#EPUB accessibility guidelines

[apex-seo-work]

The Power of Accessible EPUBs: Revolutionizing Digital Reading for All | Documenta11y

Discover how accessible EPUBs are transforming digital reading. Learn about key accessibility features like navigation, multimedia support, and legal compliance to ensure inclusivity for all readers.

For more information:

[animentality]

Hi! I really like your writings and I've been following you for a while now. I want to so badly read the new novel you posted but I don't have a kindle and it is hard to have access to Amazin since I live in asia :(( is there a way to read your book through an epub or pdf? I'm so sorry if this question sounds a bit dumb, I've been trying ways for a long time and i just want to read your work 😭😭

I'm sorry ;-;

But right now, I am primarily using Amazon KDP to publish my work, and it unfortunately does not allow you to publish the work anywhere else if you are enrolled in KDP select.

In order to offer my work for free, and still get paid in some way, I have to adhere to KDP select guidelines.

Sorry.

But thank you so much for your interest :)

I really appreciate you trying to support me.

For what it's worth, I will be posting the series in its entirety somewhere eventually, when the series is over, but right this second, I can only offer it for free at the expense of being unable to post it anywhere else.

Add it to goodreads, though, if you just wanna remember it exists and follow/keep following me for any announcements on when I publish the series though!

Again, sorry!

[visual-sculptors]

The Impact of Word Count and Device Differences on eBook Page Calculation

1.  How to calculate eBook Pages?

Calculating the number of pages in an eBook is a nuanced process that requires a comprehensive understanding of the various formatting and display settings inherent to the device or software being utilized for reading. Unlike traditional print books, eBooks are inherently more fluid, allowing for dynamic adjustments based on users' preferences, such as font size, style, and screen dimensions. This variability means that the page count of an eBook can fluctuate significantly, making it challenging to provide a definitive number. To estimate the equivalent number of print pages, a common industry standard suggests a range of 250 to 300 words per page, serving as a useful guideline for authors and publishers alike. It is important to note that this is merely an approximation, as the actual reading experience can differ widely based on user customization. In addition to basic word count estimations, various tools and features can aid in providing a more accurate page count specific to an eBook’s formatting. For instance, Kindle’s 'Page Count' feature offers tailored estimates that reflect the unique aspects of a given eBook, thereby enhancing the reader’s experience. Furthermore, authors and publishers should consider leveraging advanced conversion software that incorporates metrics for page count tailored to different reading platforms. These tools can provide invaluable insights and assist in optimizing the formatting and presentation of eBooks, ensuring that they meet the preferences and expectations of a diverse audience. By taking these factors into account, stakeholders in the publishing industry can better navigate the complexities of eBook formatting and enhance the accessibility of their content.

2.How to create a paid eBook?

Creating a paid eBook involves several strategic steps. First, identify a niche topic that resonates with your target audience and conduct thorough market research to ensure demand. Next, outline your content, ensuring it is structured, informative, and engaging. Utilize professional writing tools and software for a polished presentation. Design an appealing cover and format the eBook for various devices, considering both PDF and ePub formats. After writing, edit rigorously for clarity and coherence, possibly hiring a professional editor. Finally, choose a reliable platform for distribution, such as Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, and develop a marketing strategy to promote your eBook effectively.

3.How can I sell my eBook without social media?

 Selling an eBook without relying on social media requires strategic planning and diverse marketing channels. Begin by optimizing your website or blog for search engines to attract organic traffic through quality content and relevant keywords. Consider leveraging email marketing by building a list of interested readers and offering a free sample or valuable resources to encourage sign-ups. Collaborate with influencers or bloggers in your niche to reach a wider audience through guest posts or reviews.

4.Do I need a website for my eBook?

Having a dedicated website for your eBook can significantly enhance its visibility and marketability. A website serves as a central hub where potential readers can learn about your book, access compelling content, and make direct purchases. It allows you to showcase reviews, share updates, and engage with your audience through newsletters or blogs. Moreover, a professional online presence establishes credibility and can improve your eBook's SEO, making it easier for readers to discover your work. In today’s digital landscape, a website is not merely an option it is a valuable tool for maximizing your eBook's reach and success.

5.Who buys eBooks?

The demographic profile of eBook purchasers is diverse, encompassing a wide range of age groups, educational backgrounds, and interests. Primarily, avid readers and professionals seeking convenience and accessibility are significant consumers of eBooks. Younger demographics, particularly millennials and Gen Z, are increasingly inclined towards digital formats due to their integration with technology and portable nature. Additionally, students and academics utilize eBooks for their affordability and ease of access to a vast array of resources. Furthermore, genre preferences vary, with fiction, self-help, and business categories attracting substantial interest. Overall, eBook buyers are tech-savvy individuals who value flexibility in their reading habits.

[epublishinghelp]

Mastering Kindle eBook Formatting: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction:

In the digital age, eBooks have become a popular medium for both authors and readers. With the rise of platforms like Amazon Kindle, self-publishing has never been more accessible. However, amidst the excitement of writing and publishing your eBook, one crucial aspect often gets overlooked: formatting. Proper formatting not only enhances the reader's experience but also ensures your eBook meets industry standards. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the intricacies of Kindle eBook formatting, offering essential tips and techniques to help you present your content professionally.

Understanding Kindle eBook Formatting:

Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP), Amazon's self-publishing platform, provides guidelines for formatting eBooks to ensure compatibility across various Kindle devices and apps. The key components of Kindle eBook formatting include:

File Formats: KDP accepts eBooks in formats like .doc, .docx, HTML, ePub, and MOBI. However, for the best results, converting your manuscript to MOBI format is recommended, as it's specifically optimized for Kindle.

Text Formatting: Consistent font usage, proper alignment, and suitable line spacing are crucial for readability. Stick to standard fonts like Arial or Times New Roman to ensure compatibility across devices.

Images and Graphics: If your eBook contains images or graphics, ensure they are of high quality and properly aligned within the text. Amazon recommends using JPEG format for images.

Table of Contents (TOC): Including a clickable TOC allows readers to navigate your eBook easily. Ensure that chapter titles and page numbers in the TOC correspond accurately with the content.

Cover Design: While not directly related to formatting, a captivating cover is essential for attracting readers. Amazon provides guidelines for cover dimensions and resolution to ensure it displays correctly on different devices.

Tips for Effective Kindle eBook Formatting:

Simplify Formatting: Avoid complex layouts or intricate designs that may not translate well to various Kindle devices. Keep formatting simple and focus on delivering your content effectively.

Use Stylesheets: Utilize stylesheets to maintain consistency throughout your eBook. This allows you to easily apply formatting elements such as headings, paragraphs, and bullet points.

Test on Multiple Devices: Before publishing, test your eBook on different Kindle devices and apps to ensure compatibility and readability across various screen sizes and resolutions.

Optimize for Accessibility: Consider readers with visual impairments by ensuring your eBook is accessible. Use alt text for images and avoid relying solely on color for conveying information.

Proofread Thoroughly: Typos and formatting errors can detract from the professionalism of your eBook. Take the time to proofread meticulously or consider hiring a professional editor.

Conclusion:

Mastering Kindle eBook formatting is essential for self-published authors looking to make a mark in the digital publishing landscape. By adhering to Amazon's guidelines and implementing best practices, you can ensure your eBook stands out for all the right reasons. Whether you're a seasoned author or embarking on your publishing journey for the first time, investing time and effort into proper formatting will ultimately enhance the reading experience for your audience. Start by implementing the tips outlined in this guide, and watch as your eBook captivates readers on Amazon Kindle and beyond.

Resource Box:

For further assistance with Kindle eBook formatting and self-publishing guidance, visit ePublishingHelp.com. Our experts provide comprehensive support to authors, ensuring their eBooks meet industry standards and captivate readers worldwide.

[sassysaladnight]

Handbook of Communication in Oncology and Palliative Care

Mosby S Home Treatment And Hospice Medication Manual Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle variation is available to download and install in english. Read online anytime anywhere straight from your device. Click the download and install switch listed below to obtain a free pdf file of Mosby S Home Treatment And Hospice Medicine Manual book. This book definitely well worth reading, it's an extremely well-written.

Mosby's Home Treatment and Hospice Medication Manual by T. M. Marrelli Pdf

Mosby's Home Treatment & Hospice Medicine Manual by Tina Marrelli is a mobile, updated medicine manual which contains essential medication information for clinicians exercising in home treatment and hospice.

Manual of Home Wellness Requirements E-Book by Tina M. Marrelli Pdf

Manual of Home Wellness Requirements: Quality, Paperwork, and Reimbursement consists of everything the home treatment registered nurse needs to provide quality treatment and effectively document treatment based upon approved professional requirements.

This manual offers detailed requirements and paperwork standards consisting of ICD-9-CM (analysis) codes, OASIS factors to consider, solution abilities (consisting of the abilities of the multidisciplinary healthcare team), factors validating homebound standing, interdisciplinary objectives and outcomes, reimbursement, and sources for practice and education and learning. The 5th version of this "little red book is upgraded to consist of new information from one of the most recently revised Government Sign up Last Regulation and updated coding.

All information in this manual is thoroughly evaluated, revised, and upgraded. Offers easy-to-access and easy-to-read style that overviews users detailed through important home treatment requirements and paperwork standards Provides practical tips for effective documents of diagnoses/professional problems commonly treated in the home, designed to favorably influence reimbursement from 3rd party payors.

Lists ICD-9-CM analysis codes, needed for finishing CMS invoicing forms, in each body system area, together with a total alphabetical list of all codes consisted of in guide in an appendix. Integrates hospice treatment and documents criteria so suppliers can produce effective hospice paperwork. Stresses the stipulation of quality treatment by providing standards based upon one of the most existing approved criteria of treatment. Consists of one of the most existing NANDA-approved taking care of diagnoses so that carriers have one of the most accurate and current information at their fingertips. Determines skilled solutions, consisting of solutions appropriate for the multidisciplinary group to perform.

Offers discharge planning solutions to address specific concerns so service companies can easily recognize the plan of discharge that most effectively meets the patient's needs. Lists the crucial components of all requirements that specific participants of the multidisciplinary group (e.g., the registered nurse, social employee) must promote to work effectively with each other to attain maximum individual outcomes. Sources for treatment and practice direct carriers to useful resources to improve client treatment and/or improve their professional practice.

Each set of standards consists of individual, family, and caregiver education and learning so that healthcare suppliers can provide customers with necessary information for specific problems or concerns. Interaction tips determine quantifiable information that aids in providing insurance situation supervisors with information on which making effective individual treatment choices. Several useful areas make the manual comprehensive and complete: medicare guidelines; home treatment interpretations, functions, and abbreviations;

NANDA-approved taking care of diagnoses; standards for home medial equipment and supplies. Small dimension for hassle-free bring in bag or pocket! Provides one of the most current information about the most recent and primary reimbursement systems in home treatment: the Prospective Payment System (PPS) and Pay For Efficiency (P4P). Upgraded terms, meanings, and language to reflect the government company change from Health and wellness Treatment Funding Management (HCFA) to Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Solutions (CMS) and various other industry changes.

Consists of one of the most current NANDA diagnoses and OASIS form and paperwork explanations. New interdisciplinary functions have been included, such as respiratory specialist and nutritional expert.,/LI>

Hospice and Palliative Treatment Manual by T. M. Marrelli Pdf

This simple manual is the just one of its type to offer succinct, concentrated coverage of all hospice-related problems. Key subjects consist of professional criteria and standards, bereavement solutions factors to consider, outcomes and objectives, quality assurance, and tips for acquiring reimbursement. --Couverture.

Taking care of Documents Manual by T. M. Marrelli Pdf

This pocket-size guide conserves registered nurses priceless time while ensuring that a total individual record is developed which lawful, quality control, and reimbursement requirements are met. This manual provides specific terminology for charting person progress, change or jobs accomplished for approximately 50 common problems.

The new 3rd version is totally upgraded to consist of Critical Analysis Searchings for, Subjective Searchings for for Paperwork, Sources for Treatment and Practice, Lawful Factors to consider, Time Conserving Tips, and new Managed Treatment information. Plus, about 15 additional common problems and diagnoses have been included production this practical source better compared to ever. Diagnoses remain in alphabetical purchase enabling fast and easy access.

Each person problem or medical diagnosis found in this manual consists of specific documents standards for the following aspects of taking care of treatment: *Assessment of individual problem *Associated taking care of medical diagnosis *Examples of objective searchings for for documents *Examples of subjective searchings for for documents *Examples of evaluation of the information *Examples of potential clinical problems for this client *Examples of the documents of potential taking care of treatments/activities *Examples of the evaluations of the treatments/activities *Other solutions that may be indicated and their associated treatments and objectives/outcomes *Nursing objectives and outcomes

*Potential discharge plans for this client *Patient, family, caregiver academic needs *Resources for treatment and practice *Legal factors to consider for documents, as appropriate Initial chapters explain paperwork, the clinical record systems of taking care of documents, and present JCAHO and ANA criteria associated with documents. Specialized areas provide important and specific standards for hospice treatment and maternal-child treatment. Appendices provide the most current

NANDA-approved taking care of diagnoses, summaries of solutions provided by various other self-controls, abbreviations, and a listing of sources (i.e., directory site of sources, medical e-newsletters and journals, Internet sources, further reading). Consists of Time Conserving Tips boxes in order to help minimize the moment needed for paperwork obligations.

Each medical diagnosis consists of a Critical Analysis Elements/Searchings for area to assist registered nurses with their critical choice production and determine whether an evaluation finding shows immediate attention or client subsequent. The Objectives/Outcomes area of each medical diagnosis currently shows up at the beginning so that registered nurses know the intended objectives and outcomes in advance before beginning the evaluation.

All documents standards currently consist of areas on Instances of Subjective Searchings for for Paperwork and Sources for Treatment and Practice. Consists of Lawful Factors to consider for Paperwork as appropriate to emphasize important lawful concerns. Component One is upgraded to reflect the present managed treatment environment, consisting of new information required by the Nationwide Community of Quality Guarantee NCQA, so that registered nurses can include and concentrate on these changes as they document

Source :

renosf.org Download eBook Renosf

[bestseotoos]

Produce Your Robots.txt Document Quickly with Our Internet based Device

Robots.txt is a record utilized via web search tool robots to decide the ordering of a site. At the point when robots slither your site, they adhere to the guidelines in the robots.txt document (if one exists) and record your site likewise. Assuming that you're new to site advancement and thinking about what robots.txt document is, you're in good company. In this blog, we'll let you know all that you really want to be aware of bots and how they work and how you can utilize it for your potential benefit. How about we get into it!

What is a robots.txt record?

A robots.txt document is a text record that tells web index crawlers where to find explicit site pages on your site. These web search tool crawlers are the robots of the Web, and they're utilized to file pages for web search tool inquiries and ordering.

A robots. xml document is a straightforward and simple to-utilize option to a robots.txt record for overseeing web index crawler admittance to your site, yet it's not quite as adjustable and adaptable as a robots.txt document. A robots.txt document is strongly suggested via web search tool specialists for any site proprietor who needs to control the creeping of their site via web crawler bots. A robots.txt record can be utilized to confine access of specific sites to Googlebot, Yahoobot, and Bingbot. It can likewise be utilized to impede the creeping of specific kinds of pages (for instance, those containing specialized data or contact data).

A robots . txt record can be utilized to keep the stacking of advertisements from explicit sites. The record can likewise be utilized to control ordering of your site via web crawlers in different ways, for example, prohibit page titles and depictions in query items and deny all satisfied with the exception of a specific catchphrase or expression from showing up in query items. At long last, a robots txt record can be utilized to determine at least one registries or subdirectories on your server that ought to be rejected from web search tool creeps or forbid ordering of specific documents inside those catalogs or subdirectories via web index crawlers.

How is a robots.txt record utilized?

A robots.txt document is a text record that contains directions for how to get to a site utilizing a web crawler, client specialist, or other web slithering programming. The document can be utilized to indicate the circumstances under which a site ought to be gotten to, for example, whether it ought to be listed by a crawler. It can likewise be utilized to refuse admittance to specific sites utilizing robots.txt rules, or to indicate the circumstances under which a site ought to be reserved. The robots.txt record is normally utilized on sites that give content in designs other than HTML, for example, Pressable or EPUB documents.

A robots.txt document is significant for website admin as it assists them with controlling the creeping of their site and prohibit access of undesirable bots, crawlers, and bugs on their site. It likewise assists them with making more natural perceivability and higher positions on web search tools and other web stages.

How to make a robots.txt record?

A robots.txt document is a record that tells web robots, for example, web indexes and web crawlers where not to go on your site. A robots.ts record can be utilized to tell web search tools and web crawlers where you maintain that they should list your site, what pages you believe that they should slither, and what parts of your site you believe they should forbid admittance to.

What are the advantages of making a robots.txt record?

How might I utilize a robots.txt record to work on my site?

Is it important to make a robots.tm record for my site? Assuming this is the case, why?

What are the advantages of utilizing a robots.txt document?

A robots.txt record is utilized to tell web search tools, catalogs, and different robots about the ordering and slithering of your site. It can assist you with controlling the traffic coming to your site.

A robots.全画像 document can assist you with keeping spam from being shipped off your site. Utilizing a robots.txt record can assist you with confining admittance to specific pages on your site, for example, refuse admittance to the robots.txt document itself. This will keep computerized crawlers from getting to those pages and staying away from copy content issues.

A robots.txt record can assist you with limiting perceivability of your site content on web index results pages (SERPS). By limiting robot prohibition boundaries in a robots.txt document, it's feasible to control which pages from your site are noticeable in the web crawler result page (Web optimization) for specific catchphrases or expressions.

Finally, utilizing a robots.oT文章 document can assist you with diminishing bob rates on your site by keeping computerized crawlers from getting to pages with an excessive number of blunders or broken joins, consequently assisting with working on the nature of your site's substance for guests.

Every now and again Sought clarification on some pressing issues

How would you utilize this Web-based Robots.txt Generator Apparatus?

Kindly utilize the internet based Robots.txt Generator Device to make a robots.txt document for your site. This record can be utilized to keep explicit sites from being gotten to by insects or web indexes. A robots.txt record ought to by and large be utilized to impede admittance to indexes, not individual sites. For instance, you might need to remember a line for your robots.txt document that tells web search tool crawlers not to file your site's pages.

Does it have any weaknesses?

The online robots.txt generator apparatus has no burdens. Truth be told, it tends to be extremely useful in assisting you with making a robots.txt record for your site. This record is a text document that tells web search tools what pages on your site are permitted to be listed. A robots.txt record can assist you with lessening how much traffic your site gets from web crawlers.

What is robots.txt and how might one make that?

What is robots.txt and how might one make that?

Robots.txt (here and there alluded to as web search tool ordering or web creeping rules) is a record that is utilized to control how web crawlers list a site. The record can be utilized to keep specific sites from being filed, limit how much information that is gathered via web search tools, or just give the site proprietor more command over web search tool results.

The robots.txt document ought to be made in the foundation of the site and it ought to incorporate the accompanying data:

The area name of the site

The URL of the site

The rejection list (a rundown of URLs that ought not be filed).

How exact are Website optimization apparatuses?

Web optimization devices are not 100 percent precise, yet they can assist you with further developing your site's positioning in web crawlers. Web optimization devices are frequently utilized by website admins to check the exactness of the webpage's substance, recognize any wrecked connections, and measure the site's presentation on different web index measurements like snaps, impressions, and backlinks.

In any case, remember that each device has its own assets and shortcomings. Give a shot different Website optimization instruments to track down the one that best suits your necessities. Then, at that point, utilize that device to assist with further developing your site's positioning in web search tools.

End

To save time and guarantee web crawlers bring the document accurately, you can make a robots.txt record in the root registry of your site. This document advises web index crawler how to get to the webpage and what data to give while slithering it. Plus, it assists web search tool indexer with understanding the document without reaching you or physically take a look at it. A robots.pdf generator instrument is a proficient approach to making a robots.txt document on the web. It's easy to use, quick, and recoveries you time! Reach out to our specialists in the event that you have any questions with respect to this apparatus!

[egvvna]

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide - Roberta Larson Duyff

EPUB & PDF Ebook Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD

by Roberta Larson Duyff.

Download Link : DOWNLOAD Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide

Read More : READ Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide

Ebook PDF Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD Hello Book lovers, If you want to download free Ebook, you are in the right place to download Ebook. Ebook Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD in English is available for free here, Click on the download LINK below to download Ebook Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food & Nutrition Guide 2020 PDF Download in English by Roberta Larson Duyff (Author).

 Description Book: 

The newest edition of the most trusted nutrition bible. Since its first, highly successful edition in 1996, The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food and Nutrition Guide has continually served as the gold-standard resource for advice on healthy eating and active living at every age and stage of life. At once accessible and authoritative, the guide effectively balances a practical focus with the latest scientific information, serving the needs of consumers and health professionals alike. Opting for flexibility over rigid dos and don?ts, it allows readers to personalize their own paths to healthier living through simple strategies. This newly updated Fifth Edition addresses the most current dietary guidelines, consumer concerns, public health needs, and marketplace and lifestyle trends in?sections covering Choices for Wellness; Food from Farm to Fork; Know Your Nutrients; Food for Every Age and Stage of Life; and Smart Eating to Prevent and Manage Health Issues.

[uvzbfine]

Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide - Joseph F. Hagan Jr.

EPUB & PDF Ebook Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD

by Joseph F. Hagan Jr..

Download Link : DOWNLOAD Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide

Read More : READ Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide

Ebook PDF Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD Hello Book lovers, If you want to download free Ebook, you are in the right place to download Ebook. Ebook Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD in English is available for free here, Click on the download LINK below to download Ebook Bright Futures: Guidelines Pocket Guide 2020 PDF Download in English by Joseph F. Hagan Jr. (Author).

 Description Book: 

All the essentials of the Bright Futures health supervision visits in an easy-to-access format. It's the quick reference tool and training resource for busy health professionals. Includes every visit from birth through age 21. Also included in the appendices are Developmental Milestones at a Glance chart, Recommended Medical Screenings chart for infancy through adolescence, Sexual Maturity Ratings scale, and much more!

[duckprintspress]

Formatting Tweaks to Help Your Typesetter Have a Great Day

The last few weeks, I’ve been doing a lot of editing, which also means I’ve been doing a lot of small changes to ensure that the documents are print and e-book ready. Preparing manuscripts involves doing a lot of tiny, fiddly tweaks to make sure that spelling, grammar, and formatting are uniform across all the stories in an anthology, are accurate to the authors’ intentions, and look nice in all the formats we’ll be offering (print, PDF, ePub, and Mobi). None of the changes are complicated, but making them all is surprisingly time consuming—I usually spend about 30 minutes “cleaning up” each story with modifications that are largely invisible to a writer and reader, but still essential to produce a polished finished book.

Each Press and Publisher will handle these formatting things in slightly different ways—while some of these (such as “when do I use a hyphen vs. an en dash vs. an em dash?”) others are publisher-discretion. If you are submitting a manuscript and want to look like you’ve really, really paid attention, consider making some of these changes yourself—but make sure you check if the place you’re submitting to has a public style guide first, and if they do, anything they say in their style guide takes precedence! (Duck Prints Press doesn’t have a guide yet—we’ve been working on one, but it keeps getting back-burnered in favor completing more timely tasks). 

This post is written from our point of view—which is to say, I wrote it specifically for how we at DPP handle these formatting matters—but it can provide some general guidelines, especially if you are submitting to a publication that hasn’t provided a style guide. Even if what you do based on this guide doesn’t match what they do, at least by being consistent in your own submission, you demonstrate that you were paying attention! (But: NEVER do any of the below if it contradicts the submission information and/or style guide provided by a different publisher!!)

Note that to really do most of these tweaks, you’ll want to use an actual word processor. Google docs doesn’t have the functionality for the most fiddly bits. Despite its downsides, DPP currently uses Microsoft Office 365, and this guide is primarily written with Word in mind. If you also use Microsoft, here’s a couple quick tutorials—you’ll need to know how to do these two things in order to do…all the rest.

Tutorial 1: Inserting Special Characters

1. Go to the “Insert” Menu

2. Go to “Insert Symbol”

3. If, like me, you use the same 4 special characters over and over, the symbol you’re looking for will most likely be in the “recently used” list that pops up. But, if it’s not there, pick “More Symbols.” That opens a screen that looks like this:

4. While you could scroll through this list until you find what you want, it’s much easier to go to the bottom boxes I circled in red, where it says “Character Code.” Enter the 4-digit-and-letter code for the character you want. This way, you can be sure you actually get the character you want. Make sure that the “from” field matches the code type you’re using—I pretty much entirely use unicode, and that’s what I reference/include numbers for in this post. (Usually, googling “(name of the character you want) unicode” will get you the number.)

5. Note that not every character is available in every font; if you want to be sure you can access the maximum number of characters, I recommend using Arial or Calibri.

Tutorial 2: Turning on Mark-up

1. Go to the “Home” menu

2. In the “Paragraph” section, find the ¶ option; if your menu is drop-down it might be called “Show/Hide ¶” (in Word, it can also be turned on with ctrl + * )

3. Show ¶.

4. Profit. (okay, no, not really.)

Tutorial 2a: Using Mark-Up to Find Weird Formatting

Are there tab indents where there shouldn’t be? Extra spaces? Superfluous paragraph breaks? Turn on “Show ¶” and tada, you can see all the usually “invisible” formatting! This is essential for spotting a lot of problems, so it’s worth taking a peek at for your own work. Here’s an example of what it looks like when you do this (using an early draft/outline of this post!)

Dots are regular spaces. Circles are non-breaking spaces. Forward facing arrows are tabs. ¶ is a standard paragraph break. There’s a bunch of other symbols, too, but those are the ones that come up most often. I’ve labeled a couple others on the above image, to help you have an idea what you’re looking for. You’ll need this information to help you trouble-shoot some of the things below. If there’s a symbol on yours and you’re not sure what it is, I recommend Google.

So, you’ve got a handle on the above…on to all the formatting tweaks your editor and/or typesetter does that you may have never even considered as an essential part of publishing!

Getting Rid of Bad/Published-Book-Inappropriate Formatting

Tabs: published manuscripts doesn’t use tabs to make space. They make a huge formatting/spacing mess. Instead, we use paragraph formatting -> first line indentation -> (whatever indent amount the publisher has chosen as standard —we use 0.25”). If I get a manuscript that’s used tabbing—if you’ve used tab indents and want them gone—I get rid of it with a find-and-replace.

Find: ^t

Replace with: (blank)

Tada, all tabs gone!

Paragraphs: people who add lines between their paragraphs by making extra paragraphs used to be the bain of my editorial existence…until I figured out how to remove the extra paragraph breaks with a single button click. There should only be one paragraph break after every paragraph; if there are multiple, then…

Find: ^p^p

Replace with: ^p

Tada, all paragraph-paragraph breaks now only have one paragraph break!

Set Up Base Formatting

At least for editing/manuscript preparation, I start by getting the whole document into one, consistent format. I personally use:

Font: Arial

Size: 11

Paragraph Indentation: 0.25”

Line Spacing: 1.15

Space Before Paragraphs: 0

Space After Paragraphs: 0

Alignment: left

Justification: none (note: when formatting for print, right justification will ultimately be re-added in most cases, though there’s been a bit of a move away from that because justification can make it for people with certain forms of neuro-divergence to read; when formatting for e-book, never use right justification!!)

(If you know you always use the same base, you can also set it up as a "style" so you can do all the above with one click!)

Marking Bold, Italics, Underlining, etc. Text Formatting

Ultimately, even after doing the last three steps, there’s going to come a point where—to be absolutely sure that no janky formatting gets into the manuscript—I take the entire document and nuke all the formatting. When that time comes, any italicization, bolding, or other base-text-type modifications will also be lost. To make sure it’s not actually lost, I mark all words for which special formatting is used with a highlighting color. Which color to use is obviously arbitrary; here’s my preference:

Italics: yellow highlighting

Bold: green highlighting

Bold and Italics: purple highlighting

Strikethrough: blue highlighting

Strikethrough and Italics: red highlighting

(Those are all the ones I’ve had to do, and I add new colors as they actually come up in our printing.)

Epistolary or Other Non-Prose Writing Passages

Every Press is going to handle this differently; your best bet as a writer is to just make sure your intentions are super clear and be open to whatever your chosen publisher has as their “standard” for handling stories that include non-prose sections such as letters, text messages, schedules, poems, bulleted lists, charts, etc. From an “editor/formatter” point of view, I mark weird formatting spots (and special characters, which I discuss next) with comments so that I can find them again.

Special Characters

Cafe or café? Facade or façade? :) or 😀? (c) or ©? What special characters are available depends on what font is being used, and not all Presses use the same special characters. Your best bet is to use standard English text characters only, and then ask if (for example) an emoji could be inserted in your text. (For us specifically, we use basically all special characters).

Quotation Marks and Apostrophes

Did you know that, depending on which word processor you use, your quotation marks and apostrophes may not format uniformly? For example, if you write in Word (and haven’t turned off auto-formatting), your quotation marks will auto-switch from just two straight lines side-by-side into a pretty curly thing:

“

On the other hand, if you write on Google Docs from mobile, it will never auto-format your quotation marks. They’re called straight quotes or, sometimes, “dumb” quotes, and they look like this:

"

This is especially stark and frustrating if you do some of your writing in gdocs from mobile and some from desktop; then, you’ll end up with a document where some of the marks are auto-curved and others aren’t. Leaving them this way makes for a disjointed, inelegant look, and should be changed.

Industry standard is curly quotes.

One of the first things I do when I open a new manuscript to format for print-readiness is a find-and-replace to make sure that all of the apostrophes and quotation marks are formatted the same way. If you put an unformatted (“straight quote”) quotation mark in the “find” field and a formatted/curly one in the “replace” field, tada, every quotation mark fixed at once! And the same for apostrophes.

Directional Apostrophes

Speaking of apostrophes—one side effect of the ‘curly’ apostrophes is that they’re directional: an “open quote” curly apostrophe doesn’t look the same as a “close quote” curly apostrophe. Most of the time, this isn’t a problem. If you’re writing dialog, the ‘curly’ quotes will auto-format to the correct directions and the beginning and end of your quote. If you’re writing a contraction, same—the apostrophe will auto-format the correct ‘curl’ direction for your contraction. But, did you know? There are cases where using a lead-in apostrophe is necessary, but if it’s formatted in the ‘lead-in’ direction, it’ll be wrong! These are cases where auto-format will think you “need” a forward facing apostrophe, but you actually are supposed to use a backward facing one. The two most common instances of this are:

When using slang formed by dropping the first syllable. For example: ’tis, ’til, and ’cause.

When writing shortened years. For example: ’98, ’12, ’45.

(Can’t figure out how to force the right curve? You’ve got two choices: find one pointing the way you need, ctrl-c copy it, then paste it where needed; or you can get it from the Insert Symbol menu, unicode: 2019)

Hyphens vs. En Dashes vs. Em Dashes

Before I was a professional editor, I had the idea that figuring out when to use a hyphen vs. an en dash vs. an em dash was super complicated and inscrutable, but it’s actually easy to know which is appropriate in the majority of cases.

Case 1: you are writing a compound word. Compound words get hyphens. Now, what words get hyphenated, and when, and which don’t, is a completely separate issue, and not one I’m going to get into here. This post isn’t about grammar, it’s literally about formatting, and for formatting purposes, if you know you need to connect two or more words with little lines, the little lines you want to string those words together with is a hyphen. This is a hyphen: - (unicode: 2010)

Case 2: you are writing a range of numbers, dates, or times. You want an en dash. This is just about the only time when you want an en dash. This is an en dash: – (unicode: 2013)

Case 3: you are writing a sentence interjection—like this one!—or you’re indicating an interruption in dialog. You want an em dash. There are plenty of other cases when you should use an em dash, but those are the most common in fiction writing. This is an em dash: — (unicode: 2014)

Reference a style guide or tailor a google search if you’ve got something quirky going on and you’re not sure which type of dash to use.

Types of Spaces

Believe it or not, not all spaces are created equal. In fact, there are four used often, and some others to boot. The most common ones are:

Hair space: this is teeny tiny. Unicode: 200A

Thin space: this is roughly half the size of a normal space. Unicode: 2009

Normal space: the one we know and love. Unicode: 0020

Non-breaking space: a special kind of space that, when used, indicates to the document software/printer/e-reader, “even if this is at the end of a line of text, do not break the text here to start the next line: this ‘space’ should be treated as a fixed character for line-breaking purposes.” Also called an nbsp. Unicode: 00A0

Usually, you should be using, normal spaces, but depending on how your printer/publisher chooses to format things, others may be used. For example, some places put thin spaces on either side of em dashes. Here at Duck Prints Press, we put hair spaces after ellipses (…in some cases…) and we use nbsps in cases such as “When we’re quoting something ‘and there’s a sub quote that ends the sentence.’ “ (as in, there’d be an nbsp between the ‘ and “.)

Spaces and Formatting

As the existence of the nbsp implies, spaces can play funny with formatting, which is part of why in the age of digital the double space after periods has largely gone away—two space were important when typing on a type-writer, but when working in digital text it’s superfluous and can cause formatting issues. So, for example, I always do a find “  ” (two spaces) and replace it with “ ” (one space) for the entire document.

It’s also necessary to remove extra spaces at the end of paragraphs. Yes, every single one. Why? Because, especially if it’s an nbsp, it can actually make the manuscript longer. Picture it: you’ve got the end of a sentence, then a period, then an nbsp, then a paragraph break. This tells the e-reader that space HAS to be kept with that period and the last word. To do that, e-readers will bump the word onto a new line…solely because the space was there! And, while you might think this doesn’t come up much…if a trailing space is left at the end of a paragraph in gdocs, and that paragraph is copied and pasted in Word, every one of those spaces will be converted into nbsps. I once reduced a twenty-page document by half a page by removing all the trailing nbsps. Cutting them is important! Even if the space inserted isn’t an nbsp, it’s still important to get rid of it, because if that end space is what causes a line on an e-reader to be too long, bumping that extra single space to a new line will result in a blank line between paragraphs. Considering that e-book text size can be increased or decreased depending on device and reader, the only way to prevent extra spaces at the ends of paragraphs from dotting your document with blank lines is to delete every single one. By hand. I have done this t.h.o.u.s.a.n.d.s. of times seriously, you want to make your text formatters day? Please don’t leave spaces at the ends of paragraphs, I’m begging you. (and if you know ANY faster way to get rid of these TELL ME PLEASE!)

Ellipses

Here’s a simple and obvious one. Find all the … and replace them with …

Scene Breaks

Whoever is doing typesetting is probably going to use something pretty and/or fancy for marking scene breaks. The way you can make this easiest for them is to format all scene breaks in the same way, and simpler is better. For example, our default way to mark a scene break is:

…the end of the previous scene, with a paragraph break after it.

# (adding text here only because Tumblr is weird about scene breaks)

The start of the next scene.

No extra paragraph breaks, only one symbol that’s unlikely to have been used elsewhere in the document, easy to read and follow. Just using extra paragraph breaks can be confusing, using lots of characters is annoying (and a nightmare for screen readers)—you don’t want your editor to be guessing, so do something straightforward and stick to it.

Capitalization Quirks

Honestly? The section of this post about "times you don't realize you need a capital letter but actually do" and "times you think you need a capital letter but actually don't" got so long that I've decided to break it out into a separate post; that one will come out next week, so stay tuned.

Remove All Formatting

Once I’ve done all that…changed all the little stuff, marked anything unusual/stylistic (special characters, non-prose, italics, etc.), and gotten everything cleaned up…I go to the “home” menu -> “styles” -> “clear formatting.” This gets read of all formatting, including anything wonky/weird/broken/undesired that I may have missed. The notes and other changes I’ve done make sure that I don’t lose any information I need to format the document correctly, and just to be absolutely positive, there’s a reason I do this now in the process, instead of after the last step, which is…

Actually Finishing Editing

…because if I HAVE made a mistake, when I do my final editing pass and send the document to the author for final approval, they will hopefully notice anything that got lost in the process!

Long story short? Check your own documents for weird formatting stuff before submitting your stories, and save an editor and/or make a typesetter’s day!

Happy writing, everyone!

(Have a writing question? Send us an ask!)

(Love what we do? Support us in our shop, on Patreon, and/or on ko-fi!)

[kelvinpough]

Monetizing your fiction online

These platforms pay writers for web fiction

Photo by Jess Bailey on Unsplash

With digital publishing becoming more popular, writers have also been flocking to self-publishing their content using dedicated platforms for book publishing. Some of these platforms have programs where writers can monetize their content, whether from ad-share programs or reader subscriptions. Platforms made for web novels and webcomics will be included.

This will be a list of those platforms where writers can earn. Platforms that won’t be included are those that have no monetization options, and sites like Wattpad which don’t offer monetization to all users. Platforms that only offer monetization through publishing contracts will also be excluded.

DISCLAIMER: Before using any of these platforms, please research and investigate their terms and policies to ensure that they are a good fit for you. Based on my research, none of these platforms have any glaringly obvious red flags (such as terms that state that you transfer ownership) and none have exclusivity clauses (i.e.: You’re able to post to multiple of these platforms at once).

Some of these platforms also have publishing programs in addition to offering a platform. Please avoid signing any contracts which you don’t fully understand.

Novels and comics

Here are the platforms that allow users to post both novels and comics.

Tapas — Offers two ways for users to earn: ad revenue and by creators locking chapters of their series which readers pay to unlock. To start earning from ads, the creator must have at least 100 subscribers.

Inkspired — Allows writers to create paid membership plans to monetize their audience. Allows posting in multiple formats: Story with chapters, interactive stories, short tale, comics, and microfiction. Also allows users to post in multiple languages

VoyceMe — All content on VoyceMe is completely free to read; creators earn from ads and reader sponsorships, which allows readers to pay $5-$40 directly to writers.

Novels

Fictionate.me — According to this platform, writers can “Choose a payment model for your readers — Pay per book, pay per chapter, or have a monthly subscription. You earn the way you want to while giving your readers a choice of how to pay.”

Though it is specifically for books, it seems possible to upload comics as FictionateMe has an option to upload EPUB files.

This platform also allows writers to automatically generate a natural-sounding audio version.

Neovel — Pays writers based both on number of reads.

Creative Novels — Creators can earn by locking their chapters which readers have to pay to unlock.

Odeen — A relatively small app that seems to not have much traffic anymore. Offers 90% ad revenue to writers. All stories are free to read, and it allows writers to post in many languages.

Kindle Vella — Also allows creators to earn by locking chapters. The first three chapters are free and the rest are pay-to-read.

Note: Be sure to read through Vella’s rules. There are multiple content guidelines to keep in mind, such as being unable to publish “content that is in the public domain or freely available on the web.” So, creators are unable to publish on both Vella and Royal Road at the same time, for instance.

Comics

Webtoons — A free-to-read comics platform. Creators earn from ad revenue or allowing users to pay for early access with Fast Pass.

GlobalComix — Creators earn by having users spend credits they buy to gain access to their comics, graphic novels, or manga.

Dillyhub — Offers a variety of monetization options, including selling content, renting content, or selling early access to readers.

[Click here to read more]

[loadingriver754]

Ebook Reader For Mac

Although it's good for us to read ebooks on E-ink reader, maybe sometimes you're writing a paper or using a text as a reference for a project, or maybe you just want to have a glance of the ebooks or read a few chapters of a novel on your computer. Installing one or some good reader apps on the computer is indispensable for us. Since Adobe's epub may be the most popular document format and the layout of an epub document is responsive that means an epub format will automatically adjust for different screen sizes, so today we are going to introduce you 5 best epub reader for Mac.

Cool Reader is another open source eBook reader for Windows. Besides Windows, this eBook reader is available for Mac, Linux, and Android. It provides essential tools which you require to properly read eBooks, such as search tool, go to option, easy page navigation through mouse, etc. It lets you read an eBook in a dual page interface.

EBook Reader is an affordable digital book reader compatible with Intel Mac computers running Tiger (OS 10.4) or later The User is assisted with downloading free eBooks.

EBooks.com's Ebook Reader lets you read your favorite books on the go. Go to eBooks.com and choose from a massive collection of popular books that you can download in a jiffy. Or read your books online from any internet-connected device. Ebook Reader is free, and optimized for use on your Windows Phone. Turn pages with a tap or swipe.

Ebook Reader For Macbook

BookReader

BookReader, the most beautiful full-featured e-book reader on Mac, allows you to comfortably read books right on your Mac in a fully customizable layout. It supports non DRM-ed EPUB, MOBI, PRC, AZW, FB2, DOC, RTF, RTFD, HTML, Webarchive and TXT formats.

It has an iBooks-like bookshelf with good sorting and searching options. You can manage your books according to the TITLES, AUTHORS, GENRES, TAGS, FAVS and NEW BOOKS category.

But BookReader's function is more powerful than Apple Book Application, which has a realistic book display, fluent page turning special effects. Moreover, you can fully customize your books – speech, highlight content, change covers, fonts, colors, whatever you want to see all your books as you wish.

Clearview

Clearview is an easy-to-use tabbed style e-book reader for Mac, equipped with library shelf, supports popular e-book formats as DRM free PDF, EPUB, CHM, MOBI(azw, azw3), FB2 and CBR(CBZ). You can make annotations, insert bookmarks, and do searching freely, and access your notes, bookmarks and book collections across multiple devices.

The interface of Clearview reader is very simple. It was designed to help you read e-books quickly, clearly and efficiently. Just drag the folders containing e-book files from finder and drop on the Clearview shelf, all the files information will be imported to the library quickly.

Clearview have been accustomed to tabbed reading in a browser. With several related books organized in the same window, you do not have to look for and switch between the book windows everywhere. Annotations and bookmarks are available on all supported books.

Calibre

Calibre is a program to manage your eBook collection. It acts as an e-library and also allows for format conversion as well as e-book organizer and an integrated e-book viewer.

The file support on Calibre is wonderful, with every ebooks formats except new Kindle KFX format. It won't let you read DRM-protected works though, which rules out literature that's still in copyright. The software comes with a basic e-book reader that supports full-screen mode for distraction-free reading and that lets you choose your preferred font size, method of pagination and gives you the ability to bookmark pages. Unfortunately, there is no way to annotate, highlight, or augment the book's contents.

Ebook Reader For Mac

Apple Book Application

Apple Book Application is the default reader app on all Apple mobile devices and computers, supports epub and PDF format. It allows you to read the books you've purchased from Apple's bookstore or other DRM free epub or PDF files. And your current reading list and bookmarks will sync between your various devices.

Apple Book Application is easy to navigate with polished interface. And the books are displayed in full color, and the page turns are lifelike and smooth with the swipe of a finger. Books can be read in landscape mode. A link at the top takes you to the table of contents, and you can adjust the brightness or text size as well. Most important, Book's reading experience is excellent.

Kobo

Kobo is an ebook platform that includes its own book store and several applications, one for each different platform, so you can read ebooks on practically any device.

Kobo features a nicely designed interface, with a clean menu on the left side. Books open on a separate window – with optional full-screen viewing – and are quite comfortable to read.

The Kobo Desktop App includes features designed to help you read the way you want. Choose from multiple font styles and sizes, and select your preferred alignment, margins, and line spacing. You can even decide how you'd like your page to look with our Day, Night, and Sepia themes.

Epubor Reader

Epubor Reader is one of the best ebook reading app for Mac with the intuitive interface. Different from other epub readers which only support epub formats, this Epub Reader for Mac supports multiple ebook format, including Epub, mobi, azw3, txt and so on.

Thanks to its user-friendly interface, you can skip any chapter directly via the table of content. Customizing your reading experience is also supported well. So you can reset your font, font size and background colors. It also enables you to bookmarking pages, highlight and annotate.

Epubor Reader is the best ebook reader, organizer and manager.

Read any ebook on the above reader software

This analysis is only for reading non-DRM EPUBs on a Mac. If you want to read DRM-ed epubs on a Mac, you need to use DRM Removal to decrypt your epub files. Epubor Ultimate is a very good software to help you remove DRM from your ebooks as well as convert the ebook format. So even if your DRM-encrypted book is other formats like AZW/Mobi/KFX format, Epubor Ultimate allows you to read these ebooks on the above wonderful reader software after converting the format. Isn't that cool and convenient? If you want to read any book with the above wonderful EPUB readers, you can read this step-by-step guide about how to convert any book to EPUB.

Conclusion

Different people have different reading habits. Personally speaking, the above epub reader offer different reading experience and key features. So you need to try it by yourself and find the most suitable reader for you.

Hillary Lopez works for Epubor and writes articles about eBooks and eReaders. She explores the best method to help you read eBooks more freely and wants to share all she has got with you.

Apple Books is the single destination for all the books you love, and the ones you’re about to. Browse the Book Store, join Oprah’s new Book Club, keep track of what you’ve read and want to read, and listen to enthralling audiobooks. All in one place.

Reading Now. Your digital nightstand.

The new Reading Now tab makes it easy to get to the right page in an instant, whether you’re immersed in a single story or bouncing between books. It’s also where you’ll find personalized recommendations based on what you’ve been reading.

Free Ebook Reader App

Your library, your way.

Organize your library any way you like. With collections, every one of your books is right where you want it. Create your own collections and get to them easily at any time. You can also revisit an old favorite you’ve already read in the new Finished collection.

The all-new Book Store.

Swipe from book to book to see which book covers, descriptions, and reviews catch your eye, then add the books you’re interested in to your Want to Read list. Choose from today’s bestsellers, check out lists curated by Apple Books editors, or get recommendations based on what you’ve been reading.

Listen while you work. Or play. Or drive.

Discover audiobooks read by top authors, actors, and celebrities. Transport yourself to another world during your commute or learn something new on your run.

For night owls.

Auto-Night mode has been expanded to every section of Apple Books. It automatically switches to white-on-black text for easier reading in the dark — so you can get lost in a story without keeping anyone awake. When the light gets brighter, it switches back.

Working with Apple Books.

Discover free marketing tools and tips to make your book’s promotion more effective. Access widgets, identity guidelines, badge art assets, RSS feeds, and more.

[communicationrocks]

Computer Mediated Communication

Daily Impacts

Computer-mediated communication is a part of our daily lives and we are constantly using it. The term computer-mediated communication refers to any communication using technology, such as phones, computers, and laptops. I personally find myself using each of these types of communication daily. At work I send and receive emails on a desktop computer, at home I use my laptop to go to college and view social media, and I use my cell phone to text my friends and family. Computer-mediated communication has become a part of my everyday life and have become a part of my daily life. Technology has become essential and is an important part of communicate in the world today.

Since of Community

These types of communication have made it possible for like-minded people to find each other, and this helps them to create a type of community and connection. Overall computer-mediated communication is beneficial to society and enhances our way of life. Being connected allows us to think about things from different perspectives and to connect with like-minded people. This can be especially beneficial for smaller groups of people that need to find a connection with others. For example, a person who immigrated to the United States from another country can connect with people from their culture using computer-mediated communication. This also helps them to connect with family and other people with similar views. This is a very important part of who we are as human beings, and people need to be able to find a sense of belonging to have a fulfilled in life.

However, computer-mediated communication can also provide a location that allows the spread of myths, hate speech,  propaganda, and conspiracies. This is where computer-mediated communication can be damaging because these types of communities are at times considered dangerous and harmful to society. There are both advantages and disadvantages to computer-mediated communication but overall, it can be very beneficial when used appropriately.

Privacy

When using computer-mediated communication to send and receive messages it is important to understand these are public forums, meaning that your conversations are generally not private. There are some ways to reduce the risk of exposure and to counteract the misuse of your private information. One way is to install anti-virus protection software on your computer that detects any threats because this will help to protect documents saved on your computer. It is also important to look at a website's address before clicking on it to determine its credibility. When signing up for sites it is important to read the privacy statement and terms and conditions carefully. This will help you to determine how much information you want to disclose on the site. It is also generally a good idea to have two email addresses, one for important things that need to remain private, and one for rewards cards and general discounts. This will help you to prevent someone from getting into a private email and gathering important information about you. It is also important to remain private when joining a public Wi-Fi network. This will help to try and secure your information, but these types of networks can be risky to use because they are accessed by many people. This is because anyone that is connected to that network can attempt to access your information.

As human beings, we have a right to privacy, but unfortunately "In the age of surveillance from the state and private Internet communications companies, for an individual to protect their privacy or to remain obscure is now becoming almost impossible" (Humble, 2020). That is why it is important to take as many steps as possible to protect your privacy. The best guideline is to generally assume that anything shared via technology is public information and should be assumed as such. Only once you have properly evaluated a website's privacy policy to confirm the information will remain secure and private should you communicate under that assumption.

Provides Leverage

In the future, it is possible that people's information could be leveraged against them. When someone knows intimate and personal information about you it could have damaging impacts on your life. Therefore, it is important to understand how sharing too much information can be dangerous. Organizations share and sell consumers information, and they are consistently building a profile of who you are. Once this profile has become large enough, they can develop assumptions about who you are. Having this profile built about someone provides people with leverage, and this can be used to influence a person without their knowledge. Understanding this concept will help you be aware of how impactful sharing too much information can truly be.

Face to Face

Face-to-face communication becomes more difficult as we continue to use more computer-mediated communication. This is because computer-mediated communication provides us with time to think about our replies and reactions before sharing them. However, in-person, that time is significantly decreased, and this can cause miscommunications. Learning how to communicate on the spot and in person is a useful tool and helps people to build better relationships. When we communicate in person we are stimulated by the other person's presence, a certain connection that can be felt, and this is simply not possible when communicating through other means. I feel lucky that I am continuously communicating with people in person daily for work or I feel that these skills would be further impacted. Younger people in the world today communicate mostly via text and this is a growing concern amongst the skilled communicators of the world. We must make it a priority to include all forms of communication into our daily lives to feel fulfilled and connected with others.

References:

Humble, K. P. (2020). Human Rights, International Law, and the Right to        Privacy. Journal of Internet Law, 23(12), 1–23.

Dijk, J. v. (2012). The network society (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

https://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/9781446289990/epub/OEBPS/halftitle.html#page_2

Solove, D. J. (2021). The Myth of the Privacy Paradox. George Washington Law Review Arguendo, 89(1), 1–51.

[rileycalahan]

PDFSpeak Up!: An Illustrated Guide to Public Speaking - Douglas M. Fraleigh

  PDF, EPub, Mobi, Kindle online. Free book Speak Up!: An Illustrated Guide to Public Speaking by Nigel Raby.

 .

 Get book Speak Up!: An Illustrated Guide to Public Speaking by Nigel Raby . Full supports all version of your device, includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version. All books format are mobile-friendly. Read and download online as many books as you like for personal use.

 Book Details :

Author : Douglas M. Fraleigh

Pages : 768 pages

Publisher : Bedford/St. Martin's

Language :

ISBN-10 : 1457623943

ISBN-13 : 9781457623943

Formats: PDF, EPub, Kindle, Audiobook

  Download PDF

 Book Synopsis :

An introduction to public speaking that?s smart, compelling, fun, and affordable, Speak Up offers great writing and examples, strong coverage of course topics, practical guidelines for creating effective presentations, and hundreds of custom-drawn illustrations that bring speech concepts to life. ?This new edition adapts Speak Up to the emerging world of virtual meetings, vlogs, digital platforms, and e-learning with new coverage throughout that helps students develop and deliver presentations online. Speak Up takes advantage of the media by integrating speech video and assessment right into the book, modeling techniques and helping students apply their knowledge to their own speeches. Access is automatic and includes more than 200 video clips, the largest library available. Even better, students get all of this at less than half the price of competing texts. See?what's in the?LaunchPad

[bluewatsons]

Gijsbert Oonk, Sport and nationality: towards thick and thin forms of citizenship, National Identities 1 (Epub ahead of print, 2020)

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between national belonging, acquiring citizenship, and migration. Taking high profile examples from international sports events, it seeks to unveil the complexities behind the question: who may represent the nation? The historical models of jus sanguine (blood ties) and jus soli (territorial birthright) are well-known markers and symbols of citizenship and nationality. The study proposes an ideal-type model of thick, thin, and in-between forms of citizenship. This model clarifies and provides direction to the empirical understanding of ‘citizenship as claims-making’, as recently suggested by Bloemraad [(2018). Theorising the power of citizenship as claims-making.

Introduction

In the international sports arena, the legal guidelines and the moral justifications for citizenship and national belonging are stretched. This stretching can be perceived as a global continuum where, on the one hand, there is an ideal type – thick – citizenship, whereby an athlete and their parents, and/or grandparents are born and raised in the country that they represent. In these cases, the athlete holds the citizenship of the country they represent, and their legal status, as well as the moral justifications for representing a country, are not under scrutiny. This seems to be self-evident. On the other hand, the thin description of citizenship defines conditions in which an athlete has no prior relationship with the country they represent. For example, this was the case when Russia offered Korean born-and-raised Viktor Ahn citizenship and a sum of money in return for his willingness to represent Russia in the Olympics (Business Insider, 2014). Between thick and thin descriptions of citizenship, this study outlines an in between perspective where dual or multiple forms of citizenship emerge. This in between perspective provides options for athletes to represent more than one country. The proposed model of thick, thin, and in-between citizenship aims to clarify and provide meaning to the empirical understanding of ‘citizenship as claims-making’, as recently suggested by Bloemraad (2018).

This model helps us to understand three recent developments of acquiring citizenship in the history of global sports: (1) Acknowledge that the current global regimes for acquiring citizenship at birth inevitably create dual, or multiple forms of citizenship. Therefore, countries and national sports federations need to accept that dual citizens are legitimately legal members of more than one country, and they may wish to switch alliances. (2) People of former colonies may acquire citizenship by claiming colonial ties as part of their national identity and may, therefore, switch alliances. (3) Countries such as the U.S. and Canada historically attract migrants, and thus, it is not surprising that they use special scholarships and sports schemes to attract athletes who may eventually represent them though they had no prior attachments. In extreme cases, such as Qatar and Bahrain, most inhabitants are migrants. Here, the use of migrant-athletes in representing these countries is in line with the overall migration strategy of empowering these respective countries. These countries increasingly accept the thin description of citizenship to have their countries represented in international sports arenas. 1

In general, the historical process of acquiring modern citizenship has taken two different paths: territorial birthright and descent. This is best illustrated in the remarkable and ground-breaking study by Brubaker (1998), who points out that the two primary concepts determining French and German national self-understanding are the civic and ethnic approaches to membership of a nation formed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The French understanding of citizenship and nationhood was based on birthright and was inclusive. Everyone born on French territory was French or – in the case of parents with different nationalities – could become French. The French tended to define their country as a political unit. The major question was – who would enjoy political rights? It was not – what makes us French? However, the German understanding of citizenship and nationhood was based on descent, was ethnocultural, and therefore exclusive. Blood, ancestry and Volksgeist created the nation. Similar to the French example, the development of American citizenship was based on territorial birthright. Kettner (1978) shows that the debates in the early nineteenth century established the terms under which immigrants could become American citizens:

Theoretical coherence and logical consistency were not the primary goals here, especially for legislatures and executive officers. Rather, in dealing with problems involving citizenship – problems of naturalisation, expatriation and court jurisdiction – the chief aim was to maintain an acceptable pattern of federal relations. (p. 248).

However, this pragmatic approach also included the right to exclude Native Americans and (former) enslaved people. In short, bloodline and territorial birthright were powerful tools to both include and exclude citizenship, and therefore, citizenship rights.

What German, French and American histories share is that they describe the magnitude of the Westphalian transformation in1848, from non-territorial membership (when people were the subjects of kings) to territorial membership, where people became members of sovereign states. This membership is based on duties and political rights, which have evolved into universal rights for all members of most states, such as freedom of speech, equality, and well-being. Simultaneously, it is assumed that the state fulfils its functions best if its members are not only individuals with their social contracts but also share general values, language, and history. This is perceived as the result of unifying processes such as the shift from primarily agricultural to industrialised societies (Gellner, 1992). Similarly, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’ (Anderson, 1991) was the result of the successful promotion of national identity, the education of children in national history, promotion of a common language, and the emergence of a ‘national press’ (Anderson, 1991; Hobsbawm, 1992). Associated with these processes are the distinction between ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ types of nations and nationalism, and the idea that all nations have dominant ‘ethnic cores’ (Smith, 1991). On the one hand, there is the successful transformation of peasants to Frenchmen as described by Weber (1976), whereas on the other hand, Gans (2017) describes how Britain assimilated the Welsh people, while excluding Jews and Catholics from full citizenship.

New forms of citizenship regimes

New forms of citizenship regimes and belonging emerged in the post-colonial world, especially in the Middle East and Asia. Countries like Singapore, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates realised that bringing in multinationals and foreign direct investment were not sufficient to prosper. Attracting people with skills and knowledge therefore became a key strategy for national development. This included promoting attractive citizenship processes and tax regimes for wealthy and talented foreign individuals, with more sober regimes for labourers. Singapore, for example, introduced a points system where education and professional qualifications are rated so that skilled migrants can easily obtain permanent residency depending on their rating, skills and income (Ong, 1999, p. 186). Attracting skilled and wealthy foreigners is not unique to the East. It also occurs in many Western countries, including the U.S. and Canada. What is different, however, is the scale of migration. In Singapore, around one-fifth of the total population belongs to the highly educated migrant community. In Dubai and Qatar, more than 80% of inhabitants are migrants (Vora, 2013). Some are poor and worked as labourers building the stadiums for the Qatar 2022 World Cup, while others had the sought-after skills to represent Qatar in international sports events.

In short, currently, there are three interrelated ways of obtaining citizenship: (1) citizenship acquired through descent (jus sanguinis). This form is the kind of citizenship prevalent in, for example Germany until 1999. If one, or both of your parents were German, you were eligible for German citizenship. In this way, many Eastern European Germans maintained access to German citizenship status during the Cold War. (2) Citizenship by birth in the territory (jus soli). This form of citizenship was made famous by the U.S. American citizenship is granted automatically to any person born within and subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. (3) The stakeholder principle (jus nexi) is proposed as an alternative (or a supplement) to birthright citizenship. Individuals who have a ‘real and effective link’ (Shachar, 2009, p. 165) to the political community, or a ‘permanent interest in membership’ (Bauböck, 2006) are entitled to claim citizenship. This relatively new criterion aims at securing citizenship for those who are members of the political community, in the sense that their life prospects depend on the country’s laws and policy choices. This often applies to migrants who work and live in a country for a specific number of years (often five to seven). They are regarded as new members of society who have acquired skills (they work and pay taxes), and can become politically active and thus contribute to the state (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Thick and thin forms of citizenship.

However, there are some counter-intuitive results of the distinction between jus sanguinis and jus soli: while a regime of pure jus sanguinis systematically excludes immigrants and their children, though the latter may have been born and raised in their parents’ new homeland, it includes the descendants of expatriates who might never have set foot in the homeland of their forebears. On the other hand, a regime of jus soli might attribute citizenship to children whose birth in the territory is accidental, while denying it to children who arrived in the country at a young age. It is important to understand that the current rules for acquiring citizenship at birth inevitably create multiple citizenships. Dual nationality merges at birth in two cases: first, in the gender-neutral system of jus sanguinis, where children of mixed parentage inherit both parents’ nationalities, and second, from a combination of jus soli and jus sanguinis. Multiple citizenships could only be avoided if all states adopted either pure jus soli or jus sanguinis from one parent’s side. However, gender discrimination in citizenship has been outlawed by norms of international and domestic law, and countries that apply jus soli within their territory mostly attribute citizenship jus sanguinis to children born to their citizens abroad. Given these facts, there is no possible rule that could be adopted by all states to avoid multiple forms of citizenship. In other words, through existing membership regimes, there is always scope for athletes and states to represent two or more states. Dutch national footballer Jonathan de Guzman, for example, could have played for Jamaica (maternal ancestry), the Philippines (paternal ancestry), Canada (where he was born), or the Netherlands (where he started his career and was eligible to play after naturalisation). His brother Julian represents Canada. In other words, as an extremely talented midfielder, he was able to negotiate between the Dutch and Canadian national football federations. His citizenship capital (a form of cultural capital) was such that he could claim to play for four different countries at the international level. By the same token, there were four national football federations that could compete for his talents. In this case, de Guzman chose to play for the Netherlands – most likely because his chances of winning a World Cup medal were highest there as the Dutch national football team was ranked higher than the other three options. In this respect, the agency of citizens and non-citizens takes centre stage rather than state policies (Bloemraad, 2018; Jansen et al., 2018). Thus, this study seeks to discuss ‘citizenship as membership through claims-making’ from an empirical perspective (Bloemraad, 2018). Bloemraad (2018) attempts to understand citizenship from a relational approach within the context of structured agency. She takes a bottom-up approach, emphasising the perspective of migrants in the context of ‘citizenship’s power as practice and status’ to elucidate, ‘how status, rights, participation and identity can at times be interwoven and reinforcing’ (Bloemraad, p. 4).

The matter of civic and ethnic citizenship rights merges here forming the question: who may represent the country in international sports events? International athletes represent a country. They wear the colours of that country. They sing the national anthem, and they watch the national flag being raised if they win a medal. In other words, how do athletes acquire citizenship? The answer might not surprise us. In general, they acquire citizenship the same way most of us do, by birth (territorial or descent). However, as this article shows, for some athletes, the stakes in negotiating the scope for acquiring citizenship for one country or another are high.

Table 1. Levels of rules in nationality applications within the International Olympics Committee.

Thick and thin forms of citizenship

In this model, I define thick citizenship where territorial birthright, descent, and contribution merge. Most athletes and their parents are born in the countries they represent. These athletes have acquired their skills in that country and are more than willing to wear national colours and win medals for national teams. Unsurprisingly, the Sport and Nation group at the Erasmus University in the Netherlands found that more than 90% of all athletes who represented their country in the summer Olympic Games from 1948–2016 fell within this category (Campenhout et al., 2018; Jansen et al., 2018; Jansen & Engbersen, 2017).

Thin citizenship, however, occurs in cases when migrants or athletes do not have any relationship with the country they represented before the citizenship transfer in exchange for money. This is illustrated by the current debates on national belonging and citizenship changes in the Olympics (Shachar, 2011; Spiro, 2011). Some countries (including the U.S., Canada, and most Western European countries) have advanced an entrepreneurial attitude towards elite labour; they have developed specific citizenship tracks for foreigners. However, extreme examples relating to participation in the Olympics have emerged from countries such as Azerbaijan, Qatar, Singapore, Bahrain, and Turkey. These countries have actively attracted foreign athletes to represent them internationally. In the cases of Qatar, Bahrain, and Singapore, this can be perceived as part of a wider strategy to attract foreign talent. For Turkey and Azerbaijan, it is a form of self-promotion. 2Between thick and thin citizenship, this study locates mixed, or in-between forms of citizenship where athletes only share a connection through two of three citizenship qualifications: jus soli, jus sanguins, or jus nexi. Additionally, in some cases, the prior relationship through jus sanguinis and jus soli is distorted by external territorial (colonial) expansion, as well as mixed ancestral backgrounds. Further, this category includes cases where the connection is made through contribution, earned citizenship, and jus nexi, without prior relation through territorial birthright or descent. Overall, the major contribution of this study is to highlight some of the complexities of the ‘in between’ category, an area that has yet to receive sufficient attention.

This ideal model of thick and thin perspective stresses the formal relation – ‘the social contract’, between the individual and the state. Therefore, this model hides some of the complexities of nationality and national belonging. In Britain, for example, citizens may carry a British passport, whether their national identity is Scots, Welsh, Irish, or Cornish. In Spain, people may have a Spanish passport, but they may identify more with Catalonian or Basque nationalities. In these cases, the terms of the social contract of a Welsh and Scottish person are analogous, but the two persons may identify with different nationalities. Thus, the answer to the question: who may represent the country, becomes multifaceted. Scottish football players are unlikely to represent the Welsh national football team in an official match and vice versa. Nevertheless, as the international governing body of association football, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the International Olympic Committee handle different sets of rules regarding their recognition of citizenship, it may well happen that the same Scottish and Welsh football players represent Team Britain during the Olympic Games against another country (Ewen, 2012).

Sport, migration and identity

Research on sports labour migration began almost three decades ago with the pioneering work of Bale and Maguire (Bale, 1991; Bale & Maguire, 1994). In the development of a political economy of sport, labour migration and nationhood international sports migrants should be considered in the context of the realities of leaving native lands and adapting to foreign environments. Most cases examined came from countries in the Global North and South America. However, these were soon supplemented with cases of football players from Africa who went to Europe, and East African athletes who went to the Middle East (Bale, 2004; Carter, 2011; Darby, 2000, 2002, 2007; Lanfranchi & Taylor, 2001; Poli, 2006, 2010). Most of this research is primarily focused on male athletes. Agergaard and Engh have recently complemented existent literature with female migrant players, focusing on routes between African (Nigerian) and Scandinavian football clubs (Engh et al., 2017) as well as global perspectives (Agergaard & Tiesler, 2014). Recently, Besnier, Brownell, and Carter have taken up the challenge to write an anthropological perspective of sport, including issues of class, race, gender, and migration (2018). While these studies include questions of migration, cultural adaptation, legal process of visa, citizenship, and the political economy of globally skilled (athlete) labour, they scarcely focus on the extraordinary cases of migrant athletes who represent a country at the FIFA World Cup, or at the Olympics (Guschwan, 2014). The study argues that representing a country where you were not born often involves a different set of legal requirements (e.g. the acquisition of citizenship), adaptions (sometimes minimal), and national identification, whether imagined or not. For an excellent overview of the complexities of the nationality requirements of Olympic sports see the recent work of Wollmann (2016). She clearly shows that states, as well as international and national sport federations, may set different rules and regulations of eligibility. This study shows how athletes navigate within those institutions (Table 1).

Overall, most cases and examples studied here come from the Olympics and the Men’s World Cup, which are arguably the most watched global sporting events. The 2016 Olympic Games were broadcast in over 200 participating countries with a worldwide audience of five billion people. Despite the fact that the number of participating countries in the World Cup was limited to 32 in 2018, the final match was watched by 3.5 billion people. The increased mediatisation of those events over the past decades makes nationality switches in these global sport events major national, and sometimes international high-profile matters (Giulianotti, 2015). In these contexts, sport can serve as a ‘prism […] uniquely well suited to an examination of national identity’ (Holmes & Storey, 2011, p. 253). In addition, the historian Eric Hobsbawn is often quoted as saying, ‘The Imagined Community of Millions seems more real as a team of eleven named people. The individual, even the one who only cheers, becomes a symbol of his nation himself’ (Hobsbawm, 1992, p. 143).

In the following sections I describe the three citizenship categories in more detail. This includes the presentation of empirical case studies to determine the scope for negotiating between states and athletes in each of these categories. Not surprisingly, the first category of thick citizenship does not leave much room for negotiating. Athletes, as well as states and sport-institutions, do not find much room for switching alliances because of legal and institutional constraints. The second, ‘in-between’ category is where shifting alliances and making instrumental choices to compete for country A or B has come to the forefront of the debate. Regulations on dual citizenship, colonial heritage, and jus nexi all contribute to the flexibility of athletes, sports institutions, and states. It is here that I propose to merge Bloemraad’s plea (2018) to study citizenship as a form of claims-making with Bourdieu’s theory of social fields, i.e. where a relatively autonomous network of agents is able to use its social citizenship capital (a combination of jus soli, jus sanguinis and jus nexi included in colonial and post-colonial senses of belonging) to navigate belonging and the right to participate in international sports. In the third category of thin citizenship, the room for negotiating is extended to the maximum. No prior-relationship is needed. It is simply citizenship in return for cash.

The thick, or ideal type of citizenship

National pride takes centre stage in international competitions, such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup. The number of medals won per country is regarded as an indication of the country’s (economic or military) prowess and reputation. Olympic athletes and the players on national football teams often become symbols of national pride and prestige. They sing the national anthem before matches, or after they have won an Olympic medal. These athletes display their medals and trophies with pride upon return from international competitions. More often than not, the success of these athletes is perceived as the success of the nation. The head of state typically invites successful athletes and teams to their official residence and honours them with awards or other decorations. It is not uncommon to see images of athletes or national audiences during the celebrations of great success with tears in their eyes.

Most athletes who represent their country are born and raised in the country they represent. More often than not, their parents and/or grandparents were also born there. Here, the ideal types of jus soli, jus sanguinis, and jus nexi merge. Each state can have its national hero, and this study considers Dirk Kuyt as one typical example. Both he and his parents were born in the Netherlands. He played for the Dutch football team (Feyenoord) before moving to Liverpool and Fenerbache. He played the semi-final match of the World Cup in 2010 and the final match in 2014. Others may opt for Michael Phelps, an American swimmer and the most decorated Olympian of all time. He was born in the U.S., as were both his parents. His American citizenship is not in dispute, nor is his American identity. What these cases have in common is that the citizenship status of the athletes is not disputed, from a legal, cultural, or normative perspective. Their citizenship status is – supposedly – self-evident.

Between thick and thin forms of citizenship

A little below the surface, some counterintuitive examples emerge where the relationship to jus sanguinis and jus soli is distorted. In fact – as already mentioned – the present rules for acquiring citizenship at birth inevitably create the possibility for multiple citizenships. A child born in country Z of a father born in country X and a mother born in country Y may be eligible to represent three countries. This increases the scope for negotiating national identity. This section presents three areas with scope for negotiating citizenship, identity, and belonging. First, there are examples of dual and multiple citizenships. Second, some countries use (and have used) their colonial ties to stretch the idea of territorial citizenship, while various forms of multiple citizenships and the stretching of colonial belonging might also merge. Third, cases where migrants – or their ancestors – claim jus nexi, or citizenship based on permanent interest in membership are discussed.

Dual and multiple citizenships

Julian Green was born in the U.S. His father was American, and his mother was German. As a toddler, he moved with his mother to Germany where she raised him. His American father served in the U.S. military and travelled back and forth. Julian had one brother, Jerry, who was born in Germany. Julian became a talented football player and played for Bayern Munich. At the age of 18, he acquired German citizenship (mother’s descent) and American citizenship (through father’s descent and territorial birthright). He was selected for the American national team and was also eligible to play for the German team. He spoke no English prior to his selection and had rarely visited the U.S. He was just one of the five German-Americans in the 2014 U.S. team. There were also foreign-born players, such as an Icelandic-American and a Norwegian-American, in addition to players of Colombian, Mexican and Haitian descent. All in all, 10 of 23 players, or 48% of the team were foreign-born. Manager Jürgen Klinsmann was said to have made the team his own by aggressively recruiting ‘dual nationals’ (players with dual citizenship). According to Klinsmann, however, this ‘reflects the culture of a country’. Nevertheless, America-born goalkeeper Tim Howard stated in USA Today that, ‘Jürgen Klinsmann had a project to unearth talent around the world that had American roots. But having American roots doesn’t mean you are passionate about playing for that country’. 3Some Americans have questioned the logic behind allowing dual citizens to represent Team USA in Brazil, while domestic players, such as former team captain Landon Donovan, were left off the roster. What is important in this context is that Klinsmann, Howard, and Donovan negotiated stretching dual citizenship and national belonging to a larger national and global audience, from their own instrumental perspectives.

In 2013, the talented football player Adnan Januzaj hit the headlines when journalists revealed that he was eligible to play for six different countries. He was born and raised in Belgium. He qualifies to play for Albania through his Kosovan-Albanian parents. His parents are of Kosovan-Albanian descent, but Kosovo’s national teams are not members of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) or FIFA. As Kosovo’s independence is also not recognised by the United Nations, he could play for Serbia. He also qualifies to play for Turkey through his grandparents. Finally, as he played for Manchester United at an early stage of his career, he could have acquired the right to play for England after five years. 4He ultimately chose to play for Belgium. 5Earlier, the former president of UEFA, Lennart Johansson, emphasised in similar cases that UEFA needed to preserve ‘traditional values such as pride in the jersey, national and regional identity (…) that are not financially related’ (Poli, 2007, p. 650).

Foreign-born: colonial pasts and post-colonial realities

Colonial ties and ideals of citizenship and belonging were negotiated during the colonial era. An interesting figure who complicates the exclusivity of the jus soli and jus sanguis forms of belonging in the colonial context is Norman Pritchard (1875–1929). He was born in Calcutta, the son of English parents and was baptised through the Senior Marriage Registrar in Calcutta in 1883. Historian and journalist Gulu Ezekiel claims that Pritchard was Indian based on the fact that he was born and raised in India and lived there for many years. 6Pritchard became the first Asian-born athlete to win an Olympic medal. Nevertheless, the late British Olympic historian Ian Buchanan argues that as Pritchard was a member of an old colonial family and though born in India, through descent he was indisputably British. In competitions in England his name was entered as a member of both the Bengal Presidency Athletic Club of India, and the London Athletic Club. It should also be noted that of the countries participating in the Paris Olympics, only a handful of countries registered their National Olympic Committees. These did not include either India or Great Britain, and it was not until the 1908 Olympics that athletes were officially registered by their countries. Until then they were free to register as individuals. In the archives and on its website, the International Olympic Committee continues to credit his two medals to India. However, disputes and debates persist, as authentic records were not maintained at the time. 7For the importance of national medal counts and the modern role of citizenship swaps see Horowitz and McDaniel (2015).

One unexpected side effect of the Scramble for Africa was that prospective players who were born and raised in Africa were eventually allowed to compete for their mother countries. An excellent example is the Portuguese football hero Eusébio da Silva Ferreira, born in Portuguese Mozambique in 1942. His parents were an Angolan railroad worker from Malanje, and a black Mozambican woman (Cleveland, 2017).

Mozambique was a colony until 1975. Eusébio was signed by the Portuguese club Benfica in 1961, was naturalised soon afterwards and went on to become a key player on Portugal’s national team. Eusébio was one of the five naturalised players who represented Portugal in the 1966 World Cup. This extraordinarily gifted generation could have made Mozambique a major force in world football, but there was no Mozambican state, or national team in 1966. These forms of colonial inclusion reflected Portuguese dictator Salazar’s attempt to justify continuing colonialism despite decolonisation elsewhere, by proclaiming that its African subjects were also Portuguese. While his fellow Mozambicans remained subject to harsh colonial rule that greatly limited their social and political rights, Eusébio was named by Salazar as a ‘national treasure’ (Darby, 2007; 2005). Nevertheless, even though colonialism played a role in these cases, one might argue that those concerned also earned their citizenship based on birthright and descent. In other words, they might still claim thick citizenship. Nevertheless, it articulates the distinction between legal and cultural and indeed racial associations in the case of colonised peoples in metropolitan centres. In these cases, some would argue that that the claim for citizenship is ‘thinner’, but ‘stretched’ in the direction of colonial territory (Campenhout et al., 2018)

There are many contemporarycases where forms of dual citizenship and colonial pasts are negotiated. The 1998 world champion men’s football, France, was celebrated for its multicultural team. However, most players were born and raised in France, albeit as children of (colonial) migrants (Maquire et al.). An interesting case is that of the Algerian team in the 2014 World Cup. Algeria arrived with 16 out of 23 (almost 70%) of its team who were born and raised in France. They were eligible to play for both Algeria and France (dual citizenship). Overall, there were 25 players born in France who did not represent France in the World Cup. However, those who were eligible and opted for the French team were not always received with patriotic feeling. In the words of the French international Karim Benzema, ‘Basically, if I score, I’m French. And if I don’t score or there are problems, I’m Arab’. 8Again, players themselves and national audiences openly debate the terms of belonging (Skey, 2015).

Jus nexi: socio-economic citizenship

In the third category, socio-economic citizenship, the focus is on cases where migrants or their ancestors claim jus nexi, or citizenship based on permanent interest in membership. Europe has recently experienced a marked increase in migration coming mainly from Morocco and Turkey (Lucassen, 2005; Mol & de Valk, 2016). These migrants, or their ancestors, claim jus nexi citizenship. Their offspring often claim dual citizenship, and the Olympic Committee and FIFA have developed special rules for these situations. For instance, the Germany-born player Mesut Ozil, is the son of Turkish migrant workers. Owing to his background (parents’ descent as well as birthright), he was allowed to play for both the Turkish and German national teams. Under the current FIFA regulations, players who have played for one national team cannot switch teams and play for another. Nevertheless, players are allowed to change their football nationality if they have played for the national youth team of another country. During the 2018 World Cup, it was estimated that more than 60% of the players representing Morocco were born in the Netherlands, France, Germany, or Spain. 9

Thin citizenship

There are three occasionally overlapping categories of thin citizenship. First, some athletes get caught up in the tricky web of wars and international politics. In recent history, the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and several others, lead to the replacement by new entities like Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and so on. Athletes in these countries, who lose their original citizenship, subsequently need to renegotiate where they belong based on their birthright and other forms of belonging. Simultaneously, both the International Olympic Committee and FIFA had to construct distinct rulings to deal with these exceptional cases. Second, in some cases, both athletes and states have stretched the rules of belonging, as with Viktor Ahn. Even though these are exceptional cases, it shows that if the time and place are right, regulations and principles can be overextended and become very thin indeed. Third, some athletes have represented three or more countries. Sometimes, this is a consequence of circumstances, which also occurs in the mixed forms of citizenship. Nevertheless, the cases presented here include a combination of ‘citizenship for sale’, lost citizenship, and mixed forms of citizenship. The fact that these athletes can shift citizenship more than once shows the scope for negotiation in exceptional cases where the institutional settings and historical context are favourable.

Lost, emerging and overlapping states and nations

In 1989, the promising Yugoslavian football team became world youth champions in Chile, playing together until 1990 when war broke out and Yugoslavia fell apart. First, the Croatian players left, then the trainer resigned because the Serbians bombed his home town of Sarajevo, and finally the team was banned from the European championships in Sweden under pressure from the international community. This ended the promising Yugoslavian squad. Some of the players in this team later played for Switzerland (Mills, 2009).

In the 2014 World Cup, Switzerland fielded seven migrant players permitted to play for Switzerland for several reasons. The midfielder Tranquillo Barnetta is of Italian descent and holds dual citizenship. Gokhan Inler’s parents were born in Turkey, though he was born in Switzerland. However, the most striking feature of Switzerland’s 2014 team was the number of players from former Yugoslavia. Among them, four had roots in Kosovo, two were from Bosnia, and two from Macedonia. Further, Granit Xhaka had previously played for Albania. Ironically, he faced his elder brother in the match against Albania in the 2016 European championship. Only 38% of the players in the 2014 selection for Switzerland were actually born there. 10

Citizenship for sale?

The most extreme examples of thin citizenship are cases where there is no parental ancestry, nor any birthright claim. Becky Hammon and Victor Ahn are good examples of thin citizenship. The female basketball player Becky Hammon was one of the most talented basketball players in the U.S. She signed a contract for CSKA Moskou in 2007. In 2008 she could sign up for the Russian team in return for a US$2 million-dollar contract. Even though Hammon is not of Russian descent, speaks no Russian and is not a full-time resident, she was fast-tracked for Russian citizenship in February by the highest levels of the Russian government (Schwarz, 2008). Dual citizenship made Hammon a precious commodity in the Russian league because two Russians must be on the floor at all times, and each club is allowed only two American players. As Hammon had never competed in a sanctioned international competition for American Basketball, The International Basketball Federation, more commonly known by the French acronym FIBA, rules allowed her to represent another country in the Olympics. Capitalising on the fact that FIBA rules allow one naturalised citizen to compete for each country, the Russians offered Hammon not only a passport but also an opportunity to play at the Olympics (Schwarz, 2008). In 2006, South Korea’s short-track skater Ahn Hyun-soo won three gold medals for his homeland. Due to injuries, Korea did not need him after 2010. So Ahn went searching for a new Olympic allegiance having fallen out with the South Korean Skating Federation. He and his father investigated naturalisation for top athletes in several countries – with the U.S. and Russia on the final shortlist. In 2011, Ahn Hyun-soo became a Russian citizen, changed his name to Viktor Ahn, and pledged to compete for his adopted homeland at the Sochi Games in 2014 (Business Insider, 2014).

The case of Hammon and Ahn acquiring Russian citizenship in exchange for money, status and the ability to compete at the highest level might be regarded as extreme examples of highly talented athletes’ ‘citizenship swaps’, or ‘talent for citizenship exchange’ (Kostakopoulou & Schrauwen, 2014; Shachar, 2011; Shachar et al., 2017). There were no prior ties between Hammon and Ahn to Russia. They had no Russian ancestors, nor did they speak Russian. 11In short, this example challenges the ritual affirmation of citizenship. This raises the question as to whether the world is heading towards the end of Olympic Nationality (Spiro, 2011). However, in this case, Russia and not the IOC decided the citizenship issue (Schwarz, 2008; Shachar, 2011, pp. 2090–2091; Jansen, 2019).

In the Rio Summer Olympics in 2016, Azerbaijan and Qatar – among others – portrayed themselves as entrepreneurial states willing to buy success. Azerbaijan sent 56 athletes to these Olympic Games. However, foreign athletes who changed their citizenship to compete under the Azerbaijani flag made up more than 60% of the delegation. Transfer of allegiance, ‘leg drain’, or ‘muscle drain’, is a fairly common phenomenon in the international sporting world, but for Azerbaijan, it would appear that it has become a matter of state policy. 12Twenty-three of Qatar’s 39 athletes were not born in Qatar. Its handball team of 14 players includes 11 foreign-born athletes. 13This in itself is not a new phenomenon, but the scale is striking. Media and some academic literature (Shachar, 2011, p. 2017) often suggest that states increasingly trade their most valuable and prestigious asset – citizenship – for medals and national prestige. Nevertheless, empirical evidence suggests a more nuanced perspective (Jansen et al., 2018; Jansen & Engbersen, 2017). These examples portray a very thin citizenship. There is no prior relationship through descent or birthright. More often than not, these athletes do not speak the language of the country they represent, nor is there any other cultural or religious identification. Countries allow these athletes to represent them in return for their ability to earn medals. Individual athletes are willing to swap their national identities (passports) in return for money and the ability to compete at the highest possible level.

Travelling loyalties

Some top athletes have become experts at using existing rules and negotiating an exchange of their skills for citizenships, passports, and money. Lascelles Brown, born in Jamaica in 1974, was a member of the Jamaican national bobsled team from 1999 to 2004, competing at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. He continued training in Calgary, where he met and married his Canadian wife Kara. He applied for Canadian citizenship in 2005; it was awarded to him by special exemption just prior to the 2006 Winter Olympics, letting him compete for Canada at the games in Turin. Brown competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics, winning bronze in the four-man event. Brown then became a competitor for Monaco at the start of the 2010 season and was apparently paid well for his services. 14Brown combined both thick citizenship (born and raised in Jamaica), thin citizenship (representing Monaco for money), and an in-between version of the citizenship rules (representing Canada, as he lived and married there).

Similar cases have occurred in football. The famous footballer Laszlo Kubala (1927–2002) and the striker Alfredo Di Stéfano (1926–2014) played for three different national teams. Kubala played for Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Spain, while Di Stéfano played for Spain, Argentina and Columbia. Nevertheless, their migration history was less opportunistic and money-driven, and more politically motivated. Kubala was born in Budapest, as were his parents who came from mixed backgrounds. His mother had Polish, Slovak and Hungarian roots, while his father, belonged to the Hungary’s Slovak minority. In 1946, he moved to Czechoslovakia, allegedly to avoid military service, and joined ŠK Slovan Bratislava. In 1947, Kubala married the sister of the Czechoslovakian national coach, Ferdinand Daučík. He played for Czechoslovakia six times. In 1948, he returned to Hungary, again allegedly to avoid military service, and joined Vasas SC. In January 1949, as Hungary became a socialist state, Kubala fled the country in the back of a truck. He initially arrived in the U.S. zone of Allied-occupied Austria and then moved on to Italy, where he briefly played for Pro Patria. He was eventually signed to Barcelona in 1950. After adopting Spanish nationality, he played for Spain 19 times between 1953 and 1961.

Alfredo Di Stéfano was born in Buenos Aires, as the son of a first-generation Italian-Argentinian and an Argentinian woman of French and Irish descent. He played with the Argentinian national team six times. In 1949, a footballers’ strike in Argentina prompted him and many other Argentinean players to defect to a breakaway Colombian league outside the remit of FIFA, not obliged to pay transfer fees and able to pay generous wages to some of the world’s best players. In the 1950s, he began playing for Real Madrid in Spain and acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956. He played four World Cup-qualifying matches for Spain in 1957 and helped Spain qualify for the 1962 World Cup, though he was unable to participate himself due to injuries and his age.

In this last category, athletes who represented three or more countries were highlighted. At times, there were some ‘contributing relations’, as in the case of Lascelles Brown, who represented Canada after marrying a Canadian woman. However, his move to represent Monaco was motivated by money, as well as his desire to compete at the highest possible level, to participate in the Olympics one more time.

Afterthought and conclusion

Our proposed three categories – thick, in-between, and thin citizenship – are not mutually exclusive and do occasionally overlap. An exceptional example is Zola Budd, the middle- and long-distance runner born in 1966 in South Africa. Her parents were also born in South Africa. Her case would be defined as thick citizenship if she represented South Africa. Nevertheless, her story brought her to Britain. At the age of 17, Budd broke the women’s 5000 m world record. Since her performance took place in South Africa, then excluded from international athletics competition because of its apartheid policy, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) refused to ratify her time as an official world record.

The British tabloid, the Daily Mail persuaded Budd’s father to encourage her to apply for British citizenship, on the grounds that her grandfather was British, to circumvent the international cultural (therefore also sporting) boycott of South Africa. The Daily Mail would have exclusive rights to Budd’s story and would put U.K.£40,000 into a fund for her, as well as providing rent-free housing for the family and finding a job for her father. The Daily Mail started an active campaign and began to put pressure on a series of ministers to give Budd a passport. They wished to see her competing for Team Britain during the 1984 Summer Olympics. Thus a fast track citizenship procedure was started. However, the Home Office was reluctant to grant such status stating:

To give exceptional treatment to a South African national to enable her to avoid the sporting restrictions inflicted on her country and compete for Britain in the Olympics will be seen as a cynical move which will undermine that good faith. 15

Groups supporting the abolition of apartheid campaigned to highlight the special treatment she received; other applicants had to wait sometimes years to be granted citizenship, if at all. In short, just ten days after she formally applied for British citizenship, the 17-year-old got her passport. It remains unclear whether the justification was based on her talent, her ancestry, or a combination of both. However, what this example shows, is how cases can shift from thick citizenship to the in-between category of citizenship. This exceptional case is different from the citizenship for sale example in the thin citizenship category. It was not the state, but a newspaper that paid for the citizenship swap for medal chances. Undoubtedly, however, the fact is that money and the citizenship switch were directly related.

What is important here is that there is room to negotiate citizenship and the transfer of citizenship. Depending on territorial birthright, ancestry, political circumstances and financial incentives, the rules for access to citizenship are stretched. Interestingly, Budd competed for South Africa at the 1992 Olympics after the country was re-admitted to international competition following a referendum vote to end the apartheid system.

Historical research has shown that acquiring modern citizenship has taken different paths: territorial birthright and descent. More often than not they were not mutually exclusive, but reinforced each other. Nevertheless, through these paths and the emergence of the jus sanguinis system, access to multiple citizenships became part of the inheritance – or citizenship capital of individuals. In the past decades, some states, particularly in the Middle East and Asia, have attracted foreign labour in return for citizenship rights. A growing number of migrants have also acquired citizenship through a jus-nexi connection. These developments have created space for states, sport-institutions and individual athletes to negotiate their citizenship status.

The study proposed three categories of relationships between migrant athletes and country. These cases resemble Bauböck’s concept of thin and thick conceptions of citizenship (1999). Further, the cases discussed within this model give room for Bloemraad’s suggestion to discuss ‘citizenship from below’, and ‘citizenship as claims-making’ (2018). These models also apply to non-sporting contexts. However, the context of international sports is distinctive for two major reasons. First, athletes represent the country on a widely publicised international stage. Second, because of associated prestige, athletes’ connections with the homeland, motherland, or ‘genuine links’ with the country they represent are often part of public debate. (Campenhout et al., 2018; Jansen et al., 2018) Thin citizenship describes examples of citizenship changes where the athlete has no prior relationship with the country that they represent, as in the cases of Viktor Ahn and Becky Hammon. Moreover, this category includes migrants from states that dissolved, like Yugoslavia and the USSR. The national players of these countries became part of new countries or migrated. At the other extreme, I defined the thick citizenship, which refers to the merger of territorial birthright (jus soli), descent (jus sanguis), and ‘contribution’ (jus nexi). The in-between categories are the most interesting, but they are also difficult to define. Here, the concept of colonial citizenship is included, where migrant athletes are, or were part of the larger jus soli of the country, or colonial enterprise. Nevertheless, this category also includes recent migrant, where athletes are part of the jus nexi of their new homes. The three categories are not mutually exclusive, as has become clear in the case of Zola Budd.

In short, the primary question: who may represent the country? cannot be easily answered. Categories of belonging are blurred, and athletes, sports federations, institutions, states, and audiences constantly negotiate them. The question is, therefore, not whether athletes and/or states strategically use citizenship regulations for their own purpose, they probably are. The ear when scholars could convincingly argue that national sporting stars are unifying representatives (Duke & Liz, 1996) are now under scrutiny. This study argued that citizenship rules and justifications for national belonging are stretched. This stretching can be seen as a global continuum between thick and thin citizenship. The answer to the moral question: who may represent the country? might be found in the history of the Olympics. Until 1908 it was possible to compete with mixed teams and to enter as an individual, not necessarily representing a country. This, then, might come close to the suggestion of Iowerth et al. (2014) that sporting bodies should be more pragmatic in their criteria of national belonging.

Notes

Please note that the model loosely refers to Bauböck’s (1999) notions of thick and thin citizenship. For Bauböck, the thin concept of citizenship refers to legal membership status with negative liberties and passive citizenship. This may be referred to as a libertarian perspective of citizenship, where citizenship is a minimal contract between the state and its members. However, here, the study refers to thin citizenship if there are no prior relations between the state/nation before representing that country. At the other extreme, Bauböck describes the thick concept of citizenship, which includes cultural identity, moral duties and heroic virtues. This may be regarded as a communitarian perspective of citizenship. See also Kostakopoulou (2006 ).

Note that in doing so, this refers to a different model of citizenship studies than that put forward by Bryan Turner (1997) in the first issue of Citizenship Studies. He argued that in the era of global capitalism a revised model of citizenship should include human rights. However, from the perspective of states, national identity rather than universal citizenship rights has become a dominant factor. The paradox is that, ‘campaigns for unity and integrations have to be conducted in a universalistic idiom’ (Joppke, 2007, p. 46; Blatter, 2011).

See http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/howard-criticizes-klinsmann-over-foreign-born-players/mb24pzqzewqt1aez6nonmgz6j.

There was widespread press coverage and debate. According to others, Januzaj would not meet the requirements to play for England under the unique rules set out in the Home Nations agreement, requiring a five-year period of education prior to the age of 18.

https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/oct/09/adnan-januzaj-international-england-belgium.

http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080807/jsp/opinion/story_9654464.jsp.

During early Olympics, Irish-born athletes won numerous medals for the U.S. and U.K. See, http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv6n2/JOHv6n2f.pdf.

https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-06-30/frances-cosmopolitan-society-shines-world-cup-other-countries-too.

https://www.statista.com/chart/12033/the-most-international-teams-at-the-world-cup/.

http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/euro-2016_switzerland--12-nations--one-team/42215610.

He stated, ‘First of all, the name Viktor is associated with the word ‘victory’. It is symbolic, as I want this name to bring me luck. Secondly, I know of another Korean named Viktor, who is very popular in Russia and is well known in Korea–Viktor Tsoy. I want to be as famous in Russia as he was. And third, I was told that Viktor is a name which is easy to remember for Russian-speakers’. http://www.businessinsider.com/viktor-ahn-russia-2014-2?IR=T.

https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/culture/16889.

https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2016/08/16/at-the-rio-olympics-some-athletes-find-success-in-swapping-passports.html.

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lascelles_Brown.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3755199/Secret-papers-reveal-rift-Mail-s-campaign-Zola-Budd.html.

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Informatics and Nursing - Jeanne Sewell

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Ebook PDF Informatics and Nursing | EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD Hello Book lovers, If you want to download free Ebook, you are in the right place to download Ebook. Ebook Informatics and Nursing EBOOK ONLINE DOWNLOAD in English is available for free here, Click on the download LINK below to download Ebook Informatics and Nursing 2020 PDF Download in English by Jeanne Sewell (Author).

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Prepare your students to access, manage, and present clinical data. Focusing on the information every nurse should know and capturing cutting-edge advances in a rapidly changing field, this practical text helps students build the communication and information literacy skills they need to integrate informatics into practice. This edition retains the key coverage of the previous edition, including office cloud computing software, interoperability, consumer informatics, telehealth, clinical information systems, social media use guidelines, and software and hardware developments, while offering new information and references throughout. Highlights of the 6th Edition Updated coverage of social media, mobile computing, new cloud-based resources, simulation technologies, as well as the latest information on the Affordable Care Act, Meaningful Use, and HIPAA ensures students have the latest information.Built-in learning aids, including case studies, key terms, learning objectives, and?NEW to

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Update on the Unfortunate Situation

I don’t want to get into it too much because it’s a very frustrating situation for me. Basically, someone reported me for breaking Ao3′s no commerce policy. I know this policy very well. I’ve accidentally broken it in the past, so I take care to operate within the ToS. I do not link to or mention my patreon. I encourage people to go to social media to find ways to support me. This is 100% within the guidelines set by Ao3 and within the example language they use in their ToS. Despite this, they’ve decided to suspend my account for 90 days and hide The Marks We Make from public access. 

I’ve been in contact with them. I’ve explained the situation and how I do not break their rules. I explained how I use the language they say to use with their own examples. Because I have a previous offense, they refused to change my suspension status. Instead, they use other examples of “breaking” ToS. A specific example they used is that by saying “Sorry for the late update, Sora has been busy with commissions” is apparently advertising for Sora. They also said, specifically, that I mention my patreon in comments, despite the fact that I rarely, if almost never, reply to comments on Ao3. Let alone so blatantly break policy this way.

Bottom line, this is bullshit. But Ao3 is refusing to listen to me and is grasping at straws to hold my suspension simply because it’s not my first offense. It’s unfair to me, and it’s unfair to you guys. It’s my opinion that they don’t want to admit their mistake. It’s also clear to me that whoever reported me doesn’t actually know the rules of the ToS. So. Thanks for that. But I’m tired of fighting with them, and I’m moving on.

Until the suspension is lifted, we’ll do what we can. This is unfortunate. It is still frustrating to no end. I’ll still be writing in the meantime. I will still be writing for my Patreon rewards. I’ll still be writing my oneshots, my drabbles, and working on my major fics as well as upcoming fics. Things will upload to Ao3 once the suspension is lifted.

The Marks We Make will return to Ao3 on November, 13th. Until then, the newest chapter ((chapter nine)) will be available on a temporary google doc. If you would like to read the whole story ((it’s too long to put on a google doc)), you can find the download links below. On mobile, the links may not work directly in the tumblr app. Especially the EPUB option. Open the link in safari (or your phone’s browser) for access. 

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