，這些選歌才是一個sidetrack concert應該有的選曲。只能講張敬軒環球年代的歌曲實在是十分動聽。緊接著的是來自專輯《Senses Inherited》的《傾慕》及《裝睡的情人》。《傾慕》的確都是一首比較冷門的sidetrack，但膽敢講一句，這首歌已經差不多是在《Senses Inherited》專輯中屬於最好的歌曲，輕浮再帶點迷幻的旋律，都是一個不錯的發展。但去到《裝睡的情人》，就突然來個大煞車了。《裝睡的情人》算是sidetrack嗎? 這首歌是有派台，英皇的網軍都曾經大力地推介這首歌給樂迷，而且在ViuTV的 Chillclub 都有唱過。um...... 但算吧，這可能算是給比較年資淺的樂迷的福利，加上這首歌的歌詞都帶有一個令人痛心的故事，我會給它合格吧。

然後休息一會後，來到自彈自唱《靈魂相認》的部份。這首歌是真的挺好聽的，是他過檔到英皇娛樂後為數不多的「軒式情歌」。好聽還好聽，但是這首都是屬於《Morph》專輯的主打歌。雖然他真的沒有在演唱會唱過，但他在剛剛的Music Panda都有和某大國文化歌手合唱過。算不算很短期內炒自己的冷飯呢? 哈哈。然後《遙吻》都算是以前的演唱會的常客，只是近年真的唱得比較少，要算作sidetrack嗎? 哈哈。一輪talk後，張敬軒就唱出《��影不離》，這首來自於《Sense Inherited》專輯，在民間支持度很高的sidetrack。我不反對他唱這一首歌，雖然它比較像是林家謙的歌曲，但畢竟都是沒有派台的sidetrack，都屬於是合格的選曲....吧?

然後來到第二個快歌環節，就是《懷舊情人》、《無城有愛》、《兩座位跑車》及《潛水》。前面兩首都是屬於韓風比較重的歌曲，但我個人就十分不受落了。新嘗試是好事，但如果你要Revisit的話，為何不先Revisit一下你2010年前的sidetrack呢? 順帶一提，《無城有愛》是最新專輯《The Brightest Darkness》的派台歌曲 (《懷舊情人》則是來自於同一專輯，HCFC的主題曲)。說好的sidetrack呢? 《兩座位跑車》就令我耳仔舒服不少，雖然都是萬年演唱會握手位歌曲，但相比之下格局比前面兩首歌要高，是屬於適合張敬軒的快歌。《潛水》就是另一個令人很R頭的選歌，其實如果力有不逮，就真的不要勉強。勉強是沒有幸福，要不然張敬軒你學林家謙一個很flat的tone 直接車過去吧。等等，《潛水》是有MV的，有MV的能算是sidetrack嗎? 哈哈。

然後來到了這個演唱會最令我憤怒的部份! 就是《過客別墅》、《叮噹可否不要老》及新編曲《雪花抄》的部份! 這部份完全就是一個disaster! 十分難聽! 先講《過客別墅》根本不是sidetrack，它是有MV的，請問邊到屬於sidetrack呢? 這首歌我曾經都在家中聽了幾次，然後果斷地把它從我的慣用playlist剷走。歌詞旋律平平無奇，沒有起伏，根本就是K歌一首。不是，是K歌都要比它好，K歌都要比它更有起伏。簡單講句，我根本不知道他在唱什麼。另外《叮噹可否不要老》都是同一個老毛病，都是平平無奇沒有起伏，而且最後還要消費一下以前叮噹的配音員保全叔。我是來聽你唱歌，不是來看你賣慘的。你如果要賣慘，都麻煩你學上次《The Next 20》般賣你自己的慘，而不是為了滿足台下某種立場的歌迷的幻想而去消費逝者。最重要的問題就是這兩首歌就是垃圾! 說好的Revisit你的經典呢? 這兩首歌算是什麼經典? 用來賣錢的歌扮經典? 張生你有精神分裂嗎? 另外，新編曲《雪花抄》真的好難聽，真的好難聽。你以後的演唱會我建議你不要再唱《雪花抄》，真的好恐怖，我一年來聽到這首歌已經幾十次了，我不需要你在珍貴的演唱會時間再唱一次了。而且這些歌，邊撚到算係sidetrack呢? sidetrack呢? sidetrack呢? sidetrack呢? 你這麼多sidetrack去了哪裡? 掉進了咸水海嗎? 為什麼我真金白銀入場看你演唱會，你卻餵我吃屎?

到最後encore部份，張敬軒選擇表演了《悲劇人物》，這首的確是一首sidetrack，不過你在The Next 20演唱會已經唱過了，但這首歌總算令我的耳朵舒服一點。但是之後就真的是Disaster，而且是Civil disaster的級別! 為什麼要再唱一次《裝睡的情人》呢? 你說第一次唱得不好，但是第二次都不見得你有即時的大進步呢? 而且都係個句，台上時間有限。Don't fucking waste my time Mr. Cheung。你把一首歌唱兩次，很難不令我懷疑你根本在選歌方面準備不足吧? 然後真是 For the fuck sake，你為什麼要唱日文歌? 你為什麼要唱《First Love》呢? 你為什麼要懶好笑地準備一些音譯的歌詞在大銀幕上呢? 你這樣做是有什麼居心呢? 雖然不是十分難聽，但是我真係感到自己就黎爆血管啦張生......你有這麼多sidetrack不唱，唱了一大堆主打歌派台歌，encore環節卻俾這些貨我? 你沒有時間練歌就出聲，你就不要搞這個sidetrack show，本來這個show大部份的rundown已經離題，根本好多歌都不是經典的好歌，你最後還要唱首日文歌，是不是想我學國足球迷大叫��曰你媽退錢」你先開心? 你覺得你呢個rundown好好玩嗎? Fuck off, fuck off, fuck off。最後的encore 《老了十歲》，我已經沒好氣再聽及再思考。你喜歡這樣做音樂我都阻不了你。

總結而言，這個演唱會是正宗的「掛羊頭賣狗肉」，我不知道你Revisit了什麼才想得出這一個垃圾的rundown。Shit beginning, shit middle, and a shit end。如果你是一心想聽sidetrack而購買了門票的話，我建議你立即轉售手上所有的門票。張敬軒現在變得只會服務那些他轉會到英皇後才支持他的歌迷以及英皇娛樂公司。我想講你在環球時代的sidetracks呢? 為什麼不拿出來唱呢? 因為公司怕你以前的作品比現在更好聽更受歡迎嗎? come on! 你應該要用全sidetrack去排一個rundown出來! 不要輕易受旁人及利益左右。Show us your taste! 麻煩你真的用作品說話，不要得把口去做音樂，而係用你個heart去做音樂，好唔好? 即使比較近期的，例如《Morph》專輯中的《最卑微的願望》、《家園》及《一天》呢? 這個專輯是英皇時期的專輯，可以唱多點吧? 另外最後最後想講的是，如果你好想準時收工，少一點talk，取消植入式廣告的抽獎環節，這樣不就能解決encore太長的問題嗎? 歌手首先先要唱好歌，然後有空才搞其他事情吧，你連練歌的時間都沒有，我感覺昨日入場是被你欺騙了。希望你和你幕後團隊好好想想該如何進步。

[tenth-sentence]

Radiative forcing associated with chlorinated fluorocarbons and other related gases is estimated to be 0.34 W/m².

"Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective", 4e - Gary W. VanLoon & Stephen J. Duffy

[follow-up-news]

International efforts to protect the ozone layer have been a “huge global success”, scientists have said, after revealing that damaging gases in the atmosphere were declining faster than expected. The Montreal protocol, signed in 1987, aimed to phase out ozone-depleting substances found primarily in refrigeration, air conditioning and aerosol sprays. A study has found that atmospheric levels of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), harmful gases responsible for holes in the ozone layer, peaked in 2021 – five years ahead of projections.

[exhuastedpigeon]

Sometimes I think about how the hole in the ozone layer was such a huge deal when I was a kid. I remember hearing about it all the time in the 90s and early aughts, but today we don't hear much about it.

We don't hear less about it now because people don't care - we hear less about it because governments around the world stopped being cautious, decided to listen to scientists, and took collective action.

The action taken was staggering and eliminated production and consumption of the chemicals that were causing the hole. They just... eliminated them over the course of 20ish years.

It's possible to make that kind of impact, the governments of the world are just cowards and are in the pockets of big oil.

I was thinking about it today and reread a great BBC article by Kira Walker from 2022. I've linked it below and copied a part of it that ai find really interesting and important to understanding how change is possible, it just needs to be big changes without compromise.

In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was adopted to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the chemicals which deplete it. To support compliance, the treaty recognised "common but differentiated responsibilities", staggering phase-out schedules for developed and developing countries and establishing a multilateral fund to provide financial and technical assistance to help developing countries meet their obligations. During the 1990s and early-2000s, the production and consumption of CFCs was brought to a halt. By 2009, 98% of the chemicals agreed to in the treaty had been phased out. Six amendments — which the treaty allows when scientific evidence shows further action is needed — have led to ever-tightening restrictions on substances introduced to replace CFCs, such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). While good for the ozone layer, these replacements turned out to be bad for the climate. The global warming potential of the most commonly used HCFC, for example, is almost 2,000 times stronger than carbon dioxide. The treaty's climate benefits have been a positive side effect. In 2010, emissions reductions due to the Montreal Protocol were between 9.7 to 12.5 gigatons of CO2 equivalent, approximately five to six times more than the target of the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty adopted in 1997 that aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2016 adoption of the Kigali Amendment, which will limit the use of HFCs, will help avoid up to 0.5 C of global warming by 2100. '"You could argue [the Montreal Protocol] is a much more successful bit of climate protection legislation than any of the other [climate] agreements we've had to date," says Revell.' - What happened to the world's ozone hole? by Kira Walker

[usafphantom2]

Brazilian Navy sinks the former aircraft carrier São Paulo, after several impasses

In a statement, naval force said that the procedure was done with safety and technical competence, in the late afternoon of Friday (3).

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 02/03/2023 - 21:58 in Brazilian Navy, Military

The Brazilian Navy sank in the late afternoon of Friday (3) the deactivated aircraft carrier São Paulo, which had been sailing for months in the sea after being banned from entering Brazil and abroad.

"The procedure was conducted with the necessary technical and safety competence by the Brazilian Navy, in order to avoid logistical, operational, environmental and economic losses to the Brazilian State," says the naval force, by means of a note (at the end of the news).

This Friday, the Federal Regional Court of the 5th Region (TRF-5) released the Navy to sink the aircraft carrier, rejecting a request from the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF), which saw serious environmental risk in the decision.

Three holes in the hull of the vessel caused the ship to fill with water, which made the sinking inevitable, according to an inspection carried out by the Brazilian Navy.

According to the document, if nothing was done, the aircraft carrier would sink uncontrollably until mid-February.

Risk of environmental damage

The Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama) evaluated that the sinking of the ship can cause the following environmental damage:

The release of polluting materials contained in the structure can cause disturbance in filtering capacity and difficulty of growth in aquatic organisms;

The physical impact on the ocean floor can cause the death of species and the deterioration of ecosystems;

Emission of gases (CFCs and HCFCs) used in the insulation of rooms contribute, from the corrosion of the walls, to the degradation of the ozone layer;

The carcass can attract invasive species harmful to native biodiversity;

Microplastics and heavy metals present in vessel paints can become protagonists of undesirable bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.

Photo of the deactivated aircraft carrier São Paulo, captured via satellite by Greenpeace. (Photo: Disclosure/Greenpeace Brazil)

Because of this, Ibama asked the Navy for information to study alternatives to reduce environmental damage. The environmental agency also wanted to map the bottom area of the ocean where the ship would be sunk.

According to the MPF, the scrap of the vessel has 9.6 tons of asbestos, a substance that has toxic and carcinogenic potential. The hull also has 644 tons of paint and other hazardous materials.

Aircraft carrier has three holes in the hull and should sink by the middle of this month, says Navy inspection

While wandering on the Brazilian coast, aircraft carriers forbidden to dock could have arrived in any port in the world, says former owner of the ship. According to Ibama, the ship did not carry toxic cargo, but hazardous materials are an "indissociable" part of its structure.

One of these materials is asbestos, a mineral fiber considered toxic. Currently banned in more than 60 countries, asbestos was used in several industrial segments.

Since 2017, a decision of the Federal Supreme Court (STF) has totally banned the use of asbestos in Brazil.

The Navy only took over the management of the aircraft carrier after MSK, the company that transported it between Brazil and Europe, threatened to abandon the hull in the middle of the ocean.

Toxic ship: understand why old Navy aircraft carrier is prohibited from doming

In the note released by the Brazilian Navy, there is confirmation that the old São Paulo aircraft carrier was shipwrecked in Águas Jurisdicionais Brasileiras (AJB), 350 kilometers from the Brazilian coast and with an approximate depth of 5,000 meters.

The document also says that the area “was selected based on studies conducted by the Navy Hydrography Center and the Almirante Paulo Moreira Sea Studies Institute”.

"The analyses considered aspects related to navigation safety and the environment, with special attention to the mitigation of impacts on public health, fishing activities and ecosystems," says the Navy's text.

According to the Navy, this place was chosen for five reasons:

Location within the area of the Exclusive Economic Zone of Brazil;

Location outside Environmental Protection Areas;

Interference-free area with documented submarine cables;

Area without interference from water works projects (e.g. wind farms);

Area with depths greater than 3,000 meters.

Experts said that the aircraft carrier could be sunk with the use of explosives. Wanted. The Navy did not detail the operation.

Here is the Official Note of the Brazilian Navy:

BRAZILIAN NAVY

NAVY SOCIAL COMMUNICATION CENTER

OFFICIAL NOTE

Brasília - DF. On February 3, 2023.

In relation to the hull of the former Aerodrome Ship "São Paulo", in view of the facts presented in the Joint Official Note of the Ministry of Defense, Attorney General of the Union and Navy of Brazil, it should be reported that the smoothing operation, through the planned and controlled sinking, occurred in the late afternoon of today (03), strictly as conceived.

The procedure was conducted with the necessary technical and safety competence by the Brazilian Navy, in order to avoid logistical, operational, environmental and economic damage to the Brazilian State.

The area for the final destination of the hull, located in Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters (AJB), 350 km from the coast and with an approximate depth of 5,000 meters, was selected based on studies conducted by the Navy Hydrography Center and Almirante Paulo Moreira Institute of Sea Studies.

The analyses considered aspects related to navigation safety and the environment, with special attention to the mitigation of impacts on public health, fishing activities and ecosystems.

Finally, the Brazilian Navy pays legitimate reverence to the former Ship Airfield "São Paulo". Boat that houses a belligerent soul perpetuated in the minds of men and women who garnished their conves, worthy servants of the French National Navy and the Brazilian Navy, under the aegis of naval traditions and high sailor spirit.

Source: G1

Tags: Military AviationBrazilian NavyNAe São Paulo (A-12)aircraft carrier

Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, he participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has works published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. He uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

Related news

Lockheed Martin's stealth replenishing aircraft concept.

MILITARY

USAF launches new stealth tanker plane program, with delivery projected for 2040

03/02/2023 - 20:56

F-18 Hornet fighter of the Swiss Air Force. (Photo: Jelle van der Wolf, via FOVEA Solutions)

MILITARY

Switzerland completes stage of the life extension program of its F-18 Hornets

03/02/2023 - 20:06

BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE

FAB launches video alluding to Rotating Wings Aviation Day

03/02/2023 - 18:42

WAR ZONES

MQ-9 drones offered to Ukraine for $1, but Kiev will spend $10 million for shipping

03/02/2023 - 14:00

A U.S. Army AH-64 Apache helicopter lands aboard the aircraft carrier USS Tripoli (LHA 7) on January 25, 2023. On deck an Army UH-60 Blackhawk is waiting to take off. (Photo: U.S. Navy)

HELICOPTERS

U.S. Navy aircraft carrier receives helicopters from the U.S. Army and USAF for qualification tests

03/02/2023 - 09:04

MILITARY

Chinese spy balloon flies over the continental US and generates international tension

03/02/2023 - 08:41

Cavok Twitter

homeMain PageEditorialsINFORMATIONeventsCooperateSpecialitiesadvertiseabout

Cavok Brazil - Digital Tchê Web Creation

Commercial

Executive

Helicopters

HISTORY

Military

Brazilian Air Force

Space

Specialities

Cavok Brazil - Digital Tchê Web Creation

[eleemosynecdoche]

1. There's always going to be a "hole" (localized relative depletion) in Southern Hemisphere summers because of when the Antarctic polar vortices form, causing the "hole" to open wider in spring and then spread during summer out from Antarctica.

2. CFCs and HCFCs and the majority of ozone-depleting substances are banned and replaced, and the ozone layer is recovering through the natural processes that built it up in the first place. This is a slow process that is projected to reach the 1970s levels in about 30 years, contingent on the precise levels of global warming. There is also not much that can be done about this, save trying to build pipes that can spray ozone in significant quantities into the stratosphere or attempting large-scale filtering of the atmosphere to remove lingering ODSes. The negative effects are already baked in, they're path-dependent.

3. Nevertheless, the response to ozone depletion was the most successful response to pollution internationally and in the popular imagination thus far, which is why people celebrate it.

4. New Zealand, as an Anglo settler-colonial state with the typical standard of living for such states, is a part of the Global North, it's not a literal statement of where countries are on the globe.

its really really fucked up that people in the global north think? assume? are told? that the ozone hole closed & went away forever & isnt a problem anymore

the ozone hole closes and opens every year and at no point has it stopped. 2020 was one of the worst years on record for both size and length of opening. there has been a trend downwards over the last decade, but the ozone hole absolutely didnt stop being a problem. aotearoa and australia have the world's worst rates of skin cancer. (australia's number is higher overall, but aotearoa is higher per capita.)

i dont really have any kind of moral to this post just please be aware that the ozone hole is very much still a problem and not something you can put in the 'solved' basket. it still massively affects the lives of people in the far south and the idea that it's permanently closed is false.

(please do not ask me any followup questions i am not some kind of scientician im just a guy who got sunburned through jeans one time on a long car trip)

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Values of the increases in RF that have occurred since the beginning of the industrial age (1750) for the common atmospheric components are reported in Table 8.3 as well as in the discussion of individual species in the following sections.

"Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective", 4e - Gary W. VanLoon & Stephen J. Duffy

[surbhijamdade]

Refrigerants Market Industry Outlook: Forecasting Market Trends and Growth for the Coming Years

Refrigerants Market Strategies: Taking Advantage of Trends to Drive Growth in 2032

The Refrigerants Market Report provides essential insights for business strategists, offering a comprehensive overview of industry trends and growth projections. It includes detailed historical and future data on costs, revenues, supply, and demand, where applicable. The report features an in-depth analysis of the value chain and distributor networks.

Employing various analytical techniques such as SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces analysis, and feasibility studies, the report offers a thorough understanding of competitive dynamics, the risk of substitutes and new entrants, and identifies strengths, challenges, and business opportunities. This detailed assessment covers current patterns, driving factors, limitations, emerging developments, and high-growth areas, aiding stakeholders in making informed strategic decisions based on both current and future market trends. Additionally, the report includes an examination of the Automatic Rising Arm Barriers sector and its key opportunities.

According to Straits Research, the global Refrigerants Market market size was valued at USD 24.20 billion in 2023. It is projected to reach from USD 26.11 billion in 2024 to USD 47.98 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.9% during the forecast period (2024–2032).

Get Free Request Sample Report @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/refrigerants-market/request-sample

TOP Key Industry Players of the Refrigerants Market

Honeywell International Inc 

DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, Ltd. 

Dongyue Group 

Arkema S.A. 

Linde Group 

SINOCHEM GROUP CO., LTD. 

Engas Australasia 

Hess Corporation 

Deepfreeze Refrigerants Inc. 

Tazzetti S.p.A 

Airgas, Inc. 

HyChill Australia 

Orbia Advance Corporation S.A.B. de CV 

The Chemours Company 

Air Liquide 

Puyang Zhongwei Fine Chemical Co.,Ltd. 

Shandong Yuanlian Chemical Co.,Ltd. 

Gas International Limited

Global Refrigerants Market: Segmentation

As a result of the Refrigerants market segmentation, the market is divided into sub-segments based on product type, application, as well as regional and country-level forecasts. 

By Product Type

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

HydroFluoroOlefin (HFOs)

Carbon Dioxide

Ammonia

Propane

By Application

Air Conditioners

Refrigerators

Chillers and Heat Pumps

Others

By End-User

Residential

Commercial

Automotive

Industrial

Marine

Browse Full Report and TOC @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/refrigerants-market/request-sample

Reasons for Buying This Report:

Provides an analysis of the evolving competitive landscape of the Automatic Rising Arm Barriers market.

Offers analytical insights and strategic planning guidance to support informed business decisions.

Highlights key market dynamics, including drivers, restraints, emerging trends, developments, and opportunities.

Includes market estimates by region and profiles of various industry stakeholders.

Aids in understanding critical market segments.

Delivers extensive data on trends that could impact market growth.

Research Methodology:

Utilizes a robust methodology involving data triangulation with top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Validates market estimates through primary research with key stakeholders.

Estimates market size and forecasts for different segments at global, regional, and country levels using reliable published sources and stakeholder interviews.

About Straits Research

Straits Research is dedicated to providing businesses with the highest quality market research services. With a team of experienced researchers and analysts, we strive to deliver insightful and actionable data that helps our clients make informed decisions about their industry and market. Our customized approach allows us to tailor our research to each client's specific needs and goals, ensuring that they receive the most relevant and valuable insights.

Contact Us

Email: sales@straitsresearch.com

Address: 825 3rd Avenue, New York, NY, USA, 10022

Tel: UK: +44 203 695 0070, USA: +1 646 905 0080

[anokha-swad]

[savibangar]

Refrigerants Market Size, Share, Forecast, & Trends Analysis by Type (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, HCs, CO2, HFO), Application (Air-conditioning, Refrigeration, Chilling and Heating), End User (Residential, Commercial, Industrial), and Geography - Global Forecast to 2031

[atplblog]

Price: [price_with_discount] (as of [price_update_date] - Details) [ad_1] From the manufacturer 95%+ Food surface disinfection with Nano shield Technology. Get optimal and precise cooling in every part of the Fridge with the help of revolutionary air flow system. Keep your fruits and vegetables Farm fresh upto 24 days with the help of Cool Balance Technology and Moisture control technology. Intelligent Inverter Technology uses variable speed compressor to adjust the cooling intelligently, as per the refrigerator operation, resulting in great efficiency, durability, and silent operation. The ice maker can be moved depending on the load in the freezer or can also be removed when you do not need it. Thickest PUF insulation for best cooling retention to give long lasting freshness. LED light with prism lens for uniform distribution across the all corners. Now store extra large 2.25 L bottle of water or cola with ease. 100% CFC, HCFC, and HFC free R600A Refrigerant is used to make it environment friendly. Frost Free Refrigerator : Auto defrost function to prevent ice-build up Capacity 233 L : Suitable for families with 2 to 3 members Energy Efficiency: 2 star : Energy Efficiency (Please refer energy label on product page or contact brand for more details) Manufacturer Warranty: 10 Years Compressor Warranty, 1 Year Comprehensive Warranty Advanced Inverter Technology: Advanced Inverter Technology uses the variable speed compressor which adjust its operations intelligently, resulting in greater efficiency, durability, and silent operation Storage Description : Fresh food capacity : 182 L | Freezer capacity : 51 L | Shelves : 2 | Shelf type : Toughened glass shelf | Vegetable Storage Space : 18 L

Special Feature: Nano Shield Technology: 95%+ Food surface disinfection with Nano shield Technology Upto 24 Days farm freshness: Keep your fruits and vegetables Farm fresh upto 24 days with the help of Cool Balance Technology and Moisture control technology Dimension : Length: 68.9 cm ; Width: 59.7 cm; Height: 153 cm ; Weight: 47.3 kg Included in the box: 1 Refrigerator, Warranty Card, and User Manual [ad_2]

[alramizequipment]

ICERON R-22

(USA STANDARD)

Iceron Gas R-22, also known as HCFC-22, is a refrigerant commonly used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. It has a high cooling efficiency and a relatively low boiling point, making it effective for various cooling applications. However, R-22 is being phased out due to its ozone-depleting potential.

Key Features:

Chemical Composition: Dichlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2)

Applications: Widely used in residential and commercial HVAC systems, refrigeration units, and chillers.

Thermal Properties: Good thermodynamic performance, with a boiling point of approximately -40.8°C (-41.4°F).

Environmental Impact: Classified as a transitional refrigerant; its production is being phased out under the Montreal Protocol due to its ozone depletion potential (ODP).

[cugzarui]

hey so just realized yall might not know this

remember the hole in the ozone layer? and remember how its closing up cause we stopped using the chemicals that opened it?

so we didnt stop using them out of the kindness of our hearts or even because we realized using them is dangerous and bad actually.

we stopped using them because we had a better alternative. the chemical we used are called CFC's, and the ones we switched to are HCFC's, which are practically identical except they break down before reaching the ozone layer. and i dont mean just identical in terms of their properties, i mean its literally the same molecule except one or two atoms were replaced with hydrogen. and that change was enough to genuinely improve the world.

the point i wana make with this is that to change the world it's probably not enough to just recognize something is bad and needs changing. you need to provide some kind of alternative. and ideally one thats about as good if not better than the original, and also as superficially close to the original as possible, so that the transition is both seamless and beneficial even to people who dont care about the issue or cant afford to change their stance on it.