#Guiana Space Center

[blondebrainpowered]

On December 25, 2021, NASA and the European Space Agency launched the largest, most powerful telescope ever, the $10 billion James Webb Space Telescope. It returned its first full-color images some six months later after testing several calibrations.

"Liftoff from a tropical rainforest to the edge of time itself," a NASA announcer said as the Ariane 5 rocket lifted off from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.

[tatmanblue]

YPSat looks back to Earth from atop Ariane 6 by European Space Agency Via Flickr: An image of Earth acquired by the ESA Young Professionals Satellite payload, YPSat, attached to the upper stage of the inaugural Ariane 6 rocket, launched on 9 July 2024. The YPSat project represents the culmination of about two and a half years of dedication and hard work core team of about 30 Young Professionals from various ESA Establishments, Directorates and disciplines. Sacrificing their spare time, they shouldered the entire responsibility of designing, building and testing the payload before finally witnessing its successful launch. Learn more. Credits: ESA-YPSat

[simonh]

Ariane 6 first liftoff by European Space Agency Via Flickr: Europe’s new rocket Ariane 6 powered Europe into space taking with it a varied selection of experiments, satellites, payload deployers and reentry demonstrations that represent thousands across Europe, from students to industry and experienced space actors. This inaugural flight, designated VA262, is a demonstration flight to show the capabilities and prowess of Ariane 6 in escaping Earth's gravity and operating in space. Nevertheless, it had several passengers on board. Ariane 6 was built by prime contractor and design authority ArianeGroup. In addition to the rocket, the liftoff demonstrated the functioning of the launch pad and operations on ground at Europe's Spaceport. The new custom-built dedicated launch zone was built by France's space agency CNES and allows for a faster turnover of Ariane launches. Ariane 6 is Europe’s newest heavy-lift rocket, designed to provide great power and flexibility at a lower cost than its predecessors. The launcher’s configuration – with an upgraded main stage, a choice of either two or four powerful boosters and a new restartable upper stage – will provide Europe with greater efficiency and possibility as it can launch multiple missions into different orbits on a single flight, while its upper stage will deorbit itself at the end of mission. ESA’s main roles in the Ariane 6 programme is as contracting authority – managing the budget from Member States participating in the Ariane 6 development programme; and as launch system architect – ensuring that the rocket and launch pad infrastructure work together. Ariane 6 is the latest in Europe's Ariane rocket series, taking over from Ariane 5 featuring a modular and versatile design that can launch missions from low-Earth orbit and farther out to deep space. Credits: ESA - M. Pédoussaut

[spaceflight-insider]

Ariane 5 rocket bids adieu after 27 years of service

The final launch of the Ariane 5 rocket. Credit: Arianespace Nearly three decades after its debut launch, Europe’s workhorse Ariane 5 rocket has taken to the skies one last time, carrying a pair of communications satellites bound for geostationary orbit. Continue reading Untitled

[paulpingminho]

[the-nyanguard-party]

something very french about how france made the guiana space center because they lost their previous launch site in algeria following the independence

[countriesgame]

Please reblog for a bigger sample size!!

If you have any fun facts about the French Guiana, please share and I’ll reblog it!

[fatehbaz]

How is it that a small wedge of the South American continent, long claimed by a major European power and still administered by it, could present a profile of wilderness at the end of the twentieth century? How might this same location on the globe have proved useful for such an unlikely combination of purposes as the resettlement of convicted criminals and the launching of rockets?

French Guiana remains a remarkably insignificant artifact of the political landscape - rarely noticed by most of France, let alone anyone else - as well as one of the least settled regions of the world. It has also hosted two exceptional experiments of the French state: the historical penal colony known in English as “Devil's Island,” which operated between 1852 and 1946, and the contemporary space center that launches the European consortium rocket Ariane, responsible for transporting a good half of the commercial satellites orbiting our globe. [...] Its base, the Guiana Space Center (CSG), indeed lived up to its slogan, becoming “Europe's Spaceport,” a center of high technology near the equator. [...]

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[T]he penal colony begins operation in the middle of the nineteenth century, partly as a substitute for a system of plantation slavery. It conceives of French Guiana as open land for agricultural settlement, fertile ground for a tropical - and French - Australia, where the action of moral reform can translate into a scheme of colonization. [...] [T]hese early hopes are belied by the high mortality of the convicts [...]. Despite periodic calls for reform and increasing international discomfort, the bagne lasts through World War II. It leaves a deep mark on French Guiana, in both symbolic and material terms. As the movement of seventy thousand exiles progresses, the surrounding landscape shifts from a luxuriant field of dreams into a tableau of terror. At the same time, the colony as a whole grows accustomed to the presence of this artificial prison world within it [...].

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The space center begins operation in the second half of the twentieth century, in the midst of the Space Race and in the aftermath of the Algerian War. It conceives of French Guiana as open land for technical experiments and a gateway into equatorial orbit, an even more tropical - and French - Cape Canaveral. [...] [A] regular stream of technicians and engineers arrives to assemble and guide it into space. The initial mandate to provide France with a launch site expands into a focus on commercial satellites, and although local opposition to the project continues, the effects of the enterprise on French Guiana in both symbolic and material terms only deepen. As the Ariane rocket gains importance, the surrounding landscape transforms from an orphan of history into a handmaiden of the future. At the same time, the department grows accustomed to an increased infusion of consumer goods, technical personnel, and [...] a new island with an artificial environment and a powerfully altered social profile.

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At slightly closer range a number of striking structural similarities emerge. Not only do both projects found towns (St. Laurent on the one hand and the new Kourou on the other), but both operate as rival poles of influence and authority relative to the civil administration of French Guiana. Each involves [...] its own hierarchies, its own links to bureaucratic networks in Paris, and its own claims to significant national French interests. Each [...] exerts considerable influence over the surrounding economy. Most crucially, each controls and orders a separate territory within the larger political entity; each has a spatial presence, a direct impact on the landscape. And tied to this spatial strategy, each comes to serve as a symbolic nexus in collective Metropolitan imagination. [...] One employs leftover forces of law and order, whereas the other employs highly trained technical personnel; thus [...] both [...] have ties to the military [...]. The penal colony imports the unwanted of France, whereas the space center imports the selected few. [...]

And the bagne reflects visions of an ancient underworld, whereas Ariane reflects visions of a new overworld. [...]

Many of the specific additional attributes of a desirable site for penal colonization (distance from the Metropole, possibility of confinement and surveillance, and prevention of local disturbance) find echoes in the specific additional attributes of a desirable site for launching rockets (distance from the Metropole, adequate security, adequate possibility of transport, and political stability).[...]

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The penal colony takes shape at a crucial moment in European colonial understandings of place and labor. Slavery had just been abolished in the French Empire, and an accompanying understanding of work in terms of race had far from expended its interpretive force. [...] Work represented the route to a better future, to the growth of new, valuable lands. [...] If slavery were at an end, then the crucial question facing the colony was that of finding an alternative source of labor. During the period of the early penal colony we see this search for new slaves, not only in French Guiana, but also throughout colonies built on the plantation model. Thousands of Asian Indians and Chinese found their way to new homes in different corners of the British Empire, serving as contract laborers on plantations. [...]

Kourou [the space center] is a neutralized, controlled corner of the tropics, with much of its cultural fabric simply imported. Amid the restricted space of artificially cooled buildings and automobiles, in zones free of carrier mosquitoes and amply supplied with wine and cheese airlifted from France, the distance between Paris and Cayenne shortens; the effects of translation between them grow less clear. If the island mimics the mainland successfully, if Crusoe builds a little England - or France - is his task done? [...] To answer this question, let us return to a crucial turning point of Guyane's history: the aftermath of World War II and the period of formal empire. It was during this era that the natural, political, and moral space of French Guiana was neutralized through a combination of DDT spraying, departmentalization, and the final closing of the penal colony. In 1949, a former teacher [...] in Martinique published an overview of the new overseas departments and territories. His description of French Guiana includes a call to arms for its development, a development still conceived in terms of a need for [...] agriculture, and industry [...]. Gold mines aside, it seems that the method of painstaking labor is the only one really applicable at present. Incontestably, there is magnificent work to accomplish there, such as should tempt young men fond of broad horizons and adventure. The appeal is for an army of Crusoes, advancing ashore to improve their collective island. The questions of race and level of expertise filter through patterns of history and perceived practicality. But the call remains, the call of a wilderness inviting domestication.

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All text above by: Peter Redfield. Space in the Tropics: From Convicts to Rockets in French Guiana. 2000. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me. Presented here for commentary, teaching, criticism purposes.]

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Biomass satellite launched to count forest carbon

ESA's Biomass satellite, designed to provide unprecedented insights into the world's forests and their crucial role in Earth's carbon cycle, has been launched. The satellite lifted off aboard a Vega-C rocket from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on 29 April at 11:15 CEST (06:15 local time).

Less than an hour after launch, Biomass separated from the rocket's upper stage. At 12:28 CEST, the satellite controllers at ESA's European Space Operations Center in Germany received the all-important first signal, relayed via the Troll ground station in Antarctica, that Biomass is working as expected in orbit.

Controllers will spend the coming days carrying out the "launch and early orbit" phase, meticulously verifying that all systems are functioning correctly.

This critical phase also involves a series of intricate maneuvers to deploy the satellite's 12-meter-wide mesh reflector supported by a 7.5-meter boom. Once this phase is complete, Biomass will join the portfolio of pioneering missions operated from ESA's mission control center.

Carrying the first P-band synthetic aperture radar in space, the Biomass mission is designed to deliver crucial information about the state of our forests and how they are changing, and to further our knowledge of the role forests play in the carbon cycle.

ESA's Director of Earth Observation Programs, Simonetta Cheli, said, "I'd like to extend my congratulations to everyone who has been involved in developing and launching this extraordinary mission. Biomass now joins our esteemed family of Earth Explorers—missions that have consistently delivered groundbreaking discoveries and advanced scientific understanding of our planet.

"With Biomass, we are poised to gain vital new data on how much carbon is stored in the world's forests, helping to fill key gaps in our knowledge of the carbon cycle and, ultimately, Earth's climate system."

Forests play a vital role in Earth's carbon cycle by absorbing and storing large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to regulate the planet's temperature. Often called "Earth's green lungs," they absorb about 8 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually. However, deforestation and degradation—especially in tropical regions—are releasing stored carbon back into the atmosphere, worsening climate change.

A major challenge for scientists and policymakers is the lack of accurate data on how much carbon forests store and how these stocks are changing owing to factors such as rising temperatures, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and human-driven land-use changes.

Biomass is the first satellite equipped with a P-band synthetic aperture radar, which is capable of penetrating forest canopies to measure woody biomass—trunks, branches, and stems—where most forest carbon is stored. These measurements act as a proxy for carbon storage, the assessment of which is the mission's primary goal.

Data from Biomass will significantly reduce uncertainties in carbon stock and flux estimates, including those related to land-use change, forest loss, and regrowth.

About Biomass

ESA's Biomass forest mission uses advanced space technology to provide new data on forests and their changes. It enhances our understanding of forests' roles in the carbon cycle and climate. Its P-band radar penetrates clouds and forest layers, scattering signals off forest elements. These signals reveal details like forest biomass and height. Biomass data will improve knowledge of habitat loss and its effects on biodiversity. The mission also enables the mapping of subsurface geology in deserts, ice sheet structures, and forest floor topography.

The satellite was developed by more than 50 companies, led by Airbus UK.

IMAGE: ESA's Biomass is the first satellite to carry a P-band synthetic aperture radar. Thanks to the long wavelength of P-band, around 70 cm, this novel radar is able to penetrate through the forest canopy, allowing it to collect information on different parts of the forest, such tree trunks, branches and stems—which is where trees store most of their carbon. The radar is fully polarimetric, which means it is capable of transmitting and receiving in two orthogonal linear polarizations, horizontal and vertical. The different signals in each polarization channel are needed to yield different information about the forest. Credit: ESA/ATG medialab CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO

[witchy667]

TW: TTI (troubled teen industry) treatment mentions along with brief mentions of abuse/addiction/SA

TDLR: I think the TTI treatment facilities I was locked up in for years of my childhood forcefully disconnected me from my wolf because I was literally in a medical cage as a “human” guinea pig. And I didn’t connect those dots till very recently.

Idek where to start this, word this, or express what I need to express; so please bear with me with.

My mother shipped me off to a residential treatment center in Montana cause she wanted to continue her drug and alcohol addiction at the time. (Ironically today she’s 6 years sober, I’m 22 for timeline context) I was 13 years old. This was my first placement and I was there for a year total. Spent my 14th birthday locked up. I had one pass to the outside world that whole entire time. I will say this was the “least” traumatic placement I was in, but I was also literally SAed by a male nurse there along with this program also incorporated wilderness therapy, which I don’t wanna specify to much. After I FINALLY “graduated” that “program” I was shipped to a “step down facility”before I could be considered stable enough to go home. I was in this facility for about 8-10 months total before I lost my fucking mind and did some stuff I’m not proud of to get forcefully kicked out. But I genuinely didn’t know what else to do. I also didn’t have any parental contact during this time, and even at the second placement I hadn’t seen my mom at all, not once. No visits. After I got kicked out of that program I was sent to another where I was there for about 5-6 months. The last two programs I were in absolutely ruined my mind and my life. I felt like a Guiana pig being poked, prodded, restrained, sedated, treated like I’m a waste of space and a burden, overly medicated and more things ngl. I literally was in a CAGE. They had me on 900mg of Seroquel, the legal max for an adult (in the us) is 800mg and 600mg for kids. ✨ There’s so much more but this is genuinely so hard to talk about, I’m sorry if this makes no sense.

After I got back to the outs after the last treatment center I didn’t even feel real, and definitely not human. I felt numb, surreal and angry. I was in a constant state of survival mode; disassociation to survive; as my mom was still on drugs and alcohol when I got out. And I def have PTSD from those places, but with my self discovery journey as of late. It made me realize I believe that’s when the start of my broken connection formed. I was forcefully disconnected from everything, including humanity, for 2.5 years straight. And I didn’t know how to exist without that disconnection cause of how forced it was for so long. Ffs I still have severe time anxiety and will have a panic attack if I can’t figure out the time immediately cause the only thing that kept my sanity those years was the clock and the time.

Long story short, coming to terms with some of my trauma has made a gigantic connect the dots to my wolfishness. And it’s terrifying and validating, makes me scared and excited, but also makes me feel thankful that I’ve always been me no matter how hard everyone tried to beat it out of me or treat it out of me. I will always, ALWAYS, ALWAYS BE A FUCKING WOLF.

And I’m not ashamed to say I always have been anymore.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.13 (after 1940)

1945 – World War II: The siege of Budapest concludes with the unconditional surrender of German and Hungarian forces to the Red Army. 1945 – World War II: Royal Air Force bombers are dispatched to Dresden, Germany to attack the city with a massive aerial bombardment. 1951 – Korean War: Battle of Chipyong-ni, which represented the "high-water mark" of the Chinese incursion into South Korea, commences. 1954 – Frank Selvy becomes the only NCAA Division I basketball player ever to score 100 points in a single game. 1955 – Israel obtains four of the seven Dead Sea Scrolls. 1955 – Twenty-nine people are killed when Sabena Flight 503 crashes into Monte Terminillo near Rieti, Italy. 1960 – With the success of a nuclear test codenamed "Gerboise Bleue", France becomes the fourth country to possess nuclear weapons. 1960 – Black college students stage the first of the Nashville sit-ins at three lunch counters in Nashville, Tennessee. 1961 – An allegedly 500,000-year-old rock is discovered near Olancha, California, US, that appears to anachronistically encase a spark plug. 1967 – American researchers discover the Madrid Codices by Leonardo da Vinci in the National Library of Spain. 1975 – Fire at One World Trade Center (North Tower) of the World Trade Center in New York. 1978 – Hilton bombing: A bomb explodes in a refuse truck outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing two refuse collectors and a policeman. 1979 – An intense windstorm strikes western Washington and sinks a 0.5-mile (0.80 km) long section of the Hood Canal Bridge. 1981 – A series of sewer explosions destroys more than two miles of streets in Louisville, Kentucky. 1983 – A cinema fire in Turin, Italy, kills 64 people. 1984 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 1990 – German reunification: An agreement is reached on a two-stage plan to reunite Germany. 1991 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy the Amiriyah shelter in Baghdad. Allied forces said the bunker was being used as a military communications outpost, but over 400 Iraqi civilians inside were killed. 1996 – The Nepalese Civil War is initiated in the Kingdom of Nepal by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre). 2001 – An earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter magnitude scale hits El Salvador, killing at least 944. 2004 – The Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics announces the discovery of the universe's largest known diamond, white dwarf star BPM 37093. Astronomers named this star "Lucy" after The Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". 2007 – Taiwan opposition leader Ma Ying-jeou resigns as the chairman of the Kuomintang party after being indicted on charges of embezzlement during his tenure as the mayor of Taipei; Ma also announces his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election. 2008 – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd makes a historic apology to the Indigenous Australians and the Stolen Generations. 2010 – A bomb explodes in the city of Pune, Maharashtra, India, killing 17 and injuring 60 more. 2011 – For the first time in more than 100 years the Umatilla, an American Indian tribe, are able to hunt and harvest a bison just outside Yellowstone National Park, restoring a centuries-old tradition guaranteed by a treaty signed in 1855. 2012 – The European Space Agency (ESA) conducted the first launch of the European Vega rocket from Europe's spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana. 2017 – Kim Jong-nam, brother of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un, is assassinated at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. 2021 – Former U.S. President Donald Trump is acquitted in his second impeachment trial. 2021 – A major winter storm causes blackouts and kills at least 82 people in Texas and northern Mexico.

[ammg-old2]

Since the European Space Agency launched NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope from French Guiana, on Christmas Day, 2021, the telescope has hovered in space about a million miles from Earth. During its voyage, the J.W.S.T. unfolded like a piece of origami, releasing an array of solar panels, a powerful antenna, a honeycomb of golden mirrors, and a sunshield that looks like a set of silver sails. Scientists then spent more than three months aligning its mirrors with nanometre precision. About a year after the telescope released its first images, Jane Rigby, the top NASA scientist working on the project, told me that it has “performed not only better than requirements but better than we could have possibly dreamed.” Recently, the Webb helped to show that galaxies in the first billion years of the universe were more active than previously thought, forming lots of stars in big bursts. “There were predictions, but this was terra incognita, past the cliff of what Hubble could do, and expectations were all over the map,” Rigby told me. “Where we had ignorance, we now have beautiful data.” Recently, in celebration of the telescope’s first year of science operations, the Webb team published an anniversary image of stars being born in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, the stellar nursery closest to Earth.

The first telescopes were made of two pieces of rounded glass in a tube. Galileo Galilei discovered Jupiter’s moons, and thus showed that the Earth was not the center of the universe, with a telescope that could magnify twenty times. Six decades later, Isaac Newton completed the first successful reflecting telescope, using a concave mirror that concentrated light much more efficiently. Over the centuries, telescopes have grown and improved enough to spot increasingly faint and faraway celestial objects. The Webb represents a culmination of this progression. It is a hundred times as powerful as the Hubble Space Telescope and sees infrared light that is invisible to the human eye. (Light falls on a spectrum from longer wavelengths to shorter wavelengths: infrared, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, ultraviolet.) It was designed, in part, to gather light that has been travelling to Earth since shortly after the Big Bang. When astronomers point its mirror toward the edges of space, it sees the universe as it was thirteen billion years ago—close to the literal dawn of time.

Rigby works at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland, and has been part of the James Webb Space Telescope team since 2010, as an astrophysicist and, since June, as the J.W.S.T.’s senior project scientist. We spoke via video chat during her lunch break; while I asked her questions, she jabbed a fork into a Tupperware that she had brought from home, and then chewed thoughtfully as she considered her answers. She is an animated storyteller, often punctuating her points with hand gestures and minor adjustments to her black horn-rimmed glasses. I asked her about the telescope’s peculiar design, the ways that astronomy shapes our everyday lives, and the gaps in human knowledge which the Webb has already started to fill in. Our conversation has been edited and condensed.

[valerievarnuska]

The James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), also known simply as Webb, is the largest and most technically advanced space telescope ever built. Notably, it cost $10 billion to develop and build and was designed to be the successor of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the first advanced optical telescope launched into Earth's orbit. It can view objects beyond the HST’s capacity.

The National Research Council, a Canadian federal government agency committed to science and technology research and development, identifies the JWST as an important astronomy and astrophysics tool. The JWST is also a key asset for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the nation’s federal agency overseeing the nation's civil space program and aerospace research, as well as the scientific community, playing a pivotal role in the country’s ground and space astrophysics initiatives.

Named after James Webb, NASA’s Apollo program administrator from 1961 to 1968, the JWST is a NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA) joint partnership program. NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center oversaw the telescope's development, while Johns Hopkins University's Space Telescope Science Institute manages its operations. Additionally, Northrop Grumman, an American aerospace and defense company and the JWST project’s primary contractor, led the industry in the telescope’s development.

JWST was launched into space aboard an Arianespace Ariane 5 rocket on December 25th, 2021 from ESA’s rocket launch site at Kourou in France’s overseas department, French Guiana. Ariane 5 is a decommissioned European heavy-lift launch vehicle, previously operated by Arianespace, a French global pioneer in satellite launches, on behalf of the ESA.

The JWST took 30 days to travel about 1 million miles to its ultimate location, a region in space called Lagrange Point 2 (L2), where it arrived on January 24th, 2022. L2 is a point in space near Earth, positioned on the side opposite the Sun. This location enables the telescope to remain aligned with Earth while orbiting the Sun.

The telescope’s mirror is seven times larger than the HST’s, measuring 21.3 feet in diameter. It orbits the sun in a pattern called “Lissajous,” referring to a pattern created when two wavy lines (sinusoidal curves) cross each other at right angles.

Engineers equipped the telescope with 18 gold-plated mirrors that make up its primary mirror. They are gold-plated to protect them from thermal radiation in space. Having 18 separate mirrors results in a massive mirror that couldn’t fit in a rocket. They had to be folded to fit, and were then unfolded once the telescope reached its destination.

The human eye can only observe visible light, which falls in the frequency band known as the optical spectrum. However, the JWST can see a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum called infrared light. Infrared light allows sensors in a device to capture thermal images. The telescope primarily detects infrared light, and since its mirror is so large and there’s no atmosphere in space to obscure visibility, it can view cold, distant, and small objects.

As with the HST, the JWST probes the cosmos to unravel the universe’s history, attempting to understand phenomena like the Big Bang and how exoplanets - planets outside the solar system that orbit stars other than the sun - form. When the telescope was launched, NASA stated that it would focus on four main areas. These include the universe’s first light, the early universe’s galaxies’ assembly, planet formation, including early life origins, and stars’ and protoplanetary systems’ birth.

On July 12th, 2022, the JWST released its first images during a NASA live event. They included the Carina Nebula and the Southern Ring Nebula. The Carina Nebula is a vast gas and dust cloud 8,500 light years away from Earth, where stars constantly form and get destroyed. The Southern Ring Nebula is a large gas cloud around one destroyed star’s atmosphere located about 2,000 light years away from Earth. The telescope continues to take more images, providing deeper insights about the universe.

[michaelgabrill]

NASA CubeSat Launches as Rideshare on ESAs First Ariane 6 Rocket

NASA launched CURIE (CubeSat Radio Interferometry Experiment) as a rideshare payload on the inaugural flight of ESA’s (European Space Agency) Ariane 6 rocket, which launched at 4 p.m. GFT on July 9 from Europe’s Spaceport, the Guiana Space Center in Kourou, in French Guiana. Designed by a team from the University of California, Berkeley, CURIE […] from NASA https://ift.tt/RChDgEX

[paulpingminho]