#Glass Repair Chelmsford
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screechinggardenerkingdom · 5 months ago
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Chelmsford Window and Door Repairs
ADDRESS: Oyster Place Montrose Road Chelmsford CM2 6TX
TELEPHONE: 01245 847518
URL: https://www.repairmywindowsanddoors.co.uk/chelmsford-windowrepair/
DESCRIPTION: Serving Chelmsford, we are door and window repair experts, we tackle all types of window and door repairs. We specialise in uPVC repairs and offer locksmith and boarding up services.
We also supply and install a comprehensive range of new windows and doors in uPVC, aluminium and timber, including casement windows, tilt and turn windows, vertical sliding sash windows, composite doors, bifold doors, sliding patio doors and french doors. Founded: 1989 Contact: Rob Harris
Opening Hours Mon 08:00 – 18:00 Tuesday 08:00 – 18:00 Wednesday 08:00 – 18:00 Thursday 08:00 – 18:00 Friday 08:00 – 18:00 Saturday 09:00 – 15:00 Sunday – Closed
Accepted payment types Cash Bank Transfer PayPal
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plasticdoctoripswich · 4 years ago
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Plastic doctor is a well known company for double gazing door, window repair, Conservatory roof repair,  Integral Blinds and many things in Ipswich and Chelmsford.
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autodidact-adventures · 5 years ago
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English History (Part 6): Roman Britain
While the Romans didn't like the sea, they were greatly attracted to England for its wealth and surplus of corn.  Caesar's invasion of 55 BC was more of a scouting mission; he said that he wanted to acquaint himself with “the lie of the land”.  Britain was already a trading partner of Rome, and was rumoured to be rich in metal and wheat.  Some of the British tribes were already allied with the northern Gauls, whom Caesar was fighting.
Several of the tribal leaders sent emissaries to him, as they were informed in advance of his preparations.  Caesar sent an envoy in return, who urged the tribal leaders to collaborate with him.
The Romans set sail with two legions (each with about 5000 men) in 80 ships.  They landed near Deal (Kent), where the English were watching them.  There was a skirmish on the beach, which the Romans won, and the tribal leaders sued for peace.
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But a storm arose, made worse by a high tide at the full moon.  The Romans weren't aware of this phenomenon, and all their ships were damaged.
The English took the opportunity to attack, breaking the peace agreement.  A number of skirmishes took place in the immediate vicinity of Deal.  Caesar was hard-pressed, and knew that he had to retreat back across the water.  He managed to get the ships repaired, and sought material aid from Gaul.  He left, with many hostages from the English, vowing to return.
He returned the next year, this time with 800 ships, 25,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry.  This was a proper invasion, and the English tribes, instead of warring among each other, were now united in the face of this threat.  They chose Cassivellaunus, who was king of territory north of the Thames, as their war leader.
The English fought the Romans as they usually fought each other. There were warriors in chariots, on horseback and on foot, with each attacking & withdrawing at appropriate moments.  Cassivellaunus had an army of 4000 chariots, and they had a specific strategy – the chariot-driver would drive to the front line, let the warrior jump out, and then retire and wait for him to return.  According to Caesar, by steady practice the English “attain such proficiency that even on a steep incline they are able to control the horses at full gallop, and to check and turn them in a moment.”
But the discipline of the Roman army was enough to withstand all this.  There were a number of battles, and then the English were forced to retreat into the woods.  Caesar followed them, and destroyed Cassivellaunus' stronghold.  The chieftains sought peace, and Cassivellaunus capitulated in the end.  Caesar took hostages and tribute, and returned to Rome.
There wasn't another invasion for 90yrs, but the Romans had left their mark.  Southern Britain was gradually Romanized, with tribal leaders beginning to import wine and luxury goods from Rome.  The elites' dwellings began to change shape from round to rectilinear – strong evidence of cultural transition.  The southern tribal leaders would have wanted to imitate the victors.
Some of them changed their allegiance and became the client kings of Rome.  Strabo states that they sent embassies and paid court to Augustus (first Emperor of the Roman Empire), in order to gain his friendship.  They exported grain, iron and slaves; and they imported glass vessels, amberware and other goods.  Of course, they had to pay duty to the Roman state on these goods – an excellent way of binding them to Rome.
In the early 40s AD, the Atrebates (a Belgic tribe) were conquered, and their king Verica fled to Rome, appealing for help.  Emperor Claudius was new to his position, and was yet to prove himself in the field.  He now had the excuse he needed for the proper invasion of Britain, which came in 43 AD.
Four legions of about 20,000 men, under the leadership of Aulus Plautius, landed at two separate locations so as to confuse any English counterattack.  The tribes dispersed, but rallied for a major battle by the River Medway, in south-east England.  There the fighting lasted for two days, with the English (under the leadership of Caratacus) were being defeated.  The exact location of the battle is not known.
Plautius sent for Claudius, who arrived two months later with 28 elephants.  He stormed the native capital of Camulodunum, and Caratacus fled westwards.  Eleven kings surrendered to Claudius, and he was celebrated for it when he returned to Rome.  The Roman conquest of Britain had begun, but it would take nearly 40yrs for it to finish.
Camulodunum became the first Roman capital of Colchester.  They built a great fort on the site of the native earthworks, as a token of dominion.  The army then spread outwards in three directions – north, west and north-west.
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Vespasian, leader of the western army, drove towards Wales and England's south-west peninsula, fighting 33 battles along the way. On the banks of Maiden Castle (a hill fort in Dorset), the body of a man with a Roman crossbow bolt in his spine has been found.  By 49 AD, Roman soldiers were supervising mining operations in Somerset.
The other two armies proceeded slowly along already-existing roads such as Ermine Street.  They built forts in areas they conquered, so that each tribal zone was dominated by at least one military settlement.  By 51 AD, Cartimandua (queen of the Brigantes in the north) had become a client queen.  She was receiving Roman wine in Roman vessels, and also building tiles.
Although Roman historians describe a smooth process of colonization, it is unlikely that it was as simple as that.  They did advance steadily, but they were beset by tribal rebellions, and occasionally army mutinies.  Ambushes, raids and battles were common.  South of the Fosse Way (running from Exeter to Lincoln), all the land was under Roman control, but in the north it was more treacherous.  Some tribes had divided allegiances, and some fought against each other.
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The Fosse Way.
The Iceni, a tribe living deep within East Anglia (a pacified zone) revolted in 47 AD over the right to bear arms.  It was put down easily.
King Prasutagus of the Iceni died in 60 AD, and the agents of the Roman provincial government tried to appropriate Iceni wealth. Boudicca, Prasutagus' widow, was flogged and her two daughters were raped.  Boudicca rose up and led a rebellion against the Romans.
She gathered other English tribes into a confederacy and led her army southwards, burning and pillaging any evidence of Romanization, or the beginnings of it.  They destroyed villas and killed inhabitants by the sword.  The object of their advance was the capital of Colchester, which harboured hundreds of military veterans who had taken control of adjacent land.  The English set the city on fire and destroyed it, and looted the shops.
The veterans sheltered in the central temple, but two days later they were overwhelmed and hacked to pieces.  The English beheaded a great statue of Claudius and threw it into the river, and destroyed the temple itself.
They then moved further southwards, towards London.  On the way, they sacked Chelmsford and St. Albans, and killed an entire legion.
Suetonius Paulinus was the Roman military governor at that time, and he had been campaigning in Wales.  Well aware of the threat to his regime, he marched quickly back, but he didn't save London when he arrived there.  He needed to focus on saving the whole imperial province, and to do that he had to pick the time & place for the battle.
Many London inhabitants hastily left the city, going further south to safety with pro-Roman tribes.  Those who remained were killed – Tacitus states that 70,000 peoplle were killed in the attack.  London was razed by fire, leaving a red level of oxidized iron that is still beneath the streets of modern London.  48 human skulls have been found embedded in the track of the Walbrook river.
Boudicca now went after Suetonius Paulinus, but the site of the battle is not known for certain.  There were 10,000 Roman troops, and 100,000 English.  The Roman legionnaires had a forest behind them, and a plain in front of them.  The English ran across the plain towards them, but many were killed by javelins.  Then the Romans began to move forward with shields and shortswords.  It was their discipline that held them together, and slowly the tide began to turn against the English. 80,000 of them died during the battle, but only about 400 Romans.  It was one of the worst massacres on English soil.
It is not know what happened to Boudicca after that.  Some say she poisoned herself so the Romans wouldn't capture her; some say that she fell sick and died.  There is a monument to her on Westminster Bridge.
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The monument Boudicca and Her Daughters on the Westminster Bridge.
Now the Romans had to deal with the Druids, who had retreated steadily westwards, harried and pursued all the while.  Their last stand was on the island of Anglesey (off the north-west coast of Wales).  According to Tacitus, the troops crossed from the mainland, and were confronted by a “dense line of armed warriors along the foreshore, while women were rushing about between the ranks garbed in black like the Furies, holding up lighted torches.”  The Druids stood close to the women, offering sacrifices, holding their arms in the air and screeching terrible curses.  But they were killed, and their sanctuaries were burned down.
Once the east and south of England were pacified, Julius Agricola (the next Roman governor of England) focused on the north and west. He conquered Wales in 78 AD.  In 79 AD he sent legions to the north-east (through Corbridge) and north-west (through Carlisle).  He divided the enemy, and had a network of forts built so that he could supervise the tribes that had surrendered.  These northern tribes were more hostile than the southern ones, and according to Tacitus, there were “many battles, some not unbloody”.  The goal of the Romans was to create & control a northern frontier.  To do this, troops were sent northwards to deal with modern-day southern Scotland.
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York and Chester had permanent fortresses, with a legion each. Manchester and Newcastle were built around the site of Roman forts. Manchester's original name was Mamucio (after the Latin word for a hill shaped like a breast), and this was misread as Mancunio, and eventually became Manchester.
A series of nearly-straight roads were built to link the forts together.  The Romans built garrison towns at Lincoln and Gloucester, in which retired legionnaires lived.  A network of forts, encampments, defensive walls and defensive walls emphasized the Roman colonial presence.  Posting stations (or staging posts) were set up on the main roads, and they eventually became villages.
According to Tacitus, one tribal chief complained that “our goods and money are consumed by taxation; our land is stripped of its harvest to fill their granaries; our hands and limbs are crippled by building roads through forests and swamps under the lash of our oppressors.”
The military zone (which included Wales and northern England) required a standing force of 125,000 men,  But the legionnaires were not only Roman – during the first 100yrs of occupation, 40,000 soldiers were recruited from Gaul, Spain and Germany; and English soldiers also joined.  The troops mixed with the native population, and within 2-3 generations, it had become a native army.
After the Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain in 122 AD, Hadrian's Wall was built on his orders.  It separated Roman England from the tribes of Scotland.  Then in 142, the Antonine Wall was built north of Hadrian's Wall, separating south and north Scotland.
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The Antonine Wall is in modern-day northern England.
The Romans had no intentions of advancing into the Scottish highlands.  They had also dropped any plans for the invasion of Ireland.  Now they focused on protecting their borders so they could enjoy peace.  The land south of the wall was intensely cultivated, and a great agricultural regime was established on the Cumbrian Plain.  England was once again as rich and productive as it had been during the Iron Age.
Romanization was gradual and local.  In the countryside, people mostly stuck to the old ways, and Iron Age conditions prevailed.  The towns was where things were different.
The administrative elite of English leaders worked in the towns. These men had welcomed (or exploited) the Romanization of the country, and the rising of Roman officials within it.  With the advice of the Roman officials, they began to build temples, public buildings and public squares; they learned the Latin language; they began wearing togas.  The children of leading English families were educated in the “civilized arts”, and some were even sent to Rome.
Bathing establishments and assembly rooms were built, and according to Tacitus, the English began to attend “smart dinner parties”. There were many more plates, dishes, bowls and drinking vessels than during the Iron Age.  The English imported amphorae (storage vessels), which contained wine, olive oil, olives and fish sauce. Tacitus wrote that “they called it civilization when in fact it was part of their servitude”.
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Fragment of an amphora found underneath a Roman road in Devon.
The old hierarchies still existed, now with Roman trappings.  The landowners had coloni (tenants who were tied to the land). The trival leaders who owned extensive land and property were at the top; the large community of slaves at the bottom.  The word servus (“slave”) eventually became the word “serf”.  The social patterns of the Bronze & Iron Ages were still entrenched, now strengthened and deepened by the rule of a strong central power.
The Romans turned the old tribal regions into civitates (government districts).  Each district had a central town, often the old tribal capital or oppidum, re-dressed in stone instead of wood.  The centre of the town was represented by a forum complex of civic buildings.
Roman architectural forms were imposed, with monumental arches, sculptures, bath-houses and altars (for example).  Many of these public buildings were constructed as part of a state initiative that continued well into the 100s AD.  There would be a forum, temple, basilica and amphitheatre rising above the smaller buildings – closely-packed houses, workshops and shops, still mostly built out of wood and clay, and with earthen floors.  Many of the houses were single-room lodgings; other buildings consisted of a shop at the front, a workshop behind it, and a room for living in at the back. Many wells & hearths have been found in the areas of settlement. Beyond the streets were the kilns, quarries, livestock enclosures and cemeteries.
A curia (council) of the larger landowners controlled the town's government, and they had many clerks and other officials. Kinship and tribal ties slowly transformed into group relations on an economic basis.
The larger towns were independent and self-governing.  Magistrates & councillors dealt with things such as drainage, sanitation, and road re-paving.  The most common Roman artifact found in England is the writing tablet.
The native elites began to build Roman-style villas in the countryside.  The earliest of them (such as the one at Fishbourne, Sussex) were of very high status, probably for Romanized tribal leaders or great officials of the empire.  They spread to other native leaders, with more modest villas being built in south-eastern England – appropriate for a wealthy landowner, or the most important family of an agricultural community.
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Dolphin mosaic from the Fishbourne villa.
The villas had stone walls and expensive mosaics; there was also underfloor heating and window glass.  Their roofs may have been made of ceramic tiles instead of thatch and wattle.  Some (most?) of the smaller houses were plastered and decorated with wall paintings (plaster was used as external protection from the elements).
However, hill forts were still important, especially for England's leading families who had stayed closer to their social & cultural traditions.
At the beginning of the 100s AD, in Keston (Kent), an Iron Age farm was still being used.  By the middle of the 100s a new wooden farmhouse was built, with painted walls.  At the beginning of the 200s a stone house was built, with a Roman-style bath-house.  There were wooden barns in the farmhouse, one of which was later rebuilt in stone.  Ovens were used for malting or corn-drying, and the owner/s of the villa probably employed potters, blacksmiths and bronze-workers.  There was an early Roman cremation cemetery, and a circular mausoleum from a later date.  Romanization was gradual.
Bronze & Iron Age practices were kept on in the farming of the soil itself.  In some regions (such as the south-west) old practices continued without any change.  There is only evidence of change in the south-east, and only among the leaders.  The Romans brought in cherries, figs and mulberries (all previously unknown); peas, cabbages and turnips first appeared during the Roman era.  Even in the Romanized regions, the natives still preferred beef to pork.
Overall, most people were still living in the Iron Age, and would continue to do so for several centuries.
By imperial decree, the fens of East Anglia were drained, and reclaimed soil was made productive.  Hundreds of villages and farms were established in a pre-ordained manner.  The region became an imperial estate, with taxes for the central government.  The prosperous Salisbury Plain also became an imperial estate.
Taxation included land tax and a poll tax, and it was the key of Roman exploitation.  With the northern invaders, the cost of maintaining the army increased, so taxation increased as a result. The old tribal economy was changing to a monetary economy, and the Romans hastened this process.  Imperial coinage replaced the old tribal coinage.
The Romans levied taxes on goods that were traded.  Industrial centres (e.g. the potteries at the village of Castor in Cambridgeshire) altered parts of the landscape.  Ironworks were established in all areas of England, and lead mines were in continuous use during the Roman era.  Coal was used for working iron, heating the bath-houses, and the sacred fire at Minerva's temple in Bath.
There were two native woollen products in demand by the English people – the birrus Britannicus (a type of waterproof cloak & hood), and the tapete Britannicum (a woollen rug).  The men wore cattle-hide jackets and leather breeches.
Also traded were bears and bulldogs for the Roman arena.  It was said that Caesar had invaded England so he could get some exxcellent oysters.
In the early 200s AD, England was divided into two provinces. Brittania Superior's capital was London, and Brittania Inferior had York as its centre.  (These were geographical terms, not implying that the former was better than the latter).  These two provinces were later subdivided into four provinces, and then into five.  The country was being closely administered and exploited.
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Provinces in the 200s and 300s AD.
England's role changed as it became a settled part of the empire. The armies of occupation became armies of defence; they became naturalized, and had specific local/regional identities.  Over 1/10 of the Roman imperial army was stationed in England, meaning that its forces had a lot of power over events in Rome.  Mutinies and uprisings weren't uncommon.
In 268, Carausius (the governor of England) proclaimed himself Emperor, and took his forces to the continent.  While he was away, the towns and cities of England took measures to defend themselves against potential reprises from Rome.
A century later, another Roman commander seized the province of England and declared it to be independent.  A battle somewhere in central England dealt with this.
England had a lot of significance in imperial calculations, and it was worth a fight.  Its taxes, ports and metals helped to sustain Roman commerce.  Its agriculture, however, was what made England so wealthy and productive.
In 359 AD, the Emperor Julian organized a fleet of 600 ships to transport English corn to the warzones of the Rhine.  England was now one of the “bread baskets” of Europe, and by the 300s AD it had never been so prosperous.  The villas became larger and more luxurious, but social stratification increased as well.  The Roman English controlled the Iron Age English.
The Scots and Picts were always pressing against the northern borders, but England's other frontiers also developed problems.  The Saxon Shore is an alignment of forts in southern England whose purpose is not entirely certain.  They may have defended the coast against Saxon invaders from north-west Europe; or they may have harboured Saxon fighters and traders – i.e. designed to protect the seaways between England and Europe.
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The Saxon Shore (it had fortifications & military commands on both sides of the Channel).
Christianity was introduced to England in the 100s AD, but it was still a minority religion.  The Roman English were now used to the Roman gods, and the Iron Age English probably still worshipped their old gods.  Christian vessels & plaques from the 200s have been found in Huntingdonshire, near the River Nene, and are evidence of a local shrine (and the earliest examples of such vessels in Roman Britain).  A Christian cemetery, around the same date, was found at Poundbury (Dorset).  By the 300s AD, Christianity had spread as far north as Carlisle (in north-west England).
Constantine converted in 312 AD.  He had been appointed Emperor at York in 306, and later seems to have considered England to be one of the spiritual centres of his rule.  York was refashioned in honour of his elevation, and he visited England three more times.  He styled himself on Britannicus Maximus (“The great victor in England”), and London was possibly renamed Augusta in his honour for a while.
Christianity was a monotheistic faith, and the emperor aspired to single rule.  It had a uniform set of values & beliefs.  It helped to support the legislative & bureaucratic forces of the central power, and the religion's followers were drawn from the governing class.  The Romanized English were quick to embrace Christianity, and so Christianity became associated with the culture of the villas.  It was also the religion of the administrative elite in the towns and cities, where there would be a bishop to care for the town-dwelling Christians.
In 314, three English bishops, a priest, and a deacon attended an ecclesiastical council in Arles (southern France).  The bishops were from York, London and Lincoln, and the priest & deacon were from Cirencester.
At Tower Hill (London), remains of what may have been a Christian cathedral have been found.  The building had marble and painted walls, and a holy well in the centre of the nave.  This may have been the diocesan centre for Bishop Restitutus of London.
Evidence for a church has been found as Silchester as well, but there is little evidene for other churches during the 200s and 330s.  The earliest churches lie beneath more recent ones.
Rome's frontiers were being threatened, and in many places they were overwhelmed.  The Franks had entered northern Gaul, and the Visigoths were to settle in Aquitania.  The pressure of the Scots & Picts was growing, and they had tribal allies among the Franks and Saxons. In 367, a northern force overcame Hadrian's Wall and moved southwards in dispersed bands to ravage the country.  The commander of the Saxon Shore forts was murdered, and the provincial leader known as Dux Britanniarum was captured.  Roman intervention and rebuilding helped, including the re-fortification of key posts.  But it was a notable defeat for the English, and then the northern tribes came back 40yrs later.
At the beginning of the 400s, England was effectively stripped of its military forces, as they had gone off in search of glory – various pretenders were making bids for imperial power in Rome, weakening Roman rule.  Rome's administrative machinery was beginning to break apart.
In England, the northern tribes attacked again in 408, and the Roman English had to defend themselves without the Romans.  Zosimus, a contemporary historian, records that they “took up arms and, braving danger for their own independence, freed their cities from the barbarians threatening them.”
Not only that, but according to Zosimus, the English expelled their Roman governors and established their own administration.
Some Roman English would have wanted to retain the Roman administration, as it benefitted them greatly.  Others would have wanted to get rid of it, because of taxation and coercion from the central government.  In 410, one section of the English asked the Roman Emperor for arms and soldiers (it's unknown whether it was for fighting an external Saxon army, or another group of English). Honorius replied that the English must now fend for themselves – this was the end of Roman England.
Procopius of Caesarea (another historian) records that after the Roman officials disappeared, the cities and regions were taken over by “tyrants” or ��usurpers”.  They were probably the familiar English leaders, descended from tribal chiefs or large landowning families (but would have seemed like usurpers to Rome).
The English tribes and polities reacted to the end of Roman England in several ways.  The Romanized English (in the towns and cities, with dependent estates all around them) probably formed themselves into self-governing administrative units, with the leaders of these small states still known as “magistrates”.
In the east and south-east of England (the civil zone), small kingdoms developed, defended by mercenaries.  Those in eastern England had to use Germanic soldiers, which would cause problems for them later on.
In the more distant regions of England, where Romanization had never properly taken hold, the people returned to pre-Roman forms of social organization.  The detachments that remained of the northern armies were grouped under a commander who became their chieftain.  One of the first Roman leaders of the north was Coelius or Coel Hen, who became “Old King Cole” of the nursery rhyme.
There were general changes overall as well.  Rome's taxation system was dismantled, and the countryside was now controlled by an aristocracy of landowners.  The circulation of coinage decreased quickly because of the lack of imperial taxation.  By 410, the large centres of pottery manufacturing had gone out of business, as the demand no longer existed.  Brick-making disappeared, and wouldn't return to England until the 1400s.  Villas were neglected or abandoned, and later settlers would use them.
The cities didn't decline, though – they merely changed their function.  They were still administrative centres for the immediate area, and the local leader & bishop lived there.  However, they didn't need the imperial façades of the 200s.  The Silchester basilica was converted into a metal-working centre.  There is evidence of rebuilding at York & Gloucester during the 400s.  In the second half of the 400s, a new water supply with wooden pipes was introduced to Verulamium.  So a civic organization was still in operation.
The Roman city of Wroxeter has been excavated in the fields of Shropshire, and it wasn't abandoned after the Romans left.  The basilica was destroyed, and a large wooden hall built in its place – this hall became the centre for a complex of wooden buildings based on Roman models.  Well into a medieval period, a prosperous and busy life continued on.
In the archaeologial strata of the 400s is a deposit, called “dark earth”, spread over many towns and cities.  This is the residue of wattle-and-daub dwelling.  The towns & cities during this century may have still been heavily populated, continuing on a commercial life.
Barter and local trading allowed for self-sufficiency.  There was hand-made pottery, and quantities of clay have been found that may have been used for building walls.  The farmers' and labourers' lives weren't changed at all by the change in leadership.
St. Patrick was taken by Saxon slavers at the end of the 300s AD, and his Confession of Saint Patrick shows that the affluent lives of villa-owners continued into the early decades of the 400s.  He returned to England 6yrs later, and his father urged him to enter public service – for example, local rhetoricians were employed to guide the populace.  There was some kind of a working polity based upon a Roman original.
Bishop Germanus of Gaul visited England in 429, and he was greeted by the leading men of Verulamium in a gesture of civic unity.  These men were probably members of the diocesan or provincial council who had taken over the city's administration.  According to Germanus, they were “conspicuous for their wealth, fashionable in their dress, and surrounded by an adoring multitude of people.”
One of the reasons for Germanus' visit was to help the English in their fight against the Picts and Saxons.  However, many Saxons were already living in England, and had been doing so since the 200s AD. The urban & tribal elites needed Saxon warriors to defend their property, and many of these warriors married native women and settled down with their families.  The Roman army in the north still had Germanic soldiers in it.  There were Saxon traders in the towns and cities; and Saxon workers cultivated the land in Kent in exchange for occasional military service.
From the Iron Age onwards, the native English have been called “Britons”.  However, that term is really only correct for the Atlantic English of the western coasts – these are the Britons who would migrate to Gaul and establish the province of Brittany; they spoke Celtic and Gaelic.  There were also many Britons in the north, as a remainder of old tribal groupings.
Native English also lived in central, south and east England. However, they lived in the areas that the Saxon settlers would eventually dominate (sometimes peacefully, and sometimes by violent means).  The name of England would come from one of these groups of settlers, the Angles.  “Engla land” was the Viking description.
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purkinje-effect · 5 years ago
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The Anatomy of Melancholy, 39
Table of Contents. Second Instar, Chapter 6. Go to previous. Go to next. Through the needle’s eye and right onto the hook.
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As they took a steady clip Northbound on Route 3, the trees to either side of them shifted from predominantly pine to a mixture of rusty oak and maple. Very few vehicles scattered the street, allowing for a smooth, steady speed. ‘Choly smiled to himself at the thought of his Pip-Boy’s radio; at first, the signal was spotty at best, but he refined it to pull in a brassy, energetic instrumental broadcast. Once he got it steady, Angel seemed to sway along the lanes to the tune, and he nearly stopped worrying.
“Really, this is quite nice, isn’t it, Angel? The weather’s brisk, but the sun’s out. I’ve missed trips like this with you. I know it used to be by bus, but the wind feels therapeutic in a way. Just the two of us.”
“The scenery in the Commonwealth these days isn’t all bad.”
But he couldn’t wholly get his mind off their destination. He couldn’t even begin to speculate what to anticipate. After two centuries left to run without maintenance, there was no telling if the base’s robotics and defenses would even operate correctly, if even run at all. He didn’t like the odds that the Rust Devils had already taken the base and now occupied it. The whole trip to Lowell would be for nothing, if he couldn’t get on base, and they might as well double back to Billerica and take Bogey home to Sanctuary Hills right then.
They zipped under an overpass, and ‘Choly prayed they’d be able to speed right over the I-495 cloverleaf without having to take any of the access roads. Relief washed over him, that he didn’t have to deal with the Lowell Connector. The interstate signs had all either fallen or faded beyond legibility. He checked his map on his Pip-Boy, and looked back at the miles of crumbling asphalt still ahead of them. They’d just passed Route 129: just over halfway there from the golf course. He nodded thoughtfully, and slacked a bit in his scrutiny of the thoroughfare for a ways.
“Shall we take the Chelmsford South exit, or press on to the Chelmsford-Lowell intersection?”
“Taking I-495 would nearly triple our travel distance. We might have to, but let’s try sticking to Route 3 for now.”
“Noted.”
Ignoring the off ramp, they crossed over the 3-495 interchange. The well-rehearsed, unmarked exit for Chelmsford Road came up, and at a distance they could tell that the Route 3 overpass ahead had been extensively blockaded. Angel need not mention its concern as they got off the highway, as they both readily noted the high wood and steel wall which barricaded the Northeast half of the intersection. Several people stood watch atop the Red Rocket on the Southeast corner, and began to fire on the two of them as they slowed just enough to take the left turn under Route 3. ‘Choly looked back and his stomach lurched. Three bipedal robots sped toward them.
“All arms and legs in!” Angel yelled.
They barreled beneath the overpass, under which the raiders had constructed barricades and corrugated metal shanties. They didn’t slow enough to do more than draw fire. One of the mishmash robots slammed into the wall of one of the dwellings with a loud crash, only to keep running nearly unhindered. It wasn’t until ‘Choly looked back a second time to attempt aiming at their pursuants, that he recognized the very unmistakably human skulls mounted as face plates on these things. He fired at them, but his hands shook too badly, and he clutched tighter to Angel rather than try again.
“You can’t go any faster, can you!” ‘Choly pleaded.
“I’m going as fast as I can, Sir!”
Angel fired all three lasers at once at one of the robots, and it crumpled in a half-molten mess. The other two closed in on them.
The nearly humanoid proportions of the things, combined with the skull plates... These things had been Assaultrons. One of them steadied a limb toward them, for it to erupt flames. ‘Choly screamed when he could feel the heat nearly reach him. He looked behind him only long enough to confirm he wasn’t on fire, and resumed doing his best not to hyperventilate. Angel continued firing, but the remaining once-Assaultrons managed to dodge its aim. The other once-Assaultron fired with its ocular laser and connected with one of Angel’s ocular lenses.
They got about five hundred feet down the street before veering off it in favor of the bald expanse of field, and they followed the high barbwire hurricane fence at full speed. In no time, they approached the guard house at the front of the Deenwood Compound. Though unoccupied, the biometric scanner still swept over ‘Choly and Angel, and the boom barrier permitted them through. They looked back to find the two robots that had chased them had doubled back to return to their base.
‘Choly hoped that meant Deenwood wasn’t under Rust Devil occupation.
“Are you all right, Mister Carey?”
“I’ll be better once we’re inside...”
They slowed a bit, but remained vigilant, as they came up to the second checkpoint. To either side of the inner fence stood a pair of high turret towers. ‘Choly saw a Mister Gutsy coming to them. He holstered his pistol and dismounted with his cane in hand.
“This is a secure government facility!” the Gutsy announced in a strident scorn. “State your identity and intent, or we WILL fire on you!”
“Captain-- Captain Alan Carey.” ‘Choly gulped for air and did his best to stand up straight and salute the Gutsy. “Deenwood Pharm Corps. This is Angel, issued to me by the DIA.” Angel, too, stated its designation, which came in a string of numbers ‘Choly had never memorized in the first place.
The army green Handy eyed the two of them in silence for entirely too long.
“Intent!”
“I, ah! Yes. I was-- Reporting to active duty.”
“You are two hundred years LATE, Captain Carey. And not even close to wearing regulation uniform. Not to mention what you’ve allowed become of your Mister Handy compatriot.” The gate’s magnetic mechanisms deployed with a low hum, and the boom barriers lifted as before. ‘Choly sighed and re-mounted Angel, and the Gutsy led them inside the vast concrete facility proper. “Forgive my gruffness, Captain. It’s wonderful to have you back. General Francis will be elated to speak with you.”
“General--” ‘Choly’s face couldn’t help but screw up as they entered the Robotics wing. “General Francis?” He hadn’t expected nuclear survivors, and for Captain Francis to have lived long enough to start a line of descendants to inherit the base just about beat any unlikelihood he could have imagined possible.
Still, he��d been on premises a good fifteen minutes by that point, and within base walls five of it--and he hadn’t seen a single living thing, person or otherwise. A mixture of Mister Gutsies, Eyebots, and Protectrons moved about in his peripheral fringes, but none of them engaged the three of them as the Gutsy led the way. Maybe this General Francis was her Handy... or a Sentry she’d programmed... or...
They arrived at the Control Room of the Robotics wing, where a uniformed ghoul worked on a powered-down Eyebot on a workbench. The Gutsy approached.
“Captain Carey has arrived, ma’am. I’ve brought him to you for debriefing.”
Her half-shaven blonde head picked up to glare at ‘Choly as he dismounted again. He glared back, in shock. Keloid scars wired all over her body, and almost none of her nose or earlobes remained. Her voice was viscous and rasping, but still rang with command.
“Thank you, Green Seven. You may return to your normal duties.”
“Yes, ma’am!” It exited, leaving the three of them alone.
The two continued to stare at one another for some time before ‘Choly slowly walked up to her. He stuttered out broken, stupid laughter and collapsed to hugging her tight. He couldn’t help the tears when she hugged him back. After a solid minute, she shoved him back to get a good look at him up close.
“Forgive the exclamation, but how the FUCK are you standing here in front of me, Carey?”
“I could ask you the same question, General.” He removed his glasses and gave her a tired smile, and wiped his cheeks with his sleeve.
“Is that... a Vault Suit? Fuck.” She began to circle him. “What in God’s name happened to your Handy?”
“I happened to it. Repairs and upgrades were necessary to make the trip up from Concord. Is... is it all right for me to sit, ma’am?” She waved at the workbench stool, and he thanked her. He didn’t want to have to talk about Vault 111, but a brief explanation seemed like the only option. “It’s a Vault Suit, yes. They built a vault near where I moved after Anchorage. I’m the only one that survived what the vault did to its residents. Cryogenics. I think the equipment started failing after two hundred years, and the system tried to wake everyone up... but it was... just me--”
She leaned on the workbench beside him with a knowing frown.
“My heart goes out to you, having to live through that. I’ve heard some terrible things about the different experiments Vault-Tec ran on its residents. You don’t have to tell me anything further.”
“Thank you for not pressing me for details, ma’am. It’s only been a few months. It hasn’t been easy to adjust to... everything, honestly.”
“...What are you doing here?” She half-expected him to reciprocate her curiosity, but appreciated that he hadn’t.
“I had a feeling there was something unresolved here. Like there was a project we were supposed to start, except the bombs happened first.” He sniffed and put his glasses back on, shaking his head. “I’m sorry. I just can’t believe anyone survived...”
Francis squinted at him, and leaned nearer.
“Forgive me for asking, but I’m worried. The cane, and... you were riding your Handy on the way in.”
“The circumstances that have made it possible for me to stand before you alive today also damaged me severely. Angel’s operating not just as my Handy, but as my wheelchair, ma’am.”
“--Oh, cut the appellations,” she dismissed, blowing the stress of the conversation away like smoke. “You’re acting like you’ve never met me before.”
“Sorry. Barring Angel, you’re the... second familiar face I’ve found since I woke up? I honestly was starting to get used to the idea that I outlived everyone.”
She softened.
“...I can relate to that. I was the only Pharm Corps staff on base to survive the radiation. The base was designed to withstand a nuclear blast. But we’re close enough to where the bomb hit New Hampshire that it might as well have been a direct hit. The base itself was unscathed, but the residential block got hammered. I... I don’t know if you’d call being ghoulified surviving.” She snorted a wheeze through her open nasal cavity and gave him a shit-eating grin. “Repairing that Eyebot can wait. You still lush as ever? ‘Cause damn if I couldn’t use a drink about now.”
He checked the time on his Pip-Boy, and mirrored her grin.
“Supposing it’s nine forty-seven somewhere.”
Go to Next »»»
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bestwindscreenuk · 4 years ago
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mywindscreenlondon-blog · 5 years ago
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findusonweb-blog · 6 years ago
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williamemcknight · 7 years ago
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Hartley Botanic reveals new centrepiece commission for RHS Hyde Hall
In its latest partnership with the RHS, Hartley Botanic has unveiled a new, iconic glasshouse commission to form the centrepiece of the Royal Horticultural Society’s new edible gardens at RHS Hyde Hall. With a unique octagonal design, stately roof lantern and 14m span, the new glasshouse joins a long list of public commissions for the Lancashire-based manufacturer.
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articlehaao · 8 years ago
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plasticdoctoripswich · 4 years ago
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The plastic doctor is a well known Glazing company in Ipswich, Chelmsford. Our glaziers served Double Glazing, Integral Window Blinds, Double Glazing Repairs, Window Repairs, Home Improvements, Conservatory Roof Repair, Door Repairs, Double Glazing Installation, Integral Blinds, Window Blinds Inside The Glass, and much more services in Ipswich, Chelmsford.
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purkinje-effect · 6 years ago
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The Anatomy of Melancholy, 34
Table of Contents. Second Instar II, Ch1. Go to previous. Go to next. The beginning of Second Instar. ‘Choly worries too much.
Melancholy rode Angel past a sign which indicated ‘turn left now to visit Jonathan Emery Historical Site,’ and continued down Route 62 East through Concord. His mind wandered a bit, and he decided that, at least for the time being, donning the vault suit wasn’t so bad. Now that he had found new foundation-wear in the form of the surgical corset, the bodysuit fit acceptably, and contrary to the Vault-Tec staff’s insistence, wearing anything underneath it didn’t seem to have impeded the effects of its technologically advanced lining. He could appreciate its efficient thermal regulation, and also its dry-wicking technology. It seemed to sync up with his Pip-Boy as well somehow, though beyond introducing an additional icon on his health screen, he couldn’t discern how at a glance it even mattered. Of course, he still wore the belt from his dress military uniform so that he could utilize the suspender cases which held his then limited stock of syringer ammunition, as well as his white Pharm Corps coat. To make himself less visible at a distance, he figured the coat would dull out the bright royal blue of the vault suit, and the belt and bracers would dull out the rich gold edging along the bodysuit’s zipper and collar.
His canvas ankle braces didn’t fit inside the short boots that Vault-Tec had provided as footwear with the vault suit, so he stored the boots in Angel’s compartment and continued on with the oxfords from his dress uniform.
Following the road around the perimeter of a quarry property, the route switched to North Road Route 4, and from there it only took a matter of minutes before they finally came upon the junkyard ‘Choly sought. They entered the open double hurricane fence gates, and ‘Choly surveyed the yard with the impression it had been heavily looted in recent years, but knew better than to trust his eyes. The only visible salvage at a glance seemed to be car bodies stacked as many as five high, but he could tell robotics parts lay scattered here as well. Without going up to the piles, he couldn’t tell what robots they’d once belonged to. He dismounted from Angel and kept his syringer rifle at the ready, in case they happened upon any unwelcoming occupants in the office at the South corner of the property.
“Before we get to work, I think we should stop for lunch first.” He opened the metal door with its reinforced glass window, and skimmed the room with his weapon before dropping it.“Guess it’s just you and me as usual.”
“I can appreciate that,” Angel replied, following him inside.“You’ve only the one Melancholia left. What should I fetch you from my stores?”
“You could put on a pot of coffee, and fish out a sweet roll and the deviled eggs.”
“As you wish! Sounds like we’re here for the day. Forgive me for asking something likely quite obtuse, but Sir...What are we doing at the robotics disposal ground?”
“Making use of the facilities to repair you.” The chemist slung his rifle onto his back and pulled up a folding metal chair, sitting at the operational terminal to poke around.“And upgrade you, if you’ll allow it. We can stay here a day or two I think, before rations make it more urgent to keep moving. Getting you freshened up is my top priority today.”
“Beyond refilling my Handy Fuel tank, and reaffixing my laser attachment, I can’t possibly imagine what upgrades you’ve in mind.” It filled the percolator with canned water and measured out the coffee grounds.“There’s only so many different features that General Atomics offered for the Mister Handy line.”
“If you’ll recall, one of your tendrils is a Miss Nanny's, actually. Looking back on it, I’m surprised the DIA let me put in any sort of custom order for receiving you. All kinds of robots got discarded here. Maybe we can find a Mister Gutsy or two, to get you some hardier shell plating. I’m sure there’s some paint laying around, so that you don’t look quite so cobbled together after we’re done.” He looked up from the log entry for what all had been disposed of there between June and October 2077.“This place was a robotics graveyard on the surface. Most of its clients just wanted a place to dump broken or defective robots on the cheap, no questions asked. But the owner made good money by also offering salvage scrap as well as repairs. There’s good equipment here. I was taking a chance, coming out here without knowing for sure, but it looks like it’s survived in tact, unrusted, here in the office space. --Hm. What’s a Robobrain?”
“It doesn’t sound like anything General Atomics might have created... Perhaps it’s a RobCo product?”
“That’s my thought. I’m not nearly as versed with RobCo technologies as I am with G.A.” His head drooped over the terminal keyboard. “You wouldn’t dislike it if we mixed components between Nanny and Gutsy parts for you, would you? My priority is maximizing your hydraulics, to make it as easy as possible for you to carry me. I... I feel bad that you have to.”
“Mister Carey, it’s company-approved to combine any of the parts families you listed. As long as we don’t void my warranty, I want to optimize my performance any way you see fit. Until we find a better option to increase your mobility while out and about in the Commonwealth, you can count on me to provide that service. It’s not your fault that the apocalypse so direly ruined accessibility across the state.”
“You’re sure you’re all right with it? You’re not just a wheelchair. You’re an artificial intelligence.” For a moment, the Handy only replied by handing him a melamine plate with a sweet roll and two egg halves on it, and a ceramic mug of coffee. It observed him as he took these from it, and he ate one-handed with the plate in his lap.“Thank you.”
“It’s my pleasure to see you continuing to function and excel, Sir. My behavioral matrices thrive when my owner thrives. Emotionally, physically, financially. ...Spiritually...” It let out a reserved holographic chuckle, then fell quiet.“Did you mean it, that we’re headed up to Chelmsford after this?”
With the question, suddenly the entendred use of the word exceldidn’t sound accidental. Yet, Angel hadn’t been there when he’d spoken to Missus Murphy. It couldn’t have possibly known. He set down his coffee and glasses and screwed up his face with both hands.
“I have to go to the base. I have to know what I was supposed to be working on when they sent me that letter calling me back to active duty. If they meant for me to cook more Psycho for another war, it’ll put my mind and soul at ease, knowing the nuclear exchange prevented any need for military-size shipments of the stuff. In hindsight, I suppose the fact they called me back to active duty two weeks before the bombs fell is all the proof I need that the government had advanced paranoia that something was wrong. I... I wonder if they knew what was imminent, but didn’t know how to stop it in time...?”
“Oh, Sir. That’s not a constructive mental track to get on. It doesn’t change what’s transpired since. If going to the Deenwood Compound will provide you some manner of closure, then we shall do so. But you cannot keep dwelling on a course of events over which you had no control. You have so much more control now than you ever did.”
“That’s part of the problem. Who the hell died and gave me self-agency?” He swallowed half of one of the egg halves and choked a bit, having forgotten to chew it enough. He washed down the musky, salty protein with black coffee and sat a moment to recollect himself.“I’ve made very few decisions in my life on my own behalf. And I feel like every decision I’ve made since I came back into the world has been poor.”
“Ah yes. This misguided worry again. We’re here to repair me,” it offered, topping off the mug.“I know you care about my well-being just as much as your own. It’s just that your needs have been a little more... time-sensitive, shall we say? Things will work out in the end. Just like with the wonderful people who settled into Sanctuary. They couldn’t have gotten there without us. Without you.”
“I’ve gone too long without giving you maintenance. In my own defense, I didn’t have access to the materials I needed to do true repairs and calibration. You really think they’ll be all right?”
“I’m more worried about you doing well, especially with us headed up to the Lowell area. Are you certain it’s wise? You don’t handle memory of your military career very well.”
“You’re here with me. And it’s not like Johnston will be there to put me right back to work. Besides, wouldn’t you like to figure out how Jared knew X-Cell was a Deenwood product?”
“There’s little greater meaning my programming could find, I could imagine. I’m positive that the DIA would love to nip that leak in the bud.”
‘Choly almost reminded it that the DIA likely no longer existed, but he still wasn’t completely sure. He didn’t say so, but he hoped to measure his speculation of the continued existence of the DIA, going by how Angel would react to his navigation of the military base. It ate at him, not knowing for certain whether all his behavior had not only been transmitted to some DIA outpost, but also observed by someone still surviving to this day--whether he’d eventually see consequences to his actions in Lexington. He balked into laughter and quietened himself with part of his sweet roll.
“Was it something I said?”
“It’s nothing. I just realized that the concept of having to answer for misdeeds, and the fact we’re operating on faith alone that the DIA still exists... It’s like with the Christians, and the belief that if they sin, they have to go to hell. Like they have to be held accountable by a higher power, in order to behave. A ridiculous comparison, I know, and without tact or nuance. The DIA is simply... an intangible source of authority that has not yet stepped in and punished me. Or maybe it has. I don’t know. I suppose I’ve sought accountability from others all along, to validate whether I’ve made the right choices in life.”
“Need I remind you that the Defense Intelligence Agency has offices at the Deenwood Compound. You might find those answers there as well.”
“Something in me doesn’t want to know for certain whether it exists. But you’re right, that I might.” He finished off his food and nursed on his coffee while he continued reading the terminal.“There’s something here about a Sentry Bot. Warnings not to let the temptation get the best of you, and to not under any circumstances power it on. It was dumped by government personnel, it seems. Wonder what the fuss is.”
“A shame it’s a RobCo product, isn’t it, Sir? Even if it’s survived in tact, its parts wouldn’t be compatible with a robot in the Mister Handy line.”
“They were hulking things. They had to carry the weight of a tank on their treads, with how heavy their armor was. It’d be a dream, it it were possible to harvest the hydraulics from their wheel-treads.” He glanced to the holotape on the desk, and pretended he didn’t see it was labeled ‘Combat Sentry Proto MK IV.’“It’s probably impossible, though, since mecanum mobility is a completely different mechanism than hover-thrusters. We should focus on locating Handy, Nanny, and Gutsy parts. I never said I was a genius with this stuff, so going wild is probably outside both my knowledge and skill set. Even if it were doable.”
“Just don’t overdo it, Sir. It’s all right to only do what you can manage. Even the most minor of adjustments will facilitate my facilitating you. I’m entirely content with an algorithm scan, a tank refill, and my laser repaired... and if you do feel so inclined, perhaps a bit of fresh polish.”
“First, let’s see what we can put our hands on out there.” He pocketed the holotape surreptitiously, and slung his syringer rifle onto his back while he pulled his cane from his belt. With his free hand, he brought his coffee with him. “That way, we’ll know what we’re working with.”
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bestwindscreenuk · 4 years ago
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Knowing When To Get a Windscreen Repair
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bestwindscreenuk · 4 years ago
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Busting 9 Common Windscreen Repair Myths
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bestwindscreenuk · 4 years ago
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Car Windscreen Replacement and Repair Explained
No matter how minor your windscreen damage is, it's important to get it fixed as soon as possible! Check out our latest blog post to learn about the car glass repair and replacement process.
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bestwindscreenuk · 4 years ago
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When Should a Windscreen be Replaced?
Best Windscreen wants you to know that the size of the chip or crack in the glass will determine the need for a replacement or repair.
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