#European home textile market share

[mordormr]

The European Home Textile Market: Growth, Trends, and Future Outlook 

The European home textile market is on a steady upward trajectory, reflecting a blend of innovation, consumer demand, and evolving shopping behaviors. With a market size projected to reach USD 34.42 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 1.23% from USD 32.37 billion in 2024, the industry showcases significant growth prospects. This article delves into the key dynamics shaping the market, including product segmentation, distribution channels, and regional insights. 

Market Overview 

The European home textile market is characterized by its robust growth, driven by urbanization, improved living standards, and a rising preference for high-quality and aesthetically pleasing home textiles. Major European economies, including Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Italy, are prominent players in the home textile export sector, while the region remains a major importer of textiles from developing countries. 

Key Market Drivers 

Urbanization and Improved Quality of Living: The increasing rate of urbanization across Europe is contributing to a higher demand for home textiles, as consumers seek to enhance their living spaces with quality bedding, towels, blankets, and covers. 

Technological Innovations: The introduction of digital textile printing has revolutionized the industry by offering limitless design possibilities and color variations, significantly enhancing consumer choices. 

Post-Pandemic Trends: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the growth of online shopping for home textiles. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands have seen substantial increases in online purchasing, leading manufacturers to expand their digital presence.  

Technological Innovations 

The adoption of digital printing technologies has set a new benchmark in the home textile industry. This advancement enables manufacturers to produce textiles with intricate designs and vibrant colors, catering to the diverse preferences of European consumers. Additionally, sustainability initiatives such as the CISUTAC project are gaining momentum, promoting eco-friendly practices in textile production. 

Market Trends 

Increased Online Shopping: The rise in e-commerce has reshaped the home textile market, with more consumers preferring to shop online for convenience and variety. 

Demand for Customization: Consumers are increasingly looking for personalized home textiles, driven by advancements in digital printing technologies. 

Sustainability Focus: There is a growing emphasis on sustainability, with companies investing in eco-friendly materials and practices. 

Regional Insights 

Germany remains the largest market for home textiles in Europe, attracting global manufacturers due to its expansive market size and significant import value. The bed linen segment, driven by high consumer demand for quality and design, continues to be a major focus for manufacturers. 

Conclusion 

The European home textile market is poised for steady growth, fueled by urbanization, technological advancements, and shifting consumer preferences. As the market evolves, companies must adapt to the increasing demand for online shopping and sustainable practices to stay competitive. 

[sgiandubh]

When you do not know a thing about the issue at stake...

...perhaps it's better to remain silent.

Some of you know, others don't - and that's fine - but my main field of expertise is labor law.

I just read this in anger and disbelief:

Look, lady. I don't care who the hell you are, what you do for a living or why you felt entitled to answer those insistent questions on your side of the fandom. I suppose you are North American and have no idea of how things work on this side of the pond. It is fine: I might know what a Congress filibuster is, for example, but I'd be severely unable to judge the finer points of competence sharing between Fed and state level.

The difference between you and me?

I keep my mouth shut and/or do my own research before opening it in public.

Have you no shame to write things like: 'It was discovered clothing factories in Bulgaria and Portugal made it and how workers were exploited, mostly women, because these factories were in special economic zones in these countries exempt from EU employee rights and regulations.'

HOW DARE YOU? What strange form of illiterate entitlement possessed you to utter such things with confidence, comfortably hidden behind a passive voice ('it was discovered')?

Portugal joined the EU in 1986. Bulgaria (and my country) joined the EU in 2007. I have given 5 relentless years of my life to make this collective political project a reality, along with hundreds of other people my age who chose to come back home from the West and put their skills to good use for their country. In doing so, I rejected more than 10 excellent corporate job offers in France and China. To see you come along and write such enormities is like having you spit in my face.

Article 4 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (aka The Treaty of Rome) is formal and clear, as far as competence sharing between the EU and its Member States goes (the UK was still, back then, a full member of the EU - it quit on February 1st 2020):

That means that ALL the EU regulations are being integrated into the national legislation of the Member States. This is not a copy/paste process, however. And because it is a shared competence area, the Member States have a larger margin of appreciation into making the EU rules a part of their own. While exceptions or delays in this process can be and are negotiated, the core principles are NEVER touched.

Read it one hundred times, madam, maybe you'll learn something today:

THERE ARE NO SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION. THE WHOLE FUCKING EUROPEAN UNION IS A SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, THIS IS WHY IT IS CALLED THE SINGLE MARKET.

What the fuck do you think we are, Guangzhou? We'd wish, seeing the growth statistics!

Now, for the textile industry sector and particularly with regard to the Bulgarian market, a case very similar to my own country. Starting around 1965, many big European textile players realized the competitive advantage of using the lower paid, readily available Eastern European workforce. In order to be able to do business with all those dour Communist regimes, the solution was simple and easy to find: toll manufacturing.

It worked (and still does!) like this:

The foreign partner brings its own designs, textiles and know-how into the mix - or more simply put, it outsources all these activities. The locals transform it into the finished product, using their own workforce. The result is then re-exported to the foreign partner, who labels it and sells it. In doing so, he has the legal obligation to include provenance on the label ('made in Romania', 'made in Indonesia', 'made in Bulgaria' - you name it).

The reason you might find less and less of those 'made in ' labels nowadays at Primark and more and more at Barbour, Moncler and the such is the constant raise of the workers' wages in Eastern Europe since 1990 (things happened there, in 1989, maybe you remember?). We are not competitive anymore for midrange prêt-à-porter - China (Shein, anyone?), Cambodia and Mexico do come to mind as better suppliers. To speak about 'exploited female labourers in rickety old factories' is an insult and a lie. They weren't exploited back in the Eighties, as they are not now (workers in those factories were and still are easily paid about 50% more than all the rest) and the factories being modernized and constantly updated was always a mandatory clause in any contract of the sort. Normal people in our countries rarely or ever saw those clothes. You had to either be lucky enough for a semi-confidential store release or bribe someone working there and willing to take the risk, in order to be able to buy the rejected models on the local market.

If I understood correctly, you place this critical episode at the launch of the limited SRH & Barbour collection, for the fall of 2018. How convenient for you, who (I am told by trusted people) were one of the most vocal critics of S during Hawaii 2.0!

And as far as Barbour goes, it never pretended to manufacture everything in the UK only:

This information is absolutely true. You can read the whole statement, signed in October 2017 by one of their Directors, Ian Sime, here: https://www.barbour.com/us/media/wysiwyg/PDF/Ethical_Statement_October_2017.pdf

And a snapshot for you:

Oh, and: SEDEX is a behemoth in its world, with more than 75.000 companies joining as a member (https://www.sedex.com/become-a-member/meet-our-customers/). Big corporations like TESCO, Dupont, Nestle, Sainsbury's or Unilever included.

I am not Bulgarian, but I know all of this way better than you'll probably ever do. The same type of contracts were common all over Eastern Europe: Romania, Poland, the GDR (that's East Berlin and co, for you) and even the Soviet Union. I am also sure your Portuguese readers will be thrilled to see themselves qualified by a patronizing North American as labor exploiters living in a third-world country with rickety factories.

You people have no shame and never did. But you just proved with trooping colors you also have no culture and no integrity. More reasons to not regret my unapologetic fandom choice.

I expect an angry and very, very vulgar answer to this, even if I chose to not include your name/handle. The stench of your irrelevance crossed an ocean.

[xofanfics]

Lost For Words - Part III

Part I | Part II | Part III | Part IV

Genre: angst, fluff, smut 🥺🤗🥵

Pairing: Reader x Kun // Reader x Taeyong

Word Count: 2.9k

Summary: You have the best boyfriend you could’ve asked for. Things take an interesting turn as you befriend your new coworker, exploring the blurred lines between friendship and something more.

“Introducing "ElysianGlow" – a prestigious international beauty brand poised to revolutionize your entire beauty and skincare ritual. With its European elegance and a mission to cater to every facet of your beauty journey, ElysianGlow stands at the forefront of luxury. As it sets its sights on the vibrant Korean market, this brand promises to bring an unmatched fusion of cultures, innovation, and indulgence to your daily beauty regimen…”

It was the last presentation of the day and you were exhausted. After hearing so many speakers, being exposed to so many new products, and taking in so much information, you felt a little overstimulated. You’d all been taking notes all day as you saw interesting things your competitors were doing. 

Your team dipped out a little early, in the hopes of avoiding the herds of people trying to exit the convention center at the same time. Outside the venue, Valentina said, “Good job, everyone. I saw a lot of you taking notes today. I want to do a larger meeting sometime next week or the week after to discuss our takeaways. I think that there was a lot of useful information we can use in our global marketing plans.” She smiled with a nod. “Anyway, I was thinking that we should go back to the hotel, freshen up, and then head out to get dinner?”

There were nods and murmurs of agreement, so David looked down at his watch. “It’s 5:09 now, so how about we meet in the lobby at 6:15PM. Who wants to be in charge of finding a restaurant?”

Hina waved her hand excitedly. “I can find a place!”

Valentina raised a cautious eyebrow at Hina, recalling the last time that Hina had chosen a restaurant. “Let’s try to keep it under three dollar signs this time, yeah?”

*

You and Hina took advantage of the time you had to freshen up before dinner. You began rummaging through your suitcase, tossing two dresses onto your bed. Hina, on the other hand, sat cross-legged on her own bed scrolling on her phone, ready to give her opinions as needed. 

Your phone buzzed on the dresser, and you picked it up, recognizing your boyfriend's contact name popping up on the screen.

"Hey," you said, balancing the phone between your shoulder and ear as you slipped out of your pants.

"Hey, how was the first day?" he asked. “Are you finished now?”

"It was great!" you replied with enthusiasm. "We all have a bunch of ideas. Valentina said we’ll have a meeting next week about it, so I’m excited to share.”

You could practically hear his smile through the phone. "That's great to hear. I can’t wait to hear all about your ideas when you’re back at home. Do you have dinner plans for tonight?”

“Yeah, Hina is actually in charge of looking for a place,” you said, glancing at her. “Hopefully she picks somewhere good.”

Hina stuck her tongue out at you and laughed, bringing a chuckle out of you as well. 

“Okay, well, have fun at dinner. And if you’re going to be drinking tonight, don’t forget to drink a lot of water.”

"I will," you promised, feeling a rush of warmth for your supportive boyfriend. You tossed the phone on the bed and pulled out a dress from your suitcase. 

*

An hour later, the group gathered in the hotel lobby, ready for a well-deserved dinner outing after a long day. Hina had strategically chosen a Thai restaurant within walking distance.

Upon arrival, the restaurant's ambiance whisked you away to a far-off tropical paradise. Intricate wooden carvings adorned the walls, vibrant textiles draped from the ceiling, and the scent of spices filled the air. The decor was a seamless blend of charm and cultural authenticity, making you feel as though you were on vacation.

With everyone seated, Valentina seized the moment and confidently ordered a round of drinks for the table. While they excitedly waited for their alcoholic beverages to arrive, they decided to order appetizers to try and share. A few moments later, the drinks arrived, following a clink of glasses and the chorus of cheers.

David placed his drink down on the table and clapped his hands together. "Now that we're not at the conference anymore, let’s talk about something other than work for a change…" Laughter rippled through the group as everyone welcomed the idea. 

A few more drinks later, your steaming plate of drunken noodles made its grand entrance to the table. The thick rice noodles glistened with a rich, dark sauce, topped with tender slices of chicken, colorful bell peppers, and vibrant Thai basil leaves.

Kevin, your jovial coworker, leaned toward Taeyong, who was sitting across from you. "Hey, Taeyong," he teased, "I saw you talking to that pretty girl at lunch earlier. Who was that? Did you get her number?"

Taeyong's cheeks tinged with a slight blush at the sudden question. "She was pretty," he admitted, his voice carrying a hint of bashfulness. He glanced in your direction to see if you’d react, but you were reaching across the table for a leftover spring roll instead. "She told me that her name was Ari and she works at one of our competitors. But, uh, I didn't get her number."

"Yeah, Taeyong, maybe you should date the competition so we can find out their secrets," said Valentina with a laugh.

Kevin couldn't resist but add, "Honestly… I'm surprised you don't already have a girlfriend.."

Hina playfully agreed, "Definitely, Taeyong, you've got the looks. Sorry, Kevin, but he's got you beat."

Kevin nodded with a chuckle and said, “That’s fair.”

Taeyong found himself lost in contemplation, wondering if it was time to move on, given your existing relationship. Everyone seemed to enjoy their evening, unaware of the thoughts swirling around in his head like a storm. He went back and forth with his emotions, unsure of where to go from here, as the possibility of a future without you weighed on his mind.

* After dinner, the group ended up splitting up. Some of your colleagues decided to call it a night, retreating to the comfort of their hotel rooms and call it a night. Those who still had some energy left decided to head out for a night on the town, determined to make the most of their time in Incheon. Before the group split in two, Valentina issued a gentle reminder about the early morning conference session, a subtle hint to keep the night's festivities in check.

Among your coworkers in the group, and a relatively new addition to the team, Seolyun stood out as the point person for all things social media. She was the person who always seemed to have a recommendation, whether it was a new restaurant opening up, a trendy pop-up opening, or a cafe hidden in the backstreets. 

In no time at all, she found a trendy bar not too far from the restaurant. The bar had two floors, along with a rooftop. Each floor, according to the reviews, had a different vibe. And the rooftop seemed to have an amazing view, which was perfect for taking pictures. 

You could feel the lively energy on the first floor as you entered. While you waited for your friends to get their IDs checked, you took a look around. Laughter and conversation filled the air, in combination with the beat of electronic music that had quite a few people up and dancing. People were engaged in animated conversations, clinking glasses, and sharing smiles. It seemed like the perfect place to start on a night out. 

As you walked up to the second floor, you noticed a subtle shift in the vibe. Here, the mood was more intimate and relaxed. The decor took on a cozier, lounge-like feel, with plush seating arrangements that were great for deeper conversations. The music, while still upbeat, had a more gentle feeling and allowed for more conversation over dancing. The lighting was dimmed, casting a darker and more romantic aura. It was an ideal spot for those looking to enjoy time away from the loud music and actually have a conversation.

As you all ascended the stairs to the rooftop, the night breeze welcomed you, carrying the pulsating rhythms of music and offering a breathtaking view of the city's twinkling lights. The ambiance was mellow, with cozy seating arrangements and soft lighting, perfect for unwinding. Interestingly enough, the roof wasn’t the most crowded area, and there was more than enough room for everyone to get comfortable at the bar. 

Kevin insisted on shots, saying, “Look how beautiful it is out here. Nothing says a night out like a shot of tequila!” Despite a groan or two, everyone accepted Kevin’s idea of taking shots. 

“Cheers!” you said, a moment later, clinking the small glasses with your colleagues. You gulped down the liquid fire with more ease than you thought. 

As Seolyun finished her shot, she said, “Let’s go dance!”

*

Taeyong, while certainly up for a night out on the town, wasn't quite in the dancing mood tonight. Instead, he chose to linger on the rooftop, where he could savor the serene night view while sipping on a glass of whiskey.

He gazed out into the city, taking in the twinkling sky above. He took a sip of his whiskey even though he had no business mixing light and dark liquor. I’ll be fine, he decided. Even though he and the others were in Incheon for business, he was having more fun than he’d had in quite some months. Living in Seoul without many friends had been a little hard on him, but he felt a little less lonely during the week while he was surrounded with his coworkers. And he felt less lonely when he was with you. He felt at ease when he was with you. Despite your unfortunate relationship status, he enjoyed platonic moments with you. Being friends with you was better than nothing at all, he thought.

In his peripheral vision, he saw someone sit down but he didn’t bother looking up, as he was enveloped in his thoughts. Suddenly, your voice filled his ears and interrupted his thoughts. “The view up here is something else, huh?” He turned and the corners of his lips curled into a small smile as you settled beside him on the couch.

“I’m enjoying it,” he said, taking another sip of his drink. “I thought you wanted to dance?”

"You know, I wasn't really feeling the music down there," you admitted with a soft laugh. "But it looks like the others are having the time of their lives, so I thought I’d come back up here and keep you company.” 

The two of you started talking, just some lighthearted conversation. A few moments later, Taeyong shook his head. "Sorry - where are my manners? Did you want another drink?”

You glanced at his nearly empty glass and then back at him, a thoughtful expression on your face. "I think I'm good for now," you replied, a faint smile touching your lips. "I'd hate for you to see me too drunk."

Taeyong chuckled softly, his gaze lingering on your face. "I wouldn't judge you," he assured. 

As you continued to talk, Taeyong found himself getting lost in your eyes, your presence, and the way you laughed at his jokes. His heart raced as he realized how much he had grown to like you. At this point, he could feel the tension building, an almost magnetic force that he had never experienced before. It was a potent mixture of desire, guilt, and admiration. He knew he was getting close to the danger zone and he found himself unable to deny the connection that seemed to pull him closer to you with each passing moment.

Unable to resist the pull between you two, Taeyong leaned in and kissed you, his lips meeting yours in a tender, sweet embrace. It was a moment of surrender to the intense connection that had been building, a silent acknowledgment of his desires. A few seconds later he pulled away, realizing how crazy all of this was. He’d lost his mind for a moment, he concluded.

Your eyes met, just for a moment. Time seemed to stop as you gazed deeply into his eyes. In that moment, Taeyong’s senses were completely taken over by you. He could only smell the faint scent of your perfume. He could only taste your lips. He could only see you.

But just as Taeyong was about to voice his apologies and regrets, the unexpected happened. Your lips crashed into his once more, igniting a wild, uncontainable fire of longing and desire. In that moment, nothing else mattered – not your boyfriend, not the complications of being coworkers – as you both gave in to the irresistible pull of passion. Lost in the kiss, you and Taeyong allowed yourselves to be swept away, indulging in a connection that defied all logic and reason. 

The intense chemistry between you and Taeyong became an undeniable truth that neither of you could ignore.

***

You woke up in the morning, before your alarm. You recalled the events of the previous night and, of course, that amazing kiss you shared with Taeyong. It was wrong, you knew, but something about it just felt so right. 

Kun [7:31AM] Good morning, beautiful. Hope you had fun last night! Enjoy the rest of the conference today ❤️ 

As you looked at the good morning text from the man that was actually your boyfriend, you couldn’t help but feel incredibly guilty. You had a man who loved and cared about you, yet you’d had the audacity to kiss another man.

What was frustrating you the most was that you hadn’t even ever thought of Taeyong that way. You found him attractive, yes, but everyone found him attractive - even Kevin. He was a physically attractive looking man - simple. But you didn’t have to cross that line with him and you did anyway. Then, to top it all off, you kissed him on your own. After that first kiss, you should’ve stopped. Unfortunately, something came over you and you initiated that second kiss. 

Should you tell Kun? You wondered. No, you thought, he’d never forgive you. Should you break up with him? Was that too much? Was leaving him just running from the problem? 

Should you set a boundary with Taeyong? Should you tell him that it can’t ever happen again? God, but you liked it! You liked it so much and you wanted more of it. That was the problem. 

You’d never felt tension with Taeyong before. You weren’t sure if it was because the two of you had been drinking or if it was because it was an intimate setting. Maybe it was because you hadn’t really had many moments to be alone together like that. You didn’t know. All you knew was that you could almost taste his lips on yours. 

Hina’s alarm started going off, bringing you back into reality. You almost wanted to tell her, but that would just bring up unnecessary questions and drama. So, you decided that you were going to leave it alone all together and do your best to act normal and keep your cool.

After successfully avoiding Taeyong during breakfast and most of the morning programming, he caught you during lunchtime as you were grabbing a water bottle. He lightly grazed your hand and, as you turned to face him, he said, “Can we talk?”

“Uh, yeah,” you said. “Sure.”

Taeyong led you out of the cafeteria and upstairs to the second floor. This floor was quiet, as everyone was downstairs eating. You followed him into a random room where he closed the door behind you. The air seemed to crackle with unspoken tension.

Taeyong took a deep breath, his eyes filled with a mix of vulnerability and longing. "I can't stop thinking about last night,” he confessed, his voice barely above a whisper, “and what happened between us...” 

Your heart echoed his sentiments, a mixture of desire and inner turmoil. "Taeyong," you began, a sigh leaving your lips, "I can’t stop thinking about it either.”

“What do we do?”

You let out a frustrated sigh. “I-I don’t know. I have a boyfriend and I care about him. Things are just…complicated.”

Taeyong nodded, his understanding gaze never leaving yours. "I don't want to complicate your life," he said, his voice soft but filled with yearning. "But I don’t know if we can just ignore this."

Taeyong came a little closer, pulling you into his arms. In his embrace, you felt safe, as if the world outside ceased to exist.

Unable to resist any longer, your lips brushed against Taeyong's, igniting a longing that had been building up inside you. But you both knew the complications of your situation.

With a whisper, you said, "We should get back..."

Taeyong let go of you, reluctantly and eyes still filled with longing. You needed to leave. If you looked into his eyes any longer, you might just kiss him again. As he watched you leave the room, the connection between you remained, an unspoken promise that the chemistry you shared would continue to pull you closer, even if the path forward remained uncertain.

***

General Taglist: @to-all-the-stories-i-love @sweetnspicy-noona

Lost for Words Taglist: @ridinjuyeon

[industrynewsupdates]

Textile Recycling Market Growth: Key Drivers and Opportunities

The global textile recycling market was valued at USD 4,632.4 million in 2022 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is largely driven by increasing environmental concerns about the growing volume of textile waste and rising social awareness surrounding the need for more sustainable solutions. As the global population becomes more conscious of the environmental impact of textile waste, the demand for textile recycling is expected to surge over the forecast period.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), textile waste occupies approximately 5% of landfill space in the U.S. Textile waste is generated at an alarming rate, with the U.S. alone producing around 25 billion pounds of textiles each year, equivalent to roughly 82 pounds per citizen. These statistics underscore the urgent need for effective recycling solutions in the textile industry. As more attention is focused on the consequences of textile waste, from landfill disposal to incineration, it is expected that textile recycling will play an increasingly important role in reducing environmental harm.

Textile waste recycling offers significant environmental benefits, particularly in terms of resource conservation and reducing carbon emissions. Upcycling—a key approach in textile recycling—maximizes the conservation of water, raw materials, and energy, while minimizing the negative environmental impact. By reusing and repurposing old textiles, upcycling prevents the need for virgin resources and helps reduce the demand for raw materials. The impact of textile recycling is notably less harmful compared to the alternative methods of textile incineration and landfill disposal, which are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Textile Recycling Market

Regional Insights

Europe’s Dominance in Textile Recycling

In 2022, the Europe region led the global textile recycling market, accounting for 29.6% of the global revenue share. This dominance is expected to continue, with significant growth anticipated in the coming years. Several factors contribute to Europe’s leadership in textile recycling, including strong governmental support, active recycling initiatives, and a growing commitment to sustainability.

One of the key drivers in Europe is the Waste and Resources Action Program (WRAP), which operates across the UK and the broader European region with the support of local governments and private companies. WRAP promotes the recycling of various waste streams, including textile waste, and works towards reducing the environmental impact of discarded garments. The program’s initiatives have helped foster a recycling-friendly culture, and its collaborative approach with local and international entities is expected to sustain market growth in the region.

In addition to these governmental efforts, countries such as Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, the Czech Republic, and Poland are major markets for recycled apparel. Among these, Italy is particularly renowned for its role in textile recycling. Italy is home to the Italian Textile and Recycling Association, based in Prato, a city that has long been considered the capital of textile recycling. Over a hundred companies are part of this association, which specializes in the collection and recycling of old textiles, including clothes and rugs, which are then converted into yarn. This historic focus on textile recycling has made Italy a prominent hub for the global recycling industry.

Asia Pacific: Growing Demand for Textile Recycling

The Asia Pacific region is expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% over the forecast period, driven by rising concerns over the environmental impact of textile waste and the increasing number of government-led initiatives for textile waste management. The rapid industrialization and urbanization across countries like China, India, and Japan are contributing to the surge in textile waste generation, which is creating a significant demand for more effective recycling solutions.

Governments in the region are increasingly focusing on sustainable practices and implementing policies aimed at reducing textile waste, promoting recycling, and encouraging the use of recycled materials in manufacturing processes. In addition to governmental efforts, innovations in textile recycling technologies are driving market expansion in Asia Pacific. The development of advanced recycling technologies, including chemical recycling and mechanical recycling processes, is helping to improve the efficiency and scalability of textile recycling operations in the region.

Central and South America: Rising Demand for Textile Recycling Solutions

In Central and South America, textile consumption and waste generation are on the rise due to the growth in consumer spending and the increasing popularity of fast fashion. This surge in textile consumption has led to a corresponding rise in the need for sustainable waste management solutions, including textile recycling. As the environmental consequences of textile waste become more apparent, there is an increasing demand for solutions that promote the recycling and reuse of textiles in these regions.

Countries in Latin America are now seeking to implement better waste management systems and are investing in the development of more efficient recycling methods to address the growing issue of textile waste. This shift is expected to drive the demand for textile recycling technologies and services, particularly as more consumers in the region become aware of the environmental impact of their purchasing and disposal habits.

Browse through Grand View Research's Advanced Interior Materials Industry Research Reports.

• The global glass fiber reinforced plastic piping systems market size was estimated at USD 1.64 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.4% from 2025 to 2030. 

• The global unidirectional tapes market size was valued at USD 320.3 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 16.2% from 2025 to 2030. 

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

The global textile recycling market remains in a developing stage, with the industry still being relatively niche. The market is highly fragmented, with several small- and medium-sized players contributing to its growth. Key strategies employed by these players include technological development, market expansion, and mergers and acquisitions. These approaches help companies strengthen their position in the market and increase their revenue generation potential.

Key Textile Recycling Companies

Other significant players in the global textile recycling market include:

• Worn Again Technologies

• Lenzing Group

• Birla Cellulose

• BLS Ecotech

• The Woolmark Company

• iinouiio Ltd

• Ecotex Group

• The Boer Group

• Unifi, Inc.

• Textile Recycling International

• Hyosung Group

• Martex Fiber

• RenewCell

• Pistoni S.r.l.

• RE TEXTIL Deutschland GmbH

Order a free sample PDF of the Textile Recycling Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[tamanna31]

Modified Starch Market 2022- Business Planning Research and Resources, Revenue, and Forecasts 2030

Modified Starch Industry Overview

The global modified starch market size was estimated at USD 11.8 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.3% from 2022 to 2030.

The demand for processed and convenience foods is being driven by an expanding global population. Modified starch is a crucial and useful component found in manufacturing ready-to-eat food products. The market for modified starch is anticipated to expand significantly due to rising consumer demand for processed foods over the coming years.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Modified Starch Market

COVID-19 had both positive and negative impacts on the market. Processed and packaged foods were in high demand during the pandemic when consumers rushed to pile up foods that had longer shelf lives, which led to higher demand for modified starch. However, many restaurants and food service outlets were shut as well as the food and beverage supply chain was disrupted due to lockdowns and restrictions across the globe. As the supply chain is gradually restored and restaurants and other food service establishments start to reopen, the market is anticipated to return to its pre-COVID levels.

Convenience foods are mainly prevalent in North America and Europe based on regional annual consumption rates. People's lives are nowadays becoming hectic and isolated, resulting in little time for home cooking. Globalization and the resulting lifestyle changes have resulted in an increase in the consumption of convenience foods in various countries around the world, especially in Asia's expanding markets, thereby increasing the demand for modified starch.

Modified starch is utilized in a wide range of industries, including food, papermaking, cosmetics, personal care, and textiles due to its many advantages. The personal care and cosmetics industries use modified starch as a versatile additive. Manufacturers are making new cosmetic products using organic ingredients like modified starch, as the demand for natural cosmetics has grown over the past few years, which is expected to fuel product demand in the coming years.

A significant number of international fast-food restaurant chains have expanded their operations in various parts of the world over the past few years, each with its own cuisine and product offerings to meet consumer demand in multiple regions. Fast food restaurants often utilize modified starch in their food preparation to enhance the flavor, taste, and texture of products, which will drive product demand during the forecast period.

The Asian markets have lenient regulations when it comes to health claims for modified starch. However, the U.S. market has stringent regulations, and no health claims for food additives are permitted; however, functional or structural claims are permitted. In terms of health claims for modified starch, European markets have the most strict regulations. Distributors and manufacturers face production and distribution challenges as a result of these stringent laws and regulations, which are expected to hinder market growth.

Browse through Grand View Research's Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods Industry Research Reports.

• The global microparticulated whey protein market size was estimated at USD 140.0 million in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.9% from 2024 to 2030.

• The global pea protein market size was valued at USD 2.12 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.1% from 2024 to 2030.

Key Companies & Market Share Insights

The modified starch market is moderately fragmented. International players in the market are focusing on implementing strategies in order to increase their market share. Some of the major players in the market include Archer Daniels Midland Company, Agrana Beteiligungs-AG, Emsland-Starle GmbH, Cargill, Inc., Global Bio-Chem Technology Group Co. Ltd., and others. Key players in the market enter into strategic partnerships, mergers & acquisitions, and joint ventures, and focus on research & development to launch innovative products to cater to the changing preferences of consumers around the world. For instance, in April 2021, Cargill Inc., partnered with Starpro, a major food-grade tapioca starch manufacturer in Thailand. The partnership is aimed to expand its tapioca starch products in the Asia Pacific as well as to support food manufacturers' product processing needs while also meeting consumers' sensory expectations. Some of the prominent players in the global modified starch market include:

Emsland-Stärke GmbH

Grain Processing Corporation

Global Bio-Chem Technology Group Company Limited

Ingredion Incorporated

Roquette Frères

ADM

Agrana Beteiligungs AG

Avebe U.A.

Cargill, Incorporated

Samyang Genex Corp.

Beneo-Remy N.V.

Siam Modified Starch Co., Ltd.

China Essence Group Ltd.

PT Budi Starch & Sweetener Tbk

Tate & Lyle PLC

ULRICK&SHORT

KMC (Kartoffelmelcentralen) Amb

Order a free sample PDF of the Modified Starch Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[industryinsightsandanalysis]

Polyurethane Foam Market Size, Share, Growth & Forecast

The global polyurethane foam market is likely to showcase a growth of around 7% during the forecast period. This can be ascribed to the growing end-use industry of emerging countries, increasing focus on improving building energy efficiency, and rising population coupled with improving people per capita income.

Over the years, the consumption of polyurethane has grown steadily, and it is expected that it would be able to maintain a strong demand during the forecast period. The increasing market for bedding & furniture in emerging economies along with rising investment in the building & construction sector are some of the key factors for the growth of the market. In addition, as the world is moving toward a sustainable future, governments across the globe are taking several strategic decisions to improve buildings’ energy efficiency. This is likely to fuel the demand for insulation materials, thereby boosting the market for polyurethane foam. Recovery in the automotive sector is further like to pump the polyurethane foam market. According to the European Commission, in the automotive industry, vehicles are composed of different materials, and a noticeable and fundamental fraction of them (20% w/w) is constituted by plastic material, among which polyurethane is one of the key materials.

Based on type, the market is categorized into rigid foam, flexible foam, and spray foam. Among these, rigid foam is likely to showcase significant growth over the forecast period. The increasing demand for insulation materials in buildings & construction to improve energy efficiency is the key attributable factor for the growth of rigid foam.

Based on end-user, the market is categorized into bedding & furniture, building & construction, automotive & transportation, electrical & electronics, footwear, packaging, textile, and others. Among these, bedding & furniture accounted for a prominent share of the market. The rising number of houses to accommodate the growing population, improving people’s disposable income, high standard of living, and growing work-from-home culture are some of the factors which are increasing the market for beds and furniture, such as sofas and chairs. Thereby propelling the demand for polyurethane foam.

For a detailed analysis of the market, drivers browse through – https://univdatos.com/get-a-free-sample-form-php/?product_id=28450

For a better understanding of the market adoption of Polyurethane Foam, the market is analyzed based on its worldwide presence in the countries such as North America (the United States, Canada, Rest of North America), Europe (Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia-Pacific), and Rest of World. The Asia-Pacific accounted for a prominent share in the global polyurethane foam market owing to the large base of the end-use industry.  Further, a large and growing population coupled with rapid urbanization is supporting the market for polyurethane foam.

Contact Us:

UnivDatos Market Insights

Email - contact@univdatos.com

Contact Number - +1 9782263411

Website -www.univdatos.com

[istanbullocalguides]

Discovering Türkiye: Why It Should Be A Bucket List Travel Destination

Türkiye (Turkey) unquestionably stands out as one of the must-visit destinations in the vast landscape of global travel destinations. It presents an exceptional travel opportunity. It is home to a diverse array of historical sites, cultural experiences, stunning landscapes, and contemporary facilities. The rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural beauty always captivates travelers from around the world. Why not consider Turkey as your top pick for your next vacation destination?

Turkey is a nation boasting a wealth of historical significance, captivating cultural heritage, and breathtaking natural wonders. You may have never contemplated it as a vacation destination. Have ever planned to delve deeper into the allure of this transcontinental gem? You will swiftly find yourself eagerly organizing your journey. 

Turkey tour (14 Days) lets you discover a plethora of options to suit your interests. It could be adventure, water sports, exploring nature, immersing in history, or indulging in delectable cuisine. The 14-day Turkey tour offers everything you desire in a vacation. Embark on an unforgettable Turkey tour. It lets you explore the compelling reasons why Turkey should be your ultimate travel destination. See why it is the best place for your next getaway.

Historical and Cultural Heritage: Turkey boasts a wide array of historical and cultural treasures. Istanbul is the sole city in the world that spans two continents. It is renowned for its iconic landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace. Additionally, there are other remarkable historical gems in Turkey such as Ephesus, Troy, and Pamukkale.

Unique Blend of East and West: Turkey's strategic location between Europe and Asia has led to a fascinating blend of Eastern and Western cultures. From traditional Turkish tea houses to modern shopping districts, visitors can experience a unique fusion of influences. 

Culinary Delights: Turkish cuisine is celebrated for its wide array of delicious dishes. Make sure to sample kebabs, mezes, baklava, and other food delights in Turkey. Savor the diverse flavors and textures that reflect the country's rich culinary history. 

Stunning Landscapes: Turkey's landscapes are truly breathtaking. It ranges from stunning coastlines along the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas to the surreal rock formations of Cappadocia and the natural wonders of Pamukkale. Are you a beach enthusiast, a nature lover, or a history buff? A Turkey tour (14 Days) has something for everyone. 

Warm Hospitality: The warm hospitality of the Turkish people is renowned worldwide. Visitors are often greeted with open arms. The friendly locals are eager to share their culture and traditions with guests. 

Affordable Travel: Turkey is a budget-friendly destination compared to many European countries. It offers affordable accommodations, dining options, and transportation for travelers on a budget. 

Bazaars and Markets: The bustling markets and bazaars in cities like Istanbul provide a vibrant shopping experience. Visitors are open to buy a wide range of goods, including spices and textiles to unique handmade crafts. 

Religious and Historical Diversity: Turkey's rich history is a testament to its religious and cultural diversity, with influences from civilizations such as the Byzantines, Romans, and Ottomans. This diversity is reflected in the country's architecture, ancient churches, and mosques, which coexist harmoniously. 

Adventure Activities: Adventure seekers will find plenty to do in Turkey, from hot air ballooning in Cappadocia to boating and cycling along the Lycian Way, as well as water sports along the Turkish Riviera. 

Modern Amenities: While preserving its historical heritage, Turkey also offers modern amenities and infrastructure. The major cities here boast well-developed transportation systems that make your journey convenient.

Turkey is known for its exceptional combination of historical sites, cultural richness, delicious cuisine, and stunning landscapes. It renders it an enchanting and multifaceted spot for tourists. Discover the wonders of Turkey with a variety of tours including the Turkey tour (14 Days) and experience the enchantment! Call Istanbul Local Guides to learn more or customize your Turkey tour (14 Days)!

[ippnoida]

Charu Digiprints – a digital textile printer in Noida

In the industry for over 45 years, Charu Digiprints, a subsidiary of Charu Apparel, is now one of the leading manufacturers and exporters of digitally printed and quilted home furnishing products and garments. Currently exporting to the United States, Canada, Australia, and European countries. Karan Khandelwal, director, of Charu Apparel and Charu Digiprints shared some of his insights into the digital textile printing industry.

Charu Digiprints possesses the latest machines in automated multi-head quilting and embroidery as well as digital printing. With a large range of computerized embroidery machines ranging in capacity from 6 to 34 heads, Khandelwal says these are capable to quilt and embroider the most intricate designs.

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Khandelwal has introduced a new retail brand of weighted blankets in India called – ‘Tucked In.’ A product already well-known in the American market, he saw the potential to create a similar demand in India. “It is slowly growing its market size in India and has a good future in the country.”

During our interaction, he emphasizes the importance of good designers in the team, who he considers the foundation for the digital textile printing process. He is quite proud of having assembled a good design team in the company that can ideate new designs and can also implement client designs that are explained to them with creativity and perfection in execution. “Our design team is always present to help our clients achieve the results they want, often to achieve even better results than what they had in mind when they came to us.”

Khandelwal speaks about the evolving landscape of Indian boutiques noting that they are increasingly focusing on quality, sustainability, and intricate design details – making them a significant client base for Charu Digiprints. These boutiques cater to niche markets whose customers value premium products and are willing to pay premium prices. He is keen to emphasized the growing sophistication of Indian consumers who are becoming more aware of the inputs and materials used in their clothing and are seeking sustainable options – a growing and valuable market for quality textile products.

Despite the success and growth of Charu Digiprints, its young director acknowledges the challenges faced by the industry – particularly the threat of counterfeit products. He emphasizes the importance of consumer education and awareness, reposing confidence in the ability of discriminating customers to choose quality over cheaper, counterfeit alternatives. While price-sensitive customers who prioritize cost over quality are both a reality and a concern, he remains optimistic. “As India's middle class grows and becomes more aspirational, there is a significant opportunity to tap into this market segment by offering high-quality, sustainable products at competitive prices.”

Discussing the ways to maintain market relevance over the long term, Khandelwal says, R&D must be continuously invested in – this is a way to keep up with the recent trends, print technologies and the quality levels that can be achieved in the industry. “Stay relevant with new concepts and give the foremost importance to quality.”

[tsasocial]

Eagerly awaited ITMA ASIA + CITME exhibition in Singapore gears up for opening of space application

The ITMA ASIA + CITME, Singapore 2025 exhibition has attracted heightened levels of interest since it was launched in Milan last June. Drawn by the regional market opportunities, many leading textile technology brands are looking forward to apply for their booth space when online space application opens from 9 April 2024.

The Singapore edition is scheduled to be held at Singapore Expo from 28 to 31 October 2025. It is owned by CEMATEX (the European Committee of Textile Machinery Manufacturers), China Textile Machinery Association (CTMA) and Sub-Council of Textile Industry, CCPIT (CCPIT-Tex).

According to the show owners, there is a huge increase in inquiries from machinery manufacturers as the Singapore exhibition targets not only South and Southeast Asia, but also from very important markets in the Middle East.

Mr. Ernesto Maurer, president of CEMATEX, explained, “These regions present vast opportunity for our members as technology buyers from these textile and garment hubs are sourcing cost-effective and sustainable solutions to modernize and upgrade their production.

“The Singapore exhibition complements our ITMA exhibition in Europe and the ITMA ASIA + CITME exhibition in China. The platform will help to broaden our exhibitors’ market focus and diversify their reach, enabling them to effectively engage with many of the buyers who were not able to attend these two exhibitions previously. For these buyers, we are convinced, Singapore is more accessible due to its closer proximity to their home countries, but even more so due to its visa-friendly policy.”

Mr Gu Ping, president of CTMA, said: “The combined exhibition in Singapore has opened a new phase of development for CITME. We are excited to bring our members along as we ride the wave of regional opportunities through the Singapore edition.”

Mr Daisuke Murata, president of Japan Textile Machinery Association (JTMA), said: “We congratulate the ITMA ASIA + CITME owners for making the decision to have a second exhibition in Asia. The Singapore exhibition will be useful for our members to better penetrate other regional textile hubs in Asia, and as far as the Middle East.”

Prominent textile technology providers are also eagerly eyeing the start of space application for the combined exhibition.

Ms Rebekka Dilo of Dilo Systems GmbH shared that the group is looking forward to the Singapore edition of ITMA Asia + CITME 2025. She enthused, “As an important gathering of the whole textile industry, it is a great opportunity for us to present our latest innovations.” Ms Chandrima Chatterjee, secretary general of the Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI), welcomed the staging of the exhibition in Singapore. She said: “This expansion of the exhibition from Shanghai to Singapore recognizes the growing needs of the Asian textile industry, especially India. The industry today is looking for technologies to meet its need for optimizing production, minimizing supply chain risks, better control of quality and finishes, and enhancing sustainability in all aspects of production.”

She added: “We look forward to the Singapore exhibition to address these needs and help this biggest textile manufacturing and exporting region of the world leverage the latest in technology and innovations.”

Live Webinar

To mark the opening of the space application, a webinar titled Springboard to Regional Markets will be held on 9 April 2024 (Tuesday) at 3 pm SGT. To register for the live session, visit https://www.itmaasiasingapore.com/webinar/9apr.

Billed as The Leading Textile Technology Exhibition Driving Regional Growth, ITMA ASIA + CITME, Singapore 2025 is expected to gross 60,000 square meters. It aims to attract over 600 exhibitors and a visitorship of 30,000.

The combined exhibition is organized by ITMA Services and co-organized by Beijing Textile Machinery International Exhibition Co., Ltd.

[mccoy1879]

In the early 19th century, the vast breadth of North America was a mosaic of diverse cultures, landscapes, and peoples. It was a time of burgeoning trade routes, frontier exploration, and the collision of different languages, traditions, and worldviews. Against this backdrop, the year 1805 witnessed a significant milestone in the history of the United States as Kentucky traders embarked on a journey that would mark the first commercial encounter between their English-speaking community and the Spanish-speaking individuals of New Mexico.

The journey was not merely a voyage across physical distances; it was a convergence of two distinct cultural spheres that had been shaped by centuries of history, geography, and politics. The traders from Kentucky, descendants of European settlers who had carved a new home in the heartland of America, set their sights on venturing into the unknown territories of the Southwest. Their quest for new markets, resources, and opportunities led them to the fabled lands of New Mexico, which lay nestled beneath the watchful gaze of the towering peaks of the Rocky Mountains.

The Spanish-speaking inhabitants of New Mexico, on the other hand, traced their heritage back to the early European expeditions that had ventured across the uncharted expanse of North America. Their roots were intertwined with the rich tapestry of Spanish colonialism, Indigenous traditions, and the pioneering spirit that had shaped the course of history in the region. As they went about their daily lives in the arid deserts and rugged mountains of New Mexico, they bore witness to the enduring legacy of their ancestors' footsteps.

The momentous encounter between the Kentucky traders and the Spanish-speaking denizens of New Mexico was a convergence of worlds—one marked by different languages, customs, and perspectives. It was a testament to the far-reaching impact of Manifest Destiny, the expansionist fervor that gripped the young United States, and the relentless pursuit of new horizons that defined the spirit of the era.

As the traders journeyed across the untamed frontier, they traversed landscapes that unfolded like an ever-changing canvas, each brushstroke revealing the raw beauty of the American West. They grappled with the formidable challenges posed by the rugged terrain, the unpredictable weather, and the sheer vastness of the unknown. Yet, their unwavering determination propelled them forward, driving them to seek out the possibilities that lay beyond the horizon.

When the Kentucky traders and the Spanish-speaking inhabitants of New Mexico crossed paths, it was a meeting of minds, a convergence of interests, and an exchange of goods and ideas that would reverberate through the annals of history. The traders brought with them a wealth of products—textiles, tools, and provisions—that represented the ingenuity and industry of their burgeoning nation. In turn, the Spanish-speaking populace of New Mexico offered the fruits of their labor, unveiling the treasures of their lands—vibrant textiles, pottery, and the bounty of the earth.

The encounter yielded a vibrant interchange of languages and cultural traditions, a tapestry woven from shared stories, traded commodities, and the intangible currency of human connection. The Kentucky traders and the Spanish-speaking denizens of New Mexico found common ground in the hubbub of commerce, breaking through the barriers of language and heritage to forge bonds that transcended the boundaries of their respective worlds.

The momentous encounter of 1805 stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of exploration, exchange, and coexistence that has defined the tapestry of American history. It marked the dawning of a new chapter—an era of cross-cultural encounters, shared aspirations, and the enduring legacy of the vast American landscape. In the wake of this historic meeting, the seeds of mutual understanding and collaboration were sown, setting the stage for a future shaped by the interconnected destinies of diverse peoples and the timeless echoes of their encounters.

[pearlsmith25]

Optical Brighteners Market: The Radiant Role in Water Treatment

Optical brighteners, also known as fluorescent whitening agents or optical brightening agents (OBAs), play a significant role in various industries, including textiles, paper, detergents, cosmetics, and plastics. These compounds are used to enhance the appearance of products by increasing their perceived whiteness and brightness. Optical brighteners absorb ultraviolet (UV) light and re-emit it as visible blue light, making materials appear brighter and more vibrant. The global optical brighteners market has witnessed steady growth over the years, driven by the increasing demand for bright and attractive products across various sectors.

Market Dynamics

Growth Drivers

a. Textile Industry: The textile industry is one of the primary consumers of optical brighteners. These compounds are used to enhance the whiteness and brightness of fabrics, making them more appealing to consumers. As the textile industry continues to expand, the demand for optical brighteners market is expected to grow.

b. Paper Industry: Optical brighteners are crucial in the paper industry to improve the brightness and optical properties of paper products, including printing papers, packaging materials, and tissues. With the rise in e-commerce and packaging demands, the paper industry is experiencing a surge in optical brightener usage.

c. Detergent Industry: Detergent manufacturers incorporate optical brighteners to make clothes appear whiter after washing. With the increasing focus on cleanliness and hygiene, the demand for detergents with optical brighteners is on the rise.

d. Plastics Industry: In the plastics industry, optical brighteners are used to enhance the appearance of various plastic products, including packaging materials, automotive components, and consumer goods. As the plastics industry continues to grow, so does the demand for optical brighteners.

Market Restraints

a. Environmental Concerns: Some optical brighteners can have adverse environmental impacts when they enter wastewater and ecosystems. This has led to increased regulations and a push for eco-friendly alternatives.

b. Fluctuating Raw Material Prices: The cost of raw materials used in the production of optical brighteners can fluctuate, affecting the overall production costs for manufacturers.

c. Market Consolidation: The optical brighteners market has seen some degree of consolidation, with larger companies acquiring smaller ones. This can limit competition and innovation.

Market Segmentation

The optical brighteners market can be segmented based on various factors, including application, product type, and region.

By Application

a. Textiles: This segment includes applications in the textile industry, such as clothing, home textiles, and industrial fabrics.

b. Paper: Applications in the paper industry, including printing papers, specialty papers, and packaging materials.

c. Detergents: Optical brighteners used in laundry detergents and fabric softeners.

d. Plastics: Applications in the plastics industry, such as packaging, automotive components, and consumer goods.

e. Others: This category may include applications in cosmetics, paints, and coatings.

By Product Type

a. Stilbene Derivatives: Stilbene-based optical brighteners are widely used in various applications.

b. Coumarin Derivatives: Coumarin-based optical brighteners are used in specific applications, including cosmetics.

c. Dibenzothiophene Derivatives: Dibenzothiophene-based optical brighteners are used in the paper industry.

d. Others: This category may include other types of optical brighteners with unique properties.

By Region

a. North America: The United States and Canada have a significant market share due to the presence of key industries.

b. Europe: European countries like Germany and the UK are major consumers of optical brighteners.

c. Asia-Pacific: This region, particularly China and India, is witnessing rapid growth in the textile, paper, and plastics industries, driving the demand for optical brighteners.

d. Latin America: Countries in this region are also experiencing growth in various industries, contributing to the optical brighteners market.

e. Middle East and Africa: The market in this region is driven by the demand for optical brighteners in the textile and detergent industries.

Competitive Landscape

The global optical brighteners market demand is characterized by the presence of both established and emerging players. Some of the key players in the market include BASF SE, Huntsman Corporation, Clariant AG, Eastman Chemical Company, and Archroma. These companies often focus on product innovation, eco-friendly alternatives, and strategic partnerships to maintain their competitive edge.

Conclusion

The optical brighteners market is poised for continued growth as various industries strive to meet consumer demands for brighter and more attractive products. While environmental concerns and market consolidation pose challenges, technological advancements and a growing emphasis on sustainability are likely to drive innovation in the optical brighteners industry. As industries expand and consumer preferences evolve, the market for optical brighteners is expected to remain dynamic and responsive to changing demands.

[stocklivemarket]

Planning a trip to Adelaide, Australia? Then let us be your guide. We researched what you were wondering and we explained it to you easily. Adelaide is the capital of the Australian state of South Australia and the fifth most populous city in the country with a population of approximately 1.28 million. Adelaide ranked first in terms of cultural quality, climate, quality of life and social conditions such as health and crime rate in the world's most livable cities survey organized by The Economist magazine in 2002 and 2004. [embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OGvkdg8RpE[/embed] In the south of Australia, St. Founded on the eastern shores of Vincent's Bay, the city stretches along the Torrens River. The city, which has an ocean-smelling air and a lot of green areas, has pleasant walking and cycling routes. Adelaide is known as one of the oldest settlements of Australian cities. Adelaide is a historical city that contains many historical and modern buildings. Adelaide History Let us share with you some of the things you need to know when traveling to Adelaide. Adelaide's history goes back to ancient times. It is known that the first inhabitants of Adelaide, where the first traces of settlement were found in 1836, were Australian Aborigines. Adelaide, which was not known as a colonial region before the British established their first European settlements, became a colony after this period. It was General William Light who initiated the first mapping studies in the colonial period. Adelaide, which is almost impossible to get lost due to its orderly structure, is known as the "grid city". (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push(); The name that successfully applied this design in the city created inside a grid was General William Light. This plan is also called Light Vision. Named after King of Britain IV. Named after William's wife, Queen Adelaide, the city gained the distinction of being Australia's first municipality in 1840, and was elevated to the status of a metropolitan municipality in 1919. The north of the city, which is divided into two by the Torrens River in the east-west direction; the south is used as a residence area. Adelaide is home to three of Australia's largest companies. These companies include Telstra, BHP Billiton and National AustraliaBank. The city has the Australian Trades Council, the Australian Trades Council and the Australian Securities Exchange. Since Adelaide has a large port, many products from nearby cities enter different countries and cities thanks to the port here. The Facts of Adelaide The fact that Adelaide has a large port has helped the city to develop economically. The productivity of the plains around the city, the easy access to the Murray Plains spreading to the east and southeast, and the presence of mineral deposits on the nearby hills also contributed to the growth of the city. The fact that the city has been dealing with agriculture since history has also positively affected agricultural exports. While wheat, wool, fruit, and wine were marketed in Adelaide in the past, today, with the effect of industrialization, factories producing automobile spare parts, machinery, textiles, and chemicals have been established in the city. Today, these industrial areas are actively operated. The city is also quite developed in terms of education. One of the most important universities in the city is the University of Adelaide. The university provides education in both social sciences and natural sciences. There are students from many countries in the city. The center of the city of Adelaide is very lively and lively. In addition, Adelaide is home to a lot of people with the ease of transportation in the city, the highly developed café and restaurant services, parks and places to visit. The city center has a very lively and colorful structure until late at night. In addition, Adelaide stands out with its shopping centers, universities, sports centers and nightlife and is one of the places preferred by both domestic and foreign tourists.

Today, Adelaide has a rapidly growing potential. The fact that it has an increasingly large population makes the city cosmopolitan. In addition, the fact that it hosts a large student population from different countries, especially in recent years, also contributes to the city's liveliness. Adelaide hosts thousands of tourists every year with its natural beauties, galleries, parks and historical depth. The people of Adelaide are very hospitable and friendly. The fact that people live without fuss and smile creates an atmosphere of happiness on the streets. Therefore, you can get help from the locals without any hesitation in the city. The open-mindedness of the people and the fact that they have migrated from different regions since history supports this situation. Visitors who want to have a holiday in Adelaide will be highly motivated and rested with the peace of green. In short, Adelaide is one of the important cities where you can spend your holiday very pleasantly, where you can have fun and get a lot of historical information. Where is Adelaide? Adelaide is located in the Australian state of South Australia, north of the Fleurieu Peninsula. When to Go to Adelaide Adelaide is one of the regions where the Mediterranean climate is seen. The city, which has a warm and temperate characteristic, is cool throughout the year. In addition, there is heavy rain in certain periods in Adelaide and the weather takes on a hazy structure. In winter, there is much more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Adelaide is 16.4 degrees Celsius. The average annual precipitation is 536 millimeters. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push(); The average highest temperature in Adelaide is 28 Celsius and the lowest is 8 Celsius. In terms of climate, the hottest month in Adelaide is January. The main reason for this difference is that the city is located in the Southern Hemisphere. Although Adelaide usually receives the most tourists during the winter months, there is still a heavy flow of tourists to the city at all times of the year. Even in the hottest period of the year, the city does not suffocate people, on the contrary, it helps to spend pleasant days in a very warm way. We recommend you to visit the city of Adelaide in April, May, June, October, and November. In Adelaide, the winter months, namely June and August, are quite rainy. The average temperature throughout the year can drop to around 10 degrees Celsius. Those who go for a holiday in the city, where heavy rains are not seen much, do not experience any disruption in their plans due to this rain. In Adelaide, you can see visitors from different countries throughout the year. We can state that the weather conditions will not affect you negatively in Adelaide, where the Mediterranean climate is generally seen. Adelaide Hotels Great Australian Bay, St. Adelaide, located in the middle of St. Vincent Beach and surrounded by greenery on all four sides, is a very pleasant city. It is also an extremely beautiful city, with art and cultural activities added to the well-planned elegant architectural details, and wonderful cafés that bring excitement to its fun and clean beaches. The city, which is also called the "City of Churches" because of the large number of churches that you can see in many parts of the city, took its name from Adelaide, who was the queen when it was first founded. The city, which was designed with a very planned and modern lines, is among the most demanded touristic centers of the Southern Hemisphere today. Adelaide, which is among the leading cities of the country in terms of education, is also home to more than 10 universities and a young student population. The city has a peaceful, calm and high standard of living environment, but it also surprises its guests with its vibrant nightlife. The city, where the young population is dense, is almost the entertainment center of the country with its entertaining venues.

The fascinating atmosphere created by the restored historical places is extremely impressive. Adelaide Attractions Our recommendation to visitors planning a pleasant Adelaide trip is to stay 3-4 days in Adelaide. During this time, you can enjoy the greenery and history, as well as easily visit the city. We have listed the most important places to visit in the city for you. Adelaide is one of the best cities to visit. Adelaide Zoo, South Australian Art Center, South Australia Museum, South Australia State Library, Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute, Adelaide Botanical Garden, South Australian Parliament Building, Trinity Church, Himeji It has a garden and the Hahndorf district. Adelaide Zoo Adelaide Zoo is Australia's second-oldest zoo. Close to the Torrens River, the zoo houses 1,800 different kinds of animals. Adelaide Zoo, where you can find the most important plant and animal varieties of the country, attracts the attention of both families and children. Among the animals you can see at the Zoo are pandas and pandas named Wang-Wang and Funi, which were brought from China for a certain period of time. These pandas are very popular with visitors. Located in the middle of nature, this structure houses many animal species. This zoo, which you can visit every day of the week, is open to visitors between 09:30 and 17:00. Those wishing to visit the zoo must pay AUD 50. Read More about Adelaide Zoo South Australian Arts Center Located on North Terrace Boulevard, the South Australian Arts Center is one of the important 20th century buildings. Opened to the public in 1881, the gallery contains important pieces of Australian history. Coins from the past, antique pieces, telephones, paintings, sculptures, paintings, and porcelain works are among the works you can find in the gallery. You can find over 35,000 works at the South Australian Arts Center. The South Australian Art Center is the only place where you can find important Chinese porcelain in the city. Read More about South Australian Arts Center South Australian Museum Located in the very center of the city, the South Australian Museum is one of Adelaide's most important museums. The museum, where you can find the important works of the city, hosts a significant number of visitors every year. Read More about South Australian Museum South Australian State Library Located on North Terrace, the State Library of South Australia is Adelaide's first national library. Known as the State Library of South Australia, the library contains many important books, manuscripts, historical documents and maps. This library, which is a treasure for history lovers, is one of the rare addresses where you can find works written in many different languages. The library, which has a very aesthetic appearance in terms of architecture, amazes those who see it. The library consists of many different sections. You do not need to pay any entrance fee for this library, which you will visit every weekday between 10:00 and 20:00. On weekends, you can visit the library between 10:00 and 17:00. Tandania National Institute of Aboriginal Culture The Tandanya National Aboriginal Culture Institute, built in 1989, is one of the places where you can get to know Aboriginal culture closely. Located in the very center of the city of Adelaide, this institute stands out as the bearer of many different cultural meanings. In this section, where different objects are exhibited in general, social activities are also held. Within the Institute, visitors can find shops selling many different objects of Aboriginal culture. Those who wish can buy souvenirs from here. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push(); If you spare some of your time for this institute, you will have the opportunity to discover both Aboriginal culture and this place. You can visit this place between 10:00-17:00 between Mondays and Saturdays. You do not need to pay any fee for entry.

Adelaide Botanical Garden Adelaide Botanical Garden, one of the most beautiful resting areas of Adelaide, is the most beautiful address of peace. This botanical garden is managed by the municipality. Adelaide Botanical Garden, located in the center of the city, is an ideal address for those who want to relieve the tiredness of the day, read a book in the calm, or want to sit and listen to the silence. The garden is located on approximately 20 hectares of land. Adelaide Botanical Garden is one of the places visited by many tourists every year. Established in 1877, the garden is quite crowded, especially in the summer months when the weather is nice. In the garden with colorful flowers, the views of the lake and forest area attract attention. Especially nature lovers can discover quite different plant species in the Botanical Garden. The garden is open to visitors every day between 07:00 and 21:00. South Australian Parliament Building The South Australian Parliament Building, built in 1874, is known as one of the most important political venues of the period. Designed by Edmund Wright and Llyold Taylor, the building is among the best. The roof of the building, which was built in the Corinthian style, is enriched with magnificent stone carvings. The South Australian Parliament Building, which is among the most magnificent and beautiful structures of the city, attracts the attention of tourists. Guided tours of the South Australian Parliament House are also available today. Located in the North Terrace area, the building is free to enter. Those who want to participate in guided tours have to pay extra money. Various city events are held in the South Australian Parliament Building from time to time. You can visit the building every day of the week. Trinity Church One of the oldest churches in Adelaide, the Trinity Church attracts a lot of attention from tourists. Built in 1836, the church is among the city's most famous places of worship. Located on North Terrace Avenue, the church is also known as the Holy Trinity Church. The Trinity Church, the first Anglican church of the city, has survived to the present day by being renovated as it was getting old over time. This historical building, which is among the oldest churches in Australia, is open to visitors every day of the week. The church will be very crowded as there is a mass on Sundays. We recommend that you stop by the Church, especially if you go during the Christmas period. Musical performances are also held in the church on certain days. You can visit the church from 09:30 to 19:00. Adelaide Himeji Garden Adelaide, which has the most important gardens of Australia with its natural beauties, has many recreational areas visited by both local people and foreign tourists. One of Adelaide's most important gardens is Himeji Garden. The area, where pleasant walks are made, is especially popular with families. Himeji Garden also hosts important festivals of the city every year. There is also a lake in the garden, which attracts attention with its historical fountains and clear water. Located on South Terrace & Glen Osmond road, the garden opens its doors to visitors every day between 10:00 and 17:30. If you organize your trip according to these hours, you can find the opportunity to enjoy Himeji Garden more. Entry to the area is free. Hahndorf Adelaide Famous for its greenery and nature, Adelaide attracts the attention of both local and foreign tourists. Hahndorf in Adelaide, which offers the opportunity to capture quite different frames for photography lovers, is one of the most important touristic places of the city. Founded by German immigrants in 1838, this village is 27 kilometers from the city center. There are very authentic buildings in the village, which is an ideal place for those who want to breathe clean mountain air. Although the village is built with a modern structure today, this construction was carried out by trying to preserve its historical structure.

Near the village, which is located in greenery, there are cafes, restaurants and souvenir shops. Those who wish can sit in these cafes and taste the famous German beers and enjoy nature to the fullest. We recommend that you visit this village, which you can reach in half an hour from Adelaide. Adelaide City Transportation When you travel to Adelaide, you should also know how to get there. Adelaide city center is a very comfortable place to visit. You can get information forms about the city center free of charge from the tourist information section. Adelaide serves visitors with different public transportation vehicles. Generally, buses, taxis, trams and trains are used in the city. Those who wish can also visit the places to visit on foot. Adelaide is one of the cities with a highly developed bus system. Many of the tourists plan their trips by choosing this option. There are many bus lines in Adelaide. Departure times vary depending on your destination. You can get your tickets for public transport from vending machines. The ticket fares for the bus are set at 5.20 AUD for single use, and 9.90 AUD for all-day tickets. Those who want to buy a 3-day ticket must pay 25 AUD. Visitors who want to come to the city center from the airport can use the J1-J2 bus line. You can often find the bus that leaves every 15-20 minutes. The fee you will pay for this is AUD 5.20. The train option is another form of public transport in Adelaide. Those who will use the train option can travel to 12 different parts of the city. Adelaide Cuisine Your trip to Adelaide continues, if you can't decide what to eat, then it's time to talk about what to eat in Adelaide. Adelaide, where you can eat the most delicious dishes of Australia, also stands out with its rich food culture. There is a wide variety of seafood restaurants and steakhouses to dine during your trip to Adelaide. Adelaide cuisine has a cuisine that appeals to every food culture. Therefore, in Adelaide you can find many restaurants for all tastes. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push(); Those who enjoy Indian cuisine can find multiple restaurants in the city centre. The most famous of these is Jasmin Restaurant. You can find more than one exotic and interesting food in this restaurant. In addition, you are likely to find meat restaurants as the barbecue culture is quite common in the city. The most used type of meat in Adelaide is beef. Definitely recommend trying the Adelaide steak and roast here. In addition, kangaroo meat, which is one of the symbols of the country, is also widely used in meals. For those who haven't tried kangaroo meat before, this can be quite a different experience. However, our first advice to those who ask whether they can be eaten with Adelaide would be to try the seafood. Sea bass, sea bass, floater, haddock and barramundi, an Australian fish, are among the delicacies that should definitely be tried. Besides, you should definitely try the pea soup here. Shopping in Adelaide Wouldn't you like to beautify your Adelaide trip with shopping? Adelaide's city center has over 100 shopping venues, both modern and traditional. Shopping centers, small souvenir shops, boutique shops are among them. The most popular product of the city is undoubtedly the products with kangaroo patterns or figures. While strolling the streets of Adelaide, you can find small items with a kangaroo pattern in the many shops. In addition, figures such as koala and Tasmanian devil are also patterns that you can often come across on souvenirs. The city's most famous shopping venue is Adelaide Central Plaza. You can find many products such as clothes, shoes, accessories in this mall. Those who want to buy products at affordable prices can visit Adelaide Central Plaza. Those who want to look at more affordable products can visit the Harbor Town Adelaide complex. The Harbor Town Adelaide complex, which offers a wide range of products especially for fashion lovers, attracts the attention of tourists with its numerous shops and restaurants.

Those who want to see the vegetable and fruit market should definitely stop by the Central Market. If you want to buy fresh products at affordable prices, you should definitely visit this market. In addition to food products, you can also find shops selling coffee in the market. The market is located in a very historical building. In addition to fruits, vegetables and coffee, you can find very nice souvenirs in this market. Visitors who enjoy vegetarian products can visit the Market Shed. The streets of Adelaide are a place where you can both shop and catch colorful images. On certain days, you can find second-hand markets in the city. You can find clothing, accessories, souvenirs, CDs and books in these popular markets. If you have time, you should definitely visit the markets selling these local products. While walking the streets of Adelaide, the places we recommend you to stop by are Unique Opal Mine Pty Ltd, Adelaide Central Market, Haigh's Chocolates Visitor Centre, Adelaide Arcade, Adelaide Farmers' Market and The Market Shed on Holland. Nightlife in Adelaide Nightlife in Adelaide is highly developed. Although the city has a quiet and calm rhythm, nightlife is quite developed. Maybe we can state that the city maintains its balance in this way. Especially the high student population in the city is one of the most important reasons affecting this situation. Adelaide has many bars, nightclubs, dance clubs and pubs. Adelaide is one of the most important centers of Australia with its nightlife. Rundle Street is the area where nightclubs are most common in Adelaide. Traditional pubs, bars and nightclubs are generally concentrated in the Rundle area. In addition, gay bars are another entertainment venue concentrated in this region. Adelaide is one of the cities that allows the development of all kinds of entertainment venues with its colorful structure. Adelaide is quite famous for its wines. The city offers you more than one different wine option. You can find ales in most nightclubs, bars and pubs. Among the most famous wines to try in the city are Riesling, Semillion, Chardonnay, Cabarnet, Shriaz, Pinot Noir and Sauvignon. You can try both red and white wines in the city with peace of mind. The lights of the city continue until the early hours of the morning. Adelaide is a very suitable address for those looking for a pleasant entertainment life. The entertainment venues in the city are quite authentic. The old buildings are restored and used as entertainment venues, adding a different atmosphere to the city. Among the most popular places to go in Adelaide; Maybe Mae Bar, HENNESSY Rooftop Bar, Black Bull Bar, Bank Street Social Club, The Lion Hotel Bar,The Playford Lounge Bar, Collins at the Hilton Bar, The Wheatsheaf Hotel Bar, Nook Nosh Bar, Chihuahua Bar, Mary Poppin Nightclub, Alfred's There is a bar, The Gilbert Street Hotel, Baddog Bar, Gaslight Tavern, Chandelier Bar, London Tavern, Cambridge Balcony Bar. These are the bars that the tourists in the city usually flock to. In addition, being close to the center is the reason why it is preferred. We must say that the beach area in the city of Adelaide is also very active in terms of entertainment. Gay bars are also quite common in Adelaide. These bars are located in the Gouger area. These venues have a large target audience in the city. The most popular of these bars include Oz Nightclub, Feast Festival ANZ Hub, and Mary's Poppin. Gay bars are one of the important places where very colorful images are staged. In addition, visitors can attend the comedy shows and karaoke nights held in these bars. Adelaide is a very safe city. So you can have fun until late at night and easily find a taxi to go to your hotel. Entertainment in Adelaide can be expensive compared to other European countries. Adelaide hosts quite a lot of tourists from both Europe and America. Those who want to experience unforgettable moments and meet different cultures and people in

this city where entertainment reaches its peak, should definitely join the nightlife of Adelaide. When you travel to Adelaide, do not leave without tasting the nightlife! Adelaide Currency Adelaide uses the Australian dollar (AUD) as its currency. Official Language of Adelaide What languages do you need to know when traveling to Adelaide? English is used as the official language in Adelaide.

[thunderrabby-blog]

US biggest market for Turkiye's home textile exports

US biggest market for Turkiye’s home textile exports

US was the largest market for home textile exports from Turkiye during the first nine months of 2022. The European nation exported over 22 per cent of its total home textiles to the US. As for the country’s apparel exports, the US was the fifth largest market during the same period with a less than 5 per cent share in Turkiye’s total apparel exports.  Turkiye exported home textiles worth $869.947…

[fibre2fashion]

US biggest market for Turkiye's home textile exports

US was the largest market for home textile exports from Turkiye during the first nine months of 2022. The European nation exported over 22 per cent of its total home textiles to the US. As for the country’s apparel exports, the US was the fifth largest market during the same period with a less than 5 per cent share in Turkiye’s total apparel exports. 

Turkiye exported home textiles worth $869.947 million to the US, which was 22.28 per cent of its total exports of $3.904 billion during January to September 2022. European countries like Germany, France, Spain, Italy, UK, and Netherlands were the other prominent markets for Turkiye’s home textiles. Last year, the US accounted for 25.95 per cent of Turkiye’s total home textile exports of $6.129 billion, according to Fibre2Fashion’s market insight tool TexPro. 

Read more about US biggest market for Turkiye's home textile exports

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[stratviewresearch]

Polyester Fiber Market Is Likely to Experience a Tremendous Growth by 2028

The report on the Polyester Fiber Market published by Stratview Research covers in depth details associated with the Polyester Fiber Market.

To get a free sample report, Click here:

The Polyester Fiber Market is likely to witness a CAGR of 8.8% during the forecast period. The prime factors that are driving the Polyester Fiber Market is its superior thermal conductivity property leading to its wide usage in a wide array of industries.

Key Players

The following are the key players in the Polyester Fiber Market:

Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited

Mossi Ghisolfi Group

Nan Ya Plastics Corporation

Reliance Industries Limited

Sinopec Yizheng Chemical Fibre Limited Liability Company

Stein Fibers Ltd.

Swicofil AG

Toray Industries, Inc.

William Barnet and Son, LLC

Zhejiang Hengsheng Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd.

Growth drivers and Market Value:

This report, from Stratview Research, studies the Polyester Fiber Market value and growth drivers over the trend period of 2022-27. According to the report -

Polyester Fiber Market is likely to witness an impressive CAGR of 8.0% during the forecast period. Polyester Fibers offer excellent features such as resistance from wrinkle, abrasion, stretching, chemicals, and shrinking, and they also own other favorable properties such as high strength, quick drying, and being easily washable, making them an ideal and required fiber in the fashion industry. The other major factors such as increasing apparel demand in the European region, expansion of fashion industry and growing adoption of polyester fiber in apparel and garments are expected to fuel the growth of the polyester fiber market during the forecast period.

Segment Analysis:

Based on Application Type:

Based on the application type, the market is segmented as carpet & rugs, non-woven fabrics, fiberfill, apparel, home textiles, and others. Apparel is estimated to hold the largest share of the market during the forecast period, owing to its exceptional features of fiber including quick drying, high-wrinkle resistance, excellent elasticity, lightweight, and high shape retention, finding application in the fashion industry, where wrinkle-free and fade-resistant properties are required. In addition, the carpets & rugs segment witnessed a healthy CAGR more than 8% in 2021, which is attributed to the superior characteristics of polyester fiber.

Based on Region:

In terms of regions, Asia-Pacific is estimated to be the dominant and the fastest-growing region in the market with a strong growth rate of 8.5% during the forecast period. Factors such as significant growth and development of home furnishing and flooring activities, owing to the growing construction of residential and commercial buildings in the developing countries such as India and China are expected to fuel the product demand in the regional market during the forecast period. Furthermore, the European region plays an important role in importing apparels in the market, thereby boosting the demand for the product in the region, over the forecast period. North America is also expected to offer substantial growth opportunities during the forecast period.

Critical Questions Answered in the Report

What are the key trends in the Polyester Fiber Market?

How the market (and its various sub-segments) has grown in the last five years and what would be the growth rate in the next five years?

What is the impact of COVID-19 on Polyester Fiber Market?

What are the key strategies adopted by the major vendors to lead in the Polyester Fiber Market?

What is the market share of the top vendors?

Order a Copy of Polyester Fiber Market report here

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Stratview Research is a global market research and consulting service provider, offering syndicated and custom research reports along with growth consulting services. Our business intelligence and industry research reports offer clients with insightful and actionable market data to aid strategic decision making. These exclusive reports are the result of exclusive research methodology and are available for key industries such as chemicals, composites, advanced materials, technology, renewable energy, and more. Stratview Research helps its user’s tract the ever-evolving market scenarios through its top-notch market reports.

Get in touch with us at – sales@stratviewresearch.com.Or connect with our experts at +1-313-307-4176

[dwellordream]

“...A lone woman could, if she spun in almost every spare minute of her day, on her own keep a small family clothed in minimum comfort (and we know they did that). Adding a second spinner – even if they were less efficient (like a young girl just learning the craft or an older woman who has lost some dexterity in her hands) could push the household further into the ‘comfort’ margin, and we have to imagine that most of that added textile production would be consumed by the family (because people like having nice clothes!).

At the same time, that rate of production is high enough that a household which found itself bereft of (male) farmers (for instance due to a draft or military mortality) might well be able to patch the temporary hole in the family finances by dropping its textile consumption down to that minimum and selling or trading away the excess, for which there seems to have always been demand. ...Consequently, the line between women spinning for their own household and women spinning for the market often must have been merely a function of the financial situation of the family and the balance of clothing requirements to spinners in the household unit (much the same way agricultural surplus functioned).

Moreover, spinning absolutely dominates production time (again, around 85% of all of the labor-time, a ratio that the spinning wheel and the horizontal loom together don’t really change). This is actually quite handy, in a way, as we’ll see, because spinning (at least with a distaff) could be a mobile activity; a spinner could carry their spindle and distaff with them and set up almost anywhere, making use of small scraps of time here or there.

On the flip side, the labor demands here are high enough prior to the advent of better spinning and weaving technology in the Late Middle Ages (read: the spinning wheel, which is the truly revolutionary labor-saving device here) that most women would be spinning functionally all of the time, a constant background activity begun and carried out whenever they weren’t required to be actively moving around in order to fulfill a very real subsistence need for clothing in climates that humans are not particularly well adapted to naturally. The work of the spinner was every bit as important for maintaining the household as the work of the farmer and frankly students of history ought to see the two jobs as necessary and equal mirrors of each other.

At the same time, just as all farmers were not free, so all spinners were not free. It is abundantly clear that among the many tasks assigned to enslaved women within ancient households. Xenophon lists training the enslaved women of the household in wool-working as one of the duties of a good wife (Xen. Oik. 7.41). ...Columella also emphasizes that the vilica ought to be continually rotating between the spinners, weavers, cooks, cowsheds, pens and sickrooms, making use of the mobility that the distaff offered while her enslaved husband was out in the fields supervising the agricultural labor (of course, as with the bit of Xenophon above, the same sort of behavior would have been expected of the free wife as mistress of her own household).

...Consequently spinning and weaving were tasks that might be shared between both relatively elite women and far poorer and even enslaved women, though we should be sure not to take this too far. Doubtless it was a rather more pleasant experience to be the wealthy woman supervising enslaved or hired hands working wool in a large household than it was to be one of those enslaved women, or the wife of a very poor farmer desperately spinning to keep the farm afloat and the family fed. The poor woman spinner – who spins because she lacks a male wage-earner to support her – is a fixture of late medieval and early modern European society and (as J.S. Lee’s wage data makes clear; spinners were not paid well) must have also had quite a rough time of things.

It is difficult to overstate the importance of household textile production in the shaping of pre-modern gender roles. It infiltrates our language even today; a matrilineal line in a family is sometimes called a ‘distaff line,’ the female half of a male-female gendered pair is sometimes the ‘distaff counterpart’ for the same reason. Women who do not marry are sometimes still called ‘spinsters’ on the assumption that an unmarried woman would have to support herself by spinning and selling yarn (I’m not endorsing these usages, merely noting they exist).

E.W. Barber (Women’s Work, 29-41) suggests that this division of labor, which holds across a wide variety of societies was a product of the demands of the one necessarily gendered task in pre-modern societies: child-rearing. Barber notes that tasks compatible with the demands of keeping track of small children are those which do not require total attention (at least when full proficiency is reached; spinning is not exactly an easy task, but a skilled spinner can very easily spin while watching someone else and talking to a third person), can easily be interrupted, is not dangerous, can be easily moved, but do not require travel far from home; as Barber is quick to note, producing textiles (and spinning in particular) fill all of these requirements perfectly and that “the only other occupation that fits the criteria even half so well is that of preparing the daily food” which of course was also a female-gendered activity in most ancient societies. Barber thus essentially argues that it was the close coincidence of the demands of textile-production and child-rearing which led to the dominant paradigm where this work was ‘women’s work’ as per her title.

(There is some irony that while the men of patriarchal societies of antiquity – which is to say effectively all of the societies of antiquity – tended to see the gendered division of labor as a consequence of male superiority, it is in fact male incapability, particularly the male inability to nurse an infant, which structured the gendered division of labor in pre-modern societies, until the steady march of technology rendered the division itself obsolete. Also, and Barber points this out, citing Judith Brown, we should see this is a question about ability rather than reliance, just as some men did spin, weave and sew (again, often in a commercial capacity), so too did some women farm, gather or hunt. It is only the very rare and quite stupid person who will starve or freeze merely to adhere to gender roles and even then gender roles were often much more plastic in practice than stereotypes make them seem.)

Spinning became a central motif in many societies for ideal womanhood. Of course one foot of the fundament of Greek literature stands on the Odyssey, where Penelope’s defining act of arete is the clever weaving and unweaving of a burial shroud to deceive the suitors, but examples do not stop there. Lucretia, one of the key figures in the Roman legends concerning the foundation of the Republic, is marked out as outstanding among women because, when a group of aristocrats sneak home to try to settle a bet over who has the best wife, she is patiently spinning late into the night (with the enslaved women of her house working around her; often they get translated as ‘maids’ in a bit of bowdlerization. Any time you see ‘maids’ in the translation of a Greek or Roman text referring to household workers, it is usually quite safe to assume they are enslaved women) while the other women are out drinking (Liv. 1.57). This display of virtue causes the prince Sextus Tarquinius to form designs on Lucretia (which, being virtuous, she refuses), setting in motion the chain of crime and vengeance which will overthrow Rome’s monarchy. The purpose of Lucretia’s wool-working in the story is to establish her supreme virtue as the perfect aristocratic wife.

...For myself, I find that students can fairly readily understand the centrality of farming in everyday life in the pre-modern world, but are slower to grasp spinning and weaving (often tacitly assuming that women were effectively idle, or generically ‘homemaking’ in ways that precluded production). And students cannot be faulted for this – they generally aren’t confronted with this reality in classes or in popular culture. ...Even more than farming or blacksmithing, this is an economic and household activity that is rendered invisible in the popular imagination of the past, even as (as you can see from the artwork in this post) it was a dominant visual motif for representing the work of women for centuries.”

- Bret Devereaux, “Clothing, How Did They Make It? Part III: Spin Me Right Round…”