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freakscircus · 5 years ago

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final book list for my colonial comprehensive exam! i have two months to read all this. :~)

Commodities

Bakewell, Peter. Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Boza, Alejandra and Solórzano Fonseca, Juan Carlos. “Indigenous Trade in Caribbean Central America, 1700s–1800s.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

McGillivray, Gillian. Blazing Cane: Sugar Communities, Class, and State Formation in Cuba, 1808-1959. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

Mintz, Sidney. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Penguin Books, 1986.

Murillo Velasco, Dana. “Borderlands in the Silver Mines of New Spain, 1540-1660.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Ortiz, Fernando. Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar translated by de Onis, Harriet. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Premo, Bianca. “From the Pockets of Women: The Gendering of the Mita, Migration and Tribute in Colonial Chucuito, Peru.” The Americas 57, (2000): 63-93.

Rogers, Thomas D. The Deepest Wounds: A Labor and Environmental History of Sugar in Northeast Brazil. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

Stein, Barbara H. and Stein, Stanley J. Edge of Crisis: War and Trade in the Spanish Atlantic, 1789-1808. Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

Schwartz, Stuart B. Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450-1680. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

Labor Systems

Miller, Joseph C. The Problem of Slavery as History: A Global Approach. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.

Reséndez, Andrés. “Borderlands of Bondage.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Rupert, Linda M. “Shaping an Inter-Imperial Exchange Zone: Smugglers, Runaway Slaves, and Itinerant Priests in the Southern Caribbean.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Schwartz, Stuart B. Slaves, peasants, and rebels : reconsidering Brazilian slavery. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian society: Bahia 1550-1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Stinchcombe, Arthur L. Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Tandeter, Enrique. Coercion and Market: Silver Mining in Colonial Potosí 1692-1826. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993.

Tutino, John. Making a New World: Founding Capitalism in the Bajio and Spanish North America. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.

Van Young, Eric. “Beyond the Hacienda: Agrarian Relations and Socioeconomic Change in Rural Mesoamerica.” Ethnohistory 50 (2003): 231-245.

Wolf, Eric R. and Mintz, Sydney. “Haciendas and Plantations in Middle America and the Antilles.” Social and Economic Studies 6 (1957): 380-412.

Yaremko, Jason M. “Indigenous Diaspora, Bondage, and Freedom in Colonial Cuba.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

New Philology

Burns, Kathryn. “Making indigenous archives: the quilcaycamayoc of Colonial Cuzco.” Hispanic American Historical Review 91 (2011), 665-689.

Dueñas, Alcira. Indians and Mestizos in the Lettered City: Reshaping Justice, Social Hierarchy, and Political Culture in Colonial Peru. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2010.

Hill Boone, Elizabeth and Mignolo, Walter D, editors. Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994.

Monteiro, John M. “Indigenous Histories in Colonial Brazil: Between Ethnocide and Ethnogenesis.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Rama, Angel. The Lettered City. Translated by Chasteen, John C. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.

Restall, Matthew and Asselbergs, Florine, compilers. Invading Guatemala: Spanish, Nahua, and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.

Restall, Matthew and Martin, Rebekah, editors. The New Conquest History and the New Philology in Colonial Mesoamerica. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Restall, Matthew, Sousa, Lisa, and Terraciano, Kevin, editors. Mesoamerican Voices: Native-language writings from colonial Mexico, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Guatemala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Ruiz Medrano, Ethelia and Susan Kellogg, eds. Negotiation within domination : New Spain's Indian pueblos confront the Spanish state Boulder: Colorado University Press, 2010.

Terraciano, Kevin, and Lisa Sousa. “The Historiography of New Spain.” In The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History. Edited by José C. Moya. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011

Race & Ethnicity

Fisher, Andrew B. and Matthew D. O’Hara, editors. Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.

Graubart, Karen B. With Our Labor and Sweat: Indigenous Women and the Formation of Colonial Society in Peru, 1550-1700. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.

Jordán, Pilar García, Guiteras Mombiola, Anna, and Frye, David. “The Construction of a Frontier Space: Inter-Ethnic Relations in Northern Bolivia.” In The [Oxford] Handbook of Borderlands of the Iberian World edited by Levin Rojo, Danna A. and Radding, Cynthia. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Larson, Brooke, Harris Olivia, and Tandeter, Enrique, editors. Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Restall, Matthew. The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.

Lohse, Russell. Africans into Creoles: Slavery, Ethnicity, and Identity in Colonial Costa Rica. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014.

Matthew, Laura E. and Oudijk, Michel R, editors. Indian Conquistadors: Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007.

Roller, Heather F. Amazonian Routes: Indigenous Mobility and Colonial Communities in Northern Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014.

Serulnikov, Sergio. Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Tupac Amaru. Durham: Duke University Press, 2013.

Yannakakis, Yanna. The Art of Being In-between: Native Intermediaries, Indian Identity, and Local Rule in Colonial Oaxaca. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008

#just sitting in my apartment trying to knock out one of these books a day :^)

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mcfreakin-bxtch · 5 years ago

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The Fan Tag Game

Tagged by @fatbottomedcurls, thank you lovely ❤️

Answer the questions and tag ten people you want to get to know better:

Three tv shows I would have joined friend groups in: That 70′s Show, It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia (I know they’re terrible people but I love this show), and a tie between Brooklyn Nine-Nine and Stranger Things

Three animated universes I wouldn’t have minded living in: Bob’s Burgers, The Simpsons, and I know this doesn’t count since it’s a video games but I can’t think of anything else so Skyrim. I love that game and dare I say would kill it at taking souls of dragons

Three fictional characters I relate to: Diane Nguyen (Bojack Horsemen), Bojack Horsemen, and Fiona Gallagher (Shameless US; never watched the UK version!)

Three fictional characters I wouldn’t vibe with: Raven Reyes (The 100), Rafael Solano (Jane The Virgin), Luther (The Umbrella Academy)

Three fictional characters I would be good friends with: Wanda Maximoff, Natasha Romanoff, and Wade Wilson (I did not think this was all going to be Marvel xD)

Three fictional characters I would probably most definitely have romantic feelings for: Bucky Barnes, Javier Pena (this was a tough choice to make out of Pedro’s characters), and a tie between Alucard (Hellsing Ultimate) and Kate Fuller (From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series). I just also have a huge crush on Madison Davenport

Three villains I’d want to have a chat with over coffee: Ivar The Boneless (Vikings, yes girl; his eyes have a way with me but I feel like he could hold a deep conversation as well), The Shadow King (Legion FX), and David (Prometheus)

Three superheroes I’d want to be for a day: Jean Grey (X-Men), Wanda Maximoff, and Wonder Woman

Three abilities I would want to have: Telekinesis, Reality manipulation, and Time travel/manipulation

Three ships I sail as the fierce and feared captain I am: Bellarke, Clarke Griffin (The 100) x HAPPINESS YOU COWARDS, and Deacon x Sole Survivor (Fallout 4) I just saw the case I had for it and said fuck it

Three fictional female characters I feel empowered by: Elizabeth Swann (Pirates of The Caribbean) I WILL SAY THIS TILL THE DAY I DIE, Elle Woods (Legally Blonde) I know that may seem a little silly but c’mon you cannot deny the message it’s conveying, and Clary Fairchild (The Mortal Instruments). She will always have a special place in my heart

Three fictional male characters with good ethics and morals I believe deserve more recognition: Bob Belcher (Bob’s Burgers), Peeta Mellark (The Hunger Games) I just got done watching the movie on tv so he’s fresh in my mind, and Fezco (Euphoria) I know he sells drugs and all which isn’t cool but he generally does care about his friends and looks out for them and does everything he can to take care of his family and skjflsjfdlhj

Three fictional lgbtq+ characters I would take bullters for: Klaus Hargreeves (The Umbrella Academy), Rosa Diaz (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), and Captain Jack Harkness (Torchwood)

Three fictional places I would have liked to visit: The Shire (The Lord of The Rings), Wonderland (Alice in Wonderland), and Jurassic Park

Three costumes worn by fictional characters I would have rocked: Amaru (From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series), Beetlejuice, and Harley Quinn (Old and/or Birds of Prey)

Three characterization tropes to describe myself: Brief Accent Imitation (all the TIMEEEE), Idealism (there’s quite a few), and Grew a Spine

Tagging: @lesqui, @creamysacrilege, @forever-rogue, @longitud-de-onda, @littlegirlsdontplaynice, @lustriix, @crazyzivadiva, @foenixphire, @c0recl0wn, @sando-rannn

#fan tag game #fan tags #tags #tag game #tag games #personal #me

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pescar-truta · 5 years ago

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Definições para um continente

A América é um epicédio para uma musa grotesca

A América é um projeto

A América é o elogio simultâneo de milhares de poetas-menores à barbárie

A América é o tumor na garganta do trovador

A América é uma noite longa

A América é uma metáfora para algo que se perdeu

A América é um sintoma

A América é um paradigma para mensurarmos o tamanho da nossa dor

A América é uma festa para a qual ninguém foi convidado

A América é um grito atrás de uma porta trancada

A América é o orgasmo culpado de um estupro

A América é um delírio europeu esquecido

A América é um pesadelo febril

A América é Abdias Nascimento, Roque Dalton, Ronald Reagan, Sandino, Cruz e Souza, Malcolm X, Richard Nixon, Camilo Torres, Costa e Silva, Pablo Escobar, Sérgio Fleury, Nicanor Parra, Fernandinho Beira-mar, Marylin Monroe, John Dillinger, Fidel Castro, Touro Sentado, Garrincha, Luis Carlos Prestes, George Woodcock, Mercedes Sosa, Manuel Puig, Maya Deren, Líber Seregni, Bandido da Luz Vermelha, Guilhermo del Toro, Thoureau, Jesse James, Zé do Caixão, Robert De Niro, Chacrinha, João Goulart, Hugo Chávez, Carlos Castañeda, Marighella, Abimael Guzmán, Jacques Dussalines, Pichon Rivière, Robert Nesta, Jeanine Áñez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Pinochet, James Dean, Chico Mendes, Jair Bolsonaro, Frida Kahlo, Buckminster Fuller, Joseph McCarthy, Violeta Parra, Kenneth Anger, Al Capone, Frantz Fanon, Henry Murray, Brilhante Ustra, Maria da Penha, Ted Bundy, Bonnie Elizabeth Parker, Getúlio Vargas, Elvis Presley, Emile Griffith, Angela Davis, Jorge Rafael Videla, Leonard Cohen, Arminda Aberastury, Eduardo Galeano, Juan Guaidó, Zapata, Roberto Bolaño, Filinto Muller, Tarsila do Amaral, Os dez de Hollywood, Che Guevara, Jorge Ben Jor, Comandante Ramona, Fulgêncio Batista, James Baldwin, Benício del Toro, Subcomandante Marcos, Castelo Branco, Eva Peron, Georgia O’Keffe, Atahualpa Yupanqui, Caio Prado Jr, Evo Moralez, Madame Satã, Silvio Rodriguez, Sidney Portier, Camilo Cienfuegos, Anne Carson, Xuxa, Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, Carlos Gardel, Rosa Parks, Papasquiaro, Victor Jara, Jack Kerouac, Dilma Roussef, Túpac Amaru, Plínio Salgado, Joan Baez, Cabo Anselmo, Roberto Marinho, Chu Ming Silveira, Manuel Marulanda, Jorge Luis Borges, Elizabeth Short, Simon Bolívar, Lezama Lima, Gabriela Mistral, Abraham Lincoln, Pablo Neruda, Mohammed Ali, Carlos Lamarca, Alejandro Jodorowky, Fujimori, Gaspar Dutra, Daniel Ortega, Anne Sexton, Tupac Shakur, Lionel Brizola, El Chapo, Maria Bonita, Roberto Bolaños, Ernesto Geisel, Ed Gein, Ana Cristina César, Mariel Mariscot, Peter Tosh, Somoza, Osman Lins, Sabotage, Maradona, William Alexander Morgan, Robert E. Lee, Ernesto Sábato, Susan Meiselas, Pelé, Raúl Castro, Huey Newton, Paulo Freire, Alfredo Stroessner, Chico Picadinho, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Clint Eastwood, Cristina Kirchner, Mazzaropi, Paul Schäfer, Allen Ginsberg e Zumbi dos Palmares.

A América é um modo de ser,

de tolerar

traições

até

o fim

sem chorar.

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culturizando · 7 years ago

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#UnDíaComoHoy: 7 de septiembre en la historia

El 7 de septiembre es el 250.º día del año. Quedan 115 días para finalizar el año. A continuación te presentamos una lista de eventos importantes que ocurrieron unía como hoy 7 de septiembre.

-1566: muere Suleimán el Magnífico, sultán otomano.

-1812: en la batalla de Borodinó, Napoleón vence a las fuerzas rusas durante las Guerras Napoleónicas. Esta batalla es también conocida como la Batalla del río Moscova, y fue la mayor y más sangrienta batalla de todas las Guerras Napoleónicas, enfrentando a cerca de un cuarto de millón de hombres. Esta batalla enfrentó a la armada francesa bajo el mando del emperador Napoleón I de Francia y al ejército de Alejandro I de Rusia, comandado por el militar Mijaíl Kutúzov, cerca de la aldea de Borodino (Rusia) con el fin de dominar el territorio ruso. La guerra fue tácticamente poco concluyente para ambos ejércitos, y sólo las consideraciones estratégicas de la misma forzaron a los rusos a retirarse. La retirada rusa abrió paso para la victoria definitiva de los franceses.

-1813: en Estados Unidos. se usa por primera vez el término ‘Tío Sam’ para referirse a este país. Tío Sam (Uncle Sam en inglés) es una personificación nacional de Estados Unidos que data de la Guerra de 1812. Según el folclore común, el origen del personaje se remonta a un grupo de soldados que estaban al norte de Nueva York, quienes recibieron barriles de carne con las iniciales U.S. (United States). Los soldados a modo de broma tomaron las iniciales como las del proveedor de carne, Uncle Samuel Wilson, de Troy (Nueva York). El Congreso de Estados Unidos adoptó la siguiente resolución el 7 de septiembre de 1961: “Resuelto por el Senado y la Cámara de Representantes que el Congreso salude a Uncle Sam como el progenitor del símbolo nacional de Estados Unidos, Tío Sam”. Otras representaciones más antiguas de Estados Unidos como “Brother Jonathan” fueron superadas por “Tío Sam” alrededor de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense. Luego de la Guerra Civil, a Tío Sam se le agregaron patillas como referencia a Abraham Lincoln. Hoy en día, con excepción de la Estatua de la Libertad, el personaje del Tío Sam es probablemente la personificación más popular y reconocible de Estados Unidos.

-1822: a orillas del río Ipiranga (Brasil), el príncipe Pedro proclama la independencia. Terminada la invasión hispano francesa, la corte lusitana termina su exilio en Brasil y regresa a sus palacios en Lisboa. El príncipe Pedro de Portugal permaneció en las colonias de Brasil como regente. El 9 de diciembre de 1821 el reino portugués ordena el regreso del príncipe a Europa. Para ese momento los grupos independentistas brasileños apoyan abiertamente la opción de nombrar al regente como cabeza de un gobierno que represente también a sus intereses y les de autonomía de la corte en Portugal. Pedro desobedece la orden de retornar a Portugal y tras meses de cabildeos y negociaciones proclama la independencia del Brasil el 7 de septiembre de 1822. El 12 de octubre siguiente es proclamado emperador del nuevo estado.

-1859: en Londres, entra en funcionamiento el Big Ben.

-1940: en la batalla de Inglaterra, los alemanes inician el bombardeo masivo de Londres.

-1940: nace Dario Argento, director, productor y guionista italiano.

-1949: nace Gloria Gaynor, cantante de música pop estadounidense.

-1954: en Italia se estrena la película La Strada, de Federico Fellini.

-1955: en Perú se concede el derecho al voto a las mujeres.

-1973: nace Shannon Elizabeth, actriz estadounidense. Conocida por ser parte de las entregas de American Pie.

-1977: en Estados Unidos, se firman los Tratados Torrijos-Carter, que transfiere progresivamente la soberanía del Canal De Panamá a la República de Panamá. Los presidentes de Estados Unidos, James Carter y de Panamá, Omar Torrijos, firman los documentos para que la nación centroamericana tome el control del paso a partir del 31 de diciembre de 1999. La firma del Acuerdo es el resultado de la demanda panameña para que se le restituya el control del paso interoceánico. La ceremonia de firma se realiza en la sede de la Organización de Estados Americanos en Washington. Los panameños aprueban el acuerdo mediante un plebiscito realizado el 23 de octubre de 1977 y el Senado norteamericano ratifica su contenido en una sesión del 10 de abril del mismo año.

-1978: muere Keith Moon, baterista de The Who. Moon se ganó el reconocimiento por su estilo exuberante e innovador en la batería, y su excéntrico comportamiento autodestructivo, lo que le valió el apodo de «Moon the Loon» («Moon el chiflado»). Moon se unió a The Who en 1964, y participó en todos los álbumes y sencillos desde su debut, en «Zoot Suit» de 1964, hasta Who Are You de 1978, álbum que fue lanzado sólo tres semanas antes de su muerte. Fue conocido por su dramática y emocionante forma de tocar la batería—evitando frecuentemente los ritmos básicos, enfocando su técnica en la rapidez, subrayando los redobles a través de los tambores, manejando ambidiestramente el doble bombo y golpeando salvajemente los platillos. Es mencionado en el Salón de la Fama del Rock como uno de los grandes bateristas del rock and roll, y de manera póstuma, fue inducido al Rock Hall como miembro de The Who en 1990.

-1978: nace Devon Sawa, actor estadounidense. Conocido por ser parte del elenco de Casper, Final Destination, Nikita, Little Giants, Now and Then, entre otras.

-1982: en Afganistán, el ejército soviético despliega sus tropas.

-1987: en Maracay (Venezuela), lluvias torrenciales dejan más de 200 personas muertas y cerca de un millar de desaparecidas.

-1996: en Las Vegas (Nevada), es tiroteado el rapero estadounidense Tupac Shakur. Murió seis días después. Tupac Amaru Shakur, también conocido como 2Pac, fue un rapero estadounidense, además de actor, productor y poeta, nacido en el 16 de junio de 1971 en East Harlem, Nueva York y fallecido el 13 de septiembre de 1996 en Las Vegas. Sus letras se centran sobre todo en crecer alrededor de la violencia y la pobreza, las dificultades de los guetos y el racismo. También es conocido por sus mensajes políticos, económicos, sexuales, poéticos y de igualdad racial en sus letras. Tupac se convirtió en el blanco de demandas y problemas legales. Recibió cinco disparos y fue robado en el vestíbulo de un estudio de grabación en Nueva York. Tras ello, Shakur comenzó a sospechar que otras figuras en la industria del rap tenían conocimiento previo del incidente y no le advirtieron, por lo que la controversia contribuyó a que se desencadenara la rivalidad entre las costas Este y Oeste en el mundo del rap. Es el rapero que más discos ha vendido en la historia, con 50 millones de copias sólo en Estados Unidos y alrededor de 120 millones en el resto del mundo, reconocido por el Libro Guinness de los Récords.

-2001: en el Madison Square Garden (Nueva York) Michael Jackson da un concierto con sus hermanos.

La entrada #UnDíaComoHoy: 7 de septiembre en la historia aparece primero en culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente.

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monadanomadaediciones · 7 years ago

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Compartimos el comunicado de prensa de la Tupac Amaru del viernes 28 de julio de 2017.

LA CIDH CONCEDIÓ LA MEDIDA CAUTELAR A FAVOR DE LA DIPUTADA DEL PARLSUR

"YA NO HAY MAS EXCUSAS, EL GOBIERNO NACIONAL DEBE DEJAR EN LIBERTAD A MILAGRO SALA"

A pesar de las operaciones del gobierno nacional para evitar que la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) se pronuncie en relación a la detención arbitraria de Milagro Sala, el organismo internacional concedió la medida cautelar que fue solicitada por el CELS, Amnesty Internacional y Andhes y dispuso que el Estado Nacional, al ser parte del sistema interamericano, debe cumplir con la libertad inmediata que solicitó el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Detenciones Arbitrarias de Naciones Unidas o, en su defecto, concederle la detención domiciliaria o la libertad vigilada por medios electrónicos y ratificó que Milagro Sala está detenida en forma arbitraria. En la resolución exige además al Poder Ejecutivo el respeto de los tratados internacionales que tienen rango constitucional y son derecho vigente en la Argentina. Consideró en la resolución que la dirigente "se encuentra en una situación de gravedad y urgencia, toda vez que sus derechos a la vida e integridad personal enfrentan un riesgo de daño irreparable" según constataron durante la visita que realizaron el pasado 16 de junio. Ademas, advirtieron sobre el riesgo de la criminalización del liderazgo social y señalaron que la prisión preventiva "debe estar limitada por los principios de legalidad, presunción de inocencia, necesidad y proporcionalidad. La prisión preventiva es una medida que no debe ser punitiva", "el Estado debe garantizar que la regla sea la libertad del procesado mientras se resuelva acerca de su responsabilidad penal" y que las características personales del supuesto autor y la gravedad del delito que se le imputa no son, por sí mismos, justificación suficiente de la prisión preventiva". El Estado tiene 15 días para comunicar de que manera dará curso a la resolución.

"Este es un gran triunfo del equipo de defensores de Milagro que desde el primer momento han denunciado la ilegalidad de la detención y el agravamiento del hostigamiento en el penal y por parte del Poder Judicial que en Jujuy responde al Poder Ejecutivo. También es el triunfo de los organismos de Derechos Humanos que nos han acompañado denunciando al mundo este verdadero atropello a la legalidad. Y, por supuesto, un gran triunfo del Cels, de Amnesty, de ANDHES y del Comité por la Libertad de Milagro Sala que han sostenido que se han violado las garantías constitucionales y se ha suspendido el Estado de Derecho en Jujuy con el aval de Mauricio Macri", aseguró Alejandro Garfagnini, referente de la Tupac Amaru.

"Nuevamente los organismos internacionales vienen a hacer justicia frente a las graves violaciones a los Derechos Humanos en nuestro país en el caso de Milagro, así como sucedió durante el Terrorismo de Estado. La comisión entendió que el caso de Milagro cumplía con los estándares de urgencia, gravedad e irreparabilidad y que la concesión de esta cautelar está vinculada con salvaguardar el derecho a la vida y a la integridad física entendiendo que parte de esta detención está vinculada a que Milagro es una lideresa social, es mujer e indígena", aseguró Elizabeth Gomez Alcorta, del equipo de abogados defensores de Milagro Sala.

A su vez, desde el Comité por la Libertad de Milagro Sala destacaron que "a pesar de intentar poner todos los palos en la rueda, formalmente fue el Estado Nacional el que dijo haber invitado a la CIDH a Jujuy. De modo que ahora no puede hacerse los distraídos con esta resolución. Francisco Eguiguren fue muy claro respecto a este punto cuando salió del penal y expresó que "la Comisión entiende que sus recomendaciones son para que el Estado las cumpla. Entendemos que los Estados son parte de un sistema internacional y por lo tanto las recomendaciones hay que cumplirlas".

En la medida cautelar emitida hoy por la CIDH, el organismo solicita al Estado nacional que "adopte las medidas necesarias para garantizar la vida e integridad personal de Milagro Sala en el contexto de detención preventiva en el que actualmente se encuentra". Ademas exige al gobierno nacional que "concierte las medidas a adoptarse con la beneficiaria y sus representantes y, tomando en cuenta la excepcionalidad de la prisión preventiva y el agravamiento de la situación, riesgo a la vida e integridad personal como resultado de las particularidades que tiene la continuidad de la privación de libertad de la beneficiaria, así como los presuntos hostigamientos que habría enfrentado y la necesidad de salvaguardar tales derechos, las autoridades competentes adopten, a la luz de los estándares descritos, medidas alternativas a la detención preventiva, como el arresto domiciliario o bien que la señora Milagro Sala pueda enfrentar los procesos en libertad con medidas como la fiscalización electrónica".

Los comisionados Francisco Eguiguren y Esmeralda Arosamena de Troitiño, acompañados por el abogado especialista en Derechos Humanos, Jorge Meza, visitaron a Milagro Sala en el Penal de Mujeres de Alto Comedero el 16 de junio. A la salida del encuentro en Conferencia de Prensa anunciaron que tratarían el tema en el Periodo de Sesiones Extraordinarias a realizarse en Lima la primer semana de julio. Hoy hicieron pública la concesión de la medida cautelar solicitada por el Cels, Amnesty y Andhes en relación a la detención arbitraria de la diputada del Parlasur.

"Milagro Sala hoy cumple 559 de privación ilegitima de la libertad. Pasaron ya nueve meses desde que se pronunció la ONU, Amnistía Internacional, Human Wrights Watch y otros tantos organismos internacionales. Con la detención de Milagro Sala, primer presa politica en democracia, Macri y sus funcionarios nacionales han expuesto a la Argentina ante el mundo. De ser ejemplo en materia de Derechos Humanos nos convertimos en un país que ha suspendido el Estado de Derecho", señalaron desde el Comite. __________ Prensa Tupac Amaru, 28 de julio de 2017

#libertad a milagro sala #liberenamilagro #milagro sala #presa politica #jujuy #Gerardo Morales #tupac amaru #unidos y organizados #Organización Barrial Tupac Amaru #CIDH #DDHH #derechos humanos

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strawberryangel6667 · 10 months ago

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rolplay sketch

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virginiaprelawland · 5 years ago

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Sendero Luminoso And Law And Politics In Peru

By Elizabeth Hardiman, George Mason University Class of 2022

February 22, 2020

In the two decades between 1980 and 2000, over 70,000 Peruvians died in a three-party conflict between Sendero Luminoso, MRTA, and government security forces. Although the stated goal of Sendero Luminoso was to establish an egalitarian communist paradise, their actions resulted in thousands of violent incidents, primarily against marginalized indigenous groups. Although Sendero Luminoso was emboldened by the emergence of leftist revolutionary parties in parts of Latin America, they were founded in the Chinese Maoist communist tradition. [1] Just as Marxist-Leninism was thought to be an elevated version of Marxism, proponents of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism or MLM, considered their philosophy to be an even higher order iteration of communist thought. One fundamental difference between Chinese Maoism and Russian Marxism-Leninism is that Maoism focuses on rural organizing. Where Marxism-Leninism encouraged urban workers to spearhead the revolution, Mao Zedong encouraged a “bottom-up” approach, with rural peasants beginning revolutionary work so that they could later unite with their urban comrades to form a classless utopia. This made it an applicable version of Communist ideology for Peru, which had large rural areas where militia members could operate with near impunity, as well as indigenous populations that were largely isolated from urban Peruvians.

A distrust of urban industrialization is a key facet of Maoist ideology. This contributes to an undercurrent of paranoia that the bourgeois class is always near emerging. This fear fueled genocide in Cambodia, “re-education” programs in China, and many purges carried out by Sendero Luminoso. [2] As one expert on the group has stated, “to kill people systematically, you need a transcendent ideology, which makes peoples (sic) lives less important. Shining Path killed more than 30,000.” Guzman considered himself “the fourth sword”, the only true ideological heir to Marx, Lenin, and Mao, and termed his adherents Senderistas. He accused Che Guevara of being a bourgeoisie traitor and derided Xiaoping and Khrushchev as “traitors to the revolution”.[3] This ideological isolationism propagated through his “ “military schools” allowed him to amass a cult following. In March of 1980, the Shining path formed a revolutionary directorate in Ayacucho. After a series of clandestine meetings, they decided to begin military action. That April, Guzman made a proclamation to the group, stating “Comrades: Our labor has ended, the armed struggle has begun…The invincible flames of the revolution will glow, turning to lead and steel…There will be a great rupture and we will be the makers of the new dawn…We shall convert the black fire into red and the red into pure light”. [4],[5]

In the first of many incidents of violence in rural Peru, they burned ballot boxes in the town of Chuschi. The perpetrators were caught quickly, additional ballots were provided to affected districts, and the elections continued without incident. The group learned from the failure of this attack and delayed direct attacks, and instead focused on consolidating territorial control. They accomplished this by expanding their recruiting efforts in Ayacucho’s countryside. By recruiting from these rural, primarily indigenous areas, they were able to solidify their guerrilla advantage by securing fighters with knowledge of and ties to the land they were fighting on. As their power grew, they gained the reluctant support of peasant populations by filling the power vacuum left by an impotent central government. Additionally, the Shining Path established a system of “popular justice”, with show trials taking place with little to no regard for the rights of the accused. Despite the flaws of this “justice” system, it was sometimes participated in by rural citizens, left with no other option after being neglected by mainstream Peruvian courts. [6]

The Shining Path consolidated their regional control by attacking government institutions. They murdered public officials, attacked properties held by private companies, and hung dogs and cats from land posts as a warning to government supporters. Andes natives would later call this period the “chaqua”, a Quechua word for trauma and chaos. [7]

The initial government response to the group was tepid. They failed to declare a state of emergency until the violence began to encroach on Peru’s urban centers. Sendero Luminoso helped to fortify their control by turning the peasant populace against the government. The official truth commission claims that a state of emergency was not declared because José María de la Jara, the interior minister, believed that Sendero Luminoso could be subdued through police action. [8] However, outside observers would claim that this decision was more due to President Balaúnde’s reluctance to cede any support to the military, as his first term had been curtailed by a military coup. In a move that would prove calamitous, on December 29th, 1981, the government finally declared a state of emergency. With the exception of Lima and some surrounding areas, the country was placed under the governance of the Ejército del Perú, and their Second Infantry Division was sent to occupy the area of Ayacucho. They were broad-reaching powers, including the right to detain any “suspicious” person. In the wake of this transition, Amnesty Internation began to receive hundreds of reports of rape, torture, and extrajudicial murder and enforced disappearances. Over the 11 years that the military held power in this region, Amnesty International recorded over 4,200 cases of enforced disappearance, with documents from the Peruvian ministry placing the number at over 5,000. Relatives of the disappeared attribute responsibility for these disappearances to members of the Ejército del Perú, who acted largely with impunity. [9]Massacres were frequently carried out by the military against suspected members of Sendero Luminoso. Groups concerned with human rights would later contend that these massacres instead resulted in the deaths of civilians, a fact that would later be confirmed in the truth commission.

The government utilized the peasant population as a potential offensive line against Sendero Luminoso. Despite the atrocities committed by the military, Sendero Luminoso had done plenty to foster resentment in the region, violently forcing policies upon indigenous communities that threatened their security and exacerbated economic hardship. As one peasant stated, in La Mar. “Life was hard before the war, but at least we had our own homes back then, and enough food to eat. Of course, we blame the Marines for the killings and the destruction they perpetrated here in the past. But we ultimately blame the terrucos [Senderista 'terrorists'] for causing the Marines to come here in the first place. The terrucos started this whole mess.” This animosity was harnessed by the military with their establishment of the self-defense militias. Although Guzman thought preached a doctrine of economic self-sufficiency to peasant populations, his model was more exploitative than empowering. Although they claimed to establish racial equality as a tenant of their revolutionary strategy, by virtue of having primarily lighter-skinned, wealthier leaders of urban origin replace indigenous community leaders, they were replicating the structures that they claimed to be fighting against.In some places, where the trauma of communist rule was acutely felt, anti-Senderista guerilla movements, or Rondero

s, sprung up organically. In Iquichano, a sub-region of Ayacucho, a self-defense committee sprung up during the second-half of 1982. While other indigenous groups in Ayacucho fled the red zones and integrated into more urbanized centers of Peru, this was not an option for the Iquichano, who were primarily monolingual Quechua speakers. They were a close-knit egalitarian society, meaning that the violence used by Sendero Luminoso was more acutely felt across social networks. Additionally, the lack of social fragmentation this egalitarianism created meant that there were fewer cleavages for Sendero Luminoso to exploit. Within a close-knit community with strong, interpersonal relationships, it is difficult to paint someone as an “enemy of the people” when you know that person to be your neighbor. Iquichano’s had only recently gained their land through the agrarian reforms of the 1970s, and as such, were fiercely protective of it.[10]

Despite this, their resistance did not come to fruition in a vacuum. They were encouraged by the Sinchis, a counterinsurgency paratrooper branch of the Peruvian military, to capture or kill any Senderistas they encountered. Although they were warned about the ideological threat posed by communists, they were not provided with weapons, training, or even forewarning about the numbers and ability of the Senderistas.

________________________________________________________________

[1] "The Emergence of Sendero Luminoso." https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=14930. Accessed 17 Jun. 2019.

[2] "Maoists vs. Communists.." 5 Feb. 2004, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2004/02/maoists-vs-communists.html. Accessed 10 Jun. 2019.

[3] "Shining Path, Tupac Amaru (Peru, leftists) | Council on Foreign Relations." 27 Aug. 2009, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shining-path-tupac-amaru-peru-leftists. Accessed 17 Jun. 2019.

[4] "The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the Refusal of History." https://www.jstor.org/stable/158120. Accessed 11 Jun. 2019.

[5] "From Shining Path to Truth Commission-1 - Brandeis University." https://www.brandeis.edu/ethics/pdfs/internationaljustice/JustPerformance/From_Shining_Path_to_Truth_Commission.pdf. Accessed 11 Jun. 2019.

[6]Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. Book VI Chapter 1 page 41. Retrieved June 11th, 2019

[7] "Books: Shining Path - Liverpool University Press." 1 Jun. 2006, https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/books/id/40805/. Accessed 12 Jun. 2019.

[8] "2.1. El gobierno de Acción Popular - Comisión de la verdad y ...." http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20III/Cap.%202%20Los%20actores%20polIticos/2.1%20ACCION%20POPULAR.pdf. Accessed 12 Jun. 2019. (pgs 17-18)

[9] Amnesty International. "Peru: Summary of Amnesty International's concerns 1980 – 1995" Archived March 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 12th, 2019

[10] "Rondas Campesinas in the Peruvian Civil War: Peasant Self-Defence ...." https://www.jstor.org/stable/3339025. Accessed 12 Jun. 2019.

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omradio · 7 years ago

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La libertad no es un Milagro

Horacio Verbitsky presentará mañana, a las 16, su nuevo libro La libertad no es un Milagro sobre la líder de la Tupac Amaru, la primera presa política de la Alianza Cambiemos, junto a Elizabeth Gómez Alcorta, abogada de la dirigente social, y la periodista de Página 12 Alejandra Dandan. La presentación se llevará a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, en…

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#libertad #milagro

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mputandini · 7 years ago

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