#Franklin “Newspaper” Aristotle

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Elijah and Newspaper doodles. If anyone remembers them

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Quotes on Education that will inspire you.

Here Are Few Quotes on Education To tells the importance of Education

  The more that you read, the more things you will know, the more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.”– Dr. Seuss

 “Wisdom…. comes not from age, but from education and learning.”― Anton Chekhov

 “I am indebted to my father for living, but to my teacher for living well.”– Alexander the Great  “Education must not simply teach work – it must teach Life.“– W. E. B. Du Bois

  “Education consists mainly of what we have unlearned.”― Mark Twain

 The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows.– Sydney J. Harris

 Children have to be educated, but they have also to be left to educate themselves.– Ernest Dimnet

To Keep On Learning Quotes on Education 

You are always a student, never a master. You have to keep moving forward.– Conrad Hall

 “Every act of conscious learning requires the willingness to suffer an injury to one’s self-esteem. That is why young children, before they are aware of their own self-importance, learn so easily.”– Thomas Szasz

  “Education is for improving the lives of others and for leaving your community and world better than you found it.“– Marian Wright Edelman

  “Intelligence plus character-that is the goal of true education.”– Martin Luther King Jr.

Inspiring Quotes on education Which will motivate you to work Harder.

  “I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.”– Mark Twain

  Learning starts with failure; the first failure is the beginning of education.– John Hersey

  Education is the ability to meet life’s situations.- Dr. John G. Hibben

  “He who opens a school door, closes a prison.”― Victor Hugo

  “To me education is a leading out of what is already there in the pupil’s soul.”― Muriel Spark

  “Whatever the cost of our libraries, the price is cheap compared to that of an ignorant nation.”― Walter Cronkite

  “I agree that a love of reading is a great gift for a parent to pass on to his or her child.”– Ann Brashares

  Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.- Nelson Mandela

  Take the attitude of a student, never be too big to ask questions, never know too much to learn something new.–  Og Mandino

  Learning is not the product of teaching. Learning is the product of the activity of learners.- John Holt

  “The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than the man who reads nothing but newspapers.”― Thomas Jefferson

  “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.”― Aristotle

  Learning is not attained by chance, it must be sought for with ardor and attended to with diligence.- Abigail Adams

  “Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self-confidence.”― Robert Fros

  Man can learn nothing except by going from the known to the unknown.– Claude Bernard

  Nine-tenths of education is encouragement.– Anatole France

  Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back.– Chinese proverb

  Upon the subject of education … I can only say that I view it as the most important subject which we as a people may be engaged in.- Abraham Lincoln

Powerful Quotes on Education

  They know enough who know how to learn.– Henry Adams

  Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army.– Edward Everett

  A person who won’t read has no advantage over one who can’t read.– Mark Twain

  Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of progress, in every society, in every family.– Kofi Annan

To Help You Succeed Quotes on Education

  Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.– John Dewey

  Develop a passion for learning. If you do, you will never cease to grow.– Anthony J. D’Angelo

  “Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.”― W.B. Yeats

  “Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil.”― C.S. Lewis

  The more that you read, the more things you will know, the more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.”– Dr. Seuss

  Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.- Albert Einstein

  The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.– Aristotle

  Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.– Malcolm X

  Change is the end result of all true learning.– Leo Buscaglia

  An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.–  Benjamin Franklin

  “Children must be taught how to think, not what to think.-margaret mead

  every day may not be good… but there is something good in every day.

  “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world “

  Every child is gifted. they just unwrap their packages at different times.

Short Quotes on Education

  The expert in anything was once a beginner.

  Mistake are proof that you are Trying

  There Is No Such Things As FAILURE, Only Learning Experiences.

  Do what is Right, Not what is Easy.

  The beautiful thing about learning is that no one can take it away from you-b.b.king

  Which one was your favorite quote? 

Let us know in a comment below tell us why education is the importance

The education system is the most important pillar in our society. Education is a bridge providing skills and knowledge to students to help them to achieve their dreams.  Students are the wealth of nations that help stabilize the economy or add growth in it.

Thank you for READING.

[digthe60s]

1968

In both Europe and America, Japanese-imported cars and other goods continue to rise and trouble the governments of the UK and U.S., as they worry about industries in their own countries being effected and jobs lost. In the spring, on April 4, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. Robert F. Kennedy was also mortally wounded when he was shot by Sirhan Sirhan, on June 6. The peace movement had continued to grow, and more and more citizens were against the war in Vietnam. The music scene was once again set by the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Fashion flirted with see-through blouses, and midis and maxis skirts joined the miniskirt as part of the fashion trends. There is a flu pandemic in Hong Kong, and the first black power salute is seen on television worldwide during an Olympics medal ceremony.

Major events

• The Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia and arrests President Dubcek.

• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray on April 4, in Memphis, Tennessee. This leads to violence and race riots across cities in the U.S.

• Senator Robert F. Kennedy is mortally shot by Sirhan Sirhan on June 5, in Los Angeles, California. Kennedy had just finished giving a speech after his victory in California’s presidential primary. He died the following day.

• The Intel Corporation is created by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce.

• The Beatles release their self-titled album—which became popularly known as the White Album—to mixed reviews.

• The Winter Olympics are held in Grenoble, France.

• 800,000 teachers, workers and student protesters march through the French capital during a one-day general strike.

• Following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

• Anti-Vietnam War protests take place throughout the western world.

• North Vietnam and Viet Cong troops launch the Tet offensive.

• U.S. soldiers massacre men, women and children in My Lai, South Vietnam.

• President Lyndon B. Johnson orders an end to the bombing of North Vietnam.

• The RMS Queen Elizabeth is retired from service.

• The Dutch Elm Disease continues to increase with tens of thousands of trees now destroyed.

• The British Post Office introduces the First Class Mail.

• China celebrates 20 years of communist rule by Mao Tse-tung.

• An earthquake in Sicily, Italy, leaves 231 dead and 262 injured.

• Enoch Powell delivers his “Rivers of Blood” anti-immigration speech.

• The London Bridge is sold for 1 million, and later re-erected in Arizona.

• President Lyndon B. Johnson announces on nationwide television that he will not run for another term of office.

• The Redwood National Park is created in California to protect the Giant Redwoods.

• Pope Paul VI bans Catholics from using the contraceptive pill for birth control.

• 50,000 people participate in the Poor People’s March on June 19 in Washington, D.C.

• Population in Europe (minus USSR) reaches 455 million.

• The “Zodiac Killer” begins his reign of terror in California, in what has been described as “the perfect crime.” In letters sent to the newspapers, he claimed to have murdered 37 people, but police files put the number at 11. As of 2017, his identity remains a mystery.

• The number of television sets in use increase to 25 million in the U.S., 20,5 million in Japan, and 19 million in Great Britain.

• France becomes the world’s fifth nuclear power.

• Alec Rose completes his single-handed 354-day round-the-world trip.

• Pierre Elliott Trudeau becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.

• Aristotle Onassis and Jacqueline Kennedy marry.

• The nuclear-powered U.S. submarine Scorpion sinks in the Atlantic Ocean, losing 99 crew members.

• The Hong Kong flu pandemic begins in Hong Kong.

• Riots threaten the Mexico Olympics when thousands of students protest against the military occupation of the National Polytechnic Institute.

• The Black Power salute is seen on television worldwide after the gold and bronze medalists in the Mexico Olympics show it during a medal ceremony.

• The Aswan Dam in Egypt is completed.

• The Truth in Lending Act is created to protect consumers during credit transactions.

• The border between Spain and Gibraltar is closed.

• The first Big Mac goes on sale on McDonald’s, costing 49 cents.

• The Beatles create Apple Records and record “Hey Jude” as the first single on the label.

• The CBS television news magazine program 60 Minutes goes on air for the first time.

• The musical Hair opens at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London, featuring nudity and drug-taking.

Top 10 highest-grossing films in the U.S.

1. 2001: A Space Odyssey (dir. Stanley Kubrick)

2. Funny Girl (dir. William Wyler)

3. The Love Bug (dir. Robert Stevenson)

4. The Odd Couple (dir. Gene Saks)

5. Bullitt (dir. Peter Yates)

6. Romeo and Juliet (dir. Franco Zeffirelli)

7. Oliver! (dir. Carol Reed)

8. Rosemary’s Baby (dir. Roman Polanski)

9. Planet of the Apes (dir. Franklin J. Schaffner)

10. Night of the Living Dead (dir. George A. Romero)

Billboard’s number-one music albums (in chronological order)

1. “Magical Mystery Tour” by The Beatles

2. “Blooming Hits” by Paul Mariat and His Orchestra

3. “The Graduate” by Simon & Garfunkel

4. “Bookends” by Simon & Garfunkel

5. “The Beat of the Brass” by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass

6. “Wheels of Fire” by Cream

7. “Waiting for the Sun” by The Doors

8. “Time Peace: The Rascals’ Greatest Hits” by The Rascals

9. “Cheap Thrills” by Big Brother and the Holding Company

10. “Electric Ladyland” by The Jimi Hendrix Experience

11. “Wichita Lineman” by Glen Campbell

12. “The Beatles” by The Beatles

Source: [x]

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.8

960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla. 1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, decides to pass the throne to his crown prince Trần Khâm and take up the post of Retired Emperor. 1291 – The Republic of Venice enacts a law confining most of Venice's glassmaking industry to the "island of Murano". 1519 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with a great celebration. 1520 – Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people mostly noblemen. 1576 – Eighty Years' War: Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose Spanish occupation. 1602 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public. 1605 – Robert Catesby, ringleader of the Gunpowder Plotters, is killed. 1614 – Japanese daimyō Dom Justo Takayama is exiled to the Philippines by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu for being Christian. 1620 – The Battle of White Mountain takes place near Prague, ending in a decisive Catholic victory in only two hours. 1644 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China. 1745 – Charles Edward Stuart invades England with an army of ~5000 that would later participate in the Battle of Culloden. 1837 – Mary Lyon founds Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, which later becomes Mount Holyoke College. 1861 – American Civil War: The "Trent Affair": The USS San Jacinto stops the British mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US. 1889 – Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state. 1892 – The New Orleans general strike begins, uniting black and white American trade unionists in a successful four-day general strike action for the first time. 1895 – While experimenting with electricity, Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray. 1901 – Gospel riots: Bloody clashes take place in Athens following the translation of the Gospels into demotic Greek. 1917 – The first Council of People's Commissars is formed, including Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government. 1932 – Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected as the 32nd President of the United States, defeating incumbent president Herbert Hoover. 1933 – Great Depression: New Deal: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million unemployed. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: Francoist troops fail in their effort to capture Madrid, but begin the 3-year Siege of Madrid afterwards. 1937 – The Nazi exhibition Der ewige Jude ("The Eternal Jew") opens in Munich. 1939 – Venlo Incident: Two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans. 1939 – In Munich, Adolf Hitler narrowly escapes the assassination attempt of Georg Elser while celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch. 1940 – Greco-Italian War: The Italian invasion of Greece fails as outnumbered Greek units repulse the Italians in the Battle of Elaia–Kalamas. 1942 – World War II: French Resistance coup in Algiers, in which 400 civilian French patriots neutralize Vichyist XIXth Army Corps after 15 hours of fighting, and arrest several Vichyist generals, allowing the immediate success of Operation Torch in Algiers. 1950 – Korean War: United States Air Force Lt. Russell J. Brown, while piloting an F-80 Shooting Star, shoots down two North Korean MiG-15s in the first jet aircraft-to-jet aircraft dogfight in history. 1957 – Pan Am Flight 7 disappears between San Francisco and Honolulu. Wreckage and bodies are discovered a week later. 1957 – Operation Grapple X, Round C1: The United Kingdom conducts its first successful hydrogen bomb test over Kiritimati in the Pacific. 1960 – John F. Kennedy is elected as the 35th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, who would later be elected president in 1968 and 1972. 1965 – The British Indian Ocean Territory is created, consisting of Chagos Archipelago, Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches islands. 1965 – The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 is given Royal Assent, formally abolishing the death penalty in the United Kingdom for almost all crimes. 1965 – The 173rd Airborne is ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong in Operation Hump during the Vietnam War, while the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment fight one of the first set-piece engagements of the war between Australian forces and the Viet Cong at the Battle of Gang Toi. 1966 – Former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke becomes the first African American elected to the United States Senate since Reconstruction. 1966 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs into law an antitrust exemption allowing the National Football League to merge with the upstart American Football League. 1968 – The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic is signed to facilitate international road traffic and to increase road safety by standardising the uniform traffic rules among the signatories. 1972 – American pay television network Home Box Office (HBO) launches. 1973 – The right ear of John Paul Getty III is delivered to a newspaper outlet along with a ransom note, convincing his father to pay US$2.9 million. 1977 – Manolis Andronikos, a Greek archaeologist and professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina. 1983 – TAAG Angola Airlines Flight 462 crashes after takeoff from Lubango Airport killing all 130 people on board. UNITA claims to have shot down the aircraft, though this is disputed. 1987 – Remembrance Day bombing: A Provisional IRA bomb explodes in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland during a ceremony honouring those who had died in wars involving British forces. Twelve people are killed and sixty-three wounded. 1988 – U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush is elected as the 41st president. 1994 – Republican Revolution: On the night of the 1994 United States midterm elections, Republicans make historic electoral gains by securing massive majorities in both houses of Congress (54 seats in the House and eight seats in the Senate, additionally), thus bringing to a close four decades of Democratic domination. 1999 – Bruce Miller is killed at his junkyard near Flint, Michigan. His wife Sharee Miller, who convinced her online lover Jerry Cassaday to kill him (before later killing himself) was convicted of the crime, in what became the world's first Internet murder. 2002 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN Security Council Resolution 1441: The United Nations Security Council unanimously approves a resolution on Iraq, forcing Saddam Hussein to disarm or face "serious consequences". 2004 – Iraq War: More than 10,000 U.S. troops and a small number of Iraqi army units participate in a siege on the insurgent stronghold of Fallujah. 2006 – Israeli-Palestinian conflict: The Israeli Defense Force kill 19 Palestinian civilians in their homes during the shelling of Beit Hanoun. 2011 – The potentially hazardous asteroid 2005 YU55 passes 0.85 lunar distances from Earth (about 324,600 kilometres or 201,700 miles), the closest known approach by an asteroid of its brightness since 2010 XC15 in 1976. 2013 – Typhoon Haiyan, one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded, strikes the Visayas region of the Philippines; the storm left at least 6,340 people dead with over 1,000 still missing, and caused $2.86 billion (2013 USD) in damage. 2016 – Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi publicly announces the withdrawal of ₹500 and ₹1000 denomination banknotes. 2016 – Donald Trump is elected the 45th President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton, the first woman ever to receive a major party's nomination.

[bfparker-blog]

“Stephen Hawking (1942-) Update, Nov. 2017; British Scientist Who Shares Albert Einstein’s Concern About The Origin & Future of Our Universe.”

By Franklin Parker & Betty J. Parker, E-mail: bfparker@frontiernet.net (Update of Authors’ April 16, 2007 Hawking Article), PO Box 406, Pleasant Hill, TN 38578-0406.



Why This Update: An Oct. 23, 2017, news item said that when Cambridge University authorities put on their website for the first time giving free access to Stephen Hawking’s 1966 doctoral thesis, “Properties of Expanding Universes,” the number of requests caused the breakdown of its website. This news item prompted the Parkers to reprint their 2007 review of Stephen Hawking’s 2005 bestseller, A Briefer History of Time.




Frank:Hawking like Einstein and other key scientists sought to discover how the Universe began; how life evolved; who and what we humans are; and if creation came about by chance or by Divine Will. We don’t think with scientific objectivity. Our attitudes, our values come from family, friends, and national culture. A scientific perspective helps offset inevitable bias.






Betty:You’re saying that by reviewing Hawking’s 2005 A Briefer History of Time, we can learn what scientists have found out about our Universe; how matter turned into stars, into galaxies of stars, into our present Universe.

Frank:Yes, let’s learn how our present Universe arose, how our Milky Way galaxy was formed, how one star became our Sun, how from our Sun came 8 planets, including Earth, which we share with plants, animals, other life forms. Let’s look at our Earth’s past, present, and future.

Betty:Those are good reasons for this review. Scientific terms we use we try to make clear in context. We also share insights from various other sources about the search for the origin of the Universe. Now a quick look at British astrophysicist Stephen Hawking, who wrote this book with a collaborating American scientist.  

Frank:British born Stephen Hawking (born Jan. 8, 1942), now (2017) age 75, retired as a mathematics professor at Cambridge University. He is often compared to Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in knowledge about the Universe. Hawking also has a debilitating nerve disorder, Lou Gehrig’s disease, ALS, which has made him wheelchair-bound for over 50 years.




Betty:Hawking’s A Briefer History of Timesimplifies his earlier books which many non-scientists thought too difficult.

Frank:Hawking’s major research is on Black Holes, so called because they are part of unseen dark matter comprising most of the Universe, 94% or more. The many stars you see at night are only 6% or less of what’s up there. The rest is invisible dark matter, including Black Holes, many formed at the instant our Universe was born. More about Black Holes later.




Betty:Hawking seeks, as Einstein sought but never found, one “Unified Theory” to explain the Universe and our place in it.

Frank:Hawking seeks this “Unified Theory” in the Big Bang and in Black Holes which came from the Big Bang.




Betty:The Big Bang theory holds that everything that now exists began in a gigantic, gaseous, probably silent eruption about 13.7 billion years ago when something infinitely tiny became our present infinitely large Universe. Mounting evidence has led most scientists to accept this Big Bang theory of the creation of the Universe.




Frank:Hawking ends his A Briefer History of Timewith the thought that to find this holy grail of Einstein’s Unified Theory may help us: “… know the mind of God.”1






Betty:This gigantic thought comes from a frail man. An interviewer for a British newspaper, Sept. 2005, sent Hawking advance questions. Hawking returned them and asked for shorter, more focused questions. Facing Hawking in his Cambridge University office, the interviewer saw that Hawking’s frailty required brevity.

Frank:Shriveled, voiceless, immobile in a wheel chair, able to lift only one finger to his computer, he can twitch only one muscle on his right cheek, which is targeted by an infrared beam. This beam allows him to sift through a specially prepared dictionary, then send his thoughts through his computer to his voice synthesizer, slowly, painfully. Yet he is upbeat, impish, playful, and surprisingly productive.




Betty:Asked if his 2005 book has enough new material to justify buying it, Hawking said over his voice synthesizer: My previous 1988 book aroused interest. But many found it difficult. I made this 2005 book easier and added new information about the Universe.




Frank:Interviewer: Are you worried that readers will think you’re just cashing in on your new book?




Betty:Hawking: I put a lot of effort into this 2005 book when I was critically ill with pneumonia. Scientists need to explain their work about the Universe because it answers questions often asked about religion, such as how we and the Universe came to be.

Frank:With round-the-clock nursing care, Hawking held the same named Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton. Hawking is also helped by his selected bright Ph.D. students. Using his computerized voice synthesizer, he lectures at Cambridge, elsewhere, and overseas. He writes technical and popular books about the Universe and has a website containing his major papers.

Betty:More about Hawking later. First, brief history leading to Einstein and Hawking. Early civilizations marveled at the heavenly bodies and used their regular cycles to mark calendar days, months, seasons, years; to plant seeds, to gather crops, and to navigate ships.




Frank:Ancient Chinese (1300s Before the Common Era),  and ancient Babylonians (700 BCE) charted the positions of the stars and recorded eclipses of the Sun. Ancient Egyptians aligned their temples and pyramids with heavenly bodies. Stonehenge in southern England was positioned in line with the Sun and the Moon.3




Betty:Greek philosophers Pythagoras (580-500 BCE) and Aristotle (384-322 BCE) saw planets and stars revolving around a stationary earth. Egyptian astronomer Claudius Ptolemy (100-170 CE) perpetuated this earth-centered view which lasted to the 1500s. The Catholic Church favored an earth-centered Universe because it left room for heaven and hell.




Frank:Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) first proclaimed a heliocentric, sun-centered planetary system. Holding a Catholic Church office and wanting to avoid Church censorship, he had his book published just before he died in 1543.




Betty:Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) described more precisely Copernicus’s sun-centered system. His assistant, German-born Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), recorded that our Earth and neighboring planets go around our Sun in an ellipse, not a circular path.




Frank:Italian Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) first used a telescope (1609) to observe planetary movement. By confirming Copernicus’ sun-centered system, he ended the Ptolemian earth-centered system. He thus earned the disapproval of the Catholic Church but greatly advanced astronomy.




Betty:England’s Isaac Newton (1642-1727), greatest scientist of his time, gave us Calculus, essential in astronomical computation. Newton sent a beam of sunlight through a glass prism to show that white light consists of a rainbow of colors, flowing from hydrogen burning inside our Sun’s core.




Frank:Newton explained gravity as a force that holds matter together; makes apples fall from trees, the Moon orbit the Earth, planets orbit the Sun, galaxies of suns whirl around the Universe. Newton, who gave us universal laws of motion, separated space and time—which Einstein later connected.




Betty:In 1905, Albert Einstein, German-born (1879-1955), at age 26, worked in the patent office, Bern, Switzerland. That year (1905) he published three amazing scholarly papers. He first clarified how molecules and atoms work. Eighty years earlier (1827) Scottish biologist Robert Brown (b. 1773) saw under a microscope grains of pollen placed in water suddenly move about irregularly. No one was able to explain this movement.






Frank:Using a mathematical formula, Einstein explained this “Brownian movement” as water molecules bombarding the pollen grains and moving them erratically. Unseen by eye or microscope, we know what molecules and atoms do only by their effect on nearby matter.




Betty:Einstein showed that inside the atom are lighter electrons circling heavier protons. Besides electrons and protons atoms contain neutrons and quarks; inside quarks are gluons, and—most recently some believe–tiny vibrating strings. These tiny universes within universes, all electro-magnetically charged, are known by the effect of their charge on nearby matter. Unlike charges: plus+ minus-, attract. Like charges repel: plus+plus+, repels; minus-minus-, repels.




Frank:Einstein thus affirmed what English scientists Michael Faraday (1791-1867) and James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79) had earlier discovered: that all atoms are electro-magnetically charged.




Betty:Einstein’s second 1905 paper said that light, until then considered an electro-magnetic wave, consisted also of independent particles of energy called “photons.” When light photons strike some metals, said Einstein, those metals eject electrons. Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for this paper about light. It is the basis of automatic light-operated garage and other door openers, the basis for electronic devices, television, laser surgery, and P.E.T. scans.




Frank:Einstein’s third 1905 paper on Special Relativity and his 1915 paper on General Relativity said that matter and energy are not separate but related and interchangeable. Crack open an atom and matter can be turned into energy. And vice versa, as when a nuclear chain reaction explodes as an atomic bomb or a hydrogen bomb.




Betty:Einstein’s Relativity papers also made three important points: 1-space and time are not separate but operate together as space-time. 2-the gravitational pull of a large planet-like mass will bend both light and space around it. And, 3-E=mc2: Energy equals mass (i.e., matter) multiplied by the speed of light, squared.




Frank:Hard to grasp, little understood, Einstein’s concepts became better known after he sent his 1915 General Relativity paper to University of Leyden (Netherlands) astronomy Prof. Willem de Sitter (1872-1935), who sent the paper on to Cambridge University astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944).






Betty:Eddington, to test Einstein’s theory that light bends around a large mass, planned to photograph an eclipse of the Sun. But in 1915, World War I, England was blockaded by German U-Boats. Eddington waited. He then organized photo expeditions to Brazil and an island off the West African coast, where the May 29, 1919, eclipse was clearest.




Frank:Photos of the eclipse showed that light did bend around the Sun, as Einstein had predicted. The London Times, Nov. 7, 1919, headlined: ”Revolution in Science. New Theory of the Universe. Newton’s Ideas Overthrown.”4

Betty:Einstein, previously unknown, was lionized by the press. For the rest of his life he was a public idol, was on Timemagazine’s cover five times, the last on Dec. 31, 1999, as “Man of the Century.”5

Frank:Here’s what a scientist wrote of Einstein’s 1905 findings, 100 years later, in 2005: “E=mc2 is the secret of the stars. It is the cosmic engine that drives the entire universe. It means that even a few tablespoons of matter, if fully [bombarded], can release the energy of an atomic bomb. It’s the reason why the stars shine and why the Sun lights up the Earth. Matter and energy are…the same thing, and can turn into each other. Even a rock can turn into a light ray if the rock [is] uranium and the light ray is a burst of atomic radiation.”6




Betty:What spurred those early 20th century advances in astronomy? Age-old fossils discovered in rock layers in the 1820s-40s during canal and railroad building aroused curiosity. Age-old fossils meant that ours is an old Earth, spawned by an older Sun, part of an ancient Universe. Astronomers were also aided by advances in mathematics and by better built, larger, land-based telescopes. Sophisticated orbiting telescopes, above the Earth’s haze, have, since the 1950s, sent back amazing photos of vast galaxies of stars far far away




Frank:In 1913 U.S. astronomer V. M. Slipher (1875-1969), using the 30-inch telescope at Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, first recorded galaxies of stars beyond our Milky Way, moving rapidly away from Earth, away from each other. This was the first inkling of an expanding Universe, expanding from a beginning point, a gigantic eruption, later to be called the Big Bang.




Betty:In 1922 the Russian scientist Alexander Friedmann (1888-1925) proposed the theory of the Big Bang. Friedmann, reasoning from Einstein’s relativity theories, described possible origins of the Universe. Friedmann’s writings were little known. He was caught up in the Russian Revolution and died at age 37.  But Friedmann’s scenarios built on Einstein’s theories were pivotal in advancing the Big Bang theory.




Frank:Friedmann’s first scenario was a Steady State Universe, without beginning or end, steadily expanding, replacing dying stars with new stars created from inexhaustible swirling gaseous debris in space. Most scientists, including Einstein, long believed in the Steady State theory of the Universe.




Betty:But Friedmann’s second scenario anticipated the Big Bang. If galaxies of stars are expanding, then something made them expand. Galaxies of stars must earlier have been closer together, ever closer, crunched together, ultimately as small as a ball, as tiny as an atom. There must have been a beginning point, a singularity, later called the Big Bang, which wiped out everything before it; which gave birth to all we know of our Universe–its physics, space-time, gravity, elements like hydrogen, stars, galaxies of stars; our Milky Way, Sun, Earth and its life forms.




Frank:Friedmann’s theory played the movie of our vast expanding complex Universe backward to its origin 13.7 billion years ago from a singularity, something so small, so dense, so hot that it erupted with the energy of a billion hydrogen bombs and rapidly expanded.




Betty:Friedmann envisioned a resulting dark soupy mass mushrooming into incredibly hot gases, giving birth to boiling hot particles which, when cooled, formed hydrogen which, when further cooled, clumped together by gravity to form hydrogen-burning stars, then galaxies of stars which, after billions of years, became our present Universe.




Frank:In 1927 Belgian Catholic priest and University of Louvain Prof. Georges Henri Lemaítre (1894-1966), who studied physics in the U.S., proclaimed publicly what Friedmann had theorized, that the Universe was most likely born 13.7 billion of years ago in a singularity, an instant, thus beginning our space-time, our physics, our present Universe, stars, and life on Earth.

Betty:The name “Big Bang” was first used about 1930 as a term of derision by Fred Hoyle, a Steady-State British astronomer (1915-2001). Hoyle would not, could not, believe early evidence of the Big Bang origin of the Universe advanced by his rival U.S. astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), who continued V. M. Slipher’s observation of galaxies of stars beyond our Milky Way.




Frank:Edwin Hubble, using the 100-inch telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory near Pasadena, CA, calibrated the speed of nine galaxies of stars beyond our Milky Way as they moved away from earth, away from each other. Hubble’s Law of 1929 stated that galaxies move apart at a rate that increases with their distance from the Earth.7






Betty:After Edwin Hubble came Russian-born astronomer George Gamow (1904-68), Alexander Friedmann’s student, who later did important space research at George Washington University, Washington, DC.




Frank:Gamow’s 1948 paper offered telescopic and mathematical proof that far off galaxies were moving rapidly away from Earth, away from each other; that they were expanding from the massive Big Bang billions of years ago; that from this pinpoint explosion long ago spewed forth blazing rays and gases which, as they cooled over time, became the atoms, the matter, the planets, and the galaxies of our present Universe.




Betty:Further evidence of the Big Bang came by accident in 1965. An interesting story: radio astronomers Arno Penzias (1933-) and Robert W. Wilson (1936-), working at Bell Laboratory, NJ, measuring radio waves, heard steady static hiss through their receiving antennas, similar to the hiss our TVs make when the screen is snowy and the expected image not received.




Frank:Hearing the same puzzling hiss day and night from all points of the sky beyond our Milky Way galaxy, Penzias and Wilson asked colleagues what this strange static might be.




Betty:A friend told Penzias that two physicists at nearby Princeton, NJ, were searching for the radiation George Gamow had predicted still exists from the Big Bang.

Frank:Penzias and Wilson realized that they had stumbled on the cosmic microwave background of the Big Bang some 13.7 billion years ago. They won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.




Betty:Some Big Bang doubters questioned the smoothness of the hiss heard by Penzias and Wilson. They said that the hiss should have been as turbulently lumpy as the original gas gushing forth at the instant of creation.




Frank:It was MIT physics Prof. Alan H. Guth (b. 1947) who in 1979 thus explained the smooth hiss: a split instant after the Big Bang the resulting hot gases doubled and redoubled many times, creating a rapid mammoth “Inflation” of the Universe. This gigantic inflation smoothed out the early Universe’s turbulent wrinkles, much as a limp balloon’s wrinkles are smoothed out when the balloon is inflated.8




Betty:More confirmation of the Big Bang came in 1992 when the National Aeronautic and Space Administration’s orbital telescope (called COBE) Cosmic Background Explorer took photos measuring the spectrum of Big Bang remnants. In Sept. 2006 COBE’s leading scientists, John Mather (b. 1946) and George F. Smoot (b. 1945), won the Nobel Prize in Physics for documenting this Big Bang evidence.9(John Mather, by chance, was our Uplands Retirement member Mark Heald’s physics student at Swarthmore College, Penn., Class of 1968).






Frank:Back to Hawking. In 1965, when Penzias and Wilson heard the Big Bang hiss, Stephen Hawking at age 23 was a Cambridge University graduate student looking for a Ph.D. dissertation topic. He had been diagnosed with Lou Gehrig’s disease in Jan. 1962, given 2 years to live, was despondent, but then encouraged to persevere by Jane Wilde, his future wife, an Oxford graduate student. They married in July 1965.




Betty:Encouraged by Jane Wilde and his Cambridge doctoral advisor, Hawking felt reasonably well, wanted to marry, needed a job, knew that to get a university teaching job he needed a Ph.D., and to finish his Ph.D. he needed a dissertation topic.




Frank:Hawking’s dissertation topic idea on Black Holes came from a 1965 paper by Oxford professor of mathematics Roger Penrose (b. 1931-).




Betty:Penrose, a member of Hawking’s Cambridge dissertation committee, showed, mathematically, that Black Holes first erupted with other debris during the Big Bang.

Frank:Penrose also showed that, since the Big Bang, when very large stars burn most of their hydrogen, they collapse, are ultimately crushed into a singularity, a point of infinite density, becoming invisible Black Holes, sucking in with incredible force everything near them: dust, meteorites, planets, galaxies. Black Holes seem to act as giant vacuum cleaners.




Betty:It was first believed that nothing escapes a Black Hole, not even light, until Hawking in 1973 showed mathematically that Black Holes do emit absorbed material in garbled form. This emission is called “Hawking Radiation.” Hawking affirmed that Black Holes erupted from the Big Bang as part of the unseen dark matter of the Universe and that Black Holes are still being created from very large burned-out stars. Black Holes’ purpose, still unknown, may be to redirect matter back into the Universe.




Frank:Wife Jane Wilde helped Hawking survive the loss of his neuromuscular control, helped him get his Ph.D. degree, helped in his academic career, and helped him rise to the top of his field as lecturer, author, and Black Hole explorer.




Betty:Jane Hawking’s memoir published in 1999 entitled Music to Move the Starstold of their three children and two grandchildren. She wrote that when Stephen Hawking was first in a wheelchair and could not dress himself, they had little outside help except from a few of his physics students in exchange for extra tutoring. They needed money for his care. She encouraged him to write his popular A Brief History of Time, 1988. The book’s success led to a film about the book; later a book was published about the film.




Frank:Their drift apart came with the success of his books, his rising fame, and his near pop-star status. Of their breakup she wrote: “Many factors—fame, fortune, diverging aspirations, priorities and outlook, as well as many people—[came] between [us]… I was cast aside in favour of someone who seemed to offer more constant and devoted nursing care and travel companionship….”10




Betty:Jane Hawking, a devout Christian, was disturbed by Stephen’s agnosticism. They separated in 1991, divorced, both remarried, Stephen Hawking to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason in 1995. He is not an easy man to live with.  His second marriage also ended in divorce after 11 years in 2006.11

Frank:Hawking often mentions God in his books and speeches. He says that he is not an atheist. He calls himself an agnostic and like Einstein he sees God in the orderliness of nature. Below, some short Hawking quotations.12

Betty:On God: To Einstein’s statement: “that God does not play dice,” Hawking retorted, “God not only plays dice, He also sometimes throws the dice where they cannot be seen.”




Frank:On “divine inspiration:” “The whole history of science has been the gradual realization that events do not happen in an arbitrary manner, but that they reflect a certain underlying order, which may or may not be divinely inspired.”

Betty:On wars, viruses, floods, asteroids, other catastrophes: “I don’t think the human race will survive the next thousand years unless we spread into space.”






Frank:On his goal: “My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the Universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all.”




Betty:On humanity’s special place: “We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the Universe. That makes us something very special.”




Frank:On nuclear weapons and climate change: “…we [scientists] foresee great peril if governments and society do not take action now to render nuclear weapons obsolete and prevent further climate change.”13

Betty:On his disability: “It is a waste of time to be angry about my disability. One has to get on with life…. People won’t have time for you if you are always angry or complaining.”14




Frank:Scientists say the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago wiped out everything that existed earlier and created our physics, space, time, gravity, and the Universe as scientists uncover its mysteries.




Betty:Some scientists speculate that the Big Bang formed more than one Universe, ours and others, each with a different physics and space-time. Hawking has a joke about co-existing multi-universes: if you happen to meet your double from another universe don’t shake hands—you might annihilate one another!

Frank:Co-existing multi-universes? Sound bizarre. So do the ideas of newer “String Theory” scientists. They believe that–besides electrons, protons, neutrons, quarks, and gluons—subatomic physics, called Quantum Physics, contains something even smaller–tiny flexible electro-magnetic vibrating strings; strings that loop in and out, connect and disconnect, moving through all matter. The still unknown function of vibrating strings may also be one of direction and control. But these newer theories await further evidence.




Betty:We humans live on a tiny, obscure planet Earth—one of 8 planets which–with Pluto, meteorites, asteroids, and debris orbit around our Sun. Our Sun, which is a second or third generation star, was formed from an outer arm of a swirling, whirling Milky Way Galaxy consisting of maybe billions of stars. And—keep in mind—that our Milky Way Galaxy is itself only one of unknown billions of other galaxies of stars.

Frank:Our Sun has been burning its hydrogen (92.1%) for 4.6 billion years. It has enough fuel for maybe another 5 billion years. As its life ends, its helium (7.8%) will fuse into heavier elements. Our Sun will swell, will swallow our Earth and our Moon, will likely collapse into a white dwarf and in time be absorbed by other galaxies.15




Betty:Our Moon was formed, scientists think, about 4.5 billion years ago, when a large meteorite struck infant Earth with gigantic force, flinging up vaporized rock and debris, which in time formed a ball to orbit Earth as our Moon.




Frank:Our early Earth bubbled lifeless for a very long time, with gases hissing from cooling and slowly moving rock mantles. From these gases came carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, but not yet oxygen essential for life.

Betty:As temperatures dropped and the Earth cooled, hot steam became heavy rains, primordial monsoons, filling ocean basins.




Frank:Some 3.8 billion years ago, after meteorite hits abated and oceans were formed, a threshold was reached, a miracle slowly occurred: chemical reaction produced molecules complex enough to reproduce themselves.




Betty:About 3.5 billion years ago single cell bacteria flourished on Earth, spread from cracks in ocean bottoms, from cracks on Earth’s rock mantle. Countless trillions of these microscopic bacteria transformed Earth. As plants they captured our Sun’s energy, to release oxygen as waste, and over millions of years turned Earth’s atmosphere into breathable air, allowing a diversity of plant and animal life to flourish.

Frank:Earth’s magnetic field and ozone layer shield us from most of our Sun’s solar winds and deadly rays. Earth’s unique third position from the Sun limits catastrophic meteorite hits; permits water to exist in stages from ice to steam; shields life forms from the killing frost of planets beyond it: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (Pluto was reduced from planet status in 2006).




Betty:By Providence or Chance Earth is congenial for living things, congenial in Earth’s safe distance from the Sun, Earth’s modest size, the Earth’s gravitational spin for a 24 hour night and day cycle, the Moon’s control of ocean currents and tides, Earth’s seasonal changes, temperate climate, ozone layer, water, oxygen, and minerals needed for life.




Frank:Even the meteorite hits which killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was providential. For dinosaurs were Earth’s largest eaters of plants and animals. That meteorite hit which destroyed dinosaurs allowed mammals to flourish and humans to emerge.




Betty:Earth alone, so far as we know, has conditions and chemicals needed for human life. We humans are composed of water (75%), carbon (12.5%), oxygen (6.25%); nitrogen (2.5%); and calcium, iron, and other elements (3.75%)16

Frank:So far as we know, we humans on Earth are unique in the Universe, made of Big Bang star dust to which we must ultimately return.




Betty:We have maybe 4 or so billion years before our dying Sun makes Earth uninhabitable. We have much to do.




Frank:We must, very soon, stop wars, limit population growth, develop substitutes for fast depleting fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas), learn how to mine our oceans for food and medicines.




Betty:Conquer major killing diseases; make space travel safer, cheaper, and commercial so as to use raw materials from space.




Frank:We must seek possible intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe and become mutually supportive, for ultimately we will be forced to perpetuate human colonies on other younger, safer planets.




Betty:Frank, let’s end on: 1-the value of this book, 2-religion and the Big Bang, 3-our evaluation of Hawking, and 4-our final thoughts.






Frank: Hawking’s A Briefer History of Timeis an eye opener, a humbling experience, making you want to read related works for deeper understanding. [When we originally gave this 2007 dialog talk we had on back tables many books, articles, internet sources we consulted on Hawking, astronomy, the Universe).




Betty:On religion: Genesisand the Big Bang have a lot in common if you lengthen a Biblical day to mean a long, long time.  Religion and science are not in conflict if Divine Will, not Chance, is seen as the author of the Big Bang.




Frank:Also on religion: Most U.S. adults say they believe in a Supreme Being. Maybe half of U.S. adults attend church. The human search for meaning is universal and never ending.17




Betty:Scientific objectivity is as important as separation of church and state, freedom of thought, freedom of choice. It is an antidote to absolutists right or left, secular or religious.

Frank:Beware absolutists with political agendas. Yesterday’s anti-evolution Creationists (1970s), today’s anti-evolution Intelligent Design advocates, 2017+ “pro-Trumpists” want to rule over a dictatorial theocracy.




Betty:Beware the Pat Robertsons and Jerry Falwells. Remember Lord Acton’s (1834-1902) quotation: “Absolute power corrupts absolutely.”




Frank:Hawking–and other science popularizers–Jules Verne (1828-1905), H.G. Wells (1866-1946), the late Carl Sagan (1934-96), others–make us think. They encourage young people to study and advance science.




Betty:Hawking is smart, even brilliant, though some think not yet up to Einstein’s stature. Hawking shows us our need to educate children to understand science and the brightest of them to advance science.




Frank:Learning must be strengthened, lengthened to include peace, altruism, concern for others: and making Earth greener, cleaner, safer, more plentiful, more equitable.




Betty:I end with a quotation from a working man’s philosopher, Eric Hoffer (1902-83) who wrote: “the only legitimate end in [human] life is to finish God’s work, to bring to full growth the capacities and talents in all of us.” 1

Frank:I end by saying that Hawking’s search to know the mind of God makes him more the Creator’s helper than the Creator’s debunker. So ends our review and commentary. We learned a lot. We hope you have too. Thank you for hearing and/or reading this our paper.

Footnotes




To access the Parker’s first (2007) publication on Hawkings:  https://bfparker.wordpress.com/2007/01/16/universe-big-bang-black-holes-dialogue-on-stephen-hawking’s-a-briefer-history-of-time/

1Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, A Briefer History of Time.” N.Y.: Bantam Book, Oct. 2005, p. 142.




2 http://www.hawking.org.uk/




3Maugh, Thomas H., II. “Dig Provides clues about builders of Stonehenge.” Tennessean(Nashville), Jan. 31, 2007, p. 2A.

4Clark, Ronald W. Einstein: The Life and Times. NY: World Publishing, 1965, p. 208-209.




5http://www.time.com/time/searchresults?D=Science+%26+Technology&sid=10FF459DAD68&relsort=yes&Ntt=Science+%26+Technology&Ntk=WithBodyDate&internalid=endeca_dimension&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&N=46+4294935253&Nty=1




6SUNY physicist Michio Kaku, in: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/expe-text.html




7http://www.time.com/time/time/scientist/profile/hubble.html




8http://www.luminet.net/~wenonah/new/bigbang.htm




9Stephen Hawking, A Briefer…, pp. 60-61. Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers. N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co., 1992, pp. 20-21. Gerald E. Tauber, Relativitity: From Einstein to Black Holes. N.Y.: Franklin Watts, 1988, p. 92.


10http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23371424-details/Stephen+Hawking+to+divorce+second+wife/article.do




11(Hawking Quote, Jan. 18, 2007: http://www.dailyindia.com/show/104689.php/Hawking-warns-world-to-wake-up-to-impending-Armageddon




12(Hawking quotes): http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/stephen_hawking/http://www.quotedb.com/authors/stephen-hawkinghttp://www.creativequotations.com/one/542.htm




13http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2006600196,00.html




14http://www.solarviews.com/eng/sun.htm




15Weinstein, Albert, and Steven E. Smith. Cosmology Simplified: Highlights of the Evolution of the Universe. Y2K Edition. Part 2, “Evolution of Life,” Chap. 8, Introduction, in: http://hometown.aol.com/aweinst819/cosmo2k.htm




16http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=707




17Eric Hoffer, Ordeal of Change. NY: Harper & Row, 1963.


google.com on Stephen Hawking lists 140,000 entries on 10 pages:


http://www.google.com/custom?PHPSESS1D=7d66ba2487943cb41cc60fe5bad29ae6&q=Stephen+Hawking&client=pub-0968665462800740&forid=1&ie=ISO-8859-1&oe=ISO-8859-1&safe=active&cof=GALT%3A%23008000%3BGL%3A1%3BDIV%3A%23000000%3BVLC%3A663399%3BAH%3Acenter%3BBGC%3AFFFFFF%3BLBGC%3AFFFFFF%3BALC%3A0000FF%3BLC%3A0000FF%3BT%3A000000%3BGFNT%3A0000FF%3BGIMP%3A0000FF%3BLH%3A35%3BLW%3A150%3BL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianster.com%2Fctan%2Fihtml%2Fimages%2Fchristiansterlogo.jpg%3BS%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianster.com%3BFORID%3A1%3B&hl=en




Other Books Consulted

1-Aczel, Amir D. God’s Equation: Einstein, Relativity, and the Expanding University. NY: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1999.




2-Asimov, Isaac. Mysteries of Deep Space: Black Holes, Pulsars, and Quasars. Milwaukee: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 1994.




3-Ferguson, Kitty. Stephen Hawking: Quest for A Theory of Everything. N.Y.: Bantam, 1992.




4-Ferris, Timothy. The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1997.




5-Greene, Brian. The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest fir the Ultimate Theory. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 2003.




6-Hawking, Stephen. The Universe in a Nutshell. N.Y.: Bantam Books, Nov. 2001.




7-McEvoy, J. P. & Oscar Zarate. Introducing Stephen Hawking. Icon/Totem, 1995.

8-Miller, Ron & William K. Hartmann. The Grand Tour: A Traveler’s Guide to the Solar System. N.Y.: Workman Publishing, Rev. 2005.




9-Morris, Richard. The Fate of the Universe. N.Y.: Playboy Press, 1982.




10-Strathern, Paul. Hawking and Black Holes. N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday [Big Idea Series], 1998.


White, Michael & John Gribbin. Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science. Joseph Henry Press, 1992. Dutton, 1992. Plume, 1993.




END. E-mail corrections, additions, suggestions to: bfparker@frontiernet.net

To access the Parker’s first publication on Hawkings:  https://bfparker.wordpress.com/2007/01/16/universe-big-bang-black-holes-dialogue-on-stephen-hawking’s-a-briefer-history-of-time/

END.  E-mail corrections, comments, additions, and suggestions to: bfparker@frontiernet.net

[19al-storie61]

Elsa Maxwell: the greatest celebrity of all-time…

Pianist, gossip columnist, TV star, and above all a giver of great parties, Elsa Maxwell was famous for being herself.

She was most likely far more interesting than the celebrities she covered.

Elsa Maxwell first worked as a theatre pianist after leaving school at the age of 14 and before touring with a troupe in various music halls.

Elsa Maxwell, Tyrone Power and the Duke of Windsor at a 1948 party at Maxwell’s house on the French Riviera.

While traveling, she met important figures and began attending society parties and soon turned into a professional hostess, throwing parties for high society and royalty across Europe, making scavenger and treasure hunts highly popular.

In the 1930s, she returned to the United States where she appeared as a caricatured-self in various films such as Stage Door Canteen, in 1943 and Rhapsody in Blue, in 1945 and gained audiences of millions as a gossip columnist while continuing to organize parties.

Elsa Maxwell, New York’s most famous party maker, and Cole Porter, talented composer of music and verse.

Elsa with the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.

The fame-maker who introduced Rita Hayworth to Ali Khan and Maria Callas to Aristotle Onassis had managed to become famous herself and remained known as the ‘Hostess with the mostest’.

Mention a celebrity, and she would reply, “My most intimate friend!” If it was anyone below the level of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, she would add, “I discovered him, you know!” Occasionally, for the spice of variation, she would draw the line at, say, Vladimir Horowitz: “I’ve turned on pianists!”

Elsa Maxwell knew everyone, specializing in royalty and achievers—Cole Porter, Duff and Diana Cooper, Elsie de Wolfe, Jacqueline Kennedy, Gary Cooper, Mussolini, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Maria Callas. Elsa (1881-1963) was everywhere, from Venice to Hollywood.

Elsa Maxwell with Marylyn Monroe.

And she did everything: She played the piano, published (“Elsa Maxwell’s Etiquette Book”), took on public relations assignments, ran a gossip column for the Hearst press, appeared in films, introduced wealthy unknowns to society, served as a television talk-show guest and was Seen in the right Places.

Elsa Maxwell (May 24, 1883 – November 1, 1963) was an American gossip columnist and author, songwriter, and professional hostess renowned for her parties for royalty and high society figures of her day.

Constance Bennett, Elsa Maxwell and Darryl Zanuck.

Maxwell is credited with the introduction of the scavenger hunt and treasure hunt for use as party games in the modern era. Her radio program, Elsa Maxwell’s Party Line, began in 1942; she also wrote a syndicated gossip column. She appeared as herself in the films Stage Door Canteen (1943) and Rhapsody in Blue (1945), as well as co-starring in the film Hotel for Women (1939), for which she wrote the screenplay and a song.

In spite of the persistent rumor that Elsa Maxwell was born at a theater in Keokuk, Iowa, during a performance of the opera Mignon, she actually admitted late in life that the outlandish story was a fabrication that she went along with, since she was actually born at her maternal grandmother’s home in the same town. Elsa was subsequently raised in San Francisco, where her father sold insurance and did freelance writing for the New York Dramatic Mirror.

Elsa Maxwell and a line of chorus girls…

She developed a gift for staging games and diversions at parties for the rich, and began making a living devising treasure-hunt parties, come-as-your-opposite parties and other sorts, including a scavenger hunt in Paris in 1927 that inadvertently created disturbances all over the city.

In Venice in the early 1920s, Maxwell attracted stars like Cole Porter, Talulah Bankhead, Noel Coward and Fanny Brice to Venice’s Lido shoreline to enjoy its daytime amenities and nightly parties. Later, the principality of Monaco employed Maxwell’s services to put it on the map as a tourist destination as she had done for the Lido. Maxwell and Porter were lifelong friends, and he mentioned her in several of his songs, including “I’m Dining with Elsa (and her ninety-nine most intimate friends)” and “I’m Throwing a Ball Tonight” from “Panama Hattie” (sung by Ethel Merman.)

Elsa hosting and on TV show…

Returning to the US, Maxwell worked on movie shorts during the Depression, unsuccessfully. “Her imprimatur of social acceptability carried so much weight that the Waldorf Astoria gave her a suite rent-free when it opened in New York in 1931 at the height of the depression, hoping to attract rich clients because of her.”

Following World War II she gained an audience of millions as a newspaper gossip columnist. Beginning in 1942 she also hosted a radio program, Elsa Maxwell’s Party Line, for which Esther Bradford Aresty was a writer and producer.

Maxwell took credit for introducing Rita Hayworth to Prince Aly Khan in the summer of 1948. In 1953, Maxwell published a single issue of her magazine, Elsa Maxwell’s Café Society, which had a portrait of Zsa Zsa Gabor on the cover. Anne Edwards’ biography of Maria Callas (Callas, 2001) and Peter Evans biography of Aristotle Onassis both claim that Maxwell introduced Callas to Onassis.

Edwards also claims that Maxwell was a lesbian who tried to seduce Callas, 40 years Maxwell’s junior.

Callas biographer Stelios Galatopoulos produced love letters from Maxwell written to Callas, who was less than receptive.

Above all, she threw parties: come-as-you-are parties, come-as-your-opposite parties (Fanny Brice showed up as Tosca), gambling parties, cooking parties, scavenger-hunt parties. For the last 30 years of her life, Elsa was one of the best known women in the world, yet, among the millions who recognized her name, very few could have told you what it was that she did. She wasn’t famous for being famous, however. She was famous for being Elsa Maxwell.

Elsa with Olivia de Havilland, Cole Porter and Callas.

In Sam Staggs’s lively biography, Elsa emerges as someone who rose above dreary beginnings with a vague determination to . . . well, rise above dreary beginnings. Born in Iowa to a middle-class family and originally named Elsie, she was raised in San Francisco. She moved to New York in 1907, but in truth she never really “moved,” because for most of her life she scarcely put down roots. Her life was like an old adventure play, the kind Broadway produced before movies came along, with a pile of episodes incoherently bonded.

Becoming, in 1909, the accompanist for Dorothy Toye, a touring vaudeville singer with a trick voice that could sound as soprano or tenor, confirmed her life’s themes: travel and show biz—or, really, celebrity biz. From then on, Elsa maintained a nomadic existence inextricably connected with people of note. Soon, though, she wasn’t accompanying; she was directing. Her 1917 benefit for French war relief at the old Metropolitan Opera House established her as a woman who could put an evening together; this one included Ignace Paderewski at the keyboard, a suite of opera stars, Ethel Barrymore, Maude Adams (Broadway’s original Peter Pan) and Field Marshal Joseph Joffre.

Putting evenings together, then, was what Elsa Maxwell did, often in London or Paris and invariably with the Best People. Plain and overweight, she never let her looks slow her down. Friends marveled at her nerve, her ability to be where great social events were occurring—or, if necessary, to create them. She could be tactful or outspoken, as the opportunity struck, now unreliable and now true-blue. She applied unpredictability to her comings and goings as one daubs on a rare cologne, for that hint of mystery. Mr. Staggs imagines a Hollywood montage of Elsa’s life in the late 1920s as “nightclubs, foxtrots and the Charleston . . . motor cars whizzing along a Mediterranean corniche . . . roulette wheels spinning, liquor and laughter.” And of course parties, including one at a certain Lady Ribblesdale’s in London in 1930 in which a “murder” was staged, complete with actors playing detectives. “CLUE OF DUKE’S CIGARETTE,” the Daily Express intoned.

Lifestyles like Elsa’s, so mated in public perception with leisure-class frivolity and so dependent on the indulgence of bigwigs, often run out of welcome after a few years. But as Mr. Staggs says, it was a very long second act. In the 1950s, Elsa was living as ever, only now she was in love—with Maria Callas. As Mr. Staggs recounts it, Elsa gave Callas bad notices in her column till the scandal-prone Greek diva initiated a friendship—”scripted,” he writes, “like the plot of a verismo opera.” Elsa already had a life partner, Dorothy “Dickie” Fellowes-Gordon, a Scots heiress of impressive family. But Callas became Elsa’s obsession. She not only supported Callas with her writing but followed her all over the map as if moonstruck, “dazzled,” says Mr. Staggs, “by the beautiful calamity always on the verge of happening.”

Elsa Maxwell and Callas.

By the time Elsa first appeared on Jack Paar’s “Tonight” show, in 1957, she had reached that age at which one’s native tact is spent and one’s tongue wags recklessly. In her 70s, Elsa finally became one of the few things she hadn’t been already: a television star, playing the guest who could be counted on to say shocking things about famous people, including herself. Mr. Staggs quotes Paar: “She was so brazen and outspoken that ‘our act’ became the talk of television.” Now the author invents another montage, of Paar’s introductions of Elsa: “And here she is, the little Orphan Annie of the Waldorf” or “The winner of the Nobel Prize for Catering.” If Elsa invented herself, she had plenty of assistants.

Mr. Staggs writes in a bright, conversational style exactly suited to the worldly affairs he tells of. With so many has-beens to discuss, he includes side boxes as sotto voce explanations, for instance, of Maxine Elliott, once arguably the most beautiful actress on Broadway; John Barrymore’s sometime wife, the aptly named Michael Strange; Elsa’s rival partygiver Perle Mesta; even Greta Garbo, who Elsa thought cut so dismal a figure in retirement that she sent her a batch of Helena Rubinstein cosmetics. Mr. Staggs has done his research, too, running down a host of the famed and unknown who knew his subject; they speak, and she is among us once more. “It was always exciting to be with her,” says Mary Carter, who met Elsa at the time of l’affaire Callas. “And she enjoyed every second she was alive.”

Maxwell told interviewer Mike Wallace in 1957:

I did not feel fit, to be only married. I belong to the world. I knew it instinctively when I was quite young. I belong to the world. Certainly I am the most shall we say immodestly, [among] the best-known people in the entire world today. Why, because I did not marry and I felt that I was not for marriage. It wasn’t my … thing to do.

She died of heart failure in a Manhattan hospital.

Her longtime friend Dorothy “Dickie” Fellowes-Gordon was Maxwell’s sole heir.

http://cruiselinehistory.com/elsa-maxwell-the-greatest-celebrity-of-all-time/

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My son :]

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Newspaper is just dealing with his girlfriend's madness LMAO. Also, I love drawing turtlenecks and glasses sometimes. But these came out really well for once :0

Newspaper is so smitten for Patches and we stan LMAO.

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He was prepared to die now. He foolishly ran into the way of the fire to cover Patches. He held her close, he forgot how soft her hair was. How nice she smelled...which was replaced by the smell of blood. He felt himself get weak by the second, and his body hurting like hell. But he didn't feel himself collapse. He was dizzy. His vision was so cloudy, Patches looked like a blob. Actually, he could barely see her by how cloudy and fuzzy it was. He saw more black splotches then the girl he loved. It was a bad time, but...he needed to tell her. "Oh, God! Newspaper, you alright? You idiot, why did you do that?!" She screamed as she held him in her arms. He smiled at her, cupping her cheek. "Because...because I love you, Patches. I have for a while now. Uhm. Sorry if this is a shitty time to confess. Just. Wanted you to know." He said, grinning weakly. He was in pain. And he could feel his body get weaker and his life slowly draining. He could barely keep his arm up. And it fell useless on the ground. "I love you, too. So d-don't leave me! Please!" Patches cried. He sighed. "Can't help it. I...I can barely feel anything. Actually, can't feel anything at all. Don't cry, Patches." He wiped away her tears and moved her front bangs off her face. He saw her beautiful gray eyes and smiled more. "Your eyes are so pretty...I wish I could've seen them more often." He was scared, though. "Shit...I'm so scared to die right now. I don't want to. But...if that's my fate, I'll die happily knowing you're alive at least." He leaned up, pushing her head slightly down so they could kiss. It was tender. Somber. Her lips were really soft. That was the only feeling he could feel. Until everything went black completely. His head falling back and his body not tense, just limp. His brown-black eyes going dull and empty. Like all the life in them was drained. "Hey. Hey. Please...this isn't funny. Newspaper. Don't leave me. Franklin...please." She held his body closer to her body, then picked it up and fled the room they were in. They weren't alone, she remembered. She didn't want his death to be in vain with herself dying. 'I'm so sorry, Newspaper. I wish...I wish I moved out of the way faster...if I did, you'd still be here with me. And I can hold you again. Feel your warmth. I want you to yell at me again for breaking another decor you had. To...to hold my face in your hands and tell me that my scars are beautiful. I love you.' She discarded her broken up mask and ran faster. His body was so cold compared to her own. His handsome face was so empty, it was scary to look at. She wished he didn't tell her he loved her. She wished she didn't say she loved him back.

Remember when I said they were tragic? @emiko-chan-is-here, yeah I killed Newspaper. Weh. This is the original version technically. I wonder if I have the old and ACTUAL original fic. Because this is the original storyline. Just changed some shit up.

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Me: Newspaper is dead btw. Hah. R.I.P. Bozo.

My friends: NOOOO 😭

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Newspaper is a very organized man. He'll have a mess here and there, but he is highly organized when he can. Especially his desk at his company. The magazines, books, sketchbooks and other things he has are neatly put up in their place or stacked up neatly. But when he's drawing and designing new outfits it becomes cluttered. Those neatly stacked magazines are open and lazily stacked. Pencils scattered around. Fabrics draped over whatever desk space he has left. And his sketchbook or a piece of paper he's using is falling off the desk as he angrily forces it back onto the mess.

He gets very into his work and gets heavily frustrated when he loses a pencil or has too much mess but he still has it because he can't find a place to put it for the time being.

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This Newspaper doodle is so real. My son

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It came out terrible (he looks like Jonathan Joestar with the blue hair and Joseph Joestar with the brown) I hate it so much. My poor son. He deserves justice.

I couldn't decide if I wanted to give him the blue hair and blue eyes back or make them brown.

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Flustered Newspaper? Yes, please!

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I hope I did your designs justice

(I hope one day I can draw them in color :333)

OFNDHEHEHNFJDEHDBEJEB IT'S– IT'S– FJDHEJEJDJE *dies in adoration*

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Missing

Her business was booming. She did everything she worked for. Everything she had ever dreamed of. It was a business for many things. One that supported women, men, children, those less fortunate, etc. She was so proud of herself. Though, she felt like...something was wrong. Like. This wasn't the end of her story. Like she was missing something. She felt empty. It didn't make sense. She got everything she wanted. Her father was happy for her and she had friends. She was happy. "Hey, Kiddo. What's up? Something on your mind?" Her father asked. Dr. Carlos Rosette. He was a nice man, gentle and caring. But boy, did he have a mean stare. "It's just...Dad, you ever feel like something is missing in your life? Like...like there's supposed to be more?" She asked. "Hm. I don't think so, why?" "That's how I feel!" Penelope said, her eyes filled with a sort of longing. "Odd. Well, maybe you should go out somewhere, maybe you'll find what you're looking for." Her father concluded. Penelope nodded, "Alright. Thanks, Dad. I love you." She gave him a slightly squeeze in her embrace before leaving. "Be safe!" "I will." Maybe she will find her missing thing. But. What even was it? Was it a person? A thing? An animal? She bumped into someone as she walked in front of a café. It always felt warm for her. Like something was there for her all the time. She fell on the floor. "Sorry." She simply said as she got up, looking at the guy. The guy looked back at her, "My apologies. I should've watched where I was going. You're not hurt, right?" He asked her as he helped her up. "No. I'm fine. Don't fuss over me." She said, kind of coldly. "You sure? That seemed like it hurt. Ah, your hand! You've got scratches from the floor." He took her hand and looked over at it. "Here, let me help you." He grabbed a handkerchief from his pocket and placed it on the bleeding hand. Penelope sighed softly to herself. At least he was being nice. "I'm sorry for that. Uh. Maybe you should head home and get that cleaned. It doesn't seem that bad." "Alright. Uhm, what's your name per chance?" "Oh, it's Franklin." "Penelope." "Nice to meet you. Sorry again for bumping into you, Penelope. I wasn't watching where I was going. My deep apologies." He said. They both looked into their eyes and for them...something felt...right. "I feel like...I know you." Franklin muttered. Penelope nodded, agreeing to the feeling. This felt annoying. But whatever. It felt like her missing thing was him. And it seemed that way for him as well. "Ah, I should go. My wife is waiting for me at home. Farewell, Miss Penelope." Franklin said before walking away. Penelope felt empty again. It made no sense. What did it mean? Was he really her missing thing? How? It felt like romance. Care. Admirational love. Just. Everything in the love aspect at times. How? He was married. There wasn't a way for her to have anything with him. And they don't know each other. She didn't believe it. She just opted to head home and clean her injury. Franklin. It was his name. But... He seemed like he'd go by a different name in preference by the way he said it. Strange guy. She felt the same sometimes. "Oh, I should probably bring Dad the newspaper." She said before heading to a newspaper rack and grabbed one out after putting her quarter in. She looked through it, skimming through some stuff before heading home. "Hey, that Franklin guy is on the newspaper. Hah." She said aloud to herself. She folded it back up and continued to walk.