#Dr Ramji Mehrotra Cardiac surgeon

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Benefits of Total Arterial CABG compared to traditional CABG?

Total Arterial Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) offers several potential benefits compared to traditional CABG procedures, which typically involve using a combination of arterial and venous grafts. Some of the key benefits of Total Arterial CABG include:

Improved Long-Term Graft Patency: Arterial grafts, such as the internal mammary artery (IMA) and radial artery, have been shown to have superior long-term patency rates compared to vein grafts. This means that arterial grafts are less likely to become blocked or narrow over time, reducing the need for repeat revascularization procedures.

Reduced Risk of Graft Failure: Total Arterial CABG may lower the risk of graft failure compared to traditional CABG procedures, as arterial grafts tend to be more resistant to atherosclerosis and have better endothelial function.

Better Outcomes for Multi-Vessel Disease: Total Arterial CABG may be particularly beneficial for patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). By using arterial grafts for all bypasses, surgeons can provide more comprehensive revascularization, potentially leading to better long-term outcomes and improved survival rates.

Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Events: Total Arterial CABG has been associated with lower rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction (heart attack), repeat revascularization procedures, and cardiovascular mortality, compared to traditional CABG procedures.

Preservation of Veins for Future Use: By using arterial grafts exclusively, Total Arterial CABG preserves veins for potential future use in case additional bypass grafting is needed or for other medical procedures, such as dialysis access.

Possibility of Minimally Invasive Techniques: Total Arterial CABG can sometimes be performed using minimally invasive or robotic-assisted techniques, which may result in smaller incisions, reduced pain, faster recovery, and improved cosmetic outcomes compared to traditional open-heart surgery.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra - Best CABG Surgeon in Delhi, Total Arterial CABG offers several advantages over traditional CABG procedures, including improved long-term graft patency, reduced risk of graft failure and cardiovascular events, and the potential for better outcomes in patients with multi-vessel disease. These benefits make Total Arterial CABG an attractive option for many patients with significant CAD requiring surgical revascularization.

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Dr. Ramji Mehrotra | Heart-Healthy Habits

Maintaining heart-healthy habits is essential for overall well-being and longevity.  Heart-healthy habits encompass a range of practices that promote cardiovascular wellness. Here's a comprehensive list of such habits:

1. Regular Exercise: Engage in physical activity for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Activities like walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, and dancing are great for cardiovascular health.

2. Healthy Diet: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins (such as fish, poultry, beans, and legumes), and healthy fats (like those found in nuts, seeds, and avocados). Limit intake of saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars.

3. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Strive to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of balanced diet and regular exercise. Excess weight, especially around the midsection, can strain the heart.

4. Quit Smoking: If you smoke, quit. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease and can damage blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular issues.

5. Limit Alcohol: If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Excessive alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure and contribute to heart problems.

6. Manage Stress: Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or engaging in hobbies and activities that you enjoy.

7. Get Quality Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night. Poor sleep can increase the risk of high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease.

8. Regular Health Screenings: Schedule regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels, blood sugar, and overall heart health. Follow their advice for preventive screenings and tests.

9. Stay Hydrated: Drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day to stay hydrated and support healthy blood circulation.

10. Limit Processed Foods: Minimize consumption of processed and fast foods, which are often high in unhealthy fats, sodium, and sugars.

11. Monitor Salt Intake: Limit salt (sodium) intake to reduce the risk of high blood pressure. Opt for fresh foods over processed ones and use herbs and spices to flavor meals instead of salt.

12. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Include sources of omega-3 fatty acids in your diet, such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. Omega-3s can help lower triglycerides and reduce the risk of heart disease.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra, by adopting these heart-healthy habits, you can significantly reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease and improve your overall quality of life.

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Antioxidant-Rich Foods for Cardiovascular health

Antioxidants are compounds that help protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced during normal metabolism and in response to environmental factors. Free radical damage is associated with various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Consuming antioxidant-rich foods can contribute to cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Here are some antioxidant-rich foods that may benefit cardiovascular health:

Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries are rich in antioxidants such as anthocyanins and flavonoids. These compounds have been linked to improved blood vessel function and reduced blood pressure.

Dark Chocolate: Dark chocolate contains flavonoids, which may have a positive impact on heart health. Choose chocolate with at least 70% cocoa content to maximize antioxidant benefits.

Nuts: Almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts are good sources of vitamin E, an antioxidant that may help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the cardiovascular system.

Green Leafy Vegetables: Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are packed with antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and K, as well as various phytochemicals that support heart health.

Fatty Fish: Salmon, mackerel, and trout are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and are beneficial for heart health. They also contain the antioxidant astaxanthin.

Tomatoes: Tomatoes are a good source of lycopene, an antioxidant associated with cardiovascular benefits. Cooking tomatoes has the potential to increase the absorption of lycopene.

Citrus Fruits: Oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes provide vitamin C, an antioxidant that supports the immune system and may have protective effects on the cardiovascular system.

Olive Oil: Extra virgin olive oil is rich in monounsaturated fats and polyphenols, including hydroxytyrosol, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Green Tea: Green tea contains catechins, which are antioxidants with potential cardiovascular benefits. Regular consumption may be associated with improved cholesterol levels and reduced blood pressure.

Red Grapes: Grapes and red wine (in moderation) contain resveratrol, an antioxidant associated with potential heart-protective effects.

Turmeric: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may support heart health.

Legumes: Beans, lentils, and chickpeas are high in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, providing antioxidants that support overall health, including cardiovascular health.

Avocado: Avocados contain monounsaturated fats and vitamin E, contributing to their antioxidant and heart-healthy properties.

Garlic: Garlic contains allicin, a compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that may have cardiovascular benefits.

Cinnamon: Cinnamon is rich in antioxidants and may help improve blood lipid profiles, contributing to heart health.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra Incorporating a variety of these antioxidant-rich foods into a balanced and heart-healthy diet, along with maintaining a physically active lifestyle, managing stress, and avoiding tobacco, can contribute to overall cardiovascular well-being. It's essential to consult with healthcare professionals or registered dietitians for personalized dietary recommendations based on individual health needs.

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Heart Health and Hydration

Hydration plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health, including heart health. Here are some key points regarding hydration and its impact on the cardiovascular system:

Fluid Balance:

Adequate hydration helps maintain the balance of fluids in the body, which is essential for optimal heart function. Proper fluid balance supports the circulation of blood and the delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells.

Blood Volume and Pressure:

Hydration influences blood volume, which, in turn, affects blood pressure. Insufficient hydration can lead to reduced blood volume, potentially causing an increase in blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure is a risk factor for heart disease.

Electrolyte Balance:

Proper hydration helps maintain electrolyte balance in the body, including crucial minerals like sodium and potassium. Electrolytes play a role in nerve function, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm regulation.

Preventing Dehydration:

Dehydration can strain the cardiovascular system, making the heart work harder to pump blood. Staying well-hydrated can help prevent dehydration-related stress on the heart.

Exercise Performance:

Hydration is essential for those engaging in physical activity. During exercise, the heart works harder to supply oxygen and nutrients to muscles. Proper hydration supports cardiovascular function and helps prevent exercise-related stress on the heart.

Blood Viscosity:

Dehydration can lead to increased blood viscosity (thickness), making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood. This can potentially contribute to the development of cardiovascular problems.

Heat Regulation:

Hydration is crucial for regulating body temperature, especially in hot weather or during physical exertion. Proper cooling mechanisms help reduce stress on the cardiovascular system.

Reducing Blood Clot Risk:

Maintaining adequate hydration helps prevent the formation of excessively thick or sticky blood, reducing the risk of blood clots that could lead to conditions like heart attacks or strokes.

Heart Failure Management:

In individuals with heart failure, maintaining proper fluid balance is particularly important. Monitoring fluid intake and output is often a key component of heart failure management.

Individual Hydration Needs:

Hydration needs vary from person to person and depend on factors such as age, weight, activity level, and overall health. It's essential to pay attention to individual hydration needs.

Signs of Dehydration:

Recognizing signs of dehydration, such as dark urine, thirst, dry mouth, or dizziness, is important. Addressing dehydration promptly can help prevent potential strain on the heart.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra, to keep your heart healthy, it's recommended to drink water throughout the day to stay sufficiently hydrated. While other beverages contribute to overall fluid intake, water is often the best choice for hydration without added sugars or calories. Individual hydration needs can vary, so it's advisable to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized recommendations, especially for individuals with specific health conditions.

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Heart Disease and Electrolyte Imbalance

Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that play a crucial role in various physiological processes within the body. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate are the primary electrolytes. Proper balance of these electrolytes is essential for maintaining the normal functioning of cells, tissues, and organs, including the heart.

Electrolyte imbalances can affect the heart and contribute to heart-related issues. Here's how some electrolytes are specifically related to heart health:

Potassium:

Role in the heart: Potassium is essential for maintaining the electrical activity of the heart. It helps regulate the heartbeat (rhythm) and ensures proper contraction of the heart muscle.

Imbalance effects: Both high and low levels of potassium (hyperkalemia and hypokalemia) can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and, in severe cases, can be life-threatening.

Sodium:

Role in the heart: Sodium is involved in maintaining the balance of water in and around cells, including heart cells. It also plays a role in the electrical signaling within the heart.

Imbalance effects: Imbalances in sodium levels can affect blood pressure and lead to conditions like hypertension, which is a risk factor for heart disease.

Calcium:

Role in the heart: Calcium is crucial for the contraction of heart muscles. It is involved in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

Imbalance effects: Abnormal levels of calcium can disrupt the normal functioning of the heart, potentially leading to arrhythmias.

Magnesium:

Role in the heart: Magnesium is involved in many enzymatic reactions and contributes to the regulation of heart rhythm.

Imbalance effects: Low magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia) can lead to arrhythmias and may contribute to cardiovascular issues.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra one of the best heart surgeon in India, Electrolyte imbalances can result from various factors, including diet, medications, certain medical conditions, and dehydration. Conditions like heart failure, kidney disorders, and certain medications can also influence electrolyte balance.

It's important to note that heart disease itself can contribute to electrolyte imbalances, creating a complex interplay. For example, heart failure can lead to fluid retention and electrolyte disturbances.

If you suspect an electrolyte imbalance or are experiencing symptoms such as irregular heartbeats, dizziness, weakness, or fatigue, it's crucial to seek medical attention. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure electrolyte levels, and treatment may include dietary changes, medications, or intravenous electrolyte replacement, depending on the specific imbalance and its severity. For personalized advice and treatment, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional.

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Dr. Ramji Mehrotra | Hypertensive Heart Disease

Hypertensive heart disease, often referred to as hypertensive cardiomyopathy, is a medical condition characterized by heart damage that is primarily caused by long-term, uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension). When the heart has to work harder due to elevated blood pressure, it can lead to various complications and structural changes within the heart.

One of the primary consequences of hypertensive heart disease is the thickening of the heart's muscular walls, a condition known as left ventricular hypertrophy. Leading heart surgeon Dr. Ramji Mehrotra says that this thickening is the heart's way of adapting to the increased workload imposed by high blood pressure. Over time, however, it can lead to a reduced ability of the heart to pump blood effectively, resulting in a decrease in cardiac output and potentially leading to heart failure.

Hypertensive heart disease can also damage the coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. This can result in a condition called ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease. When the coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis, the heart muscle may not receive adequate blood flow, leading to angina (chest pain) or, in severe cases, a heart attack.

Additionally, high blood pressure can contribute to the development of other cardiovascular problems, including heart arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, which can increase the risk of stroke. It can also cause the heart to enlarge and dilate, further impairing its ability to function properly.

The symptoms of hypertensive heart disease can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the extent of heart damage. Some of the common symptoms include breathlessness, chest pain, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. However, it is important to note that some individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms until the disease has advanced.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra , managing hypertensive heart disease typically involves controlling high blood pressure through lifestyle modifications and medications, as well as addressing the complications that may arise, such as heart failure or coronary artery disease. Lifestyle changes such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular physical exercise, non-smoking, and avoiding excess stress are extremely beneficial.

If you suspect you have high blood pressure or are at risk for hypertensive heart disease, it is very important to immediately consult with a doctor for proper evaluation and guidance.

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Best Heart Specialist in India

Looking for the best heart specialist in India? Dr Ramji Mehrotra, a renowned cardiac surgeon with over 27+ years of experience, is one of the country's leading experts in heart care. He is Vice Chairman  & Chief in Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS) Department at BLK Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, one of the most advanced healthcare facilities in India.

Dr Ramji Mehrotra is a qualified heart specialist doctor in India for treating heart disease and has helped numerous patients overcome their heart conditions by successfully performing over 20,000+ surgeries.

His expertise includes the diagnosis and treatment of several cardiac ailments, including arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Dr Mehrotra employs a patient-centered approach to care, providing personalized treatment plans that address each individual's specific needs. He is committed to delivering high-quality care that is compassionate, reliable, and effective. Patients consult with Dr Mehrotra for his expertise and experience in the field of cardiology & Hear Surgeries.

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Dr Ramji Mehrotra – Best Cardiac Surgeon in Delhi

Dr Ramji Mehrotra, a one of the best cardiac surgeon in Delhi, India also having 26+ years of excellency in Total Arterial CABG, Beating Heart CABG, Value Repairs & Replacement, Sutureless Valve, Surgery for Aneurysm including Bentall Operations, Surgery for Heart Failure (ECMO, LVAD, Heart Transplantation), Congenital Heart Surgeries, etc.

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Dr Ramji Mehrotra | Best Cardiovascular Surgeon & Heart Specialist Doctor in India

Dr Ramji Mehrotra | Best Cardiovascular Surgeon & Heart Specialist Doctor in India, with 26+ years of experience in all type heart surgery & operations.

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Dr. Ramji Mehrotra- Best Cardiac Surgeon

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Dr Ramji Mehrotra | Types of Strokes

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), commonly known as strokes, are medical emergencies which occur when there is a disruption in the blood supply to the brain. This disruption can have serious and often devastating consequences, including neurological impairments, disability, and even death.

According to leading cardiac specialist Dr. Ramji Mehrotra, while strokes primarily involve the brain, they are often closely linked to the heart, as the heart plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy circulatory system. There are several types of strokes, each with distinct characteristics and different connections to heart health.

Ischemic Strokes

Ischemic strokes are the most common type, accounting for approximately 87% of all stroke cases. These strokes occur when there is a blockage or clot within a blood vessel, leading to a decrease or complete cessation of blood flow to a specific part of the brain. Ischemic strokes have two primary subtypes:

Thrombotic Stroke: Thrombotic strokes occur when a blood clot forms within one of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. This clot, known as a thrombus, typically develops in a narrowed or damaged blood vessel, often due to atherosclerosis (the buildup of fatty deposits or plaques in the arteries). Thrombotic strokes tend to occur gradually and are more common in older adults with a history of vascular disease.

Embolic Stroke: Embolic strokes happen when a blood clot or debris from another part of the body, such as the heart, travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a smaller artery within the brain. These clots, known as emboli, can obstruct blood flow, causing a sudden and severe ischemic stroke. Common sources of emboli include atrial fibrillation, where irregular heartbeats can lead to clot formation, and cardiac conditions like endocarditis or heart valve disorders.

Hemorrhagic Strokes

Hemorrhagic strokes occur when there is bleeding in or around the brain. They account for about 13% of all stroke cases and are often more severe and life-threatening than ischemic strokes. Hemorrhagic strokes are divided into two primary subtypes:

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH): ICH is the most common form of hemorrhagic stroke and involves bleeding directly into the brain tissue. This bleeding is typically caused by the rupture of a small blood vessel within the brain. High blood pressure (hypertension) is a significant risk factor for ICH, as it can weaken blood vessel walls over time, making them prone to rupture.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): SAH occurs when there is bleeding into the space between the brain and the thin membrane that covers it (the arachnoid mater). This type of hemorrhagic stroke is often the result of a ruptured aneurysm—a weakened, balloon-like area in an artery that bursts and causes bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The main symptom of SAH is a sudden and severe headache.

It is essential to recognize the signs of a stroke and seek immediate medical attention when they occur, as timely treatment can significantly improve the chances of recovery. Common stroke symptoms include sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, difficulty speaking or slurred speech, severe headache, and loss of balance or coordination.

Conclusion

Strokes are complex medical events often intertwined with heart health. Understanding the different types of strokes and their connections to the heart highlights the importance of cardiovascular care in stroke prevention. Dr Ramji Mehrotra advises that maintaining a healthy heart, managing risk factors like hypertension and atrial fibrillation, and seeking prompt medical attention for heart-related issues can significantly reduce the risk of strokes and their devastating consequences. It is crucial for individuals to prioritize both heart and brain health to minimize their stroke risk and promote overall well-being.

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Dr Ramji Mehrotra | What is cardiac resynchronization therapy?

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a specialized medical treatment designed to improve the function of the heart in individuals with certain types of heart failure. Also known as biventricular pacing, CRT involves the implantation of a device that helps coordinate the contractions of the heart's ventricles, thereby enhancing its pumping efficiency. This therapy has proven to be a valuable option for individuals who experience heart failure symptoms despite optimal medical management.

Heart failure can occur due to various underlying conditions, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or cardiomyopathy. As a result, individuals with heart failure may experience symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, fluid retention, and reduced exercise capacity.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra, one of India’s most popular cardiac surgeons, CRT is primarily used to treat a specific subset of heart failure patients with "dyssynchrony". Dyssynchrony refers to a lack of coordination in the contraction of the heart's ventricles, the lower chambers responsible for pumping blood to the body. In these individuals, the right and left ventricles do not contract simultaneously, leading to inefficient pumping and reduced blood flow.

CRT involves the implantation of a small device known as a cardiac resynchronization therapy device (CRT-D) or pacemaker (CRT-P) under the skin, typically below the collarbone. This device is equipped with leads (thin insulated wires) that are threaded through veins and positioned in specific regions of the heart.

Once in place, the CRT device delivers precisely timed electrical impulses to the right and left ventricles. These impulses synchronize the contractions of the ventricles, ensuring that they pump together, which can significantly improve the heart's efficiency and overall function.

Not all heart failure patients are suitable candidates for CRT. Typically, it is recommended for individuals who meet specific criteria:

Reduced Ejection Fraction: CRT is usually reserved for individuals with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which indicates a weakened heart muscle.

Symptoms Despite Medications: Candidates often continue to experience heart failure symptoms despite receiving optimal medical therapy.

Specific ECG Patterns: Certain ECG (electrocardiogram) patterns, such as left bundle branch block, may indicate the presence of dyssynchrony and make individuals suitable candidates for CRT.

Dr Ramji Mehrotra says that the primary goal of CRT is to improve the patient's quality of life by reducing symptoms and enhancing their ability to perform daily activities. Some of the key benefits include:

Improved Heart Function: CRT helps the heart pump more efficiently, increasing the amount of blood circulated with each beat.

Symptom Relief: Many patients experience a reduction in symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling.

Reduced Hospitalizations: CRT can lower the risk of hospitalizations related to heart failure exacerbations.

Prolonged Life: In some cases, CRT may extend the lifespan of individuals with heart failure.

It is crucial for individuals with heart failure to take their doctor’s opinion in determining whether CRT is an appropriate treatment option for them.

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Dr. Ramji Mehrotra | Cardiac CT Scan

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scan, also known as cardiac CT angiography or CTA, is a cutting-edge diagnostic tool that provides detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels. This non-invasive imaging technique has revolutionized the field of cardiology by offering unparalleled insights into the structure and function of the heart.

Uses of Cardiac CT Scan

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra, leading cardiovascular surgeon in the NCR region, there are several uses of the Cardiac CT scan including:

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Assessment: One of the primary applications of cardiac CT is the evaluation of coronary arteries. It helps identify blockages, stenosis, or plaques within these vital blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. This is particularly important for diagnosing CAD, a leading cause of heart disease.

Calcium Scoring: Cardiac CT scans can measure the amount of calcium buildup in the coronary arteries, a significant risk factor for heart disease. A high calcium score indicates a higher risk of heart-related events.

Congenital Heart Abnormalities: Cardiac CT is instrumental in detecting and assessing congenital heart defects or abnormalities in adults and children. It helps cardiologists plan surgeries or interventions.

Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy: These scans offer detailed anatomical information about the heart's chambers, valves, and the aorta. This aids in diagnosing conditions like heart valve disease or aortic aneurysms.

Cardiac CT Procedure

A cardiac CT scan involves several key steps:

Patient Preparation: Before the procedure, patients may be asked to abstain from eating or drinking for a specified period. It is important to inform the healthcare team about any allergies or pre-existing medical conditions.

Contrast Injection: A contrast dye is injected into a vein to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and heart structures in the images.

Scanning: The patient lies on a table that moves into the CT scanner, which resembles a large donut-shaped machine. During the scan, X-ray technology and detectors capture multiple cross-sectional images of the heart.

Breath-Holding and Monitoring: Patients are asked to hold their breath for short periods to minimize motion artifacts in the images. Medical personnel closely monitor vital signs throughout the procedure.

Data Processing: Advanced computer software processes the collected data to create detailed, three-dimensional images of the heart and surrounding structures.

Benefits of Cardiac CT Scan

Non-Invasiveness: Unlike traditional angiography, cardiac CT is non-invasive and does not require catheter insertion into blood vessels, reducing the risk of complications and recovery time.

High Resolution: Cardiac CT provides exceptionally high-resolution images, allowing precise diagnosis and treatment planning.

Speed: The procedure is relatively quick, typically taking less than 30 minutes, and patients can usually return to their daily activities afterwards.

Early Detection: It can identify heart conditions at an early stage, enabling timely interventions and improved outcomes.

Conclusion

Dr Ramji Mehrotra is of the opinion that Cardiac CT scans have become an indispensable tool in the field of cardiology, providing a comprehensive view of the heart's structure and function. They play a crucial role in diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, from coronary artery disease to congenital abnormalities. As technology continues to advance, cardiac CT scans are expected to become even more precise and informative, further improving the care and outcomes for patients with heart-related issues.

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What Causes Pericarditis?

Pericarditis, an inflammatory condition affecting the pericardium - the thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart, can be a source of acute chest pain and discomfort. While it is often idiopathic or without a known cause, pericarditis can also be triggered by various factors. Understanding these underlying causes is essential for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and prevention of recurrence.

Viral Infections: One of the primary causes of pericarditis is viral infections, particularly those caused by the coxsackievirus and echovirus. These viruses can directly invade the pericardium, triggering an inflammatory response. The immune system's reaction to the viral presence can lead to the release of inflammatory chemicals, causing the pericardium to become irritated and inflamed.

Bacterial Infections: While less common, bacterial infections can also result in pericarditis. Bacteria such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis can infect the pericardium, setting off an inflammatory reaction. Bacterial pericarditis is a more serious condition that requires prompt medical intervention, as it can lead to severe complications.

Autoimmune Disorders: Certain autoimmune disorders can mistakenly direct the immune system to attack healthy tissues, including the pericardium. Conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma have been associated with an increased risk of developing pericarditis. The immune system's overactivity results in chronic inflammation of the pericardium.

Post-Myocardial Infarction: Pericarditis can arise as a complication following a myocardial infarction (heart attack). The damaged heart tissue releases inflammatory substances that can affect the pericardium. This condition, known as post-myocardial infarction pericarditis, typically occurs within the first few days to weeks after a heart attack.

Trauma or Injury: Physical trauma to the chest, such as from a motor vehicle accident or a fall, can cause inflammation of the pericardium. The trauma might irritate the pericardium directly or indirectly through rib fractures. This form of pericarditis is referred to as traumatic pericarditis.

Medications: Certain medications, particularly those that affect the immune system, can lead to pericarditis as a side effect. Examples include certain anti-seizure medications (phenytoin), immunosuppressive drugs, and medications used to treat tuberculosis (isoniazid).

Radiation Therapy: Individuals who have undergone radiation therapy for chest-related malignancies may develop pericarditis as a late side effect. Radiation can cause inflammation of the pericardium, leading to the development of symptoms over time.

Uremia: Uremia, a condition characterized by high levels of urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, can lead to pericarditis. The exact mechanisms behind this relationship are not fully understood, but it is believed that the accumulation of waste products in the blood might contribute to inflammation in the pericardium.

Leading cardiovascular surgeon Dr Ramji Mehrotra is of the opinion that in many cases pericarditis is acute and self-limited, meaning it resolves on its own with appropriate treatment. However, it can also become chronic or recur if the underlying cause is not adequately addressed. Diagnosis of pericarditis involves a combination of clinical assessment, medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and blood tests to measure markers of inflammation.

Treatment of pericarditis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are usually prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve the pain. In more severe cases, colchicine or corticosteroids might be used. Treating the underlying cause, such as administering antibiotics for bacterial infections or addressing autoimmune conditions, is crucial for preventing recurrence.

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Dr Ramji Mehrotra | Cardiovascular Surgeon

Dr Ramji Mehrotra a Cardiovascular Surgeon, has performed more 15000+ Cardiovascular Surgeries and 1000+ pediatric cardiac surgeries.

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Dr Ramji Mehrotra - Heart Surgeon

Dr Ramji Mehrotra, Heart Surgeon in BLK Max Hospital, Delhi India. Dr Ramji Mehrotra has a vast experience of more than 26+ Years.