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christophe76460 · 1 year ago

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LA PUBLICATION DE LA BIBLE EN ANGLAIS

En 1524, Tyndale quitte sa patrie qu'il ne reverra plus. Se rendre dans le Saint Empire lui permet d'avoir accès à l'étude de l'hébreu, car en Angleterre l'Édit d'Expulsion (1290) interdisait la détention de livres en hébreu en Angleterre. Mais en ce début de XVIe siècle, les écrits en grec ancien devenaient, pour la première fois depuis des siècles, accessibles à la communauté savante d'Europe. Fort des manuscrits rendus disponibles par la diaspora des érudits byzantins depuis la Chute de Constantinople (1453), Érasme venait de traduire et d'éditer, sous le titre (énigmatique) de « Novum Instrumentum » le texte grec des Saintes Écritures, dépassant la Vulgate.

H. Samworth suggère d'interpréter l'immatriculation d’un certain Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia, présente dans les registres de l’Université de Wittemberg comme celle de William Tyndale. Ce pourrait donc être à Wittemberg que Tyndale paracheva sa traduction du Nouveau Testament, en 1525, avec l'aide du frère minorite William Roy.

Il remet sa traduction à l’imprimeur Peter Quentell, de Cologne, mais l'entrée en vigueur des mesures anti-luthériennes dans cette ville stoppe net la publication : des ouvriers trop bavards auraient informé le prêtre Cochlaeus, l'un des principaux adversaires de Luther. Tyndale se précipite à l'atelier, saisit ses précieux manuscrits et les emporte à Worms, ville libre d'Empire alors en voie de conversion à la Réforme. Il faut attendre l'année suivante pour voir la parution du Nouveau Testament par l'imprimeur Peter Schoeffer de Worms.

De nouveaux exemplaires parurent bientôt à Anvers. On ignore à quel moment au juste Tyndale était parti pour le port d'Anvers; à la date du 11 août 1526, on lit dans le journal de Georg Spalatin que Tyndale est resté à Worms près d'une année entière.

Cochlaeus alerte cependant l'év��que Tunstall, qui interdit les bibles en octobre 1526. Tyndale sait donc que les précieux volumes seront saisis à leur arrivée en Angleterre. Pour déjouer l'étroite surveillance qui s'exerce dans les ports, les Nouveaux Testaments sont cachés dans des ballots d'étoffe ou des barils de vin. Beaucoup d'exemplaires sont néanmoins confisqués. Leurs destinataires sont astreints à défiler à cheval, le visage tourné vers la queue de l'animal, et portant visiblement le livre défendu ; ils devront le jeter eux-mêmes au feu devant tous et faire pénitence. L'historien du protestantisme Richard Marius avance que « le spectacle des Ècritures enflammées par une torche (...) déchaîna la controverse même parmi les fidèles. » Mais les efforts de l'évêque de Londres sont voués à l'échec. Les Londoniens veulent prendre connaissance de l'ouvrage proscrit et s'ingénient à l'obtenir au mépris des menaces. En désespoir de cause, l'évêque de Londres prie Packington, un négociant de la cité, de mettre à profit ses relations commerciales avec le port d'Anvers, pour accaparer à la source toute l'édition de Tyndale. Muni d'une forte somme d'argent, Packington se rend sur le continent. L'évêque a cru « mener Dieu par le bout du doigt », écrit un chroniqueur de l'époque. Mais il ne réussira pas mieux dans cette entreprise que dans les précédentes. Packington, ami secret de Tyndale, arrive chez le traducteur :

« Monsieur Tyndale, je vous ai trouvé un bon acquéreur pour vos livres,

- Et qui donc ?

- L'évêque de Londres !

- Mais, si l'évêque veut ces livres, ce ne peut être que pour les brûler !

- Eh bien qu'importe ! D'une manière ou d'une autre l'évêque les brûlera. Il vaut mieux qu'ils vous soient payés ; cela vous permettra d'en imprimer d'autres à leur place ! »

Le marché est conclu et l'édition est apportée en Angleterre. L'évêque de Londres convoque la population devant la cathédrale Saint-Paul pour assister à la destruction massive des livres hérétiques. Cependant, le bûcher de l'évêque devient une publicité inespérée pour la deuxième édition du Nouveau Testament Tyndale. Imprimé cette fois en petit format, pour faciliter la dissimulation des volumes et mieux échapper aux perquisitions, sa diffusion est un vif succès. Le cardinal Wolsey condamna Tyndale comme hérétique, et le premier procès en hérésie s'ouvrit en 1529.

Tyndale serait retourné à Hambourg vers 1529, emmenant son manuscrit. Il y révisa son Nouveau Testament et commença à traduire l'Ancien Testament, non sans travailler à d'autres essais.

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mybeautifulchristianjourney · 6 years ago

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Today in Christian History

Today is Wednesday, January 16th, the 16th day of 2019. There are 349 days left in the year.

Today’s Highlight in History:

648: Death at Forsheim, France, of St. Fursey who had founded monasteries in England and Gaul. Many years earlier, Fursey, while seriously ill, had fallen into a trance in which he saw visions of heaven and hell that he recorded. These will probably be among the sources from which Dante will draw inspiration for the descriptions of hell and heaven in his Inferno and Paradiso.

1543: British Parliament prohibits the reading of the New Testament in English by “women or artificer’s prentices, journeymen, servingmen of the degree of yeoman, or under, husbandmen or labourers...”

1545: Death at Altenburg, Saxony, of Georg Spalatin, a friend of Luther. As confidential secretary, councilor, librarian, historian, archivist, and relic-buyer for elector Frederick the Wise he had been able to promote the Reformation.

1604: Puritan John Rainolds suggests to King James I “that there might bee a newe translation of the Bible, as consonant as can be to the original Hebrew and Greek.” James will grant approval the next day. Seven years later, the Authorized Version (King James Version) will be published.

1630: Archbishop William Laud consecrates St. Catherine Cree Church, in Leadenhall Street, London, with ritual and ceremony that his detractors consider excessive and counter to Reformation or Puritan tendencies.

1650: Death of Blessed Maximus, Priest of Totma in Vologda District, a “fool for Christ” who had continually fasted and prayed. The Orthodox consider him a saint because of miracles alleged to have occurred at his tomb.

1786: Virginia adopts a statute for establishing religious freedom authored by Thomas Jefferson.

1815: Reformer Henry Thornton dies at William Wilberforce’s house in London, England. A banker and Parliamentarian, he had been the financial brains behind the social schemes of the philanthropic and anti-slavery group known as the Clapham Sect.

1899: Death in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, of Charles P. Chiniquy, who had been a Catholic priest but, following disciplinary action, left the church and became a popular American agitator against Catholicism and the author of the anti-Catholic book, Fifty Years in the Church of Rome. He had also blamed Lincoln’s assassination on a Catholic conspiracy.

1929: Abraham Odekunle Aiki returns to his home town in Ilero, Nigeria, where for more than forty years he will preach, visit, pray, and study. His church will grow from thirty-nine members to over one thousand, and he will plant several new churches and establish a school where none had previously existed.

1999: United Methodists disturb many fellow Methodists and other traditional Christians by “blessing” a lesbian couple before fifteen hundred people in Sacramento, California. The women were lay leaders who had lived together for fifteen years.

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dwellordream · 3 years ago

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“Anna of Saxony was born on November 22, 1532 at Hadersleben, Denmark to Dorothea of Saxony-Lauenburg and Christian III, the future king of Denmark. She married Duke August of Saxony on October 7, 1548 at Torgau, Saxony, and when he inherited the title Elector of Saxony in 1553, she became the electress. Anna died on October 1, 1585 at Dresden. Her library, which was located in the women’s quarters of the residential castle at Annaburg, Saxony, contained 500 titles in 438 volumes—arranged according to size on the shelves—and approximately 50 manuscripts. Shortly before Anna’s death, an inventory was taken of the medical manuscripts located in a special cabinet in her library by Abraham von Thumbshirn, an electoral Saxon councilor and the superintendent of Anna’s court.

After her death, another inventory was taken of the printed books and manuscripts in her library by Sebastian Leonhart. Together with Elector August’s 2,354 volumes in his apartments at Annaburg, Anna’s collection formed the core of the later Royal Saxon Library. The large number of German territories in the early modern period meant that court libraries played a greater role than in other countries. Lay collectors achieved personal prestige through ownership of an identifiable corpus of artifacts that allowed them to gain a physical and intellectual understanding of the rapidly changing world during the age of exploration.

Indeed, the libraries of the elector and the electress must be seen in the broader framework of their other dynastic collections, including the Armory and Saddlery (Rüst- und Harnischkammer), the cabinet of coins and medals (Münzkabinett), the collection of silver plate (Silberkammer), the treasury (Schatzkammer), and the seven-room “cabinet of curiosities” (Kunstkammer). The Kunstkammer was perhaps the second oldest in the German Empire, and it had thousands of tools, scientific instruments, and other objects along with 288 books according to an inventory taken in 1587. Together, the libraries and the other repositories formed a system of mutually exclusive but interconnected collections for “organizing knowledge about the universe” and for demonstrating human mastery of nature.

In a work published in 1524, An die Radherrn aller stedte deutsches lands: das sie Christliche schulen auffrichten vnd hallten sollen (To the Councilmen of all Cities in Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools), Martin Luther emphasized the importance of establishing libraries for secular rulers and for the dissemination of his evangelical message. Philipp Melanchthon and Georg Spalatin, as well as the members of Lutheran parish visitation teams who attempted to reform the practices of local church communities, were also important in the establishment of libraries in the Wettin lands. However, written discussions about whether princes should establish libraries at their own courts did not take place until the second half of the sixteenth century.

In his famous advice manual, Regentenbuch (Book for Princes), the chancellor of Mansfeld, Georg Lauterbeck, made a direct connection between the establishment of a court library and the practice of ruling, stating that book collections would enhance the prestige of the ruler. He also noted that the development of printing and plentiful paper supplies had resulted in lower book prices, which made it possible for rulers to collect more volumes. Electress Anna owned a copy of Lauterbeck’s book. In addition to advancing the prestige of a ruler and underpinning church reform, a court library served the practical needs of its founder and could be used as a demonstration of wealth, as a sign of social dominance, or as an act of religious belief. Some authors saw the library as a “storehouse of knowledge” (Wissenssschatz) that could be handed down to future generations.

Book collections were also useful for pedagogical purposes: in a letter of 1568 to the court chaplain Philipp Wagner, Electress Anna ordered a catechism with “readable print” to help her four-year-old daughter Dorothea learn the alphabet and syllables. Moreover, books were visible reminders of the continuity of the Wettin dynasty. Libraries were not simply the possessions of a princely family but also part of the treasury of the entire land. Books were concrete symbols of social prestige and power like other princely collections. Catalogues of books were used to understand the extent of a library, and the inventories taken by Thumbshirn and Leonhart provided Anna and August, as well as their heirs, with this knowledge. In addition to imparting an overview of the concrete holdings of the library, catalogues also fulfilled another function in the sixteenth century: they were virtual representations of book collections. The library was therefore not only a place or a collection but also the catalogue or inventory.

Catalogues of large libraries provided information about the scope of the collection as well as the inclusion of specific texts. Above all, catalogues helped resolve the problem of systematizing and managing knowledge. It is unclear whether the elector and electress followed a specific “procurement policy” to obtain books. Leonhart’s inventory reveals that a large portion of Anna’s library consisted of new books published between 1560 and 1585. The couple examined lists of recently published works and placed orders through their representatives at the book fairs of Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig; they themselves regularly visited the fair at Leipzig. Saxon diplomats, especially Hubert Languet, made purchases for them in outlying areas.

Anna received numerous books, manuscripts, and medical recipes from acquaintances and friends, as well as chronicles and historical works from her family. The elector established a printing shop in the family castle at Dresden, where a psalter by the court chaplain Christian Schütz and other works were printed for Anna. However, the largest part of the book collection was undoubtedly ordered by court librarians such as Paul Vogel based on the recommendations of the faculties at the universities of Leipzig and Wittenberg. The places of publication listed in Leonhart’s inventory show that electoral Saxon printers were preferred by Anna and August. Although Leipzig was a center of the book trade, approximately 64 volumes in Anna’s library were printed at Wittenberg, most of which were Bibles or works written by Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchthon.

About 42 works were printed at Leipzig, 30 at Dresden, and 16 at Eisleben. Approximately 35 books were published at Frankfurt am Main, 33 at Würzburg, 31 at Uelzen, and 19 at Nuremberg. Many of the books printed at Dresden were bound by Jakob Krause (1525–85), who worked at the Saxon court from 1566 to 1585; he was “the greatest German master of the bookbinding craft and also one of the most famous European bookbinders of the time.” Little is known about Anna of Saxony’s upbringing in Denmark, but there is evidence that she was taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion by Tilemann von Hussen (1497–1551), who had studied with Luther and Melanchthon. Her training may have also included medicine under the guidance of Cornelius van der Hansfort, a physician at her father’s court.

Anna learned to speak, write, and read in Danish and German. There is no evidence she knew Greek or Latin. The inventory of her library shows that she owned works by the ancient authors in German translation, including Caesar’s Caij Julij Cesaris des großmechtigen ersten Roemischen Keysers Historien vom Gallier vnd der Roemer (History of the Gauls), Cicero’s Officia Ciceronis Teutsch (On Duties), Menander Protector’s Das Buch der Histori Menanders (The History of Menander), and Thucydides’s Von dem Peloponneser Krieg (The Peloponnesian War). The library also contained books to educate the young, such as the didactic poetry of Hugo von Trimberg’s Der Renner (The Runner), and Petrarch’s Von Artznei vnd Rath beydes in gutem vnd widerwertigem Glueck (Physicke Against Fortune), a collection of 254 dialogues which was enormously popular and influenced the moral thought of many Europeans during the Renaissance.

Other historical and political texts and works of advice in Anna’s library included Kaspar Hedio’s Ein Außerleßne Chronick von anfang der welt (An Excellent Chronicle from the Beginning of the World), which has an entry for 1509 about seven people brought from the New World to Rouen, possibly the earliest reference by German authors to Canadian Indians. Sebastian Münster’s Cosmographia oder beschreibung aller lander herrschaften (Cosmography) has hundreds of pages on the history and geography of Europe, as well as sections about the newly discovered territories of Africa, America, and Asia. A copy of Elector August’s Landesordnung (Territorial Ordinance) of October 1, 1555 was an important political text about administrative policing. The genre of advice books was well represented by Werner Leonard’s famous Fürstlicher Trostspiegel und christlicher Seelen-Trost (The Mirror of Princely Solace and Christian Comfort of the Soul) and Georg Lauterbeck’s Regentenbuch (Book for Princes), the most important work on political thought in German during the age of confessionalism.

According to a post-mortem estate inventory done by Thumbshirn at Annaburg, the electress kept two books on her night table: a children’s postil by M. Veit Dietrich and a religious work, Das seelige neue Jahr (The Blessed New Year). She was devoted to studying the Bible and reading other religious texts, including the apocryphal Jesus Syrach Deudsch (Book of Ecclesiasticus), a misogynist work which imparted to children the belief that women should be married and submissive to their fathers and husbands. In the sixteenth century, many Lutherans wanted to study Luther’s writings for inspiration and edification, and approximately two-thirds of Anna’s library consisted of titles by the reformer and other Lutherans. Anna purchased the nineteen-volume Wittenberg edition of Luther’s works and thus had almost all of his publications in print with the exception of the postils.

…One of Anna’s great passions was medicine. According to Thomas A. Brady, Jr., “Mother Anna,” as she was often called, not only “sewed, washed, and churned butter,” she also “bore fifteen children, and dosed the survivors and her husband when ill.” Noblewomen had long been expected to provide medical care to both the rich and poor, and throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many of them became famous locally for their therapies. Anna had extensive contacts with other medical practitioners across the Holy Roman Empire, participating in the “pluralistic medical marketplace” available to patients in early modern Europe.

An early work in Anna’s library at Annaburg was a twenty-eight-page manuscript of gynecological recipes and advice which she began writing shortly after her marriage. Entitled Edlich guet ertzeney den Frauen (A Number of Good Medicines for Women), it describes treatments for problems associated with menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth and provides detailed information about the measures that needed to be taken during pregnancy to avoid complications, including a section about pediatrics and post-partum care for the mother. Anna herself gave birth to fifteen children, eleven of whom died at birth or during infancy and childhood; it is not known how many miscarriages she had.

Her library also included a number of printed books about midwifery: Adam Lonitzer’s Reformation oder Ordnung für die Hebammen (Reformation or Ordinance for Midwives), Walther Hermann Ryff ’s Frauen Rosengarten (Women’s Rose Garden), and Eucharius Rößlin’s Der schwangern Frauwen und Hebammen Rosengarten (The Rose Garden of Pregnant Women and Midwives), whose works were so popular that he was called “Teacher of Europe’s Midwives.” Recipes were very popular forms of medical texts in the sixteenth century; after being written down and bound, they provided standardized procedures to practitioners and represented knowledge about the human body in textual form. Boxes and cabinets in the Annaburg library contained recipes for medicines to improve women’s health and to decrease the problems associated with pregnancy and birthing.

For example, a booklet of recipes written by Countess Dorothea of Mansfeld (1493–1578) contained information about difficult births and the methods to counteract them. In 1563, Katharina Wernerin, a widow from Zwickau, sent Anna a thirty-seven-folio booklet of recipes which included concoctions for sleeping, stomach problems, post-partum care, edema, hyperthermia, throat problems, epilepsy, shortness of breath, and chills. An ornately decorated, twenty-eight-folio manuscript of recipes sent to the electress by Hans Ungenad von Sonnegg and his wife Magdalena included a recipe for a panacea salve, as well as instructions to make a plaster for war wounds, powders to counteract rabid dog bites, and “swallow water” for kidney problems, strokes, fevers, and the removal of unseemly hair.

Other recipes aimed to prevent kidney stones, breast problems, tumors, worms, insects, fevers, low urine production, and jaundice. The Ungenads’ recipe collection was a “medical wonder and a tangible object of knowledge.” The postmortem inventory of Anna’s manuscripts on medicine lists approximately fifty handwritten volumes found on special bookshelves in the electoral library at Annaburg, and all but four of them were recipe collections. The recipe collections and manuscripts of the electress were supplemented with at least thirty-four printed books about medicine, a number exceeded only by the religious texts in her library.

…A third important part of Anna’s library consisted of works concerning agriculture. Before marrying Elector August, she learned in her homeland about an agricultural system used in Denmark and Holstein called Koppelwirtschaft, in which land was enclosed, turned into pasture, and plowed again at a later date. This procedure improved the quality of the grassland, and manure was absorbed to fertilize what would eventually be plowed again. Anna used this knowledge when she was put in charge around 1550 of an outlying farm at Ostra near Dresden by the elector, who wanted to use it to supply food to their residence in Dresden and as an experimental site for new agricultural methods.

Approximately twenty years later, the electress was named supervisor of approximately seventy of the hundred electoral demesnes in Saxony by her husband. She probably consulted her German translation of Pliny’s Natürlicher History (Natural History) to obtain information about enriching manure on the farms. Moreover, Anna possessed an important collection of classical agricultural texts by Cassianus Bassus entitled Der Veldtbaw (Farm Work), translated by Michael Herr. Anna’s library contained several manuscripts, which were eventually printed, about the administration of farms, works she probably consulted to help with her own supervisory duties. Thumbshirn’s Haushaltung in Forwergen (The Management of Outlying Farms) of 1569 deals with methods to improve planting, raising livestock and poultry, gardening, beekeeping, mills, viticulture, raising sheep, fishing, hunting, and forestry.

… Anna’s library helped make the Saxon court a “vibrant center of knowledge transactions” and a site where the “management of knowledge” was achieved. The manuscripts, printed books, and recipes signaled the electress’s education, interests, and wealth. She used personal, hands-on knowledge and expertise to gain knowledge about religion, medicine, and farming, but ownership of books and manuscripts also provided her with legitimacy and a means to search for universal truths as well. Anna was undoubtedly proud of the library, because it revealed not only her high level of literacy and social rank but also her participation in the “boom of book culture” that took place in the sixteenth century.”

- Brian J. Hale, “Anna of Saxony and Her Library.” in Early Modern Women

#anna of saxony #german #renaissance #history #brian j. hale

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lucas-cranach-the-elder · 3 years ago

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Georg Spalatin, 1509, Lucas Cranach the Elder

#lucascranachtheelder #cranach #northernrenaissance #lucascranach

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hdslibrary · 5 years ago

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Das D

Delightful, hand-colored woodcut initial D, Decorated with a Distant, Detailed Downtown. From a 16th century history of Saxony, Germany.

Spalatin, Georg. Chronica und Herkomen der Churfürst und Fürsten : des loblichen Haus zu Sachssen... Wittenberg : G. Rhau, 1541.

#woodcut wednesday #bookhistory #woodcuts #letter d #german #16th century #rare books

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thegoldbergs · 7 years ago

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Georg Spalatin 1484 – 1545

was the pseudonym taken by Georg Burkhardt , an important German figure in the history of the Reformation.

#georg spalatin #georg burkhardt #reformation #Martin Luther #Klemens Kühn

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goalhofer · 6 years ago

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Happy 535th birthday, Fr. George Spalatin.

#Religion #Tributes #Germany #Awesome

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tarihduragi-blog · 8 years ago

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16 Ocak, Gregoryen Takvimi'ne göre yılın 16. günüdür. Yıl sonuna kadar kalan 349 gün vardır.

Tarihte Bugün 16 Ocak Neler Oldu?

1547 - Rus Çarı Korkunç İvan taç giydi.

1556 - Philip II, İspanya'nın kralı olur.

1795 - Fransa, Hollanda'nın Utrecht şehrini işgal etti.

1804 - Fransız fizikçi Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac bir hidrojen balonu içinde 7.016 m ye yükselerek, sonraki 50 yıl içinde kırılamayacak olan bir rekora imza attı.

1846 - İlk Ziraat Bakanlığı (Nazırlığı) kuruldu.

1914 - Altay SK kuruldu.

1920 - Milletler Cemiyeti ilk toplantısını Paris'te yaptı.

1925 - Sovyetler Birliği'nde Lev Troçki savaş komiserliği görevinden alındı.

1928 - Sovyetler Birliği'nde 30 muhalefet lideri Almatı'ya sürgüne gönderildi. Sürgüne gidenler arasında Lev Troçki de vardı.

1928 - Cemal Reşit Rey'in "12 Anadolu Türküsü" adlı ses ve piyano için yapıtı ilk kez seslendirildi.

1928 - Doktor Şefik Hüsnü Deymer ve arkadaşlarının Türkiye Komünist Partisi davası başladı.

1929 - Josef Stalin'le anlaşmazlığa düşen Nikolay Buharin, Komünist Enternasyonal'in başkanlığından istifa etti.

1945 - Adolf Hitler, Führerbunker'e taşındı.

1952 - Gazeteci ve yazar Ercüment Ekrem Talu'ya Fransız "Légion d'honneur" nişanı verildi. Yazar bu ödüle Türk-Fransız kültür ilişkilerine katkılarından dolayı layık görüldü.

1956 - Uluslararası Basın Enstitüsü Türkiye'de basına baskı yapıldığını açıkladı.

1958 - Dokuz subayın, isyan muharrikliği (kışkırtıcılığı) yapmak ve fesat çıkarmaktan tutuklandıkları açıklandı. Dokuz Subay Olayı sanıklarından Kurmay Binbaşı Samet Kuşçu, 2 yıl hapis ve ordudan tart cezasına çarptırıldı, öteki sanıklar beraat etti.

1960 - İşçi Sigortalıları Kurumu İstanbul Hastanesi Cumhurbaşkanı Celal Bayar tarafından hizmete açıldı.

1961 - Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Türkiye'ye 43 milyon Dolar yardımda bulundu.

1969 - Metroliner treni hizmete girdi

1970 - Muammer Kaddafi Libya başkanı oldu.

1979 - Şah Muhammed Rıza Pehlevi, ailesi ile birlikte İran'ı terk ederek Mısır'a yerleşti.

1980 - Bilim insanları interferon üretmeyi başardı.

1983 - Türk Hava Yolları'nın "Afyon" uçağı Ankara'da düştü: 47 kişi öldü.

1985 - Halkçı Parti (HP) milletvekili Bahriye Üçok, zina yapan erkeklerin de cezalandırılmasını öngören yasa önerisi vermişti. TBMM yasa önerisini reddetti.

1986 - İnternet mühendislik özel kuvvetinin ilk toplantısı.

1986 - New York'ta toplanan Uluslararası PEN Kongresi, Türk hükümetini yazarlarla ilgili tutumunu gözden geçirmeye çağırdı.

1987 - 1 Ocak'ta Pekin'de Tiananmen Meydanı'nda öğrencilerin başlattığı gösteriler sonunda Komünist Partisi lideri Hu Yaobang istifa etti; yerine Zao Ziyang getirildi.

1991 - ABD Irak'a hava akınları ve füze saldırısı başlattı. Çöl Fırtınası Harekatı, Irak'ın sanayi ve savaş potansiyeli tamamen imha edip 2003 yılında ülkenin işgaline zemin hazırladı.

1992 - El Salvador hükümeti ile isyancılar Mexico City'de bir antlaşma imzalayarak, en az 75 bin kişinin hayatına mal olan 12 yıllık iç savaşa son verdiler.

1992 - Halkın Emek Partisi kökenli Hatip Dicle ve Leyla Zana, Sosyaldemokrat Halkçı Parti'den istifa etti.

1996 - "Avrasya feribotu" silahlı eylemciler tarafından 177 yolcu ve 55 mürettebatıyla Trabzon limanında rehin alındı ve İstanbul'a doğru kaçırıldı. Eylemciler Çeçenistan sorununa dikkat çekmek istediklerini söylediler.

1998 - Refah Partisi'nin Anayasa Mahkemesi'nce kapatılmasıyla Necmettin Erbakan siyasi yasaklı duruma düştü.

2000 - Ricardo Lagos Şili'nin Salvador Allende'den bu yana ilk sosyalist başkanı seçildi.

2002 - BM Güvenlik Konseyi, Usame bin Ladin'in ve Taliban üyelerinin tüm varlıklarını dondurma kararı aldı.

2003 - Uzay mekiği Columbia, Cape Canaveral (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) üssünden ayrıldı. (Mekik, 1 Şubat'ta dünyaya dönüşü sırasında parçalandı ve 7 kişilik uçuş ekibi yaşamını yitirdi).

2005 - Adriana Iliescu, 66 yaşında doğum yaparak dünyanın en yaşlı annesi unvanını aldı.

2010 - "2010 Avrupa Kültür Başkenti" olan İstanbul'da etkinlikler, şehrin yedi ayrı noktasındaki kutlamalarla başladı.

16 Ocak Tarihte Bugün Doğanlar

1477 - Johannes Schöner, Alman astronom ve haritacı (ö. 1547)

1728 - Niccolo Piccinni, İtalyan besteci (ö. 1800)

1878 - Harry Carey, ABD'li oyuncu (ö. 1947)

1897 - Bedia Muvahhit, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı, sahneye çıkan ilk Türk kadın (ö. 1994)

1901 - Fulgencio Batista, Küba devlet başkanı (ö. 1973)

1906 - Abdullah Ziya Kozanoğlu, Türk mimar, müteahhit, romancı, çizgi-roman yazarı, Spor yöneticisi ve Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübünün 11. başkanıdır (ö. 1966)

1913 - Edoardo Detti, İtalyan mimar ve şehir planlamacısı (ö. 1984)

1932 - Dian Fossey, ABD'li etolojist (ö. 1985)

1933 - Susan Sontag, ABD'li yazar (ö. 2004)

1936 - Halit Çapın, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (ö. 2006)

1959 - Sade, Nijeryalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı

1972 - Ümran Kıyman, Türk boksör (ö. 2012)

1972 - Gökhan Ertan, Türk fotoğraf sanatçısı (ö. 2012)

1973 - Josie Davis, Amerikalı oyuncu

1974 - Kate Moss, İngiliz manken

1976 - Debbie Ferguson, Bahamalı atlet

1979 - Aaliyah, ABD'li şarkıcı (ö. 2001)

1982 - Tuncay Şanlı, Türk futbolcu

1985 - Craig Jones, İngiliz motosiklet yarışçısı (ö. 2008)

1985 - Şahika Ercümen, Türk serbest dalışçı ve sualtı hokeyi oyuncusu

16 Ocak Tarihte Bugün Ölenler

1545 - George Spalatin, Alman reformcu (d. 1484)

1595 - III. Murad, 12. Osmanlı padişahı (d. 1546)

1794 - Edward Gibbon, İngiliz tarihçi (d. 1737)

1886 - Amilcare Ponchielli, İtalyan besteci (d. 1834)

1933 - Bekir Sami Kunduh, Türkiye'nin ilk Dışişleri Bakanı (d. 1867)

1957 - Arturo Toscanini, İtalyan orkestra şefi ve kemancı (d. 1867)

2005 - Recep Birgit, Türk sanat müziği sanatçısı (d. 1920)

2007 - Ron Carey, Amerikan oyuncu (d. 1935)

2013 - Burhan Doğançay, Türk ressam ve fotoğrafçı (d. 1929)

2015 - Afet Ilgaz, Türk yazar (d. 1937)

16 Ocak Tatiller ve Özel Günler

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