#GRB 221009A
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In October 2022, astronomers were stunned by what was quickly dubbed the BOAT—the brightest-of-all-time gamma-ray burst (GRB). Now an international science team reports that data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveals a feature never seen before. "A few minutes after the BOAT erupted, Fermi's Gamma-ray Burst Monitor recorded an unusual energy peak that caught our attention," said lead researcher Maria Edvige Ravasio at Radboud University in Nijmegen, Netherlands, and affiliated with Brera Observatory, part of INAF (the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics) in Merate, Italy. "When I first saw that signal, it gave me goosebumps. Our analysis since then shows it to be the first high-confidence emission line ever seen in 50 years of studying GRBs." A paper about the discovery appears in the journal Science.
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Gamma-ray Burst Strikes Earth from Distant Exploding Star - Technology Org
New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/gamma-ray-burst-strikes-earth-from-distant-exploding-star-technology-org/
Gamma-ray Burst Strikes Earth from Distant Exploding Star - Technology Org
An enormous burst of gamma rays, detected by��ESA’s Integral space telescope, has struck Earth. The blast caused a significant disturbance in our planet’s ionosphere.
Such disturbances are usually associated with energetic particle events on the Sun but this one resulted from an exploding star almost two billion light-years away. Analysing the effects of the blast could provide information about the mass extinctions in Earth’s history.
Gamma-ray burst strikes Earth from the distant exploding star. Image credit: ESA/ATG Europe; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
At 14:21 BST / 15:21 CEST on 9 October 2022, an extremely bright and long-lasting gamma-ray burst (GRB) was detected by many of the high-energy satellites in orbit close to the Earth, including ESA’s Integral mission.
The International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (Integral) was launched by ESA in 2002 and has been detecting gamma-ray bursts almost every day since that time. However, GRB 221009A, as the blast was named, was anything but ordinary. “It was probably the brightest gamma-ray burst we have ever detected,” says Mirko Piersanti, University of L’Aquila, Italy, and lead author of the team publishing these results today.
Gamma-ray bursts were once mysterious events but are now recognised to be the outpouring of energy from exploding stars called supernovae, or from the collision of two super-dense neutron stars.
“We’ve been measuring gamma-ray bursts since the 1960s, and this is the strongest ever measured,” says co-author Pietro Ubertini, National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy, and the principal investigator for Intergral’s IBIS instrument. So strong in fact that its nearest rival on record is ten times weaker. Statistically, a GRB as strong as GRB 221009A arrives at Earth only once every 10 000 years.
During the 800 seconds that the gamma rays were impacting, the burst delivered enough energy to activate lightning detectors in India. Instruments in Germany picked up signs that Earth’s ionosphere was disturbed for several hours by the blast. This extreme amount of energy gave the team the idea to look for the burst’s effects on Earth’s ionosphere.
The ionosphere is the layer of Earth’s upper atmosphere that contains electrically charged gases called plasma. It stretches from around 50 km to 950 km in altitude. Researchers refer to it as the top-side ionosphere above 350 km, and the bottom-side ionosphere below that. The ionosphere is so tenuous that spacecraft can hold orbits in most of the ionosphere.
One of those spacecraft is the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), also known as Zhangheng, a Chinese-Italian space mission. It was launched in 2018 and monitors the top side of the ionosphere for changes in its electromagnetic behaviour.
Its primary mission is to study possible links between changes in the ionosphere and the occurrence of seismic events such as earthquakes, but it can also study the impact of solar activity on the ionosphere.
Both Mirko and Pietro are part of the science team for CSES and they realised that if the GRB had created a disturbance, CSES should have seen it. But they could not be sure. “We had looked for this effect from other GRBs in the past but had seen nothing,” says Pietro.
Gamma-ray burst illustration. Image credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center
In the past, GRBs have been spotted affecting the bottom-side ionosphere during the night, when the solar influence is removed, but never in the top side. This had led to the belief that by the time it reached Earth, the blast from a GRB was no longer powerful enough to produce a variation in the ionospheric conductivity leading to an electric field variation.
This time, however, when the scientists looked, their luck was different. The effect was obvious and strong. For the first time ever, they saw an intense perturbation in the form of a strong electric field variation in the top-side ionosphere. “It is amazing. We can see things that are happening in deep space but are also affecting Earth,” says Erik Kuulkers, ESA Project Scientist.
This particular GRB took place in a galaxy almost 2 billion light-years away – hence two billion years ago – yet it still had enough energy to affect Earth. While the Sun is typically the primary source of radiation robust enough to affect Earth’s ionosphere, this GRB triggered instruments generally reserved for studying the immense explosions in the Sun’s atmosphere known as solar flares.
“Notably, this disturbance impacted the very lowest layers of Earth’s ionosphere, situated just tens of kilometres above our planet’s surface, leaving an imprint comparable to that of a major solar flare,” says Laura Hayes, research fellow and solar physicist at ESA.
This imprint came in the form of an increase in ionisation in the bottom-side ionosphere. It was detected in very low frequency radio signals that bounce between the ground and Earths lower ionosphere. “Essentially, we can say that the ionosphere ‘moved’ down to lower altitudes, and we detected this in how the radio waves bounce along the ionosphere,” explains Laura, who published these results in 2022.
It reinforces the idea that a supernova in our own galaxy might have much more serious consequences. “There has been a great debate about the possible consequences of a gamma-ray burst in our own galaxy,” says Mirko.
In the worst case, the burst would not only affect the ionosphere, it could also damage the ozone layer, allowing dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun to reach Earth’s surface. Such an effect has been speculated to be a possible cause of some of the mass extinction events known to have taken place on Earth in the past. But to investigate the idea, we will need a lot more data.
[embedded content]
Now that they know exactly what to search for, the team has already started looking back into the data collected by CSES and correlating it with the other gamma-ray bursts seen by Integral.
And while they can only go back to 2018, when CSES was launched, a follow-up mission has already been planned, ensuring that this fascinating new window into the way Earth interacts with even the very distant Universe will now remain open.
Source: European Space Agency
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The most energetic kind of explosion in the universe after Big Bang, a gamma-ray burst can be spotted billions of light-years away. GRB 221009A was so luminous it effectively blinded most gamma-ray instruments in space when it was detected Oct. 9, 2022.
📽: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
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A MAIOR EXPLOSÃO DO UNIVERSO PODE REVELAR OS SEGREDOS DA MATÉRIA ESCURA
VISITE AGORA A MASTER CIDADANIA E FAÇA A SUA CIDADANIA ITALIANA COM QUEM ENTENDE DO ASSUNTO, ESSE 2025 É O MOMENTO DE VOCÊ BUSCAR A SUA CIDADANIA E DESBRAVAR O MUNDO!!! VISITE O SITE E CONSULTE TODOS OS DETALHES: https://mastercidadania.com.br/ A detecção do GRB 221009A pela colaboração LHAASO marca um avanço significativo na astrof��sica moderna, desafiando as teorias convencionais sobre a propagação de raios gama. Este evento foi registrado com energias de até 18 TeV z=0.151, o que indica que ocorreu a aproximadamente 1,5 bilhões de anos-luz da Terra. A importância dessa detecção reside no fato de que, segundo os modelos atuais da luz de fundo extragaláctica (EBL), fótons com energias superiores a 10 TeV deveriam ser fortemente absorvidos antes de chegarem ao nosso planeta. Os modelos EBL, como o proposto por Saldana-Lopez et al., preveem uma atenuação extrema para fótons de alta energia. Isso implica que a observação do GRB 221009A requer uma luminosidade TeV extremamente alta, o que é difícil de explicar dentro dos modelos de emissão convencionais. Assim, surge um dilema: ou o universo é mais transparente do que se acreditava ou precisamos considerar novos fenômenos físicos. A solução proposta envolve a interação entre fótons e partículas axion-like (ALPs), que são previstas por teorias além do modelo padrão, como a teoria das cordas. As ALPs são partículas muito leves e neutras que podem oscilar em fótons na presença de campos magnéticos. Essa interação não apenas aumenta a probabilidade de sobrevivência dos fótons, mas também permite que eles atravessem a EBL sem serem absorvidos. Assim, as oscilações fóton-ALP podem ocorrer em vários meios magnetizados, como na galáxia hospedeira do GRB e no espaço extragaláctico. O estudo sugere que as interações entre fótons e ALPs podem ocorrer eficientemente na galáxia hospedeira do GRB 221009A, que foi identificada como uma galáxia em disco observada lateralmente. Além disso, as oscilações também podem ocorrer na Via Láctea e no espaço extragaláctico, dependendo da intensidade do campo magnético externo. O modelo desenvolvido fornece uma explicação robusta para a detecção do GRB 221009A sem depender de suposições ad hoc frequentemente necessárias em modelos convencionais. Os resultados indicam uma forte evidência da existência das ALPs, alinhando-se com outras observações anteriores em blazares, que são núcleos galácticos ativos. A análise espectral do GRB 221009A mostra que não há um corte significativo no espectro até cerca de 20 TeV, permitindo uma extensão segura da emissão até essa energia sem desvios intrínsecos. Em conclusão, a detecção do GRB 221009A não apenas desafia as teorias existentes sobre raios gama e sua interação com o universo, mas também sugere novas direções para pesquisa sobre partículas exóticas como as ALPs. Esse evento representa um passo importante na compreensão da física fundamental e na busca por respostas sobre a natureza da matéria escura, reforçando a necessidade de revisões nas teorias atuais da astrofísica. FONTE: https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.21175 #DARKMATTER #EXPLOSION #UNIVERSE
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La línea de rayos gamma GRB 221009A es la de mayor energía del universo
Un artículo publicado en @AAS_Press reveló que un equipo de astrofísicos chinos han descubierto que línea espectral de rayos gamma GRB 221009A de hasta 37 millones de electronvoltios, la más energética registrada por objetos celestes en el universo.
Agencias, Ciudad de México.- Astrofísicos chinos han descubierto una línea espectral de rayos gamma de hasta 37 millones de electronvoltios, la más energética registrada por objetos celestes en el universo. Además, el grupo de investigación dirigido por el Instituto de Física de Altas Energías (IHEP) de la Academia China de Ciencias (CAS) descubrió que la línea espectral –producida a partir de un…
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I ricercatori confermano che l'esplosione di raggi gamma più luminosa di tutti i tempi proviene dal collasso di una stella massiccia
Visualizzazione artistica del GRB 221009A che mostra gli stretti getti relativistici – provenienti da un buco nero centrale – che hanno dato origine al GRB e i resti in espansione della stella originale espulsi dall’esplosione della supernova. Utilizzando il telescopio spaziale James Webb, Peter Blanchard, borsista della Northwestern University, e il suo team hanno individuato per la prima volta…

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La création d'un trou noir a fortement impacté l'atmosphère terrestre en 2022
L'Univers, dans ses manifestations les plus spectaculaires, nous a récemment offert un phénomène hors du commun. En octobre 2022, un sursaut gamma d'une luminosité sans précédent a été détecté par des satellites spécialisés orbitant autour de la Terre. Surnommé le "plus brillant de tous les temps" (Brightest Of All Time - BOAT) et officiellement désigné GRB 221009A, ce sursaut a été causé par l'explosion
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Astronomers with The LHAASO Collaboration have found that last year's GRB 221009A gamma-ray burst, subsequently nicknamed the Brightest of All Time (BOAT), carried with it 13 teraelectronvolts of energy. In their study, reported in the journal Science Advances, the group analyzed data from the LHAASO-KM2A detector located in in Sichuan, China, to learn more about the burst.
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A burst of light from a newborn black hole billions of light-years away in space and time has struck Earth with such power, it rattled the planet's upper atmosphere. The gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A shattered records as it flared in the darkness of space in October 2022 some 2.4 billion light-years from Earth, its light blazing with up to 18 teraelectronvolts of energy in what is regarded as the brightest space explosion ever recorded. Now, scientists have determined that the explosion was so powerful that it caused large variations in the electric field of Earth's ionosphere, at an altitude of some 500 kilometers (310 miles). "In this work we present the evidence of variation of the ionospheric electric field at about 500 kilometers induced by the strong gamma-ray burst [that] occurred on October 9th, 2022," write a team led by astrophysicist Mirko Piersanti of the University of L'Aquila and the National Institute of Astrophysics in Italy.
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Here's a wonderful example of selection bias.
Does it seem odd that it was pointed directly at Earth? No, not really, because there could be many highly-directional gamma ray bursts that were not pointed at Earth and we'd never have any way to know. This probably just says more about the prevalence of gamma-ray bursts than anything.
Or maybe the aliens are trying to contact us and we just don't know how to read the message.
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Descubre NASA nueva característica en estallido de rayos gamma
El telescopio Fermi de la @NASA descubre una nueva característica en el estallido de rayos gamma más brillante de GRB 221009A.
Agencias/Ciudad de México.- El telescopio Fermi de la NASA ha descubierto una nueva característica en el estallido de rayos gamma más brillante observado hasta ahora. Según ha informado la NASA, cuando la materia interactúa con la luz, la energía puede ser absorbida y reemitida de maneras características. Estas interacciones pueden hacer más brillantes o más oscuros determinados colores (o…
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El estallido de rayos gamma más brillante jamás observado revela nuevos misterios de las explosiones cósmicas
El 9 de octubre de 2022, un intenso pulso de radiación de rayos gamma barrió nuestro sistema solar, abrumando a los detectores de rayos gamma en numerosos satélites en órbita y enviando a los astrónomos a una persecución para estudiar el evento utilizando los telescopios más poderosos del mundo. La nueva fuente, denominada GRB 221009A por su fecha de descubrimiento, resultó ser el estallido de…

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