#Fossil Rutherford

[seeingivy]

very possible I am misinterpreting this song but I just heard dare me by beach fossils and it feels sooo roommate eren coded to me I'm gonna frow up

LISTEN I have a roommates playlist (that I can't share because I will quite literally dox myself if I do my spotify username is my entire government name) but here are some notable favorites from the playlist!!! I love love love roommates coded songs

dare me by beach fossils (bc of you sweet nonnie, ur so right)

satellite by harry styles (I think this was @togemayo)

daylight/call it what you want/dress/you are in love/invisible string (taylor that was explicitly mentioned in roommates)

when emma falls in love/back to december/state of grace/lover (taylor that was not explicitly mentioned in roommates but I think fits)

bloom later by jesse rutherford (listened to this really hard while writing your fiercest protectors chapter)

its you by zayn (the inner one direction girlie in me had to, this is SOOOOO THEM)

budapest by george ezra (I forgot who said this but I love this song!!!!)

so in conclusion i love song recs I love writing fics about songs I love people associating fics with songs and I love you nonnie bc you just gave me an excuse to say all this for no reason

(am still writing debut concert fics, currently writing the cornelia street enemies to lovers arranged marriage trope one :DDD)

[khakilike]

Picked this up for $50 at TJ’s. 44mm sounds crazy-big, but it wears smaller and looks fine on my fat wrist. I put it on a black nylon strap (and threw the mesh bracelet on my Rutherford to make that watch look extra ‘70s) and I’m pretty happy with how things turned out.

#MayTheQuartzBeWithYou

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from Grist:

Governments around the world have rushed to help the airline industry, one of the planet’s biggest polluters, survive the coronavirus pandemic. The Trump administration lined up a $32 billion bailout for U.S. carriers in April, and, in late May, the German government approved a $10 billion bailout for Lufthansa. This week, a United Nations group gave them another big break, saying that airlines won’t need to offset millions of tons of emissions.

It’s a blow to the booming, billion-dollar market for carbon offsets, and a blow to efforts to curb airline emissions. The U.N. group “is looking more and more like a puppet of the airlines, who are really calling the shots,” said Dan Rutherford, a program director for marine and aviation at the International Council on Clean Transportation, in an email.

The aviation industry accounts for around 2.4 percent of carbon emissions worldwide. If airlines formed a country, it would rank in the top 10 carbon polluters. It’s also one of the hardest industries to decarbonize: There aren’t clean alternatives for jet fuel, and not everyone can travel, Greta Thunberg-style, by high-speed sailboat.

But one of the few bright spots for cutting fossil-fuel pollution from aviation has been a United Nations scheme to get airlines to offset their growing emissions starting in 2021. The plan, signed in 2016 by 191 countries, is voluntary until 2027, and requires airlines to offset the emissions from all international flights that exceed a baseline of the average emissions from 2019 and 2020. The scheme is supposed to be policed by individual countries, who will oversee the emissions produced by companies headquartered within their borders.

So airlines would still be emitting millions of tons of carbon dioxide, but at least they would also be investing cash in planting trees and other schemes to suck that CO2 back out of the atmosphere.

Then came the coronavirus pandemic and one of the worst economic downturns since the Great Depression. This year, airlines worldwide are expected to lose over $85 billion, and the number of people flying is expected to plunge 50 percent. The prospect of paying to offset emissions suddenly didn’t look so good.

[mostlysignssomeportents]

#2yrsago A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived: DNA, individuals, and species

British geneticist Adam Rutherford is one of the country's great science communicators, an alumnus of Nature whose work we've celebrated here for many years; with his second book, A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, Rutherford reveals how the century's astounding advances in genetic science reveal just how little we understand about our genes -- and how our ideas about race and heredity are antiquated superstitions that reflect our biases more than our DNA. (See the bottom of this post for an important update about the upcoming US edition!)

At its worst, scientific debunking can be a kind of grim and humourless exercise in which a distinguished scientist explains how you've got it all wrong and scientists really know very little about a subject that you thought they'd had nailed down, and you should really be couching all your statements about the truth of the world in so many caveats that no statements can be discerned. That's not Rutherford's style.

Rutherford is one of the most sprightly and delightful science communicators in the field, a writer who uses footnotes for comic relief with skill not seen since the heyday of Douglas Adams, whose delight in language is matched by a wonder for the things science does teach us, who uses that delight to shine a glorious light on marvels even as he pitilessly illuminates the often harmful bullshit that the public has been told to believe about what genetics says about them.

Rutherford's thesis is that the more we learn about our genome, the more we learn about ourselves as a species -- and the less we can know about ourselves as individuals. Population-wide genetic sequencing reveals truths about how closely related we all are (we're all cousins, and much closer ones than you probably suspect), how little our alleged "race" predicts about us, and how much of what we think of as "heredity" is more complicated and weirder than we've been led to believe.

Brief History challenges our understanding of what a species is, and what our species is, as the extraction of genomes from living specimens and ancient fossils reveals that humans, neanderthals and other cousins co-existed for unimaginably long timescales, and crossed and re-crossed their DNA. Contrast this profligacy and its outcomes with the closely guarded, inbred "noble blood" of Europe's royal houses, whose belief in their own genetic superiority led them to breeding experiments that produced insane, pain-wracked monarchs whose reigns were marred by seizures, delusions, and violent outbursts that only ended when the lines' terminal specimens could no longer breed.

The upshot of all this is that those 23-and-me-style genetic "analyses" that you can send away for are fairy tales, describing genetic propensities that are more likely to be statistical ghosts than real phenomena, and family histories that rely on categories ("Germanic," say) that have no objective basis in reality.

But while your individual sequence won't tell you much about who you are and where you came from, these corpuses -- especially the public interest ones gathered by research scientists and not private, woo-peddling companies -- are revealing an astonishingly detailed picture of humanity's pre-history.

Genetics and heredity have a checkered past: at its best, our study of DNA has given us breakthroughs in fighting disease, breeding better crops, and learning about our common destiny. At its worst, it has provided demagogues with scientific cover for racist rhetoric and violence. As a new era of data-driven genomics dawns, Rutherford is determined to rescue it from being turned to evil ends and elevate it to a pedestal from which it can teach us how much we all share with one another.

A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived [Adam Rutherford/Orion]

Update: Jennifer from The Experiment publishing writes, "I wanted to let you know that we’re publishing a US edition on October 3. Even better, it has an entirely new chapter on the genetic history of the Americas and a brand new foreword by Siddhartha Mukherjee."

https://boingboing.net/2017/07/03/the-human-race-without-races.html

[heartslogos]

newfragile yellows [601]

"You two look like delinquent punks from some kind of really old Earth movie,” Maxwell says. “Are those bomber jackets? Where did you even get those?”

The Lavellans look like hand to god menaces. Both of them are sporting black bomber jackets with what Maxwell’s willing to bet is hand done embroidery on the back and sleeves, as well as several patches along the arms. The Inquisition’s flaming eye is on the side of their right arms and on their left breast are mock ups of their current ranks within the Inquisition. Ellana’s got her hair slicked back into a high ponytail and Mahanon’s hair is in a tight braid. They’re both wearing skinny jeans. Skinny jeans. And high tops.

“Are you trying out for a musical?”

Both of the grin something fierce.

“It’s our first day of leave,” Mahanon says, kicking a duffle bag at their feet. “We’re going home.”

“Our entire family is going to be there. We haven’t been back to Earth in almost two years,” Ellana says, an incredibly frightening gleam in her eyes. “The cousin’s cousins are going to be there.”

“Our cousin’s cousin’s cousins are going to be there.”

“Our cousin’s cousin’s — “

“Cousin’s cousin’s cousins are going to be there?”

“No. That’s absurd. Who the fuck would invite people out that many generations? They’re practically strangers.”

“No. Our cousin’s cousin’s specialize in tuning up and salvaging ancient Earth tech, and they managed to fix up a convertible. A soft top convertible.”

“Cherry red.”

“Cream interior.”

“Chrome wheels. Wood panel finish.”

“V-8 engine, baby.” Ellana’s mouth shows too many teeth for someone entirely sane. “And I get to drive it.”

Maxwell looks between the two of them before settling on Mahanon who looks a touch less manic than his sister.

“You aren’t going to drive?”

“Not that car,” Mahanon says. And then he grins. “They found me something better.”

“Alright, I’m going to cut it off there because I don’t know anything about old tech like cars and trucks and whatever that run on fossil fuels. Burning fossils to make things move. Insanity. It’s just the two of you going?”

The siblings’ necks snap to look at each other so fast that Maxwell swears that either one, they just died, or two, they’re possessed and his is a very terrible horror movie he’s just invited himself into.

“The Iron Bull.”

They both grin, letting out low snickers.

“He’s going too?”

They both turn to look at Max.

“He’s going to meet his in-laws,” Mahanon says.

“He’s going to meet our mom.”

“He’s going to meet our nan.”

“He’s going to meet our tia’s.”

“He’s going to meet the Surana branch of the family.”

Mahanon and Ellana simultaneously reach for each other, as if they need to physically brace and anchor themselves down by holding onto something.

“Alim Surana is going to be there and it’s going to be so fucking wild.”

“They’re going to be breathing the same air in a room together for at least five minutes. They’re going to exchange words with each other.”

“Should I…know the importance of this?”

“I’m going to record it,” Ellana says. “Well. Someone’s going to record it. Hopefully multiple someones so we can get this shit from multiple angles. All the angles. Every single one.”

“He’s going to drive the humvee. Humvee. Maxwell. Imagine the Iron Bull in a humvee. And in a humvee directly next to the Iron Bull? An elf just as jacked as the Iron Bull but like. Only two inches taller than me. Your height.”

“Someone…jacked like Bull but my height?” Does not compute.

Rather than answering, both elves focus on something just past him. He turns and sees Bull waving towards them, coming up with his own bag slung over his shoulder.

“Hey,” he says, “You leaving base, too, Trevelyan?”

“No, I was just here to investigate reports of extremely dangerous looking hooligans near our warp pad,” Maxwell says. “And then I find out it’s just extremely dangerous hooligans.”

“Ready to meet the family?” Ellana says.

“Why does it sound like you’re asking him to meet organized crime?”

“Aren’t all families some variation of organized crime? Anyway, come on. Let’s get going. Later, Max. Don’t let anyone fly my ship while I’m away, okay? I’ll know if someone sat in my chair. And I promise I won’t be happy about it.”

-

“Space, the final frontier…”

“Malika, please stop monologuing,” Sera says, eyes closed as she wearily rests her head on the metal table. “I don’t get it. You drank just as much as the rest of us.”

“I’m sturdy,” Malika says, face rosy as she smiles at her reflection in the window. It’s so dark out, but the light of the planet they’ve entered orbit of after leaving their jump is so beautiful. It’s purple and blue, it reminds Malika of flowers and winter at the same time somehow. “Besides, how could I miss this? The first day after a hyper jump is the best! All the new stars! The new planets! All the hustle of making sure our ship is okay and that we’re on course and aren’t about to be ambushed. Right, Bull?”

Bull’s got a cold cloth draped over his face. “Fuck hyper jumps.”

“You’re just mad because you’ve got a fever,” Ellana says, switching the towel for him. “And when you have a fever you get cranky because no one lets you do stupid stuff because your judgement and your ability to make decisions goes down the literal toilet.”

“Untrue, my mind doesn’t get dull by disease.”

“Very true, I once saw you lose a card game to Cullen Rutherford because you had a fever,” Ellana kisses Bull’s cheek. “It was probably the best moment of his card playing career. Come on, we’ve made it through jump. Let’s get you lying down now, okay? You don’t need to be hyper focused anymore.”

“You heard Malika. What if we’re ambushed?”

“Unlikely,” Mahanon says, striding in through the doorway, “Scouts reported back from planet side. Their greatest technology so far is the wheel and even that’s questionable. If they have something capable of blasting us out of their orbit then they’ve got their priorities backwards.”

“There. See? It’s all good. Come on big guy. Mahanon, help me get him to our room. He might try and escape on me. He’s too scared of you to pull that kind of shit with you around.”

[datekool846]

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[fullhalalalchemist]

This Wednesday, with little attention, the House of Representative just passed the “Protect and Serve Act of 2018” sponsored by Representative John H. Rutherford (R-FL). The bill would make it a federal crime, punishable by up to 10 years in prison, for “knowingly causing serious bodily injury to a law enforcement officer, or attempts to do so.” It joins a host of others deemed “Blue Lives Matter” laws, which have been introduced and passed, in part as a reaction to rising defiance to documented brutality and racism practiced by law enforcement in this county.

Looking closely, the clause associated with “using a channel, facility, or instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce” is clearly aimed at those who put it on the line to confront fossil fuel infrastructure like interstate and international pipelines similar to DAPL, KXL and Kinder Morgan, and attempting to intimidate those considering action. In short, we have a ball game, and the opponent is putting lots of pine tar on the balls. The slope couldn’t be more slippery if you added all the oil we need to keep in the ground to it.

Consider this: a water protector locks down to a pipeline utilizing non-violent direct action. If a law enforcement official is injured in the process of cutting them free, that subject could face ten years in prison. And the same situation applies when people defend their communities from police assault — think Ferguson and Baltimore. It’s up to us to kill this bill in the Senate before it allows more people to be killed in the streets and their backyards, and before it punishes people for having the temerity to fight for the planet and human survival.

BRO WHAT THE FUCK!!! WHAT THE FUCK!!!!!

[oohhhnoo]

Blinkist today

The big bang theory states that the universe developed from an incredibly dense point, and at terrific speed.

The big bang theory states that the universe began as a single point of nothingness called a singularity.

Scientists believe that immediately after the big bang, the universe doubled in size every 10-34 seconds. In just three minutes, the universe grew from the tiniest of specks to over 100 billion light-years in diameter. 98% percent of all matter, along with the fundamental forces that govern the universe, were created in the time it takes you to make a sandwich.

The intense energy unleashed during the big bang eventually cooled and transformed into microwaves. It was these microwaves that Penzias and Wilson picked up as a hiss.

The universe is so big, there are probably other beings out there – we just haven't found them yet.

According to a 1961 equation by professor Frank Drake, it’s possible we’re merely one of millions of other advanced civilizations.

The average distance between any two hypothetical civilizations is likely at least 200 light-years.

Isaac Newton was focused on making sense of how the universe and Earth moved.

Isaac Newton’s most influential work to be Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. He didn’t want to share his ideas with mere amateurs. But to those who can understand it, Principia is one of the most important scientific works of all time.

Contained within this work are many groundbreaking ideas. Take Newton’s universal law of gravitation. This states that all bodies in the universe – large and small – exert a pull on every other body. The extent of their pull is proportional to their mass.

Principia helped scientists understand a great deal about the universe, as well as more about planet Earth. For example, Newton’s laws allow us to estimate the weight of the Earth – it’s about 5.9725 billion trillion metric tons

It also helped us discover the true shape of the planet. Newton’s laws proved that the Earth is not spherical, the Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a true sphere.

Rocks and fossils showed that the Earth was old, but radioactivity showed just how old it was.

Geologists in the nineteenth century could tell a lot from the Earth’s rocks. But they couldn’t be sure of exactly how long. It wasn’t until well into the twentieth century that the Earth’s age was discovered that was using radioactivity.

The concept of radioactivity discovered that certain rocks release energy without showing any change in their size or shape. Rutherford discovered that radioactive elements decay into other elements. Clair Cameron Patterson determined that the Earth was around 4.55 billion years old – plus or minus 70 million years.

Einstein’s special theory of relativity states that time is relative.

Einstein first explained his special theory of relativity in these 1905 papers. Put very simply, this theory states that the notion of time is relative – it does not progress constantly.

After all, time feels constant. Every second, every minute, every hour passes at exactly the same speed. It doesn’t speed up or slow down, and it feels like there is nothing we can do to change it. 

But time is relative. Time can pass at different speeds, depending on different circumstances. It has to do with your relative position and speed compared to someone, or something, else. 

To explain, let’s use an example from British philosopher Bertrand Russell. Imagine you’re on a station platform. Approaching the station is a train traveling at almost the speed of light. For you, this train would appear distorted, and the voices of those inside the speeding train would sound warped and slowed down, like a record playing at the wrong speed. If you were to see any clocks inside the train, you’d discover they were running slower than the station clock on the platform. 

So far, so weird. But here’s the stranger thing. Everyone on the train would experience things as normal. Their voices and movements would appear as they should – smooth and at normal speed. To them, the clocks on the train would be running as normal, too. But, if they looked at you on the platform, they’d think you were distorted, speaking slowly, and moving weirdly.

Depending on the speed and your relative position to a moving object, you experience different speeds of time. Simple, right? 

Einstein’s general theory of relativity totally changed how we look at gravity.

Everything with mass – every rock, life-form, and planet – has a huge amount of potential energy.

Albert Einstein described this connection between mass and energy in his most famous equation: E =m c2, or energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. 

Einstein’s general theory of relativity: spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with a fourth dimension: time. In other words, space and time are elements of the same entity.

the idea of spacetime completely changed how we think about gravity. Gravity is actually the curving of spacetime. 

Objects with mass bend spacetime. Objects with more mass curve it more. As smaller objects pass through spacetime, they end up following these curves; this, basically put, is gravity.

Werner Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle helps explain how particles move.

Werner Heisenberg. In 1926, he developed the concept of quantum mechanics.

At the heart of his theory was the uncertainty principle. Here’s how the principle works. When physicists first measured electrons as they spun around an atom’s nucleus, they witnessed something strange: sometimes the electrons behaved like they were a wave, and sometimes the electrons behaved like they were a particle. The physicists were confused. How could they be two things at once? They could either be a wave or a particle. They couldn’t be both, right?

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle solved this conundrum. Put simply, the uncertainty principle posits that an electron is a particle, but it’s one that you can explain in the same way as a wave. The principle also explains how it’s only possible to either know where an electron currently is or know its path and speed. It’s not possible to know both its position and its path. All this means is that you can’t really predict where an electron will be; you can only guess its probability of being somewhere. 

Quantum theory is tricky to understand, but it helps explain very small entities. It can’t be used to explain the big things in the universe – things like gravity and time.

There are four unique criteria that make life on planet Earth possible.

For a planet to be habitable, it must meet four criteria:

First, it has to be just the right distance from a star. A planet that is too close to a star will be far too hot to sustain life – but too far away, and it will be too cold for life to thrive.

Second, the planet must have an atmosphere that shields life from cosmic radiation.

Third, we need a perfectly sized moon.

Fourth, timing is everything. For example, our moon was formed after a planet the size of Mars crashed into Earth around 4.4 billion years ago. We can thank this collision for giving us our perfectly sized moon. We can also thank the fact that it happened billions of years ago, before the development of life. Had it happened later, it might have snuffed out life on Earth altogether.

We know surprisingly little about life in the oceans.

The first real investigation of the oceans wasn’t organized until 1872. That was the year the British sent a former warship called HMS Challenger to explore the seas.

The next figures in our story of oceanography don’t turn up until the 1930s. Otis Barton and William Beebe were interested in what you might find at the bottom of the deepest ocean.

Things have improved since, but still not far enough. Today, scientists have reached the bottom of the deepest oceans. Yet, we still don’t know that much. We have more detailed maps of the planet Mars than we do of the seabeds on Earth.

Bacteria are Earth’s most abundant life forms, and we’re here because they enable us to be.

How did one life form become so abundant? 

For a start, bacteria are masters at reproduction. They are prolific. Bacteria can produce a new generation in less than ten minutes.

Another reason is bacteria’s amazing strength and resilience. Bacteria can live and thrive on almost anything. As long as they have a little moisture, they can survive in even the harshest environments.

All in all, most bacteria are either neutral or beneficial for humans. But it’s true, we can’t count all bacteria as our friends. About one in every one thousand bacteria is pathogenic.

Life started spontaneously as a bundle of genetic material that found a way to copy itself.

Spontaneous life is possible

Life as we know it is the result of a single genetic trick that’s been handed down through generations. This moment of creation occurred four billion years ago, when a tiny bundle of chemicals managed to divide itself. By dividing, it learned a way of passing on its genetic code. This single event began all life on Earth. It’s been called the Big Birth by biologists

The process begun by the Big Birth eventually created bacteria. They remained the sole life forms on the planet for two billion years. Then, bacteria began to learn how to tap into water molecules. In doing so, they created the process of photosynthesis, which filled the world with oxygen.

When oxygen levels reached modern-day quantities, complex life forms arrived. They evolved into two broad groups: those that expel oxygen, like plants, and those that consume it, like us.

Though the Earth supports an uncountable number of species, all life can be seen as one.

In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. In this groundbreaking work, Darwin demonstrated that all living things are connected. Darwin explained how different life forms evolved along different evolutionary paths, depending on their environment. Life-forms that evolve to best suit their surroundings will flourish and reproduce. Those life-forms that fail to fit in will perish. Through this process of evolution by natural selection, life has diversified. 

However, trace all these evolutions back, and you’ll eventually find a common ancestor shared by every species.

Modern investigations into DNA show how linked all life is. For example, if you compare your DNA with any other person’s DNA, you would find that 99.9 percent of the code would be exactly the same. And these similarities don’t only exist within species – believe it or not, approximately half of your DNA would match up perfectly with the DNA of a banana. What’s more, Sixty percent of your genes are exactly the same as those found in the fruit fly, and at least 90 percent of them correlate on some level with those found in mice.

Stranger still, scientists have discovered that parts of our DNA are interchangeable between species. It’s quite clear that all life on Earth is connected – far more closely than most of us would ever have imagined.

The Earth is always at risk of existential dangers looming within the solar system – and even on our own planet.

In fact, the Earth often comes dangerously close to colliding with asteroids.

The Earth has plenty of its own “in-house” dangers. Earthquakes, for example, can happen anytime.

Then, we have volcanoes. Volcanoes remain a threat, even with modern science.

Despite the inherent dangers in simply being alive on Earth, looking at the history of everything shows us how incredibly lucky we are to be here. 

The history of the universe is incredible, and humans have only just begun to really understand things. Through centuries of careful scientific study, we’re able to theorize about the universe’s birth, learn when life on Earth began, and understand the laws which underpin our existence. Yet, there is still much more to learn, as the process of scientific discovery never stops! 

[blogparanormalexpresso2stuff]

Why We May Be Surrounded by Older Alien Civilizations

Published on 1 Nov 2020

Are alien civilizations likely to be younger or older than us in age? A basic question that seems insurmountable until we start detecting them. But even before that, we can use some logical deduction using lifetime distribution statistics to determine the most plausible answer to this question. Join us today for an explanation of our new research paper on this topic.

You can now support our research program and the Cool Worlds Lab at Columbia University: https://www.coolworldslab.com/support

Get Stash here! https://teespring.com/stores/cool-wor...

Thank-you to Kevin Clark, Tom Widdowson, Denny Smith, Stephanie Hackley, Mark Sloan, Laura Sanborn, Kolos Kantor, Patrick Herman, Abel Aganbegyan, Claudio Bottaccini, Daniel Brunk, Douglas Daughaday, Scott Fincher, James Kindred, Andrew Jones, Jason Allen, Steven Baldwin, Jason Black, Stuart Brownlee, Shivam Chaturvedi, David Denholm, Tim Dorais, Glen Downton, Eneko Xabier, Elizondo Urrestarazu, Gordon Fulton, Sean Griffiths, Peter Halloran, John Jurcevic, Niklas Kildal, Jack Kobernick, Wes Kobernick, Valeri Kremer, Marc Lijoi, Sheri Loftin, Branden Loizides, Anatoliy Maslyanchuk, Blair Matson, Ocean Mcintyre, Laini Mitchell, Jeffrey Needle, André Pelletier, Juan Rivillas, Bret Robinson, Zenith Star, Lauren Steely, Ernest Stefan-Matyus, Mark Steven, Elena West, Barrett York, Tristan Zajonc, Preetumsingh Gowd, Shaun Kelsey, Chuck Wolfred, David Vennel, Emre Dessoi, Fahid Naeem, Francisco Rebolledo, Hauke Laging, James Falls, Jon Adams, Michael Gremillion, Pierce Rutherford, Trev Kline, Tristan Leger, Lasse Skov, Takashi Hanai, Drew Roberts, Erynn Wilson, Ian Baskerville, Jacob Bassnett, John Shackleford, Marcus Undin, Martin Kroebel, Ian Johnstone, Geoff Suter, Ian Hopcraft, James Valdes, Phil Akrill-Misso, William Robertson, Elizabeth Orman & Giles Ingham.

Video on planet cloaking: https://youtu.be/z1Pqqf_6J9w

::References used::

► Kipping, Frank & Scharf, 2020, "Contact Inequality -- First Contact Will Likely Be With An Older Civilization", International Journal of Astrobiology: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12358

► Benton, M. J., 1993, “The Fossil Record”, Vol 2 (Chapman & Hall, London, 1993)

► Civilization lifetimes figure from BBC Future/Nigel Hawtin:

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20...

► Olson et al., 2014, "Survival Probabilities of Adult Mongolian Gazelles", Journal of Wildlife Management, 78, 1: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley....

► Battery lifetime figure from BatteryUniversity.com:

https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/a...

::Movies clips used::

► Master & Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) 20th Century Fox

► Noah (2014) Paramount Pictures

► Avatar (2009) 20th Century Fox

► Contact (1997) Warnos Bros. Pictures

► GI Joe Retaliation (2013) Paramount Pictures

► Terminator 3 (2003) Warners Bros. Pictures

► The House (2017) Warners Bros. Pictures

► X2 (2003) 20th Century Fox

► The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) Sony Pictures Releasing

► Into The Wild (2007) Paramount Vantage

► 300 (2006) Warner Bros. Pictures

► Cleopatra (1963) 20th Century Fox

► Gladiator (2000) Dreamworks Pictures

::TV clips used::

► Andrew Marr's History of the World - BBC

► Star Trek the Next Generation - Paramount Television

::Other video footage used::

► See https://bit.ly/34MwkyX

[frankkjonestx]

What lifestyle changes will shrink your carbon footprint the most?

Three years ago, Kim Cobb was feeling “completely overwhelmed” by the problem of climate change. Cobb spends her days studying climate change as director of the Global Change Program at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, but she felt paralyzed over how to be part of the solution in her personal life. The barriers felt immense.

She decided to start small. On January 1, 2017, she made a personal climate resolution: She would walk her kids to school and bicycle to work two days a week. That change didn’t represent a lot in terms of carbon emissions, she says, “but it was a huge lesson in daily engagement.”

In the beginning, her modest goal seemed daunting, but she quickly discovered that the two simple activities nourished her physical and mental well-being. She wanted to do them every day. “It’s no longer for the carbon — it’s for the fact that I genuinely love riding my bike and walking my kids to school,” she says. And that made her wonder: What other steps was she thinking of as sacrifices that might actually enrich her life?

A November 2019 survey by the Yale Program on Climate Change Communication suggests that Cobb isn’t alone in her worries about climate change. Fifty-eight percent of the U.S. residents surveyed were “alarmed” or “concerned” about global warming. Cobb has turned her concern into action. It’s not too late to reduce the damage caused by global warming, but it will take drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, says Jonathan Foley, executive director of Project Drawdown, a San Francisco–based nonprofit research organization that identifies ways to reduce carbon emissions.

To keep global temperatures from rising too quickly, we need to re-engineer our society away from fossil fuels. A 2015 study calculated that to rein in warming, about 80 percent of global reserves of coal, 50 percent of natural gas reserves and 33 percent of the world’s oil must be left unused.

We can’t get to drawdown, the point at which levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere start to steadily decline, with one easy fix, Foley says. Action is required on multiple levels — government, industry and individuals — and across multiple systems, including energy, transportation, housing and food. We need to do all of the things, says Foley, whose organization has identified more than 80 climate “solutions” available now. These range from renewable energy technologies to plant-based diets to mass transit. “To get to drawdown, we need them all,” Foley says.

When it comes to the changes that individuals can make, “the most effective thing that you can do depends on your specific circumstances,” says Christopher Jones, director of the CoolClimate Network at the University of California, Berkeley. His group has produced maps that estimate a household’s carbon footprint based on ZIP code and lifestyle.

The graphics below, based on CoolClimate Network calculations, will help you find your biggest levers for cutting emissions, which for U.S. households are, on average, the equivalent of 48 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.

Each action shows the tons of carbon dioxide equivalent saved per year:

Relevant assumptions are shown in italics.

Transportation

How you get where you’re going is one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and the size of your transportation emissions usually depends on where you live, Jones says. City dwellers have more access to public transportation, while people in the suburbs tend to drive a lot more. For people who drive long distances, getting the most fuel-efficient car, a hybrid or an electric, may be the best way to curb emissions. Carpooling when possible, combining trips and leaving the car home once a week also help.

Action: Replace a 25 mpg car with …

An electric car

A hybrid car (55 mpg)

A fuel-efficient car (40 mpg)

Assumption: Driving 12,000 miles per year

Action: Alternate commuting alone in a car with …

Carpooling two days/week

Telecommuting five days/month

Assumptions: Car gets 25 mpg, commute is 25 miles round trip, carpool with one other person

Action: Replace 25 miles of driving per week with …

Bicycling

Assumption: Current car gets 25 mpg

Taking the bus

Assumption: Bus is diesel engine

Action: Practice “eco-driving”

Reduce rapid acceleration and braking and reduce top cruising highway speed from 70 to 65 mph

Assumption: Driving 12,000 miles per year, fuel economy 25 mpg

Action: Change air filters regularly and keep tires properly inflated

These two actions raise efficiency by 3 percent each

If you fly, there’s a good chance that aviation emissions are your biggest lever. Once people can travel again, consider vacationing closer to home and look for alternatives to business travel, such as videoconferencing. Take ground transportation instead of flying whenever possible. When flying can’t be avoided, take the advice of Dan Rutherford, shipping and aviation director at the International Council on Clean Transportation: Fly like a NERD. Choose a New(er) aircraft; book Economy class; take a Regular, medium-sized plane instead of a less-efficient small regional or jumbo jet; and select a Direct flight.

Action: Eliminate one round-trip cross-country flight per year

Assumption: Based on approximate round trip from New York to San Francisco

Shelter

The average U.S. home uses three to four times the electricity of a European one, Foley says. That’s mostly due to inefficient appliances and lighting and insufficient insulation. Those are all things that homeowners can address. Installing solar panels takes a big chunk out of your emissions. But if panels are too costly or just not feasible, purchasing renewable energy from a clean energy provider can offer the same emissions savings. Though options, like installing solar panels, are only available to people who own their home, there are plenty of other things that both renters and owners can do.

Action: Change your source of electricity

Purchase green energy from a clean energy provider

Install solar panels at your home

Assumptions: Household uses 10,700 kilowatt hours of electricity per year and 100 percent of electricity comes from a clean energy provider or from solar panels

If home improvements are in your budget, go for optimized insulation, weather stripping and energy-efficient windows and appliances. Install thermostats that adjust the temperature based on when you’re home and awake. And, of course, bigger houses take more energy to heat, cool and light, plus more space means more stuff. “The majority of emissions regarding shelter come from the stuff you buy,” Jones says. If downsizing is an option for you, it’s worth considering.

Action: Replace 10 incandescent lightbulbs with LEDs

Assumption: Lights are on five hours per day

Action: Reduce your trash output by 20 percent

Assumption: Household throws out 0.5 cubic yards of trash a week

Action: Turn off the lights when not in use

Assumption: Shut five lights at 40 watts each for four hours per day

Action: Turn the thermostat …

Down 5° F in winter

Up 5° F in summer

Assumptions: Home is about 1,850 square feet, heated with electricity

Action: Put desktop computer in sleep mode nights and weekends and turn off monitor during those times

Assumption: Remember to do this 50 percent of the time

Action: Install low-flow showerheads

Assumptions: Household takes two showers per day for eight minutes each; savings comes from heating water.

Action: Plant five trees in your yard

Assumptions: Some of the savings comes from reduced AC use as the result of shade from the trees.

Action: Line dry two loads of laundry per week

Assumptions: Machine-drying four loads of laundry uses 690 kilowatt-hours of electricity

Food

The biggest lever to cut food emissions is to stop producing more food than we need. The United Nations estimates that the annual carbon footprint of global food waste is 4.4 gigatons of CO2 equivalent. Americans, specifically, waste about 25 percent of the food we buy. According to Project Drawdown, adopting a vegetarian diet can also cut emissions, by about 63 percent, while going vegan can reduce them by as much as 70 percent. Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and meat and dairy production are the big contributors. Even cutting back on animal products can make a difference.

Action: Cut five servings a week of …

Beef, pork, lamb

Other (processed meats, nuts …)

Poultry and eggs

Fats, oils, sugar and processed foods

Dairy

Do individual choices matter?

When Cobb looked at her carbon footprint, she found that flying represented about 85 percent of her emissions. So she joined a community of people on Twitter who resolved to fly less, and she committed to cutting her business and personal flights by 30 percent. With the group’s support, she dropped another 30 percent the next year, but it wasn’t always easy. Her pledge didn’t make her many friends within the academic community initially. But the goal of flying less has become more mainstream, at least among her colleagues, as she’s shown it can be done.

“It started as an individual action,” she says, but her decision to forgo certain work travel created new opportunities for virtual conferences and other flying alternatives for her colleagues, too. “It has transformed into a collective-scale action to shift cultural norms,” Cobb says.

Social influence can drive change, says Diana Ivanova, a research fellow at the School of Earth and Environment at University of Leeds in England who reviewed emissions reduction options in April in Environmental Research Letters. If you see other people taking steps to shrink their carbon footprints, “you may feel more empowered to enact changes yourself.”

Researchers call this transmission of ideas and behaviors through a population “behavioral contagion.” That’s where individual action can be a potent force for change, says Robert Frank, a Cornell University economist. “Installing solar panels, buying an electric vehicle or adopting a more climate-friendly diet don’t just increase the likelihood of others taking similar steps, it also deepens one’s sense of identity as a climate advocate,” Frank writes in his 2020 book, Under the Influence: Putting Peer Pressure to Work. Those actions can also encourage other meaningful actions, like supporting candidates who favor climate-protecting legislation.

Some of the most significant action is happening at state and local levels. Your mayor and city council have a lot of power to reduce the community’s carbon footprint, says Cobb, who found herself getting more involved with each success. She was elected traffic chair of her neighborhood board in 2017 and is now working on improving biking infrastructure to make cycling safer for everyone.

Individual actions can create ripple effects, says ecological economist Julia Steinberger of University of Leeds. Teenage climate activist Greta Thunberg helped spread awareness about aviation emissions, and now overnight train lines between European cities are reopening. “It wasn’t a big industry-wide decision or government regulation. It was a bunch of people deciding, we don’t want to fly anymore,” Steinberger says.

from Tips By Frank https://www.sciencenews.org/article/climate-change-actions-reduce-carbon-footprint

[quickberater]

Ebay Herrenuhren Herrenuhr FOSSIL RUTHERFORD FS5331 Edelstahl Schwarz Vintage http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/707-53477-19255-0/1?ff3=2&toolid=10039&campid=5337445741&item=153855820631&vectorid=229487&lgeo=1&utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr %#Quickberater%

[khakilike]

I’ve been OBSESSED with this Fossil since last Christmas, but I could never justify paying $135* for it -- so when I found one selling for $60 at TJ Maxx last week, my HawaiianMiles card practically flew out of my wallet. Good deal.

*$135 is steep but not unreasonable for a fashion watch; there’s a lot of fun stuff going on in the $125-$150 range these days. But right now even the $94 sale price (as of 11/15/2017) is, for me, money better spent elsewhere.

Caveats: Not buying it at the Fossil Store means I couldn’t get the bracelet fitted, and since the links are fastened with the tiniest screws I’ve ever seen, (EDIT: I don’t know why I thought they were screws; they’re just normal link pins) it’s gonna be a while before I can actually wear it. And although it’s advertised as compatible with all 22mm watchbands, its unusual lug design means thicker bands (like Fossil’s own silicone ones) are too thick to fit. Those are bummers, but at $60 they’re not dealbreakers.

#MayTheQuartzBeWithYou

[drrutherford]

damon-rutherford​:

@drrutherford​

“I could’ve sworn I had another - ah, there it is!” Damon tossed one can of beer to Gideon, and kept one to himself. Months of business trips, meetings and negotiations had left him exhausted and busy, and he’d missed spending time with his siblngs, doing something as simple as lounging on his couch in sweatpants and watching football.

“Where was I? Oh, right, and then he told me about this oligarch who has actual penguins at his home. Penguins. Piranhas? I’d get it, you know, very menacing, but why would anyone keep a poor penguin at home? This is why I’ve always avoided Russian oligarchs, they’re fucking creepy… Speaking of creepy oligarchs… Have you spoken to Mila lately? I can’t even imagine how she’s managed to put up with that psycho husband of hers,” He returned in his seat next to his brother and offered a plate of nachos. “I bet he bathes in virgin blood. Virgin squatting slavs.”

.

He catches the can of beer sailing towards him and pries off the tab in triumph. “Did he live in an igloo?... D’ya know they found ancient penguin fossils in Peru a while back that were 5ft tall?? Can you imagine a 5ft penguin? Now that’s menacing.”

Privately, Gideon thinks these are some of his favourite moments. When he can sit around and do nothing with his brother, the way they did when they were kids; half-watching a game on tv, half chattering away about things no one else cared about. 

He grimaces at the mention of Mila’s husband and fishes a packet of cigarettes out of his pocket. A bad habit he’d picked up after the divorce a few years back, and one he’d repeatedly told himself he would quit... Maybe tomorrow. “Not since the party. Well, texted her when the nominations came out... Don’t tell me I was wrong to.”

[mostlysignssomeportents]

#1yrago A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived: DNA, individuals, and species

British geneticist Adam Rutherford is one of the country's great science communicators, an alumnus of Nature whose work we've celebrated here for many years; with his second book, A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, Rutherford reveals how the century's astounding advances in genetic science reveal just how little we understand about our genes -- and how our ideas about race and heredity are antiquated superstitions that reflect our biases more than our DNA. (See the bottom of this post for an important update about the upcoming US edition!)

At its worst, scientific debunking can be a kind of grim and humourless exercise in which a distinguished scientist explains how you've got it all wrong and scientists really know very little about a subject that you thought they'd had nailed down, and you should really be couching all your statements about the truth of the world in so many caveats that no statements can be discerned. That's not Rutherford's style.

Rutherford is one of the most sprightly and delightful science communicators in the field, a writer who uses footnotes for comic relief with skill not seen since the heyday of Douglas Adams, whose delight in language is matched by a wonder for the things science does teach us, who uses that delight to shine a glorious light on marvels even as he pitilessly illuminates the often harmful bullshit that the public has been told to believe about what genetics says about them.

Rutherford's thesis is that the more we learn about our genome, the more we learn about ourselves as a species -- and the less we can know about ourselves as individuals. Population-wide genetic sequencing reveals truths about how closely related we all are (we're all cousins, and much closer ones than you probably suspect), how little our alleged "race" predicts about us, and how much of what we think of as "heredity" is more complicated and weirder than we've been led to believe.

Brief History challenges our understanding of what a species is, and what our species is, as the extraction of genomes from living specimens and ancient fossils reveals that humans, neanderthals and other cousins co-existed for unimaginably long timescales, and crossed and re-crossed their DNA. Contrast this profligacy and its outcomes with the closely guarded, inbred "noble blood" of Europe's royal houses, whose belief in their own genetic superiority led them to breeding experiments that produced insane, pain-wracked monarchs whose reigns were marred by seizures, delusions, and violent outbursts that only ended when the lines' terminal specimens could no longer breed.

The upshot of all this is that those 23-and-me-style genetic "analyses" that you can send away for are fairy tales, describing genetic propensities that are more likely to be statistical ghosts than real phenomena, and family histories that rely on categories ("Germanic," say) that have no objective basis in reality.

But while your individual sequence won't tell you much about who you are and where you came from, these corpuses -- especially the public interest ones gathered by research scientists and not private, woo-peddling companies -- are revealing an astonishingly detailed picture of humanity's pre-history.

Genetics and heredity have a checkered past: at its best, our study of DNA has given us breakthroughs in fighting disease, breeding better crops, and learning about our common destiny. At its worst, it has provided demagogues with scientific cover for racist rhetoric and violence. As a new era of data-driven genomics dawns, Rutherford is determined to rescue it from being turned to evil ends and elevate it to a pedestal from which it can teach us how much we all share with one another.

A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived [Adam Rutherford/Orion]

Update: Jennifer from The Experiment publishing writes, "I wanted to let you know that we’re publishing a US edition on October 3. Even better, it has an entirely new chapter on the genetic history of the Americas and a brand new foreword by Siddhartha Mukherjee."

https://boingboing.net/2017/07/03/the-human-race-without-races.html

[thefashionghar]

*👉This 38x41mm RutherFord Features a Digital Movement with a Negative LCD Screen and Rose Gold Stainless Steel Bracelet.* . . * Fossil * Digital * For Men * 7A * Original Model * Feature; -Digital Dial -Heavy Machinery -Rose Gold Chain -Digital Stopwatch . *Price-Rs 1199/-+Shipping* . **With Brand Box 📦 ** . *Original Kit Included- A Carry Nag,a Booklet & A Protective Original Box @ RS 199/-Extra* . * Ready to Dispatch 😍* https://www.instagram.com/p/B1jVGh5pRX5/?igshid=1wskabhqd3xcd

[un-enfant-immature]

Computing pioneer and LGBT icon Alan Turing will grace the £50 note in 2021

Alan Turing, one of the pioneering figures in modern computing, and also a tragic one in LGBT history, will soon appear on the U.K.’s £50 note. He was selected from a shortlist of scientists and bright minds so distinguished that it must have made the decision rather difficult.

The nomination process for who would appear on the new note was open to the public, with the limitation this time that those nominated were British scientists of some form or another. Hundreds of thousands of votes and nearly a thousand names were submitted, and ultimately the list was winnowed down to the following dozen (well, 14, with two pairs; descriptions taken from the Bank of England’s summary):

Mary Anning (1799-1847) – a self-taught palaeontologist known around the world for the fossil discoveries she made in her hometown of Lyme Regis.

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) – whose research revolutionised our understanding of the universe’s smallest matter.

Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) – who drove the discovery of DNA’s structure, a critical breakthrough in our understanding of the biology of life.

Stephen Hawking (1942-2018) – who made outstanding contributions to our understanding of gravity, space and time.

William (1738-1822) and Caroline Herschel (1750-1848) – a brother and sister astronomy team devoted to uncovering the secrets of the universe.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994) – whose research using x-ray crystallography delivered ground-breaking discoveries which shaped modern science and helped save lives.

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) and Charles Babbage (1791-1871) – visionaries who imagined the computer age.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) – who made discoveries which laid the foundations for technological innovations which have transformed our way of life.

Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) – whose incredible talent for numbers helped transform modern mathematics.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) – who uncovered the properties of radiation, revealed the secrets of the atom and laid the foundations for nuclear physics.

Frederick Sanger (1918-2013) – whose pioneering research laid the foundations for our understanding of genetics.

Alan Turing (1912-1954) – whose work on early computers, code-breaking achievements and visionary ideas about machine intelligence made him one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century

Some of the best intellectual company conceivable, to be quite honest. Each of these people was enormously influential in their respective field, although as usual some didn’t get the credit they deserved while living.

Turing was of course an example of this. His work on codebreaking during World War II (alongside his many colleagues at Bletchley Park and beyond, naturally) contributed hugely to the Allied war effort by allowing them to secretly read Axis communications thought to be rendered unreadable by the ingenious Enigma system.

Bidding for this like-new Enigma Machine starts at $200,000

Part of that work, and Turing’s papers on general computing theory written at the time, laid the foundation for many of the concepts that underpin computational systems today. The modern computer is a collaboration among many people in many countries over several decades, but Turing was among the vanguard in theory and execution.

Unfortunately, not only was much of his work required to be kept secret for decades afterwards, limiting the knowledge of his accomplishments to a select few, but after the war he was later persecuted by the British government for being a gay man.

Charged with indecent acts, he was subjected to mandatory chemical “treatment” for his sexuality: humiliating and unjust compensation for a man who saved thousands, perhaps millions, of lives and helped create the defining technology of the 20th century in the process. He was found dead in his apartment, having apparently committed suicide, on June 7, 1954.

He was officially pardoned in 2014 after years of consideration and outcry, especially following both the increasing visibility and action of LGBTQIA figures in the present/, and a resurgence of interest in Turing and his collaborators’ contributions to the history of computing and the war effort.

Even with such an extraordinary story, it must have been difficult to pick Turing out from the crowd of luminaries nominated alongside him. You can check out some of the people and thought behind the decision in this video put out by the Bank of England:

The note itself isn’t finalized, but it will resemble the top image. It uses the most famous image of Turing, and will feature notes from his papers and notebooks, a picture of the Automatic Computing Engine (an early digital computer), a quote and signature, and more. Should be a handsome little bill. You’ll see it in circulation starting in 2021.