#Cuba private enterprise sector

[minnesotafollower]

Congressional Reactions to New U.S. Regulations on Cuban Private Sector

Differing opinions on the new U.S. regulations regarding the Cuban private business sector have come from Congress.[1] U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Rep, FL) apparently said the new regulations are U.S. “concessions” reflecting Biden “desperation” and are “deeply worrying. Cuba’s ‘private sector’ is a façade that enriches the Castro and Díaz-Canel regime,  as demonstrated by the failed commitments…

[zvaigzdelasas]

The announcement is aimed at making it easier for Americans to directly assist Cuban small business owners by providing guidelines for loans to them through the U.S. financial system, the source said.[...]

"We believe the private sector is Cuba's best hope for generating economic development and employment to improve the standards of living for the Cuban people and reduce the current high-levels of migration," a State Department official said. The official insisted that any U.S. steps to aid the Cuban people would be carried out "restricting to the furthest extent possible any benefit to the Cuban military."[...]

While in New York, Diaz-Canel is expected to press Havana's case for the U.S. to remove Cuba from a list of state sponsors of terrorism. The Biden administration has been reviewing the designation, imposed by then-President Donald Trump at the end of his term, since taking office. Privately incorporated enterprise re-emerged in Cuba just two years ago after being effectively banned for decades. But foreign financing has been largely blocked by Washington's Cold War-era economic embargo on the island. The new measures could help facilitate a flow of U.S. loans. Biden last year partially rolled back some Trump-era restrictions on Cuba but has maintained others, insisting Havana must improve its human rights record

Almost thought there weren't new levels of depravity to stoop to, silly me [19 Sep 23]

[janetushar1]

Prescription Drugs Market to Hit $1.4 Billion by 2032

The global Prescription Drugs Market was valued at USD 0.8 Billion in 2024 and it is estimated to garner USD 1.4 Billion by 2032 with a registered CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period 2024 to 2032.

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[thxnews]

Boosting Cuba Economic Support Measures

New measures by the Biden administration aim to boost economic support for Cuban entrepreneurs and private businesses. Announced during a recent U.S. Department of State briefing, these initiatives are set to provide increased economic opportunities and foster closer engagement between American and Cuban people.  

Traditional small business in Havana, Cuba. Photo by Jorge Royan. Wikimedia.  

Expanding Financing for Cuban Entrepreneurs

The Biden administration's latest policy shift marks a significant step toward supporting the Cuban people. One of the most impactful changes is the removal of the cap on family remittances from the United States to Cuba. This move allows Cuban-Americans to send unlimited funds to their relatives, providing a crucial source of income and capital for families and small businesses. Additionally, the administration will now authorize donative remittances to support independent Cuban entrepreneurs. These remittances can be sent not only to family members but also directly to private businesses and self-employed workers in sectors like hospitality, food, and transportation services. This initiative aims to fuel the growth of small enterprises and boost the local economy.  

Facilitating Access to U.S. Business Services

Another critical component of this policy is the authorization for U.S. companies to provide essential business services to Cuba's emerging private sector. These services are designed to help Cuban businesses scale and reach new markets, addressing long-standing constraints related to technology and resources.   E-commerce Cuban entrepreneurs will now have access to U.S. e-commerce platforms, which can facilitate online sales and payment processing. This development is expected to significantly enhance the ability of Cuban businesses to operate efficiently and expand their customer base.   Marketing and Advertising The policy also opens up opportunities for Cuban businesses to utilize U.S. marketing and advertising services. By gaining access to professional marketing strategies and tools, Cuban entrepreneurs can better promote their products and services, attracting a broader audience.   Data Processing and Cloud Storage Access to U.S. data processing and cloud storage services will enable Cuban startups to manage their operations more effectively. These services are crucial for businesses looking to scale and streamline their workflows, ensuring they can compete in a global market.   Cybersecurity Tools In the realm of cybersecurity, U.S. providers will offer tools to help protect Cuban businesses from cyber threats. As Cuban entrepreneurs expand their online presence, these tools will be vital in safeguarding their operations and customer data.  

Cloud computer network. Photo by B S Drouin. Pixabay.  

U.S. Business Services for Cuban Entrepreneurs

Service Type Benefits E-commerce Facilitates online sales and payments Marketing & Advertising Promotes products and services Data Processing Streamlines operations Cloud Storage Scales business efficiently Cybersecurity Tools Protects from cyber threats   Expanding Internet Access and Connectivity To further support entrepreneurship, the U.S. will authorize exports to Cuba of internet services, hardware, and software. This includes allowing U.S. companies to participate in the construction and operation of telecommunications infrastructure on the island. Enhanced internet access will provide Cuban entrepreneurs with new opportunities to market and sell their products online, access global markets, and leverage digital tools and resources.   Key Measures to Support Cuban Entrepreneurs - Removal of Cap on Family Remittances: - Allows unlimited funds from Cuban-Americans to relatives in Cuba. - Provides vital income and capital for families and small businesses. - Authorization of Donative Remittances: - Supports independent Cuban entrepreneurs. - Funds can go to private businesses and self-employed workers. - Facilitation of U.S. Business Services: - Includes e-commerce, marketing, data processing, and cybersecurity tools. - Enhances operational efficiency and market reach for Cuban businesses.   The Final Word While these measures do not fully lift the economic embargo, they represent a meaningful shift in U.S. policy towards empowering the Cuban people through economic opportunities and private enterprise. The Biden administration hopes these steps will support the aspirations of Cubans for greater economic freedoms and self-determination, fostering a more prosperous future for Cuba's emerging private sector.   Sources: THX News & US Department of State. Read the full article

[freeindependentnews]

The top recipients of NED funds were:

Cubalex: $150,000 – Memphis, Tenn. (human rights)

National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI): $500,000 – Washington, D.C. (gender rights)

Observatorio Cubano de Derechos Humanos: $150,000 – Madrid (human rights)

Asociacion Diario de Cuba: $215,000 – Madrid (access to information)

Instituto Cubano por la Libertad de Expresion y Prensa: $146,360 – Hialeah, Fla. (access to information)

Cuban Democratic Directorate: $650,000 – Miami (access to information)

Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE): $309,766 – Washington, D.C. (private sector needing support)

Clovek v tisni, o.p.s. (People in Need): $150,882 – Prague (access to information)

Grupo Internacional para la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa en Cuba: $230,000 – Miami (labor rights)

International Republican Institute: $1,006,895 – Washington, D.C. (human rights)

Pan American Development Foundation: $800,000 – Washington, D.C. (labor exploitation)

Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba: $717,000 – Miami (medical workers exploited)

Digital News Association: $604,920 (military abuse)

Grupo de Apoyo a la Democracia: $625,000 – Miami (political prisoners)

International Institute on Race, Equality and Human Rights: $546,00 – Washington, D.C. (human rights and racism)

Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation: $545,573 – Washington, D.C. (democracy)

Directorio Democrático Cubano: $520,179 – Miami (tourist workers exploited)

Outreach Aid to the Americas: $500,000 – Miami (humanitarian crisis)

Cubanet News: $408,003 – Coral Gables (tourist workers exploited)

Observatorio Cubano de Derechos Humanos: $250,000 – Madrid (political prisoners)

Libertatis: $166,430 – Houston, Texas (human rights)

[cathkaesque]

Notes on the Bolivarian Revolution and Food Sovereignty I wrote a few months ago and may as well publish

This phrase, from the interview with Ana Felicien of People’s Seeds in Venezuela: The Present as Struggle, just struck me. For reference, food sovereignty typically refers to as a project of placing the distribution and production of food under the control of producers and consumers rather than markets usually by means of promoting small scale peasant production:

To take steps towards a real transformation, it’s necessary to make our food sovereignty projects more coherent. Here we have to face some challenges, such as:

1) Identifying the political subject of food sovereignty in Venezuela. This means recognizing the project of food sovereignty as a demand both of the working population (which was produced through processes of proletarianization and migration towards the cities), and of the farming communities who have continued to produce. Especially important is the practice of cultivating small family plots as a form of resistance to the processes of appropriation, subordination, and displacement that the growth of agroindustrial production leads to.

Efforts to promote repeasantisation in Venezuela were largely a failure. The country is highly urban and proletarianised and urban dwellers lacked the skills and connections to rural areas to make a successful go of the project. We are not dealing with a situation akin to Cuba where a) there were lots of land hungry peasants who wanted to take up redistributed land and b) in the 1990s, where the embargo and Special Period made switching to an agroecological model necessary in order to deal with the lack of imported oil baed fertilisers, and Cuba had the advantage of still having a well organised peasantry through the National Association of Small Farmers to keep the population somewhat connected to small farming and provide people with the skills necessary for making a successful transition to agroecological production. These organic links were lacking in Venezuela and had indeed been severed. Government credit could sustain subsistence but little more. 

 Later on (between 2008 and 2012), Venezuela switch to a more traditional nationalised agribusiness based model through the Corporación Venezolana de Alimentos (Venezuelan Food Corporation, CVAL) which personally I think makes far more sense. You are able to use what people in Venezuela are used to (wage labour in an industrial setting) while also providing a guaranteed, stable market for the peasant cooperatives that were able to make a success of it (it is this period you start seeing successful instances of peasant commune formations such as El Maizal Commune - a large part of this is down to the state providing a guaranteed market for its corn at a fair price). The problem with this is, as the paper describes, these were hierarchical, top down enterprises with little workers’ participation or allegiance to food sovereignty based ideals, highly dependent on imported fertilizers and pesticides. The management of these industries had ample opportunity for corruption and ran the nationalised industries into the ground. 

I am most interested in Venezuela because this is where the anti-globalisation  movement won and basically all of the international left’s various hobby horses at the time, that it had learned from Stalinism’s failures (Food sovereignty, direct democracy, participatory budgeting, workers’ control, suspicion of central state intervention, cooperativisation, renationalisation, redistribution of wealth and land etc) were put into practice. I also think that there are great similarities between the Venezuelan economy and the British one in that both these countries are rentier capitalist systems in which a single highly valuable export sector (in Venezuela this is oil, in the UK this is capital and banking services) which is used to prop up a service based consumption economy highly reliant on imports. Government mismanagement, conflict with their main trading partners and world financial crisis destroyed this arrangment in Venezuela and it will destroy Britain’s financial system as well. All the questions of how to transition an economy from this highly internationally oriented system towards one based on a democratic socialist system. None of our answers were able to stand up to a total crisis of this form of capitalism or blockade by US imperialism. 

The revolution has rapidly degenerated; with the introduction of the National Constituent Assembly in 2017, the constitution that was introduced through popular participation in 1999 was been suspended. Since then the Venezuelan government has tried to do all it can to encourage foreign investment. Agropatria has now been taken over by a shadowy private firm with links to the company’s state management, which is likely to be the fate of the rest of CVAL. Even the oil industry is being privatised. Around a sixth of the country has been opened up to exploitation by gangsters and foreign multinationals through the Orinico Mining Arc. The Venezuelan police carry out a policy of extrajudicial killings in the barrios that supposedly were the revolution’s support base. Peasant leaders are arrested and raided by the police. Trade unionists are arrested without any due process and tortured. Feminists campaigning for abortion rights are arrested. In any other country the practices of the Maduro government would turn the resistance into an international cause celebre of the left.

 These sins have resulted in a large number of important left wing parties, such as the Fatherland For All and the Communist Party of Venezuela, breaking from the Grand Patriotic Pole and setting up their own Popular Revolutionary Alternative. The state responds with judicially intervening in PPT preventing it from leaving the government coalition; the intelligence services raid the Communist Party’s HQ; the head of the Productive Workers’ Army, a heroic force of 3,000 engineers trying to reactivate abandoned state enterprises, is sacked for expressing his support for the formation. Two Communist Party workers in the oil industry are arrested. This is just the tip of the iceberg of an election that is so marred with irregularities that it barely merits the name. 

 Rather than cheering on a state which has largely abandoned the goal of socialism and is attacking the popular movement in Venezuela, the international left must side with dissident Chavistas in the country and amplify and interact their criticisms of the situation. The Pro-US opposition has largely collapsed, mostly due to the laughable actions of the Americans, state repression and their own internal splits. The greatest threat to the Bolivarian Revolution now comes from the Bolivarian government itself, from the coup within the revolution, which is feeding anything that’s left to the country to the private sector.

[newstfionline]

Headlines

American tourists face bans and restrictions across the world amid pandemic (Yahoo) The reputation and prestige once associated with a passport from the United States have suffered as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. For Americans right now, traveling is harder than ever before—they aren’t welcome in the majority of the world’s countries because of the U.S. response to the outbreak. As a result, the U.S. passport ranking has fallen 50% in the last year, down from the no. 3 spot to the no. 19 spot in the Passport Index. “The American passport was always in the top five passports over the last five years,” Armand Arton, founder of Passport Index, told Yahoo Money. Pre-pandemic, an American passport holder could access 70% of the world’s countries without a visa. Arton said the “only reason” for America’s sudden fall from grace was the coronavirus. “It is not foreign policy,” he said. “It is not the visa restrictions. It is really the temporary limitation of travel of U.S. citizens, based on the fact that the rest of the world doesn’t want U.S. citizens coming to their countries.”

Millennials and younger are new US majority (AP) Sorry, boomers. Millennials and their younger siblings and children now make up a majority of the U.S. population. A new analysis by the Brookings Institution shows that 50.7% of U.S. residents were under age 40, as of July 2019. The Brookings’ analysis of population estimates released this summer by the U.S. Census Bureau shows that the combined millennial, Generation Z and younger generations numbered 166 million people. The combined Generation X, baby boomer, and older cohorts represented 162 million U.S. residents. Millennials typically are defined as being born between 1981 and 1996. Baby boomers, long considered a primary driver of demographic and social change in the U.S. because of their large numbers, were born between the end of World War II and the arrival of the Beatles in the U.S. in 1964.

The Pandemic Workday Is 48 Minutes Longer and Has More Meetings (Bloomberg) We log longer hours. We attend more meetings with more people. And, we send more emails. From New York City to Tel Aviv, the telecommuting revolution has meant a lot more work, according to a study of 3.1 million people at more than 21,000 companies across 16 cities in North America, Europe and the Middle East. The researchers compared employee behavior over two 8 week periods before and after Covid-19 lockdowns. Looking at email and meeting meta-data, the group calculated the workday lasted 48.5 minutes longer, the number of meetings increased about 13% and people sent an average of 1.4 more emails per day to their colleagues. During the two month time frame, there was one part of working that did improve: Those additional meetings were shorter, according to the analysis by researchers at Harvard Business School and New York University.

Pandemic Is Changing the Military, From Boot Camp to Office Work (Bloomberg) The U.S. military is finding its footing and changing how it operates as cases of the coronavirus keep rising. The services have been forced to continue widespread use of quarantines and to rethink future training, deploying, and day-to-day work. The virus curve has shot up from 10,462 cumulative cases in early June to 37,824 total cases by late July, according to the Defense Department. The figure includes more than 14,300 current infections among active-duty troops, as well as total cases reported among civilian workers, dependents and contractors since the pandemic began.

Seeking refuge in US, children fleeing danger are expelled (AP) When officers led them out of a detention facility near the U.S.-Mexico border and onto a bus last month, the 12-year-old from Honduras and his 9-year-old sister believed they were going to a shelter so they could be reunited with their mother in the Midwest. They had been told to sign a paper they thought would tell the shelter they didn’t have the coronavirus, the boy said. The form was in English, a language he and his sister don’t speak. The only thing he recognized was the letters “COVID.” Instead, the bus drove five hours to an airport where the children were told to board a plane. “They lied to us,” he said. “They didn’t tell us we were going back to Honduras.” More than 2,000 unaccompanied children have been expelled since March under an emergency declaration enacted by the Trump administration, which has cited the coronavirus in refusing to provide them protections under federal anti-trafficking and asylum laws. Lawyers and advocates have sharply criticized the administration for using the global pandemic as a pretext to deport children to places of danger. No U.S. agents looked at the video the boy had saved on his cellphone showing a hooded man holding a rifle, saying his name, and threatening to kill him and his sister, weeks after the uncle caring for them was shot dead in June. And even though they were expelled under an emergency declaration citing the virus, they were never tested for COVID-19, the boy said.

Coronavirus surprise: Remittances to Mexico rise during pandemic (Washington Post) It was an intuitive prediction, supported by virtually every expert who had studied the subject: As the coronavirus pandemic caused the global economy to tumble, remittances to Mexico and Central America would crash. It turns out the forecast was wrong. Instead of collapsing, remittances to Mexico were up year-over-year in five of the first six months of 2020. In June, payments to El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras also increased compared to the same period in 2019, after a dip earlier this year. In March, the month the World Health Organization declared a pandemic, remittances to Mexico topped $4 billion—a record. Across the United States, migrants and the children of migrants say they have prioritized sending money to family in Mexico and Central America during the pandemic.

Economy tanking, Cuba launches some long-delayed reforms (AP) With its airports closed to commercial flights and its economy tanking, Cuba has launched the first in a series of long-promised reforms meant to bolster the country’s struggling private sector. The island’s thousands of restaurants, bed-and-breakfasts, auto mechanics and dozens of other types of private businesses have operated for years without the ability to import, export or buy supplies in wholesale markets. While the communist government began allowing widespread private enterprise a decade ago, it maintained a state monopoly on imports, exports and wholesale transactions. As a result, the country’s roughly 613,000 private business owners have been forced to compete for scarce goods in Cuba’s understocked retail outlets or buy on the black market. That has limited the private sector’s growth and made entrepreneurs a constant target of criminal investigation. With the essential tourism business cut off by the novel coronavirus and the government running desperately low on hard currency, the government last month announced that it would allow private restaurants to buy wholesale for the first time. Ministers also announced that private businesspeople could sign contracts to import and export goods through dozens of state-run companies with import/export licenses.

Former Colombian president placed under house arrest (Economist) Colombia’s Supreme Court ordered that Álvaro Uribe, a conservative former president, be placed under house arrest. It is examining whether Mr Uribe had tried to tamper with witnesses in an investigation that he instigated against a left-wing senator. Mr Uribe, the mentor of Colombia’s current president, Iván Duque, is the first sitting or former president since the 1950s to be detained.

Emergency lockdown in Scotland (Foreign Policy) Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon moved quickly to impose a partial lockdown in the city of Aberdeen on Wednesday, after 54 new cases of COVID-19 were reported. The outbreak was linked to a bar, leading Sturgeon to close all pubs in the city and impose a ban on all non-essential travel. Sturgeon told reporters that the lockdown was a necessary measure. “We need to take decisive action now in order to prevent a larger outbreak and further harm later on,” she said.

Closed for vacation: France faces new virus testing troubles (AP) With virus cases rising anew, France is struggling to administer enough tests to keep up with demand. One reason: Many testing labs are closed so that their staff can take summer vacation, just as signs of a second wave are building. Testing troubles have plagued the U.S. and other countries too. But France’s August ritual of fleeing cities for weeks of holiday rest on seashores, mountainsides or grandma’s country house is an added tangle. “Closed for vacation” signs dangle from door after door across Paris this month, from bakeries to shoe shops and iconic cafes. Doctor’s offices and labs are no exception. Their staff need a rest more than ever this difficult year. But this August, socially distanced lines snake outside the scattered Paris labs that remain open, from the Left Bank to the city’s northern canals. Trying to get a test appointment can take a week or more. So can getting results.

Pakistan stands behind Kashmir (Foreign Policy) On the first anniversary of the Indian government’s decision to revoke Kashmir’s special autonomous status, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan heaped criticism on his Indian counterpart, Narendra Modi, and reiterated his support for Kashmiri self-determination. In a statement, Khan called Indian activity in the region since the move a “crime against humanity,” and in a subsequent address to the legislative assembly, he said Modi has been “exposed in the world.” One year later, the region is still saturated with troops, communications are slow, and arrests are a routine part of daily life.

He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named (Foreign Policy) Anti-government protests took place in Thailand earlier this week as demands for limits on the power of the monarchy grow. Due to strict laws forbidding criticism of royals, the demonstrations featured a happy twist. Many of the 200 activists showed up dressed as Harry Potter and other characters from the popular book and film series in an effort to draw parallels between their fight against the government and Harry Potter’s battle against the totalitarianism of Lord Voldemort.

Survivors mark 75th anniversary of world’s 1st atomic attack (AP) HIROSHIMA, Japan—Survivors of the world’s first atomic bombing gathered in diminished numbers near an iconic, blasted dome Thursday to mark the attack’s 75th anniversary, many of them urging the world, and their own government, to do more to ban nuclear weapons. An upsurge of coronavirus cases in Japan meant a much smaller than normal turnout, but the bombing survivors’ message was more urgent than ever. As their numbers dwindle—their average age is about 83—many nations have bolstered or maintained their nuclear arsenals, and their own government refuses to sign a nuclear weapons ban treaty. The United States dropped the world’s first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945, destroying the city and killing 140,000 people. The United States dropped a second bomb three days later on Nagasaki, killing another 70,000. Japan surrendered Aug. 15, ending World War II and its nearly half-century of aggression in Asia. But the decades since have seen the weapons stockpiling of the Cold War and a nuclear standoff among nations that continues to this day.

As Smoke Clears in Beirut, Shock Turns to Anger (NYT) Since an orphaned shipment of highly explosive chemicals arrived at the port of Beirut in 2013, Lebanese officials treated it the way they have dealt with the country’s lack of electricity, poisonous tap water and overflowing garbage: by bickering and hoping the problem might solve itself. But the 2,750 tons of high-density ammonium nitrate combusted Tuesday, officials said, unleashing a shock wave on the Lebanese capital that gutted landmark buildings, killed 135 people, wounded at least 5,000 and rendered hundreds of thousands of residents homeless. Beirut’s governor said the damage extended over half of the city, estimating it at $3 billion. The government has vowed to investigate the blast and hold those responsible to account. But as residents waded through the warlike destruction on Wednesday to salvage what they could from their homes and businesses, many saw the explosion as the culmination of years of mismanagement and neglect by the country’s politicians. And with the country already deep in the throes of a major economic crisis, residents had no idea how they would afford to rebuild. Because of the financial crisis, banks have placed strict limits on cash withdrawals to prevent runs.

U.S. eyes Saudi nuclear program (NYT) American intelligence agencies are scrutinizing efforts by Saudi Arabia, working with China, to build up its ability to produce nuclear fuel. A classified analysis has raised alarms that doing so could be a cover to process uranium and move toward development of a weapon, U.S. officials told The Times. American officials have searched for decades for evidence that the Saudis are moving toward a nuclear weapon, and the kingdom has made no secret of its determination to keep pace with Iran. But the spy agencies have been reluctant to warn of progress, for fear of repeating the colossal intelligence mistake that led to the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.

[prettykikimora]

disingenuously implying that recognition of private enterprise automatically disqualifies Cuba from socialism when socialism or “communism’s lower stage” does not preclude private enterprise from happening at all , and that it’s private sector is still dwarfed by the planned economy despite reforms.  Unless we’re worried about heavily regulated restaurant owners and tourist centers seizing the means of production, as well as the suspicious lack of millionaires typically one would find in capitalist countries it’s just weird and dumb  

[minnesotafollower]

Cuban Government’s Reactions to New U.S. Regulations for Cuban Private Enterprise   

On May 28, the Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a formal Statement about the new U.S. regulations and then held a separate press conference on that topic. Later Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel made a statement on that subject. Cuba Ministry of Foreign Affairs Statement[1] “On May 28, the Government of the United States finally announced a group of measures aimed at implementing the…

[go-vivek-jain-universe-blog]

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Jambu Pershad & Sons with its registered Brand Name of “JAPSON” is a Manufacturing Export House of Laboratory and Scientific Instruments. Our primary specialization lies in the area of Educational Equipments and Instrumentation for Primary & Secondary Schools, Polytechnics, College / University Level Laboratories for Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics Departments. With growing experience, capable manufacturing facilities and long standing partnerships with quality Indian partners we have gained knowledge and added Product Ranges in Medical, Dairy, Veterinary, Industrial and other Applied or Research Laboratories to meet demands of our existing partners across the globe.

Origin and Early Years:

Established in 1946, JAPSON as a company celebrated its Platinum Jubilee recently. Started from humble setup by 2 Brothers Late Sh. Gian Chand Jain and Late Sh. Nem Chand Jain, the company learning from ecosystem of scientific industries and army cantonment in Ambala served needs of Indian schools. With the hard work, enterprise and passion of its founders the company grew rapidly, becoming a major player in Indian Sub-Continent market. In Early 70s the Company shifted from Indian Market to Worldwide Exports with now 100% focus on Exports outside India.

Present:

JAPSON is the home of science products - equipment, instruments, customized kits, novelties, and teaching resources - designed to amaze as well as educate one and all. JAPSON is a sought-after partner for schools, colleges, universities, private institutes, museums and research establishments worldwide. With over 5000 product listings and capabilities to develop custom made products, our unique and extensive product range covers all your laboratory and school science needs.

Facilities:

JAPSON operates from the Science City of Ambala Cantt about 200 Km from the National Capital New Delhi and 50 Km from State Capital (with International Air Port) of Chandigarh. The Corporate Office is situated in the heart of the City while manufacturing facilities are spread all over the district. Heart of our Operations is our Assembly cum Fulfilment Centre – JAPSON 99 spread in area of 7500 sq. Yards on the outskirts of the city. JAPSON operates production facilities of all major Product Lines like Metal, Glassware, Plasticware, Optics, Wooden, Fibre, Electronics Laboratory Products. In addition, JAPSON supports various micro manufacturing units working exclusively with us for labour intensive products. Lastly, we have long standing relationships with specialized manufacturers of raw materials, parts and finished equipment all over India. Following multi-layered manufacturing and fulfillment setup helps us to provide our customers with Quality Products incorporating Customizations at an Effective Price.

Team:

We are a Family owned and managed company with required professionalism to operate in this global environment. Top Management at JAPSON is an ideal mix of Experience and Youth. Elder generation consists of Brothers Mr. Naveen Jain, Mr. Lalit Jain and Mr.Neeraj Jain. They have Combined experience of almost 100 years in Exporting Scientific Equipment across the Globe. Their understanding and experience guides the company through regular and tough situations with ease and experience paves the way forward. Younger generation consists of Mr. Vivek Jain and Mr. Aditya Jain, both joined the family business after completing formal education in Engineering and Management in 2009 and 2011 respectively. They have spearheaded the company's growth in last 10 years.

JAPSON has a slew of Associated Specialists, Engineers, Technicians, Foreman, Packing Supervisors and Ground Level Staff to deliver Quality Products as per Customer’s Requirements. JAPSON derives its research capabilities from its Sister Concern which is a leader in field of test and measuring instruments and operates an research laboratory compliant to ISO 17025 standards

Accreditations and Honours:

JAPSON has its quality standards according to guidelines laid by ISO 9001:2015 Certification Accredited by QS Zurich AG Switzerland, Vide Certificate No. 2205. Each supply goes through the quality check process where it is checked physically and functionally in proper laboratory to ensure proper working and satisfaction of End-Consumer.

JAPSON has been certified by Dun & Bradstreet Information Services India Pvt. Ltd. vide D &B D-U-N-S Number : 65-033-5685 for financial adequacy. Thus our new partners can deal with us with confidence.

JAPSON has been awarded trophies by State and Central Government for its best Export Performance. It has also been awarded Gold Medal by Trans World Trade Fare Services.

 JAPSON holds the distinction of Biggest ever Single Contract served from India from the domain of School Laboratory Products. JAPSON with its Partner successfully supplied and fulfilled contractual obligations of 155 container load of goods for Secondary Education Sector Investment Program (SISEP), Ministry of Education, Dhaka, Bangladesh for 9949 School Kits

Our Business Models:

Currently JAPSON has direct Exports to over 40 Countries. Our Brand is synonymous with Quality Lab Equipment in many parts of Africa. Also, we are serving our Dealers in various parts of the World including Middle-East, Asia and Other Parts of the Worlds.

JAPSON is proud to be OEM manufacturers for many reputed companies from EU and Americas to take JAPSON Product to parts of Globe not served by us before.

JAPSON is a force to reckon with in International Tenders in the domain of Education and Laboratory Products. Working with its Partners, JAPSON has an impeccable record of winning and successfully completing International Tenders in global bidding fielded by UN, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, various Ministry of Education and other International Institutions.

Please visit our Page: How to Buy From Us?

Guiding Principles:

For our company the "End User" and "Our Customer" jointly comes first. All the equipment we supply should deliver required performance in the Laboratory and our dealer / partner / tender body should have the worth of the money paid and make profit.

In the changing times, Service and effective Communication are an integral part of any goods industry like ours. Thus, we have implemented adequate Management Information Systems and Direct Line of Communications with Top Management to help our customers with their service needs.

Our competence, quality and reliability have enabled us to become one of the world's leading developers, producers and suppliers of training and educational equipment and systems for Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Applied Sciences. People at JAPSON work together in an open and friendly way, helping to a swift interchange of information. Clear management guidelines, goals and values on the one hand and a participating style of leadership in implementing daily business on the other hand help staff identify with the company goals to be achieved, thus contributing to high motivation of staff. Customers rely on our team of trained and experienced application specialists for help in selecting the right product for their application, troubleshooting existing equipment, and solving regulatory compliance issues

Please visit our Page: Why Buy From Us?

 JAPSON can serve you for your Laboratory needs in Afghanistan (Kabul), Albania (Tirane), Algeria (Algiers), Andorra (Andorra la Vella), Angola (Luanda), Antigua and Barbuda (Saint John's), Argentina (Buenos Aires), Armenia (Yerevan), Australia (Canberra, Melbourne & Adelaide), Austria (Vienna), Azerbaijan (Baku), Bahamas, Bahrain (Manama), Bangladesh (Dhaka), Barbados (Bridgetown), Belarus (Minsk), Belgium (Brussels & Antwerp), Belize (Belmopan), Benin (Porto-Novo), Bhutan (Thimphu), Bolivia (La Paz), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo), Botswana (Gaborone), Brazil (Brasilia & Rio de Janeiro), Brunei ( Bandar Seri Begawan), Bulgaria (Sofia), Burkina Faso (Ouagadougou), Burma/ Myanmar (Rangoon), Burundi (Bujumbura), Cambodia ( Phnom Penh), Cameroon (Yaounde), Canada (Toronto & Ottawa), Cape Verde (Praia), Central African Republic (Bangui), Chad (N'Djamena), Chile (Santiago), Colombia (Bogota), Comoros (Moroni), Congo, Costa Rica (San Jose), Cote d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast (Yamoussoukro), Croatia (Zagreb), Cuba (Havana), Cyprus (Nicosia), Czech Republic (Prague), Denmark (Copenhagen), Djibouti (Djibouti), Dominica(Roseau), Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo), East Timor (Dili), Ecuador (Quito), Egypt (Cairo), El Salvador (San Salvador), Equatorial Guinea (Malabo), Eritrea (Asmara), Estonia (Tallinn), Ethiopia (Addis Ababa), Fiji (Suva), Finland (Helsinki), France (Paris), Gabon (Libreville), Gambia, Georgia (Tbilisi), Germany (Berlin, Munich & Frankfurt), Ghana (Accra), Greece (Athens), Grenada (Saint George's), Guatemala, Guinea (Conakry), Guinea-Bissau (Bissau), Guyana (Georgetown), Haiti (Port-au-Prince), Honduras (Tegucigalpa), Hungary (Budapest), Iceland (Reykjavik), India (Ambala, Delhi, Mumabi, Bombay), Indonesia (Jakarta), Iran (Tehran), Iraq (Baghdad), Ireland (Dublin), Israel (Jerusalem), Italy (Rome), Jamaica (Kingston), Japan (Tokyo), Jordan (Amman), Kazakstan (Astana), Kenya (Nairobi, Kisum & Embu), Kiribati (Tarawa), Korea (Seoul), Kuwait (Kuwait City), Kyrgyzstan (Bishtek), Laos (Vientiane), Latvia (Riga), Lebanon (Beirut), Lesotho (Maseru), Liberia (Monrovia), Liechtenstein (Vaduz), Lithuania (Vilnius), Luxembourg (Luxembourg), Macedonia (Skopje), Madagascar (Antananarivo), Malawi (Lilongwe & Blantyre), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), Maldives (Male), Mali (Bamako), Malta (Valletta), Marshall Islands (Majuro), Mauritania (Nouakchott), Mauritius (Port Louis), Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova (Chisinau), Monaco (Monaco), Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar), Montenegro, Morocco (Rabat), Mozambique (Maputo), Namibia (Windhoek), Nauru (Yaren District), Nepal (Kathmandu), Netherlands (Amsterdam), New Zealand (Wellington), Nicaragua (Managua), Niger (Niamey), Nigeria (Abuja & Lagos), Norway (Oslo), Oman (Muscat), Palau (Koror), Panama, Papua New Guinea (Port Moresby), Paraguay (Asuncion), Peru (Lima), Philippines (Manila), Poland (Warsaw), Portugal (Lisbon), Qatar (Doha), Romania (Bucharest), Russia (Moscow), Rwanda (Kigali), Saint Kitts and Nevis (Basseterre), Saint Lucia (Castries), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Kingstown), Samoa (Apia), San Marino (San Marino), Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh), Senegal (Dakar), Serbia (Belgrade), Seychelles (Victoria), Sierra Leone (Freetown), Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands (Honiara), Somalia (Mogadishu) , South Africa (Pretoria), South Sudan, Spain (Madrid & Barcelona), Sri Lanka (Colombo), Sudan (Khartoum), Suriname (Paramaribo), Swaziland (Mbabana), Sweden (Stockholm), Switzerland (Bern), Syria (Damascus), Tajikistan (Dushanbe), Tanzania (Dar es Salaam), Thailand (Bangkok), Togo (Lome), Tonga (Nuku'alofa), Trinidad and Tobago (Port-of-Spain), Tunisia (Tunis), Turkey (Ankara), Turkmenistan (Ashgabat), Tuvalu (Funafuti), Uganda (Kampala), Ukraine (Kiev), United Arab Emirates (Dubai), United Kingdom UK (London), United States of America USA, Uruguay (Montevideo), Uzbekistan (Tashkent), Vanuatu (Port-Vila), Venezuela (Caracas), Vietnam(Hanoi), Yemen (Sanaa) , Zambia (Lusaka), Zimbabwe (Harare)

Key Words: مختبر الفيزياء الكيمياء الأحياء laboratorní fyzika chemie biologie laboratorium dial natuurkunde chemie biologie polylab laboratoire radical physique chimie biologie Labor Physik Chemie Biologie Εργαστήριο Φυσικής, Χημείας Βιολογίας Laboratorium Fisika Kimia Biologi laboratorio desco di biologia chimica supertek fisica Makmal Fizik Kimia biologi آزمایشگاه فیزیک شیمی زیست شناسی laboratório de biologia arco química física Лаборатория Физика химия биология laboratórium fyzika chémia eisco biológia laboratorio de Física Química Biología ห้องปฏิบัติการฟิสิกส์เคมีชีววิทยา Fizik Kimya Biyoloji shiv laboratuarında лабораторія фізики, хімії, біології لیبارٹری فزکس کیمسٹری حیاتیات School Labs, Laboratory, philip harris glassco pyrex, Thermo, lasec, smartworld, Glassworld, feta labs, iso labs, bomex loba cdh narang Fisher, 3b, timstar corning camlab scichem Phywe, Findel, Edulab, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Geography, Mathematics, Maths nursing books Flinn molymod labaids Medical, Clinical, Dairy, Survey, Sports, tarson Industrial Instruments, Carolina cole palmer Equipment, Supplies, Ministry of Education, simax Sports, Health, Hospital Tenders Package, school hospital borosil duran Manufacturer, Dealer, Exporter, Chemicals, China, India, Manufacturer Tender Wholesale Bulk Supplier.

[janetushar1]

Food Enzymes Market to Hit $3.5 Million by 2032

The global Food Enzymes Market was valued at USD 2.3 Million in 2024 and it is estimated to garner USD 3.5 Million by 2032 with a registered CAGR of 6.6% during the forecast period 2024 to 2032.

Global Food Enzymes Market Research Report 2024, Growth Rate, Market Segmentation, Food Enzymes Market. It affords qualitative and quantitative insights in phrases of market size, destiny trends, and nearby outlook Food Enzymes Market. Contemporary possibilities projected to influence the destiny capability of the market are analyzed in the report. Additionally, the document affords special insights into the opposition in particular industries and diverse businesses. This document in addition examines and evaluates the contemporary outlook for the ever-evolving commercial enterprise area and the prevailing and future outcomes of the market.

Get Sample Copy of Report @ https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/food-enzymes-market-1391/request-sample

** Note: You Must Use A Corporate Email Address OR Business Details.

The Major Players Profiled in the Market Report are:-

DuPont (US), Associated British Foods plc (UK), DSM (Netherlands), Novozymes (US), CHR. Hansen (Denmark), Kerry Group (Ireland), Jiangsu Boli Bioproducts Co., Ltd. (China), Biocatalysts Ltd. (UK), Puratos Group (Belgium), Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd (India), Amano Enzyme Inc. (Japan), Enzyme Development Corporation (US), \nENMEX, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico), Enzyme Bioscience Private Limited , Creative Enzymes (US), SUNSON Industry Group Co., Ltd (China), AUM Enzymes (India), Xike Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (China), Antozyme Biotech Pvt Ltd (India).

Food Enzymes Market 2024 covers powerful research on global industry size, share, and growth which will allow clients to view possible requirements and forecasts. Opportunities and drivers are assembled after in-depth research by the expertise of the construction robot market. The Food Enzymes Market report provides an analysis of future development strategies, key players, competitive potential, and key challenges in the industry.

Global Food Enzymes Market Report 2024 reveals all critical factors related to diverse boom factors inclusive of contemporary trends and traits withinside the worldwide enterprise. It affords a complete review of the top manufacturers, present-day enterprise status, boom sectors, and commercial enterprise improvement plans for the destiny scope.

The Food Enzymes Market document objectives to offer nearby improvement to the market using elements inclusive of income revenue, destiny market boom rate. It gives special observation and analysis of key aspects with quite a few studies strategies consisting of frenzy and pestle evaluation, highlighting present-day market conditions. to be. Additionally, the document affords insightful records approximately the destiny techniques and opportunities of worldwide players.

You Can Buy This Report From Here: https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/buy-now/food-enzymes-market-1391/0

Global Food Enzymes Market, By Region

1) North America- (United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Guatemala, Panama, Barbados, and many others)

2) Europe- (Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and many others)

3) the Asia Pacific- (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, and many others)

4) the Middle East & Africa- (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Israel, Egypt, Nigeria, and many others)

5) Latin America- (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Peru, and many others)

This Food Enzymes Market Research/analysis Report Contains Answers to your following Questions

What trends, challenges, and barriers will impact the development and sizing of the global market?

What is the Food Enzymes Market growth accelerator during the forecast period?

SWOT Analysis of key players along with its profile and Porter’s five forces analysis to supplement the same.

How much is the Food Enzymes Market industry worth in 2019? and estimated size by 2024?

How large is the Food Enzymes Market? How long will it keep growing and at what rate?

Which section or location will force the market and why?

What is the important thing current tendencies witnessed in the Food Enzymes Market?

Who are the top players in the market?

What and How many patents are filed by the leading players?

What is our Offering for a bright industry future?

The Research Objectives of this Report are to:-

Company, key regions/countries, merchandise and applications, historical records from 2018 to 2022, and global Food Enzymes Market till 2032. Study and analyze the market length (cost and volume).

To recognize the structure of Food Enzymes Market via way of means of figuring out its numerous subsegments.

Food Enzymes Market on the subject of the primary regions (with every essential country). Predict the cost and length of submarkets.

To examine the Food Enzymes Markets with appreciation to person boom trends, destiny prospects, and their contribution to the general market.

To examine aggressive trends consisting of expansions, contracts, new product launches, and acquisitions withinside the market.

Strategic profiling of key gamers and complete evaluation of growth strategies.

Read Full Research Report with [TOC] @ https://www.vantagemarketresearch.com/industry-report/food-enzymes-market-1391

Reasons to Buy Market Report

The market record presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the market based on segmentation that includes each economic and non-economic element.

Food Enzymes Market through the region. The market evaluation highlights the consumption of products/services in areas and well-known shows elements influencing the market in every region.

Food Enzymes Market. It consists of an in-depth analysis of the market from specific views via Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis and provides insights into the market via the Value Chain.

The Food Enzymes Market file provides an outline of market fee (USD) information for every segment and sub-segment.

It consists of an in-depth analysis of the market from distinct views via a 5 forces analysis of the Food Enzymes Market and offers insights into the market through the fee chain.

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[emaratdaily]

Cuban businesses plead for US sanctions lift

Cuban businesses plead for US sanctions lift

Private business owners in Cuba urged US President Joe Biden to lift economic sanctions against the communist island in an open letter published on Monday. While 85 percent of the Cuban economy is in the hands of the one-party state, there are more than 600,000 private sector workers, mainly in the tourism and services industries recently authorized to register small and medium enterprises. For…

[adalidda]

Illustration Photo: Village members taking care of the home garden and preparing the land. Ang Chork. Pantaly village. Moung District. Battambang, Cambodia (credits: Fani Llauradó for WorldFish Cambodia / Flickr Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0))

USAID - Co-Creating and Partnering for Impact via Global Development Alliances

For Afghanistan, Pakistan, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Gambia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Pacific Islands, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Georgia, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, Yemen

Consistent with USAID’s Private Sector Engagement Policy, the focus of this APS is proactive engagement of and collaboration with the private sector in the identification and definition of key business and development problems and opportunities; the development and co-creation of market-based and market-oriented approaches to solve those problems and seize those opportunities; and the facilitation and implementation of such approaches.

In order for a collaboration to be a GDA and eligible for pursuit under the GDA APS, it must involve a core working relationship with one or more of the private sector entities listed below. 8 In addition, the private sector leverage requirement under the GDA APS can only be met by entities from this same list. Eligible private sector entities are limited to:

• Private for-profit, commercial entities such as a business, corporation, small or medium enterprise or private firm;

• Private foundations affiliated with private for-profit, commercial entities;

• Private equity or private financial institutions, including banks, private investment firms, mutual funds, private equity funds and insurance companies;

• Private business or industry associations, including but not limited to chambers of commerce and related types of entities;

or

• Cooperatives.

Global Development Alliances provide businesses with a number of opportunities to achieve core business interests. By participating in a GDA, businesses have been able to improve supply chain quality and reliability; increase sales; mobilize finance and investment; expand their customer base and access to new markets; develop new products and services; foster valuable policy reform; reduce operating costs; increase productivity; improve distribution systems; increase access to sufficiently qualified and skilled talent; improve relationships with key stakeholders; increase brand awareness; and mitigate key business risks.

By leveraging USAID capabilities and assets, businesses are able to have greater success:

• USAID supported technical assistance to small scale distributors in the mobile telecoms sector has helped our private sector partners grow sales to new markets and previously underserved customer groups;

• USAID-supported technical assistance to small-scale farmers and cooperatives has increased the reliability and quality of key agricultural commodity value chains;

• USAID’s support for workforce development and education programs in the ICT sector has provided businesses with the mix of human capital needed to improve productivity, reduce investment risk, and expand business operations;

• USAID’s expertise and programs in risk mitigation have helped financial institutions expand markets and improve returns;

• USAID’s support for HIV/AIDS, health and nutrition programs in the manufacturing, textiles, agricultural and extractive sectors has reduced absenteeism among employees or supply chain producers, thereby reducing costs and increasing labor productivity.

• USAID’s collaboration with private equity firms and financial intermediaries has fostered increased investment in clean energy technologies and enhanced business opportunities and job creation in the sector, while also enabling the private sector to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and address shareholder concerns.

• USAID-supported policy reforms may help reduce risk, limit regulatory uncertainty and promote a broader enabling environment supportive of business investment and success;

• USAID’s convening power, credibility and extensive networks and working relationships with national and local governments, local, regional, and global NGOs, civil society groups, and foundations may help companies expand their license to operate, enhance community relations, and strengthen stakeholder relationships.

Application Deadline: December 16, 2022

Check more https://adalidda.com/posts/GJai2r4B3kKNnC3AY/usaid-co-creating-and-partnering-for-impact-via-global

[maybeyoumissthisf-kingpost]

What is economic freedom and its metrics?

The Index of Economic Freedom has been published annually since 1995 by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal to measure levels of economic freedom. Through the economic freedom index and the global economic freedom rankings, we can see that the most prosperous regions are those with the highest economic freedom indexes, such as Hong Kong and Singapore; The poorest regions are those with the lowest economic freedom, such as Cuba, Venezuela, and North Korea.

What is economic freedom?

Economic freedom is the basic right of every human being to control his own labor and property. In an economically free society, individuals are free to work, produce, consume, and invest however they please. In economically free societies, governments allow the free flow of labor, capital, and goods, without oppression or limitation of freedom except for the minimum limitations necessary for their protection. protect and maintain that freedom.

In 2020, Vietnam's economic freedom index ranked 105th in the world, higher than Laos and Cambodia in ASEAN, with a score of 58.8 - which is at the level of "mostly unfree".

How to calculate the economic freedom index?

Economic freedom index is calculated based on 12 economic freedom components, divided into 4 groups: Rule of law, Government Size, Regulatory Efficiency, Free Market.

Data for the study is collected from reputable organizations such as World Bank, IMF, Economist Intelligence Unit and Transparency International. Each freedom index is measured on a 100-point scale (from 0 to 100), with 0 being the least free and 100 being the most free. A score of 100 is indicative of a liberal environment or policies that are most conducive to economic freedom.

Group 1: Rule of Law

Property Rights

Private property measures the degree of freedom a country's legal framework allows individuals to own property, guaranteed by clear regulations and effectively enforced by the government. The published index is based on a combination of survey data and independent assessments from The Heritage Foundation, thereby providing a quantitative measure of the degree of protection provided by national legislation to human rights. private property of the people, and the effect of such laws.

The private ownership score is calculated as the average (unweighted) of 5 sub-factors, including:

1. The right to private ownership of physical property; 2. Intellectual property rights; 3. Level of investor protection; 4. The risk of being deprived of property; 5. Quality of land management.

Judicial Effectiveness

In order to protect citizens' rights from illegal acts of others, effective legal frameworks are needed. Judicial effectiveness requires that judicial systems be efficient and fair to ensure absolute respect for the law.

The judicial effectiveness score is calculated as the average (unweighted) of 3 sub-factors, including:

1. The degree of independence of the judicial apparatus; 2. Quality of the judicial process; 3. Ability to obtain favorable judicial decisions.

Government Integrity

Corruption erodes economic freedom by bringing coercion and instability into economic relationships. The biggest concern here is the systemic corruption of government agencies that affects decision-making through embezzlement, bribery, bribery, extortion, nepotism, kinship, and nepotism. possess, support.

The government integrity score is calculated as the average (unweighted) of six sub-factors, including:

1. Public confidence in politicians; 2. Payment of irregularities and bribes; 3. Transparency in government policy making; 4. No corruption; 5. Perception of corruption; 6. Transparency in government activities and in public service.

Group 2: Government Size

Tax Burden (Tax Burden)

Tax burden reflects marginal tax rates on individual and corporate income, and overall tax rates (including indirect and direct taxes imposed by levels of government) as a percentage of gross product domestic GDP (GDP).

The tax burden score is calculated based on three sub-factors, including:

1. The highest marginal tax rate of individuals; 2. The enterprise's highest marginal tax rate; 3. Tax burden as a percentage of GDP.

Government Spending (Government Size/Spending)

Government spending represents the level of government spending as a percentage of GDP, including consumption and budgeting. In fact, there is no basis to determine the optimal level of spending for a government, but it will depend on factors ranging from culture, geography, natural disasters to the level of economic development. However, in many times, government spending becomes an unavoidable burden leading to waste of resources and loss of economic efficiency. Excessive government spending will cause chronic budget deficits and public debt accumulation.

It would be impractical to calculate the more spending score, the lower the score (with zero spending as a benchmark), as some countries are less developed, especially in some countries where of weak government, may receive artificially high scores. The quality of these governments' public services is often low or poor, so these countries are likely to receive low scores on other economic freedom factors such as private property rights, financial freedom, and so on. , investment freedom. Thus, government spending that is close to zero will be "slightly fined", spending more than 30% of GDP will have a sharp drop in the score, and spending more than 58% of GDP will receive a score of 0.

Fiscal Health (Fiscal Health)

The increased budget deficit and public debt caused by the government's mismanagement of the budget will worsen the fiscal situation of the country, which in turn leads to economic and macroeconomic instability.

Debt is the accumulation of budget deficits over time. In theory, the mobilization of capital for public expenditure will make positive contributions to production investment and economic development. However, rising public debt due to persistent budget deficits, particularly government spending or payments, often depresses overall productivity growth and causes the economy to stagnate, rather than stagnate. Promote development.

The fiscal health score is calculated based on two sub-factors, including:

1. Average deficits to GDP ratio (accounting for 80% of the score); 2. Public debt to GDP ratio (accounting for 20% of the score).

Group 3: Regulatory Efficiency

Business Freedom

The entrepreneurship component measures the extent to which regulatory and infrastructural environments limit the effectiveness of businesses, including factors affecting the establishment, operation, and dissolution of businesses. enterprise.

The freelance score is calculated based on 13 sub-factors (unweighted), including:

1. Enterprise establishment procedures; 2. Time to establish the business; 3. Enterprise establishment expenses; 4. Minimum capital for enterprise establishment; 5. Procedures for applying for a permit; 6. Time to apply for a permit; 7. Expenses for applying for permits; 8. Time to dissolve the enterprise; 9. Enterprise dissolution expenses; 10. Debt recovery rate (of creditors) upon enterprise dissolution; 11. Procedures for accessing the power source; 12. Time to access power; 13. Cost of access to electricity.

Labor Freedom

The free labor component examines various aspects of the regulatory and legal framework in a country's labor market, including minimum wage regulations, laws preventing layoffs, termination procedures, binding employment regulations, and working hours and labor force participation rates (to represent employment opportunities in the labor market).

The freelance score is calculated based on 7 sub-factors (unweighted), including:

1. The ratio of minimum wages to average value added per worker; 2. Obstacles when hiring more workers; 3. Rigid working hours; 4. Difficulty in firing redundant personnel; 5. Mandatory leave notice period (legally); 6. Mandatory severance pay (legally); 7. Labor force participation rate.

Monetary Freedom

Assess the extent of government micro-intervention to control prices and inflation.

The monetary freedom score is calculated based on two sub-factors, including:

1. Weighted average of the inflation rate for the last 3 decades; 2. Price controls.

Group 4: Open Markets

Trade Freedom

Free trade measures the extent to which tariff and non-tariff barriers affect the import and export of goods and services.

The free trade score is calculated based on two sub-factors, including:

1. The average import tax rate according to the trade volume; 2. Non-tariff barriers.

Investment Freedom

An economically free country would have no restrictions on investment flows. Individuals and businesses are allowed to freely circulate resources in specific activities, regardless of the scope within and outside the national territory, without any restrictions.

In practice, however, most countries have different restrictions on investment: some issue regulations on domestic and foreign investment; some limit foreign exchange operations; some restrict payments, transfers and capital transactions; Some countries have even enacted a ban on foreign investment in certain industries.

From an ideal score of 100, countries will gradually lose their investment freedom score if:

1. There are limitations in the principle of national treatment for foreign investment; 2. Restrictions on foreign investment regulations; 3. Restrictions on land ownership; 4. Investment restrictions by industry; 5. Expropriation of investment properties without adequate compensation; 6. Foreign exchange control; 7. Capital control.

Financial Freedom

Financial freedom is an indicator of the efficiency of the banking system as well as a measure of independence from government control and intervention in the financial sector. The emergence of state ownership in banks and other financial institutions reduces competition and often reduces access to credit.

In an ideal banking and financial environment where government interference is minimal, central bank supervision and regulation of financial institutions is limited to the enforcement of legal obligations. and prevent fraud. Credit is distributed according to market conditions and the government does not own the financial institutions. Financial institutions provide different types of financial services to individuals and companies. Banks are free to extend credit terms, accept deposits, and perform payment operations in foreign currencies. Foreign financial institutions can operate freely and are treated equally as domestic institutions.

From an ideal score of 100, countries will gradually lose their financial freedom scores if:

1. High degree of government regulation in financial services, 2. High degree of government intervention in banks and financial companies through direct and indirect ownership, 3. Degree of influence government on high credit allocation, 4. Low level of capital and financial market development, 5. Limited foreign competition.

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