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iat235fp · 6 years ago

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Final Project Research #2

Continued from Research #1

Background Information

In the Lusatian mining region, the Czech-owned LAUSITZ ENERGIE BERGBAU AG (branded LEAG) is the only producer following the acquisition of VATTENFALL’s assets in October 2016. With total lignite output of 62.5 million tonnes in 2015, LEAG extracts lignite at Jänschwalde and Welzow-Süd in Brandenburg, as well as at Nochten and Reichwalde in Saxony.

Impacts of Lignite Mining

Environmental Impacts

Water Pollution

Drinking Water

Large quantities of sulphate enter the Spree from the dumps of the active mine in Saxony and Brandenburg. Sulphate, in the medium term, poses a threat to the drinking water supply of the capital Berlin via the Spree. The threshold value for sulphate in drinking water is 250 mg/l. Sulphate is highly inert and is carried a very long way in flowing water. Long- term consumption of water with high sulphate content can result in disturbances to our digestive systems. In addition, sulphate can damage older concrete structures, such as bridges, in particular. High sulphate content can also lead to increased algae growth in lakes which the Spree flows through and therefore destroy ecological restoration achievements to date.

Considerations & Actions

Economic Factors

Lignite sales to power plants in Lusatia amounted to 58.8 million tonnes in 2015. LAUSITZ ENERGIE KRAFTWERKE AG (also branded LEAG) is the main operator of lignite-fired power plants in the mining area with a total gross capacity of 7 175 MW (net), including Jänschwalde, Schwarze Pumpe and Boxberg power plants. In 2015, the gross power output from these plants totalled 55.6 TWh. At the end of 2015, the Lusatian mining area had a total workforce of 8 316.

Current Situation and Lignite Usage

Today, nearly a quarter of all electricity produced in Germany still comes from burning lignite, making Germany the world’s leader in the mining and burning of lignite, according to the International Energy Agency.

Nearly 90% of lignite production is used for power generation (159.3 million tonnes in 2015), accounting for 23.9% of total power generation in Germany. As a part of the “Climate Action Programme 2020”, on 1 July 2015, national political leaders, trade unions and the power plant operators jointly agreed that 2 700 MW of lignite-fired power generation capacity would be gradually transferred into a security standby reserve, starting in October 2016 and ending in October 2023. These plants will remain on standby for a period of four years after which they will be closed. This will result in a reduction in lignite demand of about 21 million tonnes by 2019, reducing annual emissions by 21 MtCO2.

Past Solutions

Alternatives: Clean Energy

Utilities are replacing coal energy sources in the future, and they are reviewing all their options, including clean energy generation sources, such as solar, wind, nuclear, biomass or geothermal, as well as substantial construction costs for new gas-fired power plants. They need to maintain a certain amount of baseload capacity in their portfolios. Wind and solar, for example, cannot fully replace coal as energy sources for electric generation, as their energy streams are variable. On the other hand, gas-fired plants are still fossil-fuel based. Nuclear reactors are very expensive to build and pose safety concerns with operation and storage of waste materials.

Success Stories of Mine Reclamation

In Colorado, USA

Recognized in 2002 by the federal officials as one of the top three national examples of mine reclamation, is the former Trapper Mine near Craig, Colorado.

The reclamation work involved grading and restoring the land to its approximate original condition and then laying topsoil. Next, erosion control measures were installed, and native vegetation was reseeded. Installation of stock ponds has benefited wildlife, as has planting of islands of shrubs, which breaks up and diversifies the vegetation, providing food and shelter for animal species.

In Inner Mongolia

In the northeastern Inner Mongolia area of China, sits the Shenhua Coal Mine. This region is also the world’s largest natural grassland, characterized by a harsh winter climate and delicate surface ecology. Which is why mine reclamation is an ongoing process in the area, carried out simultaneously with active mining.

Three primary steps are employed for the ongoing reclamation:

First, the topsoil is stripped prior to mining and stored for future use.

Then, after mining in a particular location is complete, the soil is stacked layer by layer and gradually dumped in the open pits. (By dumping the earth into open pits in the largest possible quantities immediately after mining, the amount of stripped earth on the grassland is greatly limited.)

Finally, beautification of the site, which mainly consists of introducing the appropriate flora.

The backfill and plant work are part of an ongoing process, as the amount of reclaimed land increases. Additional grass and trees are added as necessary. Much of the reclaimed land is currently used for growing fruit and vegetable crops, providing an additional source of income to the local community. To date, the total amount of reclaimed land from the Shenhua Mine covers more than 1,000 acres.

In Newcastle, England

While developing the Shotton Coal Mine in northern England, mining firm Banks Group came up with a “restoration first” approach aimed at delivering benefits to the local community while the mine is still operational.

The unique result is called “Northumberlandia,” a land sculpture in the shape of a nude female designed by architect Charles Jencks. Dubbed “the lady” by locals, the landmark was created on a flat field by importing 1.5 million tons of surplus soil and clay from the surface coal mine.

The soil was then compacted to avoid differential settlement and carved into the form of a reclining female figure. About 100 feet high and more than 1,300 feet long, the sculpture acts as the focal point of a 45-acre public park featuring three ponds and four miles of footpath.

According to Katie Perkin, communications manager at the Banks Group, part of the rationale behind the design was to create something that the local community could connect with. “People naturally associate with human features. It’s like when people see faces in the clouds — they are naturally drawn to find figures within the landscape.”

The site has been leased to a three non-profit charitable organizations, which are responsible for its long-term maintenance.

End Pit Lakes

Examples of post-mining end uses of pit lakes include recreation and tourism, wildlife conservation, aquaculture, irrigation, potable water, indsutrial water, chemical extraction and educational facilities.

Visual Approaches

Open Pit Mining / Acid Mine Drainage Diagrams

Figure 1: Visual diagrams open pit mining (before and after)

Figure 2: Simplified visual diagram of open pit mining structure

Figure 3: Visual steps on impacts of lignite strip mining

Figure 4: Solutions/Methods towards Acid Mine Drainage (water pollution)

Figure 5: Flow chart to display the various approaches used to prevent acid mine drainage

Figure 6: Chemical reaction process of mine drainage

Figure 7: Diagram demonstrating prevention measures for mine drainage problems

Figure 8: Diagram on impacts on AMD

Figure 9: Infographic of AMD Cause & Effect Cycle

Statistical and Facts Representations

Figure 10: Impacts of AMD on marine life

Figure 11: Pie chart of energy sources of German power production in 2018

Figure 12: Graph and bar charts of electricity generation and transition in Germany

Figure 13: Visual representation of the impacts of lost settlements and villages due to lignite mining

Figure 14: Bar char to display electricity generation capacity in the next 20 years

Figure 15: Visual processing of lignite - from mining to burning

Figure 16: Bar chart to display land uses before and after mining

Figure 17: Graphical summary of electricity, coal and its effects in Germany

Figure 18: Interactive map on coal power plants

Figure 19: Annex of Lignite Production

Figure 20: Annex of Lignite Consumption

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sagarj-things-blog · 7 years ago

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Bi-axially Oriented Polypropylene Market Analysis, Current and Future Trends

The global bi-axially oriented polypropylene market is undeniably fragmented; so much so, that the top seven players accounted for less than 20% of the overall market in 2015. The low shares of these manufacturers, namely, Jindal Poly Films, Taghleef Indsutries, Oben Group, Vibac Group, Cosmos Films, and Vitopel, have resulted in intense competition. Transparency Market Research predicts that the rivalry among the players is likely to be intensified by the entry of several local players.

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“The degree of competition will rise from medium to high during the forecast period as an increasing number of local manufacturers lower the cost of the final product by raising the production,” the author of the study states. The offerings of economical BOPP films by local or new players will enable them to compete with existing companies.

The expansion of production capacities and geographical expansions form a key part of the growth strategy of several companies. A case in point would be Jindal Poly Films Ltd. In November 2015, the company announced its global expansion plan, which includes an investment of over US$15 mn and the addition of three new BOPP production lines in various facilities across India, the U.S., and Europe.

Demand for Flexible Packaging Directly Impacting Demand for BOPP

BOPP is increasingly employed in flexible packaging owing to its inherent advantages such as ease of printing, low cost, inertness to food packaging, and low moisture transmission.

“The demand for BOPP will be in line with that for flexible packaging in the near future,” the author of the study predicts. The demand for flexible packaging has been on the rise thanks to the rapid growth in the pharmaceutical, food and beverages, electronics, and personal care industries and this growth is sure to impact the demand for BOPP in the coming years. The BOPP market is also fueled by the low cost and recyclability of BOPP films.

Read Report Overview @ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/biaxially-oriented-polypropylene-market.html

BOPP Market to be Deterred by Fluctuating Prices of Raw Materials

The prices of BOPP are primarily dependent on the prices of polypropylene, which have a strong correlation with crude oil. As a result, any fluctuations in the prices of crude oil impact those of BOPP. This acts as a major impediment to the global BOPP market.

On the other hand, a key opportunity for players in the BOPP market, as identified by TMR’s team of analysts, is the growing need for unique packaging and specialty BOPP films. “Manufacturers can focus on the development of new and innovative BOPP films that cater to specific requirements such as flavor and color retention, transparent, colored, or opaque films, and heat sealable films,” an analyst states.

About Us

Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company’s exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyze information.

TMR’s data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With extensive research and analysis capabilities, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques to develop distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.

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pareshtmr · 8 years ago

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Escalating Degree of Competition between Global and Local Players to Result in Lower Cost of BOPP Films, says TMR

View Exclusive Global Strategic Business Report: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=3525

Demand for Flexible Packaging Directly Impacting Demand for BOPP

BOPP is increasingly employed in flexible packaging owing to its inherent advantages such as ease of printing, low cost, inertness to food packaging, and low moisture transmission.

Browse The Full Article Here: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/biaxially-oriented-polypropylene-market.html

BOPP Market to be Deterred by Fluctuating Prices of Raw Materials

Food Leading Application Segment by Demand and Revenue

TMR predicts that the BOPP market will expand at a 5.8% CAGR from 2016 to 2024 in terms of revenue. The value of the market was pegged at US$12.7 bn in 2015 and this is projected to increase to US$20.9 bn by 2024. By volume, the market is likely to register a 6.3% CAGR during the forecast period.

The food segment holds the lead position in the overall BOPP market by application in terms of volume as well as value. The segment is projected to touch US$14.4 bn in revenue the end of the forecast period. Geographically, Asia Pacific will continue leading the global BOPP market, accounting for a volume share of 63% by 2024.

BOPP Market, by Application

Food

Tapes

Tobacco

Others (medical, consumer goods, etc.)

This review is based on the findings of a TMR report titled “Bi-axially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2013 - 2024.”

#Bi-axially Oriented Polypropylene #Bi-axially Oriented Polypropylene Industry #BOPP Market #BOPP Industry Trends

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