#Ficusbenghalensis

[noravillegreen]

So happy to finally have ficus benghalensis in store .. 😍 . . (my IG research 😂 tells me she’s also called Ficus Audrey, happy to hear your feedback if this is incorrect ... 🌿) . #ficusbenghalensis #ficusaudrey #furryficus . . Open 7 days 10am - 2pm 🏡 321 Main Rd. Toukley . Now accepting Afterpay & zipPay 🛒 . . #giantplants #zippayplants #afterpayplants #fortheloveofplants #hangingplants #plantshopping #tropicalplants #greenworld #plantshop #noravillegreen #indoorgarden #plantshopcentralcoast #centralcoastplants #goodlookingplants #houseplantssydney #plantlove #tropicalvibes #greenhouse #planthouse #houseplant #planthunter #leaflove #plantlove #rareplants #houseofplants #houseofplantlovers (at Noraville Green) https://www.instagram.com/p/B0AOodsghKQ/?igshid=dkvzdz2ng21o

[plantemporium-blog]

Huge sale is going on most of the plants! 30% off, 50% off, free shipping. Use codes and coupons. Dont forget to read our shop announcement!

Plant Emporium team

[its-bob-il]

Tel Aviv is a green city with above all a lot of different trees but the one that I prefer and that I find magnificent is the Ficus Benghalensis. It’s a majestic tree of which here is a perfect example. #ficusbenghalensis #ficustree #ficus #tree #trees #treesofinstagram #nature #naturephotography #sky #summer #beautiful #love #photooftheday #landscape #urban #urbanart #urbanphotography #street #streetphotography #urbex #urbanexplorer #israel #telaviv #tlv #telavivcity #amazing #majestic #majestic_earth #treeroots #roots (à Jabotinsky Tel Aviv) https://www.instagram.com/p/CgKSUNTsg6L/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[adamaskwhy]

Full sized Ficus benghalensis growing over a rock in Ft. Myers #trees #bonsaificus #bonsai #ficusaudrey #ficusbenghalensis (at Fort Myers, Florida) https://www.instagram.com/p/CV3_nYwp7fe/?utm_medium=tumblr

[plants-with-thomas]

When we think of a 𝘍𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘴 as a houseplant, most people probably think of the Weeping Fig (𝘍𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘯𝘫𝘢𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘢) or Fiddle Leaf Fig (𝘍𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘭𝘺𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘢). However, their cousin the Indian Banyan (𝘍𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘯𝘨𝘩𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘴), aka "Ficus Audrey," has recently been gaining popularity. My specimen has definitely been gaining my appreciation and admiration! #plantstagram #plantsofinstagram #plantsmakepeoplehappy #houseplant #houseplants #houseplantsofinstagram #gardening #nature #naturephotography #foliage #figtree #ficus #ficusaudrey #ficusbenghalensis https://www.instagram.com/p/CSXSCvkLTlz/?utm_medium=tumblr

[sumsgreenthumbs]

I can always hear Emerald following me around but he can be difficult to spot. He loves to hang upside down and stare at me while I’m working. Apparently he also loves snacking on the root apical meristems of this Ficus benghalensis aka banyan tree. #bloedelconservatory #parakeet #lineolatedparakeet #ficusbenghalensis #banyantree #plantmagic #birds #birdsofinstagram #vancity #vancouverisawesome #morning #tropicalplants #plantmagic #plantsarefriends #birdistheword (at Bloedel Conservatory)

[thebristolrainforest]

I don't care that it's Winter outside, tge growing doesn't stop. We've changed our indoor lighting to daylight LED and the plants love it. This Ficus Benghalensis is enjoying the Eternal Sunshine. #ficusbenghalensis #banyantree #thebristolrainforest #proudplantpeople #learningtosee #happytrees #happyplantpeople #earlychildhoodeducation #happyplants #colourofjoy #plantsforhappiness #iloveplants #weloveplants #plantmindfulness #helpidentifyplants #thebristolrainforest #proudplantpeople #learningtosee #happytrees #happyplantpeople #earlychildhoodeducation #colourofjoy #colourofhappiness #plantloversoftheworldunite #joyofplants #medicinalplants #beautiful #cute #nature #houseplantsofinstagram #indoorplantsofinstagram #houseplantlover #houseplantlove #indoorplants (at Bristol, United Kingdom) https://www.instagram.com/p/CHx55rpD-Cp/?igshid=1cwkni4td7bt0

[forestsindia]

Maharashtra government gives heritage tree tags to conserve natural wealth https://www.forests.in/latest/maharashtra-government-gives-heritage-tree-tags-to-conserve-natural-wealth/

[dizzy-n]

✨ficus benghalensis variegated🌳✨ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ #ficus #ficusbenghalensis #variegated #variegatedleaves #variegatedplants #tropicaltree #tropicaltrees #foliage #foliage_love #beautifulleaves #leavesonlyleaves #tropicalleaves #tropicalleaf #global_nature_trees #bns_ladies #bns_trees #bns_asian #tv_nature #wu_asia #natureloversgallery #sprouts #still_life_nature #okinawa🌺 #loves_united_asia #nature_brilliance_trees #ig_asia 🌳 (Okinawa｜沖縄) https://www.instagram.com/p/CDBTrMfDq12/?igshid=1depjhkmkt9pu

[molnlyckegc]

Banianfikusen kommer ursprungligen från varma delar av Indien och Pakistan där den växer som riktigt stora träd men lustigt nog är den också mycket lättodlad som krukväxt. Toppa den när den blir för stor så grenar den sig snyggt och var noga med att inte placera den allt för nära ett fönster eller en dörr där ni vädrar på vintern så blir detta en av dina riktigt långvariga klenoder. 495kr/st. #ficus #ficusbenghalensis #banianfikus #baniantree #krukväxtgäris #krukväxtinspo #inredmedväxter #mölnlyckegardencenter (på/i Mölnlycke Garden Center) https://www.instagram.com/p/B2SDRE-ocTG/?igshid=to4idaqqx03q

[tkvelvet-blog]

VELVETの植物 【フィカス・ベンガレンシス】 クワ科フィカス属 ・・・・・ インドや東南アジアの熱帯地域に生息するゴムの木の仲間です。 インドのベンガル地方が原産地のため“ベンガルゴム”や“ベンガルボダイジュ”とも呼ばれ、原生地では30mを超える高さまで成長します。 葉脈のくっきり出る葉と白く美しい幹が特徴です。 日なたを好みますが、耐陰性があるため室内でも育て易い植物です。 ・・・・・ こちらの植物は通販も承っております。 お問い合わせはダイレクトメッセージ（DM）または、電話・メール（info@velvet-jp.com）まで、お気軽にどうぞ。 ・・・・・ VELVET ベルベット 〒550-0003 大阪市西区京町堀1-10-2 Plaisir deux京町堀 102 TEL:06-6450-8355 http://velvet-jp.com OPEN:13:00〜21:00 ・・・・・ #selectshop #lifestyleshop #セレクトショップ #セレクトショップ大阪 #ライフスタイルショップ #velvet #velvetosaka #green #plants #botanical #植物 #植物のある暮らし #観葉植物のある暮らし #インテリアグリーン #ficus #ficusbenghalensis #ベンガルゴム #ベンガルボダイジュ #京町堀 #靱公園 #肥後橋 #大阪 (VELVET)

[vallaritreelove]

14 days till I get back home...to these #banyantree figs! . . . I never thought when I clicked this photo two years back that one day I would be studying fig trees in Delhi! #figtrees are #keystone species in forests, but I want to understand their role in cities. I have seen several species of birds munching away on these tasty #figs even in the middle of the city. Do you have any interesting stories or sightings to share? . . #figandsemal #urbannature #urbanecology #urbanbiodiversity #natureindelhi #delhidiaries #newdelhi #ficusbenghalensis . . #Repost @thecityisbutagarden ・・・ Figs or Fruits of a Ficus Benghalensis/ Banyan tree. Have you noticed that Fig trees have no visible flowers? They have inflorescence or very tiny flowers encompassed by an enlarged and fleshy fig. Since these flowers can't be pollinated by wind, they are actually pollinated and dependent on special insects called fig wasps! Every species of fig trees requires the services of a unique species of the wasp. #fig #florafauna #figwasps #banyan #ficus #trees #thecityisbutagarden #vvtreelove #trees #lovetrees #savetrees #planttrees #treesofdelhi #delhi #eco #plant #green (at Vasant Vihar, Delhi)

[noravillegreen]

My funny looking Ficus, she’s growing a bit odd, but I think she’s a keeper 🌱 . . Trying to figure out if this is #ficusbenghalensis aka #ficusaudrey or #ficusaltissima anyone know ? 🤔 she has a fine fur all over ... . . . #plantstyling #plantdesign #plantfolk #greenlifestyle #plantstyle #plantfinder #statementplant #junglevibes #houseplantscentralcoast #tropicalplants #leaflove #foliage #gardenlife #houseplants #plants #planthouse #shadeplants #rareplants #plantscout #planthunter #greenhouse #plantpeople #norahhead #noraville #centralcoastplants #centralcoastnsw . . Now Available ✨ Trade at Noraville Green 🌱 . To apply email trade@noravillegreen.com (at Noraville Green)

[rurouni-neko]

the #great #banyan #tree at #queens #garden #paxton street #northward #townsville #queensland #australia #ficusbenghalensis #queensgarden ##greatbanyan #picturenature #wanderingcat #catgoesdownunder #aussie #mobilephotography #komorebi #木漏れ日 #こもれび #travellingcat #travels #travel #memorymonday (at Townsville, Queensland)

[thebristolrainforest]

Banyan trees thriving under our artificial clouds and lights in our nursery school's rainforest. #banyantree #ficusbenghalensis #stphilipsmarshnursery #thebristolrainforest #proudplantpeople #learningtosee #happytrees #happyplantpeople #earlychildhoodeducation #happyplants #colourofjoy #plantsforhappiness #iloveplants #weloveplants #plantmindfulness #helpidentifyplants #thebristolrainforest #proudplantpeople #learningtosee #happytrees #happyplantpeople #earlychildhoodeducation #colourofjoy #colourofhappiness #plantloversoftheworldunite #joyofplants #medicinalplants #beautiful #cute #nature #houseplantsofinstagram #indoorplantsofinstagram #houseplantlover #houseplantlove #indoorplants (at St Philip's Marsh Nursery School) https://www.instagram.com/p/CEr6lfxD6HU/?igshid=zrznp03dubsu

[juniperpublisherscasestudies]

Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Case Studies

Predisposing Factors for Murosere

Authored by Anil K Dwivedi

Abstract

Murophytes is a novel hybrid term, the original terms “mural” stands for wall and the term “phytes” stands for the plants of the flora. Therefore, the term murophytes means the plants growing over the walls or buildings. The term Murosere stands for the development of different stages of plants growing over the buildings. The paper deals with the study of site and colonization mode of plants on the wall of historical buildings, monuments, houses, civil engineering structure and drainage pipes etc. The biophysical weathering of building as well as that of many monuments is a problem identified since antiquity. The study deal with the various species of genus Ficus found growing over the buildings and playing very dominant role in damaging the buildings. The three Ficus species, Ficusreligiosa, Ficusbenghalensis and Ficusglomerata are mostly growing over the buildings. These three Ficus species are mostly responsible for uprooting of plasters, widening of gap or cracks and crevices and deterioration of upper surface of building and causing considerable and visible damage of the buildings. Seeds of Ficus species are produced by method of dispersal or by physical and biological agents. In the present paper the Ficus species with reference to some preventive action to controls the damage of heritage buildings has been discussed.

Keywords: Murophyte; Murosere; Monuments; Ficus; Plants

Introduction

Architecture can be described as the sum of the social economic political and cultural developments. The places people live in also live for years. The representative of architectural heritage each has its own architectural historical and cultural message have undertaken a social duty to give cultural message to their environment and future generation. Architecture taking place at the intersection zone of technique and art is the physical and permanent sign of social and economic life cultural and national structural cultural [1]. The historical monuments sustained from past to present have worn out to various effects and disappeared in short periods due to lack of care. The deteriorations on the construction materials have occurred not only because of the year but also mostly due to the environment and the other is material of construction. The buildings are unfavorably affected from changing natural environment and climate conditions [2]. Climate can be defined as the whole atmospheric events such as rain fall, temperature, wind, pressure and humidity that cause certain damages on the monumental buildings for years.

Plant can live in aquatic, terrestrial and organic environments. Their growth influenced by many parameters. There are habitats in which the extreme condition leads to the selection of species with morphological and physiological adaptation enabling them to survive. Walls constitute a specialized microhabitat; since they are built by man, they are restricted to inhibited areas. Murophytes developed in historical periods in which civilized man constructed buildings .The oldest wall or those most characteristically covered in vegetation. In general it is possible to distinguish stone which is an integral part of inhibited building, stonework on the ground (part of old fortifications, roads, etc.) and isolated walls The term Murosere stands for the development of different stages of plants growing over the buildings. The best habitats are provided by retaining walls; through the cracks the earth supplies moisture, particles of soil and nutrients. Hence the factors promoting the colonization of a wall by murophytes are its edaphic preferences, the quantity of seeds produced and the method of dispersal [3].

The following predominating factors are responsible for growth and developments of murophytes:

Availability of water

Exposure

Light

Substrate

Nutrients

Shady place

Birds excitements

Type of building structure

Edaphic Preferences

Specie and environment dependent:

Volume of substrate available

Type of substrate

Exposure

Moisture requirements for germination and reproduction

Dispersal Methods

In order of decreasing advantage:

Anemochory due to lightness of seeds

Anemochory due to special structures (pappi, wings, etc.)

Myrmecochory

Zoochory

Other dispersal mechanism (Figure 1 & 2)

Water

Water is an impartment factor to growth and development of murophyte. Naturally the availability of water varies with the type of surface and its exposure. It is one of the essential conditions for the establishment and maintenance of vegetation (Figure 3).

Exposure

The exposure of the wall is important above all in relation to the main direction of the rain. Arid wall exposed to the sun for many hours of the day determine strict selection of the murophytes. Southern exposures absorb more solar radiation than northern exposures. In mountain communities, northern exposures will have shorter growing seasons [4]. In mountain communities gardeners often place warm season plants, like tomatoes, on the south side of buildings to capture more heat (Figure 4).

Light

Light is the essential for photosynthesis a process by which plants manufacturer their food. Therefore the quality duration and intensity of light available to the plants is of most important in their growth on monuments or buildings. The growth of murophytes is limited in condition of low light (Figure 5).

Substrate

This is one of the key factors for evaluating the adaptability of plant is certain situations. The formation of substrate does not regard only the manner in which the wall is built but also biotic (decomposition by microorganism) and abiotic (climatic agents and atmospheric pollution) factors [5]. These factors contribute to the crumbling of lime mortor, leading to the formation of fissures and cavities within the walls. Substrate rich in detritus can form in these spaces with the auxiliary of atmospheric dust, bird excrement, human wastes, bryophytes, lichens, bacteria and fungi normally present in soil. Moss often creates the environment necessary for the germination of seeds in some cases the relations between tracheophytes and bryophytes are regulated by inhibitory allelophathic mechanisms. In fact substances which inhibit seed germination and root growth of higher plant have been isolated bryophytes. e.g., Lunaric acid from Lunularia Cruciata (L). In other cases the moss gametophyte constituting on absorbent surface, collects dust and other material. The resulting substrate of organic and inorganic residues can host the germination of seeds. Plants surviving in such environments often have reduced vegetative and reproductive parts; since the mural habitat does not permit them to develop to normal size. Places facilitating the rooting of plants of this type may be protruding shelves or irregular surfaces which provide space for the build-up detritus or soil [6]. The amount of substrate needed for Seed germination varies from specie to species. Shrub and tree (chamaephytes, phanerophytes) require more substrate and therefore prefer to grow along earth- fill walls offering a substantial amount of soil (Figure 6).

Nutrients

The availability and type of nutrients present in the substrate also play an important role in the growth of plant. Nutrients can be either organic or inorganic in nature [7]. The organic nutrients may be either an impurity in the substrate or decomposition product of other microorganism. The inorganic nutrients are usually the mineral constituents of the substrates (Figure 7).

Bird’s Excretion

Seeds of murophytes like Ficus species migrate their primary sources (mother trees) in the nearby vicinity to the buildings via by biological victors (birds and mammals), their role was confirmed in dispersal of plants seeds through scatological studied. Birds and animals occupy these places for shelter, nesting, feeding, wintering, roosting etc. They enjoy eating plants fruits and consequently disperse seeds through their scat and droppings. Many animals dispose off their dropping on walls of the buildings. The rain washes the droppings and seeds are further dispersed. The plants seed are light in weight, hence easily shifted by flow of runoff and occupy appropriate germination sites (Figure 8).

Building Structure

The architecture of old buildings and the magnificent carvings for beautification provides more anchoring points for the settlement of seeds. Horizontal and vertical folds and joints in the carvings act as a capillary and facilitate the seed to settle with the movement of water [8]. The uprooted or damaged plaster of a wall provides favorable sites for germination of murophytes [9]. Walls have many primary seed traps, where the seeds are initially captured in building. After the growth of the plants, walls are further damaged and they provide secondary and tertiary seeds traps too. This will result in the successive damage of buildings and make them more vulnerable [10] (Figure 9).

Conclusion

These predominating factors which are involved in the deterioration have occurred not only because of the age of the structure but also mostly due to the environmental conditions and factors. Climate can be defined as the certain atmospheric events such as rainfall, temperature, wind, pressure and humidity that cause certain damages on the bridge, house, concrete buildings, monumental buildings etc., in the course of time.

The most important factor related to the deterioration encountered on the monumental and building structure and to growth and development of murophytes is the “humidity” factor. In general water and moisture act on structures as “rising from soil”, “condensing” and “rainwater”.

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