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#Crystal Oscillator Market#Crystal Oscillator Size#Crystal Oscillator Growth#Crystal Oscillator Trend#Crystal Oscillator segment#Crystal Oscillator Opportunity#Crystal Oscillator Analysis 2024#Crystal Oscillator Forecast
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Crystal Oscillator Market Size, Share, Trends & Industry Growth Analysis Report to 2028
Crystal Oscillator Market by Type, Mounting Scheme (Surface Mount, Through-hole), Crystal Cut (AT, BT, SC), General Circuitry (TCXO, VCXO, OCXO), Application (Telecom & Networking, Consumer Electronics) and Region - Global Forecast to 2028
The global crystal oscillator market size was valued at USD 3.0 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 3.4 billion by 2028; it is expected to register a CAGR of 2.5% during the forecast period
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Consumer Electronics Sector Poised to Drive Crystal Oscillator Market
The increasing demand for convenience is driving the application of wireless interconnections, such as remote keyless entry. The application of crystal units and crystal oscillators in automobiles is expected to increase during the forecast period.
According to TechSci Research report, “Global Crystal Oscillator Market - Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2028”. The Global Crystal Oscillator is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 6.20% through 2028. Increased consumption of electronics leads to increased demand for crystal oscillators, and the fast adaption of Information systems in automotive industries are the key market drivers contributing to market growth and expansion. The Asia-Pacific region contributed the largest market share due to increased consumption of electronics among consumers.
In addition, various automotive industries in this Region are adopting innovative solutions to boost market growth.Further, the major countries studied in the market report are The U.S., Canada, German, France, the UK, Italy, Spain, China, Japan, India, Australia, South Korea, and Brazil. North America Crystal Oscillators market accounts for the second-largest market share as this Region is an end-user for crystal oscillators and is a major tech innovator. Moreover, US Crystal Oscillators market held the largest market share due to its dominance in electronics and semiconductors.
The Canada Crystal Oscillators market is the fastest-growing market in the region.The Europe Crystal Oscillators Market is expected to grow at the fastest CAGR from 2023 to 2032. This is due to technological advancements and the adoption of 5G networks. Further, the German Crystal Oscillators market and UK Crystal Oscillators market are the fastest-growing markets in the European Region.For instance, with the rollout of the 5G network, the demand for smartphones is projected to increase significantly. By the end of 2021, operators in Asia Pacific, North America, and Europe had begun building the technology, reaching 1.9 million subscribers globally. By the end of 2024, it is predicted that there will be 1.9 billion 5G subscriptions worldwide.
Recent Developments:-
July 2020 The TCXO-type crystal oscillators TG2016SKA and TG2016SLA were introduced by Seiko Epson. The most recent items on the market are temperature-compensated crystal oscillators that are car-grade, AEC-Q100 compliant, and suitable for automobile use.August 2020 Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co., Ltd. launched the NT1612AJA, a lightweight, prototyped-frequency, temperature-compensated crystal TCXO oscillator, on a global scale.June 2020 Several high-stability TCXO-type crystal oscillators from Seiko were released globally, with either CMOS or clipped sine output.
The Crystal Oscillators Market segmentation, based on Type, Includes Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO), Simple-Packaged Crystal Oscillators (SPXO), Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillators (VCXO), Frequency-Controlled Crystals Oscillator (FCXO). The TCXO category holds the largest market share in 2022 as it is used extensively in electronic devices.
Browse over xx market data Figures spread through 188 Pages and an in-depth TOC on " Global Crystal Oscillator Market" https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/crystal-oscillator-market/20813.html
The Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0 initiatives rely heavily on precise synchronization and timing. In IoT applications, sensors and devices need to be synchronized for data collection and transmission, while Industry 4.0's automation and robotics depend on precise timing. This drives the demand for crystal oscillators. The aerospace and defense sectors demand high-reliability crystal oscillators for avionics, radar systems, and military communications. Precision is critical in these applications, making crystal oscillators indispensable. Developing countries are experiencing substantial growth in the consumer electronics market. As economies expand and technology becomes more accessible, the demand for crystal oscillators in these regions is on the rise.
Key market players in the Global Crystal Oscillator Market are following:-
TXC Corporation
Kyocera Crystal Device Corporation
Daishinku Corp.
Microchip Technology Inc.
Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
Hosonic Electronic Co. Ltd.
SiTime Corporatio.
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“Continuous advancements in crystal oscillator technology, such as the development of miniature and high-frequency oscillators, are driven by R&D efforts. Manufacturers strive to enhance the performance and efficiency of their products, further stimulating market growth. The market faces challenges related to counterfeit products, which can compromise the performance and reliability of electronic devices. This issue drives the need for stricter quality control measures and certifications to ensure product authenticity. In conclusion, the global crystal oscillator market is influenced by a variety of factors, with increasing demand in consumer electronics, telecommunications, automotive, and emerging technologies acting as primary drivers.
Adaptation to environmental regulations, supply chain resilience, and the growing need for high-quality, reliable products are also integral to the market's success. Furthermore, innovative trends such as miniaturization and the development of alternative timing solutions contribute to the evolution of the crystal oscillator market. Manufacturers and stakeholders must stay attuned to these drivers to capitalize on the opportunities and navigate the challenges in this dynamic and evolving market. ” said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a research-based global management consulting firm.
Crystal Oscillator Market – Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast Segmented, By Type (Frequency-controlled Crystal Oscillator, Voltage-controlled Crystal Oscillator, Temperature-compensated Crystal Oscillator, Simple Packaged Crystal Oscillator, and Oven-controlled Crystal Oscillator), By Mounting Type (Surface Mount and Thru-hole), By End-user Industry (Consumer Electronics, Automotive, Telecom and Networking and others) By Region, Competition 2018-2028. has evaluated the future growth potential of Global Crystal Oscillator Market and provides statistics and information on market structure, size, share, and future growth. The report is intended to provide cutting-edge market intelligence and help decision makers take sound investment decisions. Besides, the report also identifies and analyzes the emerging trends along with essential drivers, challenges, and opportunities present in the Global Crystal Oscillator Market.
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#Crystal Oscillator Market#Crystal Oscillator Market Size#Crystal Oscillator Market Share#Crystal Oscillator Market Trends#Crystal Oscillator Market Growth
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Crystal Oscillator Market Outlook for Forecast Period (2023 to 2030)
The Crystal Oscillator market estimated at USD 2.15 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of USD 2.58 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 2.3% over the analysis period 2023-2030.
A crystal oscillator makes application of a crystal as a frequency selective element for acquiring an inverse magnetostrictive effect. It makes use of the mechanical plangency of the vibrating crystal that has magnetostrictive characteristics to create an electric signal with a high-precision frequency. Oscillators are circuits that are electrically based and utilized to create an electrical signal of a specific frequency by applying the vibrating crystal's (piezoelectric material) mechanical resonance. There are various types of piezoelectric resonators, but, especially, quartz crystal is utilized in these kinds of oscillators. These oscillator electronic circuits are known as crystal oscillators. The growing demand for convenience is turning the usage of wireless interconnections, for example, remote keyless entry. Crystal devices are quartz crystal units and crystal oscillators, have much solidity at odds with environmental conditions. Thus, they are rapidly utilized as frequency management devices in electronic circuits.
Get Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) @
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The latest research on the Crystal Oscillator market provides a comprehensive overview of the market for the years 2023 to 2030. It gives a comprehensive picture of the global Crystal Oscillator industry, considering all significant industry trends, market dynamics, competitive landscape, and market analysis tools such as Porter's five forces analysis, Industry Value chain analysis, and PESTEL analysis of the Crystal Oscillator market. Moreover, the report includes significant chapters such as Patent Analysis, Regulatory Framework, Technology Roadmap, BCG Matrix, Heat Map Analysis, Price Trend Analysis, and Investment Analysis which help to understand the market direction and movement in the current and upcoming years. The report is designed to help readers find information and make decisions that will help them grow their businesses. The study is written with a specific goal in mind: to give business insights and consultancy to help customers make smart business decisions and achieve long-term success in their particular market areas.
Leading players involved in the Crystal Oscillator Market include:
Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Seiko Epson Corp., Kyocera Corporation, Rakon Ltd, Vectron International Inc., TXC Corporation, SiTime Corporation, Daishinku Corp., Siward Crystal Technology Co. Ltd, Hosonic Electronic Co. Ltd, Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Co. Ltd. And Other Major Players.
If You Have Any Query Crystal Oscillator Market Report, Visit:
https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/inquiry/15821
Segmentation of Crystal Oscillator Market:
By Type
Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO)
Simple Packaged Crystal Oscillator (SPXO)
Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (VCXO)
Frequency-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (FCXO)
Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO)
Other
By Mounting Type
Surface Mount
Thru-Hole
By End-Users
Telecom & Networking
Automotive
Aerospace & Defence
Consumer Electronics
Research & Measurement
Industrial
Other
An in-depth study of the Crystal Oscillator industry for the years 2023–2030 is provided in the latest research. North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, the Middle East, and Africa are only some of the regions included in the report's segmented and regional analyses. The research also includes key insights including market trends and potential opportunities based on these major insights. All these quantitative data, such as market size and revenue forecasts, and qualitative data, such as customers' values, needs, and buying inclinations, are integral parts of any thorough market analysis.
Market Segment by Regions: -
North America (US, Canada, Mexico)
Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Rest of Eastern Europe)
Western Europe (Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Western Europe)
Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, The Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of APAC)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Israel, South Africa)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of SA)
Reasons for Acquiring this Report:
1. Strategic Decision-Making for Government Leaders and Politicians:
Gain insights into the global Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030 market revenues at global, regional, and national levels until 2030. Assess and strategize market share based on comprehensive analysis, enabling informed decision-making. Identify potential markets for exploration and expansion.
2. Informed Decision-Making for Professionals and Product Developers:
Access a detailed breakdown of the Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030 market worldwide, including product variations, use cases, technologies, and final consumers. Allocate resources effectively by anticipating demand patterns for emerging products. Stay ahead in product development by understanding market dynamics and consumer preferences.
3. Strategic Planning for Sales Managers and Market Stakeholders:
Utilize market breakdowns to target specific segments, optimizing sales strategies. Address challenges and capitalize on expansion opportunities highlighted in the report. Mitigate threats effectively with a comprehensive understanding of market risks.
4. Comprehensive Understanding for Executives:
Analyze primary drivers, challenges, restrictions, and opportunities in the global Laboratory Clothes market. Develop effective strategies by gaining insights into market dynamics. Allocate resources based on a thorough understanding of market conditions.
5. Competitive Intelligence:
Obtain a detailed analysis of competitors and their key tactics in the Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030. Plan market positioning based on a comprehensive understanding of the competitive landscape. Stay ahead by learning from competitors’ strengths and weaknesses.
6. Accurate Business Forecasting:
Evaluate the accuracy of global Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030 business forecasts across regions, major countries, and top enterprises. Make data-driven decisions with confidence, minimizing risks associated with inaccurate forecasts. Stay ahead of industry trends by aligning business strategies with reliable forecasts.
Acquire This Reports: -
https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/checkout/?user=1&_sid=15821
About us:
Introspective Market Research (introspectivemarketresearch.com) is a visionary research consulting firm dedicated to assisting our clients to grow and have a successful impact on the market. Our team at IMR is ready to assist our clients to flourish their business by offering strategies to gain success and monopoly in their respective fields. We are a global market research company, that specializes in using big data and advanced analytics to show the bigger picture of the market trends. We help our clients to think differently and build better tomorrow for all of us. We are a technology-driven research company, we analyse extremely large sets of data to discover deeper insights and provide conclusive consulting. We not only provide intelligence solutions, but we help our clients in how they can achieve their goals.
Contact us:
Introspective Market Research
3001 S King Drive,
Chicago, Illinois
60616 USA
Ph no: +1-773-382-1047
Email: [email protected]
#Crystal Oscillator#Crystal Oscillator Market#Crystal Oscillator Market Size#Crystal Oscillator Market Share#Crystal Oscillator Market Growth#Crystal Oscillator Market Trend#Crystal Oscillator Market segment#Crystal Oscillator Market Opportunity#Crystal Oscillator Market Analysis 2022#US Crystal Oscillator Market#Crystal Oscillator Market Forecast#Crystal Oscillator Industry#Crystal Oscillator Industry Size#china Crystal Oscillator Market#UK Crystal Oscillator Market
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Text
Crystal Oscillator Market Outlook for Forecast Period (2023 to 2030)
The Crystal Oscillator market estimated at USD 2.15 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of USD 2.58 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 2.3% over the analysis period 2023-2030.
A crystal oscillator makes application of a crystal as a frequency selective element for acquiring an inverse magnetostrictive effect. It makes use of the mechanical plangency of the vibrating crystal that has magnetostrictive characteristics to create an electric signal with a high-precision frequency. Oscillators are circuits that are electrically based and utilized to create an electrical signal of a specific frequency by applying the vibrating crystal's (piezoelectric material) mechanical resonance. There are various types of piezoelectric resonators, but, especially, quartz crystal is utilized in these kinds of oscillators. These oscillator electronic circuits are known as crystal oscillators. The growing demand for convenience is turning the usage of wireless interconnections, for example, remote keyless entry. Crystal devices are quartz crystal units and crystal oscillators, have much solidity at odds with environmental conditions. Thus, they are rapidly utilized as frequency management devices in electronic circuits.
Get Full PDF Sample Copy of Report: (Including Full TOC, List of Tables & Figures, Chart) @
https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/request/15821
The latest research on the Crystal Oscillator market provides a comprehensive overview of the market for the years 2023 to 2030. It gives a comprehensive picture of the global Crystal Oscillator industry, considering all significant industry trends, market dynamics, competitive landscape, and market analysis tools such as Porter's five forces analysis, Industry Value chain analysis, and PESTEL analysis of the Crystal Oscillator market. Moreover, the report includes significant chapters such as Patent Analysis, Regulatory Framework, Technology Roadmap, BCG Matrix, Heat Map Analysis, Price Trend Analysis, and Investment Analysis which help to understand the market direction and movement in the current and upcoming years. The report is designed to help readers find information and make decisions that will help them grow their businesses. The study is written with a specific goal in mind: to give business insights and consultancy to help customers make smart business decisions and achieve long-term success in their particular market areas.
Leading players involved in the Crystal Oscillator Market include:
Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Seiko Epson Corp., Kyocera Corporation, Rakon Ltd, Vectron International Inc., TXC Corporation, SiTime Corporation, Daishinku Corp., Siward Crystal Technology Co. Ltd, Hosonic Electronic Co. Ltd, Nihon Dempa Kogyo (NDK) Co. Ltd. And Other Major Players.
If You Have Any Query Crystal Oscillator Market Report, Visit:
https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/inquiry/15821
Segmentation of Crystal Oscillator Market:
By Type
Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator (TCXO)
Simple Packaged Crystal Oscillator (SPXO)
Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (VCXO)
Frequency-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (FCXO)
Oven-Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO)
Other
By Mounting Type
Surface Mount
Thru-Hole
By End-Users
Telecom & Networking
Automotive
Aerospace & Defence
Consumer Electronics
Research & Measurement
Industrial
Other
An in-depth study of the Crystal Oscillator industry for the years 2023–2030 is provided in the latest research. North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, the Middle East, and Africa are only some of the regions included in the report's segmented and regional analyses. The research also includes key insights including market trends and potential opportunities based on these major insights. All these quantitative data, such as market size and revenue forecasts, and qualitative data, such as customers' values, needs, and buying inclinations, are integral parts of any thorough market analysis.
Market Segment by Regions: -
North America (US, Canada, Mexico)
Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Rest of Eastern Europe)
Western Europe (Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Italy, Russia, Spain, Rest of Western Europe)
Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, The Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of APAC)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Israel, South Africa)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of SA)
Reasons for Acquiring this Report:
1. Strategic Decision-Making for Government Leaders and Politicians:
Gain insights into the global Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030 market revenues at global, regional, and national levels until 2030. Assess and strategize market share based on comprehensive analysis, enabling informed decision-making. Identify potential markets for exploration and expansion.
2. Informed Decision-Making for Professionals and Product Developers:
Access a detailed breakdown of the Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030 market worldwide, including product variations, use cases, technologies, and final consumers. Allocate resources effectively by anticipating demand patterns for emerging products. Stay ahead in product development by understanding market dynamics and consumer preferences.
3. Strategic Planning for Sales Managers and Market Stakeholders:
Utilize market breakdowns to target specific segments, optimizing sales strategies. Address challenges and capitalize on expansion opportunities highlighted in the report. Mitigate threats effectively with a comprehensive understanding of market risks.
4. Comprehensive Understanding for Executives:
Analyze primary drivers, challenges, restrictions, and opportunities in the global Laboratory Clothes market. Develop effective strategies by gaining insights into market dynamics. Allocate resources based on a thorough understanding of market conditions.
5. Competitive Intelligence:
Obtain a detailed analysis of competitors and their key tactics in the Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030. Plan market positioning based on a comprehensive understanding of the competitive landscape. Stay ahead by learning from competitors’ strengths and weaknesses.
6. Accurate Business Forecasting:
Evaluate the accuracy of global Crystal Oscillator Market Growth 2023-2030 business forecasts across regions, major countries, and top enterprises. Make data-driven decisions with confidence, minimizing risks associated with inaccurate forecasts. Stay ahead of industry trends by aligning business strategies with reliable forecasts.
Acquire This Reports: -
https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/checkout/?user=1&_sid=15821
About us:
Introspective Market Research (introspectivemarketresearch.com) is a visionary research consulting firm dedicated to assisting our clients to grow and have a successful impact on the market. Our team at IMR is ready to assist our clients to flourish their business by offering strategies to gain success and monopoly in their respective fields. We are a global market research company, that specializes in using big data and advanced analytics to show the bigger picture of the market trends. We help our clients to think differently and build better tomorrow for all of us. We are a technology-driven research company, we analyse extremely large sets of data to discover deeper insights and provide conclusive consulting. We not only provide intelligence solutions, but we help our clients in how they can achieve their goals.
Contact us:
Introspective Market Research
3001 S King Drive,
Chicago, Illinois
60616 USA
Ph no: +1-773-382-1047
Email: [email protected]
#Crystal Oscillator#Crystal Oscillator Market#Crystal Oscillator Market Size#Crystal Oscillator Market Share#Crystal Oscillator Market Growth#Crystal Oscillator Market Trend#Crystal Oscillator Market segment#Crystal Oscillator Market Opportunity#Crystal Oscillator Market Analysis 2022#US Crystal Oscillator Market#Crystal Oscillator Market Forecast#Crystal Oscillator Industry#Crystal Oscillator Industry Size#china Crystal Oscillator Market#UK Crystal Oscillator Market
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The penetration of smartphones in the world is a well-known phenomenon, and their production is catapulting at a rapid rate.
#Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market#Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market share#Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market size
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Global Crystal Oscillator Market Development and Trends Forecasts Report 2021 to 2028
The Crystal Oscillator Market was valued at USD 2.10 Billion in 2021 and is expected to reach USD 2.46 Billion by the year 2028, at a CAGR of 2.3%.
The research study presented here is a brilliant compilation of different types of analysis of critical aspects of the global Crystal Oscillator market. It sheds light on how the global Crystal Oscillator market is expected to grow during the course of the forecast period. With SWOT analysis and Porter's Five Forces analysis, it gives a deep explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of the global Crystal Oscillator market and the different players operating therein. The authors of the report have also provided qualitative and quantitative analyses of several microeconomic and macroeconomic factors impacting the global Crystal Oscillator market. In addition, the research study helps to understand the changes in the industry supply chain, manufacturing process and cost, sales scenarios, and dynamics of the global Crystal Oscillator market.
The study on the Crystal Oscillator market presents a granular assessment of the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors that have shaped the industry dynamics. An in-depth focus on industry value chain help companies find out effective and pertinent trends that define customer value creation in the market. The analysis presents a data-driven and industry-validated framework for understanding the role of government regulations and financial and monetary policies. The analysts offer a deep-dive into the how these factors will shape the value delivery network for companies and firms operating in the market.
Read More: https://introspectivemarketresearch.com/reports/crystal-oscillator-market/
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Inside the Dramatic Dance of Raindrops
Spring showers can arrive with a vengeance. I was sitting in a parked car a few days ago when a light pitter-patter began on the windshield, and less than a minute later huge raindrops were smacking into the glass, creating a deafening noise and making me extremely grateful I wasn’t outside. But the droplets were falling too fast for me to really see what they were up to before they hit. That seemed like a huge shame because a rainstorm is its own kind of dance party, one with dramatic but chaotic choreography.
Rain starts as water vapor high in the sky; the individual water molecules float free of one another, mixed in with the other gases that make up the atmosphere. When the conditions are right, they condense to join a liquid water droplet or freeze solid onto an ice crystal. At the start, these solid or liquid particles are very small and just drift along with the air currents. But as they grow in mass, they start to fall. Lots of raindrops start off as ice crystals and melt as they fall into warmer air. Once all the droplets are liquid and falling, the dance really gets going.
The smallest raindrops are around two thousandths of an inch across. These baby drops are spherical because the surface tension of the liquid squeezes the total surface area to be as compact as possible. Physicists find it strange that people often draw raindrops with a pointy end at the top, because the surface tension makes sure that there are no sharp corners—they’re all smoothed out incredibly quickly. Raindrops never have points.
As more water vapor condenses on to the drops, they grow. Large drops fall faster than small ones, so the larger ones start to catch up with the smaller drops beneath them, bumping into them and coalescing to form a bigger droplet. Once the drops grow to more than 1/25th of an inch across, they start to flatten on the underside and become rounder on the top to form a shape often known as a “hamburger bun.” The bigger they get, the flatter the bun.
The real dance is in the beautiful fluid movement of the droplet shapes. When two drops collide, the water pulses and curls until the shape settles down. But the new combined droplet may also shatter immediately, sometimes stretching out into a sheet before bursting into a shower of tiny droplets. The cycle repeats itself—catch-up and coalesce, catch-up and break—on and on until the drops reach the ground. The harder the rain, the more often droplets bump into each other and the more frantic the dance.
The mix of raindrop sizes hitting my windshield was the outcome of this tussle between the drops fusing and splitting in the sky above. The more that coalescence dominates, the larger the drops get. In warm rain in the tropics, raindrops can reach a third of an inch across (although one-tenth of an inch is much more typical in most places).
Each droplet is also dancing on its own, between the interactions with others. Droplets frequently oscillate, pulsing rhythmically at a rate that depends on their size, and the bigger the droplet, the more pronounced these gyrations are. A drop one-tenth of an inch across can wobble more than 200 times every second, and the wobbling not only slows it down slightly but also makes it drift sideways as it falls.
So the next time you’re sheltering underneath an umbrella in heavy rain, make the best of it by thinking of yourself as having a front seat at a natural spectacle instead of an unwanted inconvenience in your day. Wishing the rain away won’t make it stop, so you might as well imagine the dance up above and enjoy it.
— Helen Czerski, "Inside the Dramatic Dance of Raindrops. From drizzles to deluges, a chaotic atmospheric choreography determines the size and shape of precipitation." (Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2024)
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Some possible forms of communication for non-human species:
Sound-based communication, but instead of sound quality, stress, or tone, information is encoded into speech loudness or velocity. (from Justin B. Rye)
Sound-based communication, but the organism repeats external sound with a variation (e.g. tempo change, shifting pitch): information is encoded in the pattern of change from the source. (The Progenitors in Sid Meier’s Alpha Centauri)
Visual communication by raising, bending, or waving limbs, flags, or sticks. (Similar to optical telegraphy, maybe? This can also be perceived through sonar)
Whole-body movement -- pacing, spinning, shaking -- in a way similar to the waggle dance of honey bees (in which the direction and frequency of waggling indicate the direction and distance of nectar sources), but more flexible and generalized.
Communication by pheromones like ants, or possibly through more complex patterns of scents (or maybe tastes, like the Back-lickers from Accidental Space Spy?) This one is tricky because scents will disperse and persist over time, like heavily echoing sound.
Skin full of chromatophores and/or reflective crystals that allow it to change hue, brightness, and/or opacity. The organism can control them, as cuttlefish do, to encode information in color patterns changing over time.
Communicating by vibrations not of the air, but the ground, like elephants picking up infrasounds through their footpads. (I hear the uplifted spiders in Children of Time communicate by plucking the strands of a communal web, but I haven’t read it)
An aquatic organism able to generate and perceive electric fields (less effective out of water) can modulate the frequency and intensity of its oscillating electric field to send information, as knifefish and electric eels do.
An organism changes the texture (softness, roughness, &c) of its skin, for example raising bumps or pimples that another individual can read by touch like Braille. (Octopodes and cuttlefish can do this to a degree.)
An aquatic organism ejects clouds of thick mucus that congeal into pseudomorphs; the shape, size, and motion of pseudomorphs encodes information. (Suitable for sonar- and electroception-based communication too!)
Other ideas?
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A photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser built bright enough for industrial-scale cutting
A team of photonics and electronic engineers at Kyoto University has found a way to overcome the shortcomings of photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) that have prevented their use in industrial-scale cutting applications. In their study reported in the journal Nature, the group made changes to traditional PCSELs to confer the brightness needed for such applications. Currently, gas and solid-state lasers are used to cut materials in industrial scale applications, including steel. But users of such systems would prefer to use semiconductor lasers because they are far less bulky and energy intensive. Unfortunately, such lasers have not been suitable for such work due to beam quality issues related to many-mode oscillations and thermal destabilizing effects. In this new effort, the research team in Japan found a way to overcome these problems, allowing for the creation of PCSELs that can be used for industrial scale applications. To overcome the problems, the engineers changed the structure of the PCSELs. One such change involved increasing the diameter size from 1 millimeter to 3 millimeters, allowing for up to 50 watts of power output. The increase in size resulted in an associated brightness increase to 1 GW/cm2/str—high enough for industrial applications.
Read more.
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The One Indicator that Could Change Everything (No, Seriously) Ever heard of the Ultimate Oscillator? No, it's not a fancy kitchen gadget or some superhero gadget. It's an underrated yet powerful Forex tool that, when paired with Risk Parity, can transform your trading game like that one pair of shoes you actually wear every day. Yes, that powerful. If you’re anything like most traders, you’ve probably dabbled in popular indicators like RSI or MACD, thinking you've seen it all. But here's the secret: Ultimate Oscillator isn’t just about spotting overbought or oversold conditions—it’s a strategic crystal ball when used the right way. And don't worry, I’ll explain everything in a way that’s a mix of a TED Talk, a stand-up comedy show, and a secret trader's club meeting. Ultimate Oscillator & Risk Parity: A Match Made in Trading Heaven Imagine you’re balancing on a seesaw. On one end, you have potential profit; on the other, risk management. Now, you wouldn’t want to be the person crashing down when the market shifts, right? That's where the Risk Parity concept comes in. When combined with the Ultimate Oscillator, it’s like finding the perfect middle ground where your seesaw stays level, making sure you don’t face-plant into market chaos. Risk Parity might sound like a big financial buzzword (or something financial nerds whisper to each other at after-work parties), but it’s essentially a way to balance the assets in your trading portfolio. Think of it like a party—you want a little bit of everything, but you certainly don’t want that overenthusiastic guest (read: risk) ruining the vibe. Breaking Down the Ultimate Oscillator Here’s where things get interesting. The Ultimate Oscillator is designed to blend multiple timeframes into one reading, giving you a better understanding of what’s actually going on. It’s like zooming in and zooming out at the same time—giving you a picture so clear you’d think you’re a market clairvoyant. (No crystal balls needed!) Instead of relying solely on 14-period calculations (like with RSI), it merges short, medium, and long-term perspectives. The result? You catch false signals like catching someone stealing office snacks. The Ultimate Oscillator was developed by Larry Williams (yes, the Larry Williams). According to Williams, it’s about “eliminating double-counting” and avoiding getting spooked by common fake-outs. Imagine a toddler learning to walk—RSI alone might make you flinch every time the market wobbles, but Ultimate Oscillator’s multiple viewpoints help you stay calm and keep your trades on track. Why Most Traders Get It Wrong (And How You Can Avoid It) So why doesn’t everyone use this brilliant combo of Ultimate Oscillator and Risk Parity? Well, for the same reason that many people end up buying those one-size-fits-all kitchen gadgets—there’s a ton of hype around other indicators, and most traders never look beyond what’s popular. A lot of Forex traders believe the myth that using the most well-known indicators will yield the best results. It’s like sticking to vanilla ice cream when there’s an entire range of flavors out there—the Ultimate Oscillator is that complex swirl that somehow works every time. Secret Ninja Tactic: Combining Ultimate Oscillator and Divergence Here’s a secret that’ll give you an edge most traders miss: pairing the Ultimate Oscillator with Divergence Analysis. Imagine the market is giving you signals that, at first glance, seem confusing (like a friend telling you they “might” come to the party). Divergence, particularly when combined with the Ultimate Oscillator, will help you detect when price action isn’t aligning with momentum. For instance, if the price of EUR/USD is steadily rising, but the Ultimate Oscillator is starting to fall, then something’s fishy. A trend reversal might be brewing. It’s like sensing an incoming plot twist in a TV show—something’s not adding up. By using the Ultimate Oscillator for divergence, you can catch these moments before the rest of the market realizes what’s happening. The Forgotten Strategy That Outsmarted the Pros Let's pull up an example from 2023. A Forex trader I know (let’s call him Dave because all great trading stories have a Dave) used the Ultimate Oscillator alongside Risk Parity during a highly volatile GBP/USD trading period. By setting up his positions with the aim of balancing risk (through risk parity principles), Dave didn’t go all-in on leverage. Instead, he adjusted his lot size, based on volatility and his trusty Ultimate Oscillator readings. When GBP/USD gave off conflicting signals—as in price climbing but momentum indicators weakening—Dave trusted his readings and pulled out just in time. Result? He dodged a huge loss when the market dropped and secured a profit. Most other traders? They hit the ‘sell’ button too late, looking at RSI or other popular indicators alone. Dave’s success was because he was using tools that weren’t mainstream but provided him with a superior market edge. How to Predict Market Moves with Precision Let’s get to the good stuff—how you can actually implement these strategies. Here’s a quick and easy step-by-step to get started: - Calculate Risk Parity: Assess the risk level for each pair you’re trading. The key here is to keep your leverage under control. - Incorporate Ultimate Oscillator: Add the Ultimate Oscillator to your chart and focus on its readings across multiple timeframes. It’s the multitasker of indicators! - Watch for Divergence: Monitor divergence between the price and oscillator. When these two disagree, it’s time to sit up and take notice. - Fine-Tune Entries and Exits: Use divergence to pinpoint market entry and exit moments. It’s like playing double dutch—you want to jump in and out at just the right time. - Use Protective Stops: This one is not optional. Setting a stop-loss based on oscillator signals will help mitigate risk and keep your trading stress under control (no one wants to be stress-baking at 3 am after a market dip). The Hidden Patterns That Drive the Market Every trader dreams of finding that one hidden pattern that everyone else misses. But here’s a secret—it’s less about stumbling across something no one else knows, and more about seeing things differently. The Ultimate Oscillator offers hidden gems like mid-point signals, where price closes within certain levels while momentum diverges. It’s like watching the director’s cut of a movie—everything makes more sense, and you get extra details the average person misses. Another trick? Using the oscillator in conjunction with Risk Parity lets you balance not just your technical analysis but also your portfolio allocation. It’s like diversifying your pizza toppings to keep everyone happy—it makes sense for a balanced result. Before the Market Closes Trading with the Ultimate Oscillator and Risk Parity isn’t just about playing it safe; it’s about playing it smart. It’s the difference between impulse buying shoes that don’t fit and investing in a versatile pair that goes with every outfit. Smart trading is about being informed, prepared, and creative. If you’re ready to deep dive into these strategies, it’s time to expand your knowledge further. We offer a range of services that can help you get there: - Stay informed with exclusive market updates: Forex News Today. - Brush up on advanced Forex courses: Free Forex Courses. - Join our expert community for insider tips and daily alerts: StarseedFX Community. - Need a plan to get started? Grab our Free Trading Plan: Free Trading Plan. Got questions or personal experiences with the Ultimate Oscillator? Share your thoughts below! Remember, trading isn’t just about making money—it’s about learning, growing, and maybe even laughing a little along the way. —————– Image Credits: Cover image at the top is AI-generated Read the full article
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Do you know the minimum size of the crystal oscillator?
How can a small-sized crystal oscillator be used?
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Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market — Forecast(2024–2030)
Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Overview:
China and other Asian countries such as Taiwan, India, and Indonesia have been dominant in the consumer electronics sector with incremented production each year. Now, consumer electronics utilize the next generation crystal oscillators for function. Additionally, APAC leading the race in other commercial electronics products makes the region triumph the next generation crystal oscillators with a significant 30% to 33% market share.
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Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Outlook:
The next generation crystal oscillators are electronic oscillators that are imbibed with crystals of piezoelectric material such as quartz crystal which are bestowed with mechanical resonance and used in signal generators. These are typically used in wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cellphones. The next generation crystal oscillators are used in microcontrollers, disk drives, sensors, clocks, radio systems, video games, instrumentation, measuring instruments, computers, cellular phones, timers, radios, engine controlling, measuring instruments, medical devices, global positioning systems (GPS), cable television systems, and some others. Predominantly, they are used in consumer electronics products in which their application will grow at a CAGR of a progressive 8% to 9% according to the electronics market analyst.
Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Growth Drivers:
The Prevalent Application of GPS in the Automotive Sector & Smartphones –
In the contemporary world, each of the consumer electronics products such as smartphones and tablets along with cars, and commercial vehicles are incorporated with GPS. Now, GPS requires crystal oscillators which happens to be one of the driving factors for the next generation crystal oscillators’ market growth.
The Application of Crystal Oscillators in the Test and Measurement Industry –
The growth has perpetuated in the test and measurement market which already had a market size of $25 billion in 2018 is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 4% through to 2025. Now, these instruments utilize crystal oscillators for operation. “The sustainable demand for test and measurement instruments in various sectors such as industrial, healthcare, education, aerospace, and others will propel the sales of the next generation crystal oscillators”; marks the market analyst in the market research report.
Crystal Oscillators: Apt for Military and Defense –
Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Challenges:
The overwhelming challenge dwarfing the prospects in the next generation crystal oscillators market is that it warrants a heavy investment. Additionally, the diversified market of consumer electronics has led to peculiar demands for crystal oscillators as per the requirement which needs intermittent customization. This becomes a challenge for the vendors in streamlining the operations. However, substantial investment in R&D and reinvention of modus operandi is helping manufacturers overcome the challenge.
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Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Key Players Perspective:
One of the leading players in the market is Daishinku Corp. which generated a net profit of $66.9 million in 2017. Other key players in the next generation crystal oscillators market are Kyocera, TXC, Epson, Vectron, Rakon, Nihon Dempa Kogyo, CTS, Murata, Ecliptek, Abracon, Axtal, Jauch, and Hosonic.
Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Research Scope:
The base year of the study is 2018, with forecast done up to 2025. The study presents a thorough analysis of the competitive landscape, taking into account the market shares of the leading companies. It also provides information on unit shipments. These provide the key market participants with the necessary business intelligence and help them understand the future of the next generation crystal oscillators market. The assessment includes the forecast, an overview of the competitive structure, the market shares of the competitors, as well as the market trends, market demands, market drivers, market challenges, and product analysis. The market drivers and restraints have been assessed to fathom their impact over the forecast period. This report further identifies the key opportunities for growth while also detailing the key challenges and possible threats. The key areas of focus include the types of next generation crystal oscillators market, and their specific applications in military & defense, research & management, industrial, automotive, and consumer devices.
Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market Report: Industry Coverage
The report analyses the product demands on the bases of type of product — SPXO, TCXO, VCXO, FCXO, OCXO, disciplined, multi-crystal, colpitts, and armstrong. Next generation crystal oscillators market can be further segmented on the basis of the type of mounting incorporated that mainly includes surface-mount and thru-hole) or on the basis of technology used which can be either AT Cut, BT Cut or SC Cut.
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The next generation crystal oscillators market report also analyzes the major geographic regions as well as the major countries in these regions. The regions and countries covered in the study include:
North America: The U.S., Canada, Mexico
South America: Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Costa Rica
Europe: The U.K., Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Denmark
APAC: China, Japan, Australia, South Korea, India, Taiwan, Malaysia, Hong Kong
Middle East and Africa: Israel, South Africa, Saudi Arabia
Key Market Players:
The Top 5 companies in the Next Generation Crystal Oscillators Market are:
Seiko Epson Corporation
Jauch Quartz GmbH
TXC Corporation
KYOCERA Corporation
Nihon Dempa Kogyo Co.
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Principles of anti-interference design for printed circuit boards
Principles of anti-interference design for printed circuit boards
Layout of power cord:
1. According to the current size, try to widen the wire routing as much as possible.
2. The direction of power and ground wires should be consistent with the direction of data transmission.
3. A decoupling capacitor of 10-100 μ F should be connected to the power input terminal of the printed circuit board.
Layout of secondary ground wire:
1. Separate digital from analog.
2. The grounding wire should be thickened as much as possible, and at least 3 times the allowable current on the printed board should be passed, generally up to 2-3mm.
3. The grounding wire should form a dead loop as much as possible, which can reduce the potential difference of the grounding wire.
Three decoupling capacitor configuration:
1. The input end of the printed circuit board power supply is connected to an electrolytic capacitor with a temperature of 10-100 μ F. It would be even better if it could be greater than 100 μ F.
2. A 0.01~0.1 μ F ceramic capacitor is connected across the VCC and GND of each integrated chip. If space does not allow, a 1-10 μ F tantalum capacitor can be configured for every 4-10 chips.
3. Devices with weak anti noise capabilities and large changes in turn off current, as well as ROM and RAM, should have capacitors indirectly decoupled at VCC and GND.
4. Install a 0.01 μ F decoupling capacitor on the reset terminal "RESET" of the microcontroller.
5. The lead wires of decoupling capacitors should not be too long, especially for high-frequency bypass capacitors that cannot have leads.
Four component configuration:
1. The clock input terminals of the clock generator, crystal oscillator, and CPU should be as close and far away from other low-frequency devices as possible.
2. Try to keep low current circuits and high current circuits as far away from logic circuits as possible.
3. The position and orientation of the printed circuit board in the chassis should ensure that the components with high heat generation are located above.
Separate the wiring of five power lines, AC lines, and signal lines
Power lines and AC lines should be arranged on boards different from signal lines as much as possible, otherwise they should be routed separately from signal lines.
Six other principles:
1. Adding a pull-up resistor of around 10K to the bus is beneficial for anti-interference.
2. When wiring, try to have all address lines of the same length and as short as possible.
3. The lines on both sides of the PCB board should be arranged vertically as much as possible to prevent mutual interference.
4. The size of the decoupling capacitor is generally taken as C=1/F, where F is the data transmission frequency.
5. Unused pins can be connected to VCC through pull-up resistors (around 10K) or connected in parallel with the used pins.
6. Heating components (such as high-power resistors) should avoid devices that are easily affected by temperature (such as electrolytic capacitors).
7. Using full decoding has stronger anti-interference ability than line decoding.
To suppress the interference of high-power devices on the digital element circuits of microcontrollers and the interference of digital circuits on analog circuits, a high-frequency choke loop is used when connecting the digital ground to the common ground point. This is a cylindrical ferrite magnetic material with several holes in the axial direction. A thicker copper wire is passed through the holes and wound one or two times. This device can be regarded as having zero impedance for low-frequency signals and as an inductor for high-frequency signal interference Due to the high DC resistance of inductors, they cannot be used as high-frequency chokes
When signal lines outside the printed circuit board are connected, shielded cables are usually used. For high-frequency and digital signals, both ends of the shielded cable should be grounded. For low-frequency analog signals, it is better to ground one end of the shielded cable.
Circuits that are highly sensitive to noise and interference, or circuits with particularly severe high-frequency noise, should be shielded with a metal cover. The effect of ferromagnetic shielding on high-frequency noise at 500KHz is not significant, while the shielding effect of thin copper skin is better. When fixing the shielding cover with screws, attention should be paid to the corrosion caused by the potential difference when different materials come into contact
Seven good decoupling capacitors
The decoupling capacitor between the power supply and ground of an integrated circuit has two functions: on the one hand, it serves as the energy storage capacitor of the integrated circuit, and on the other hand, it bypasses the high-frequency noise of the device. The typical decoupling capacitance value in digital circuits is 0.1 μ F. The typical value of the distributed inductance of this capacitor is 5 μ H. A 0.1 μ F decoupling capacitor has a distributed inductance of 5 μ H, and its parallel resonance frequency is approximately 7MHz. This means that it has a good decoupling effect on noise below 10MHz and almost no effect on noise above 40MHz.
Capacitors with 1 μ F and 10 μ F have a parallel resonance frequency above 20MHz, which results in better removal of high-frequency noise.
Every 10 or so integrated circuits require the addition of one charging and discharging capacitor, or one energy storage capacitor, with an optional range of around 10 μ F. It is best not to use electrolytic capacitors. Electrolytic capacitors are made by rolling two layers of thin film together, and this rolled up structure appears as inductance at high frequencies. Use tantalum capacitors or polycarbonate capacitors.
The selection of decoupling capacitors is not strict, and can be based on C=1/F, that is, 0.1 μ F for 10MHz and 0.01 μ F for 100MHz.
When welding, the pins of the decoupling capacitor should be as short as possible, as long pins can cause the decoupling capacitor to self resonate. For example, when the pin length of a 1000pF ceramic capacitor is 6.3mm, the self resonant frequency is about 35MHz, and when the pin length is 12.6mm, it is 32MHz.
Eight experiences in reducing noise and electromagnetic interference
Principles of anti-interference design for printed circuit boards
1. The method of connecting resistors in series can be used to reduce the jumping rate of the upper and lower edges of the control circuit.
2. Try to make the potential around the clock signal circuit approach zero, circle the clock area with a ground wire, and keep the clock line as short as possible.
3. The I/O driver circuit should be located as close as possible to the edge of the printed board.
4. Do not hang the output terminal of the unused gate circuit, and the positive input terminal of the unused operational amplifier should be grounded, and the negative input terminal should be connected to the output terminal.
5. Try to use 45 ° polylines instead of 90 ° polylines for wiring to reduce the transmission and coupling of high-frequency signals to the outside world.
6. The clock line perpendicular to the I/O line has less interference than parallel to the I/O line.
6. The pins of the components should be as short as possible.
8. Do not trace wires under the quartz crystal oscillator and under components that are particularly sensitive to noise.
9. Do not form a current loop around the ground wire of weak signal circuits and low-frequency circuits.
10. When necessary, add ferrite high-frequency choke coils to the circuit to separate signals, noise, power, and ground.
A via on the printed circuit board causes a capacitance of approximately 0.6pF; The packaging material of an integrated circuit itself causes a distributed capacitance of 2pF~10pF; A connector on a circuit board with a distributed inductance of 520 μ H; A dual in-line 24 pin integrated circuit socket with a distributed inductance of 4 μ H~18 μ H.
Layout of power cord:
1. According to the current size, try to widen the wire routing as much as possible.
2. The direction of power and ground wires should be consistent with the direction of data transmission.
3. A decoupling capacitor of 10-100 μ F should be connected to the power input terminal of the printed circuit board.
Layout of secondary ground wire:
1. Separate digital from analog.
2. The grounding wire should be thickened as much as possible, and at least 3 times the allowable current on the printed board should be passed, generally up to 2-3mm.
3. The grounding wire should form a dead loop as much as possible, which can reduce the potential difference of the grounding wire.
Three decoupling capacitor configuration:
1. The input end of the printed circuit board power supply is connected to an electrolytic capacitor with a temperature of 10-100 μ F. It would be even better if it could be greater than 100 μ F.
2. A 0.01~0.1 μ F ceramic capacitor is connected across the VCC and GND of each integrated chip. If space does not allow, a 1-10 μ F tantalum capacitor can be configured for every 4-10 chips.
3. Devices with weak anti noise capabilities and large changes in turn off current, as well as ROM and RAM, should have capacitors indirectly decoupled at VCC and GND.
4. Install a 0.01 μ F decoupling capacitor on the reset terminal "RESET" of the microcontroller.
5. The lead wires of decoupling capacitors should not be too long, especially for high-frequency bypass capacitors that cannot have leads.
Four component configuration:
1. The clock input terminals of the clock generator, crystal oscillator, and CPU should be as close and far away from other low-frequency devices as possible.
2. Try to keep low current circuits and high current circuits as far away from logic circuits as possible.
3. The position and orientation of the printed circuit board in the chassis should ensure that the components with high heat generation are located above.
Separate the wiring of five power lines, AC lines, and signal lines
Power lines and AC lines should be arranged on boards different from signal lines as much as possible, otherwise they should be routed separately from signal lines.
Six other principles:
1. Adding a pull-up resistor of around 10K to the bus is beneficial for anti-interference.
2. When wiring, try to have all address lines of the same length and as short as possible.
3. The lines on both sides of the PCB board should be arranged vertically as much as possible to prevent mutual interference.
4. The size of the decoupling capacitor is generally taken as C=1/F, where F is the data transmission frequency.
5. Unused pins can be connected to VCC through pull-up resistors (around 10K) or connected in parallel with the used pins.
6. Heating components (such as high-power resistors) should avoid devices that are easily affected by temperature (such as electrolytic capacitors).
7. Using full decoding has stronger anti-interference ability than line decoding.
To suppress the interference of high-power devices on the digital element circuits of microcontrollers and the interference of digital circuits on analog circuits, a high-frequency choke loop is used when connecting the digital ground to the common ground point. This is a cylindrical ferrite magnetic material with several holes in the axial direction. A thicker copper wire is passed through the holes and wound one or two times. This device can be regarded as having zero impedance for low-frequency signals and as an inductor for high-frequency signal interference Due to the high DC resistance of inductors, they cannot be used as high-frequency chokes
When signal lines outside the printed circuit board are connected, shielded cables are usually used. For high-frequency and digital signals, both ends of the shielded cable should be grounded. For low-frequency analog signals, it is better to ground one end of the shielded cable.
Circuits that are highly sensitive to noise and interference, or circuits with particularly severe high-frequency noise, should be shielded with a metal cover. The effect of ferromagnetic shielding on high-frequency noise at 500KHz is not significant, while the shielding effect of thin copper skin is better. When fixing the shielding cover with screws, attention should be paid to the corrosion caused by the potential difference when different materials come into contact
Seven good decoupling capacitors
The decoupling capacitor between the power supply and ground of an integrated circuit has two functions: on the one hand, it serves as the energy storage capacitor of the integrated circuit, and on the other hand, it bypasses the high-frequency noise of the device. The typical decoupling capacitance value in digital circuits is 0.1 μ F. The typical value of the distributed inductance of this capacitor is 5 μ H. A decoupling capacitor with 0.1 μ F has a distributed inductance of 5 μ H, and its parallel resonance frequency is approximately 7MHz. This means that it has a good decoupling effect on noise below 10MHz and almost no effect on noise above 40MHz.
Capacitors with 1 μ F and 10 μ F have a parallel resonance frequency above 20MHz, which results in better removal of high-frequency noise.
Every 10 or so integrated circuits require the addition of one charging and discharging capacitor, or one energy storage capacitor, with an optional range of around 10 μ F. It is best not to use electrolytic capacitors. Electrolytic capacitors are made by rolling two layers of thin film together, and this rolled up structure appears as inductance at high frequencies. Use tantalum capacitors or polycarbonate capacitors.
The selection of decoupling capacitors is not strict, and can be based on C=1/F, that is, 0.1 μ F for 10MHz and 0.01 μ F for 100MHz.
When welding, the pins of the decoupling capacitor should be as short as possible, as long pins can cause the decoupling capacitor to self resonate. For example, when the pin length of a 1000pF ceramic capacitor is 6.3mm, the self resonant frequency is about 35MHz, and when the pin length is 12.6mm, it is 32MHz.
Eight experiences in reducing noise and electromagnetic interference
Principles of anti-interference design for printed circuit boards
1. The method of connecting resistors in series can be used to reduce the jumping rate of the upper and lower edges of the control circuit.
2. Try to make the potential around the clock signal circuit approach zero, circle the clock area with a ground wire, and keep the clock line as short as possible.
3. The I/O driver circuit should be located as close as possible to the edge of the printed board.
4. Do not hang the output terminal of the unused gate circuit, and the positive input terminal of the unused operational amplifier should be grounded, and the negative input terminal should be connected to the output terminal.
5. Try to use 45 ° polylines instead of 90 ° polylines for wiring to reduce the transmission and coupling of high-frequency signals to the outside world.
6. The clock line perpendicular to the I/O line has less interference than parallel to the I/O line.
6. The pins of the components should be as short as possible.
8. Do not trace wires under the quartz crystal oscillator and under components that are particularly sensitive to noise.
9. Do not form a current loop around the ground wire of weak signal circuits and low-frequency circuits.
10. When necessary, add ferrite high-frequency choke coils to the circuit to separate signals, noise, power, and ground.
A via on the printed circuit board causes a capacitance of approximately 0.6pF; The packaging material of an integrated circuit itself causes a distributed capacitance of 2pF~10pF; A connector on a circuit board with a distributed inductance of 520 μ H; A dual in-line 24 pin integrated circuit socket with a distributed inductance of 4 μ H~18 μ H.
Anti interference design of digital circuits and microcontrollers
In electronic system design, in order to avoid detours and save time, it is necessary to fully consider and meet the requirements of anti-interference, and avoid errors
After the design is completed, proceed with anti-interference remedial measures. There are three basic elements that form interference:
(1) Interference source refers to the components, equipment or signals that generate interference, described in mathematical language as follows: du/dt, di/dt is large ground
Fang is the source of interference. For example, lightning, relays, thyristors, motors, high-frequency clocks, etc. can all become sources of interference.
(2) The propagation path refers to the pathway or medium through which interference propagates from the interference source to the sensitive device. The typical interference propagation path is through
The conduction of wires and radiation in space.
(3) Sensitive devices refer to objects that are easily disturbed. For example: A/D, D/A converters, microcontrollers, digital ICs, weak signal amplifiers
Equipment, etc.
The basic principle of anti-interference design is to suppress interference sources, cut off interference propagation paths, and improve the anti-interference performance of sensitive devices.
(Similar to the prevention of infectious diseases)
1. Suppress interference sources
Suppressing interference sources means minimizing their du/dt and di/dt as much as possible. This is the top priority and most important principle in anti-interference design, often achieving twice the result with half the effort. Reducing the du/dt of the interference source is mainly achieved by paralleling capacitors at both ends of the interference source. Reducing the di/dt of the interference source is achieved by connecting an inductor or resistor in series with the interference source circuit and adding a freewheeling diode.
The common measures to suppress interference sources are as follows:
(1) Add a freewheeling diode to the relay coil to eliminate the back electromotive force interference generated when the coil is disconnected. Adding only a freewheeling diode will cause a delay in the disconnection time of the relay, while adding a voltage regulator diode will allow the relay to operate more times per unit time.
(2) Connect a spark suppression circuit (usually an RC series circuit, with a resistance of several K to tens of K and a capacitance of 0.01uF) in parallel at both ends of the relay contact to reduce the impact of electric sparks.
(3) Add a filtering circuit to the motor, paying attention to keeping the capacitor and inductor leads as short as possible.
(4) Each IC on the circuit board should be connected in parallel with a high-frequency capacitor of 0.01 μ F to 0.1 μ F to reduce the impact of the IC on the power supply. Pay attention to the wiring of high-frequency capacitors. The connection should be close to the power supply end and as thick and short as possible. Otherwise, it will increase the equivalent series resistance of the capacitor, which will affect the filtering effect.
(5) Avoid 90 degree creases during wiring to reduce high-frequency noise emissions.
(6) Connect RC suppression circuit at both ends of the thyristor to reduce the noise generated by the thyristor (which may cause breakdown of the thyristor in severe cases).
According to the propagation path of interference, it can be divided into two categories: conducted interference and radiated interference.
The so-called conducted interference refers to the interference that propagates through wires to sensitive devices. The frequency bands of high-frequency interference noise and useful signals are different, which can be cut off by adding filters on the wires to cut off the propagation of high-frequency interference noise. Sometimes, isolation optocouplers can also be added to solve the problem. The harm of power noise is the greatest, and special attention should be paid to handling it. The so-called radiation interference refers to the interference that propagates to sensitive devices through space radiation. The general solution is to increase the distance between the interference source and the sensitive device, isolate them with a ground wire, and add a shield on the sensitive device.
The common measures to cut off the interference propagation path are as follows:
(1) Fully consider the impact of power supply on the microcontroller. If the power supply is done well, the anti-interference of the entire circuit is solved by half. Many microcontrollers are sensitive to power noise, and it is necessary to add filtering circuits or voltage regulators to the microcontroller power supply to reduce the interference of power noise on the microcontroller. For example, a π - shaped filtering circuit can be composed of magnetic beads and capacitors. Of course, when conditions are not high, a 100 Ω resistor can also be used instead of magnetic beads.
(2) If the I/O port of the microcontroller is used to control noisy devices such as motors, isolation should be added between the I/O port and the noise source (by adding a π - shaped filtering circuit). Control noise components such as motors, and isolate them between the I/O port and the noise source by adding a π - shaped filtering circuit.
(3) Pay attention to the crystal oscillator wiring. The crystal oscillator and microcontroller pins should be as close as possible, and the clock area should be isolated with a ground wire. The crystal oscillator housing should be grounded and fixed. This measure can solve many difficult problems.
(4) Reasonable partitioning of circuit boards, such as strong and weak signals, digital and analog signals. Try to keep interference sources (such as motors and relays) as far away as possible from sensitive components (such as microcontrollers).
(5) Isolate the digital area from the analog area with a ground wire, separate the digital ground from the analog ground, and finally connect to the power ground at one point. The wiring of A/D and D/A chips is also based on this principle, and the manufacturer has considered this requirement when allocating the pin arrangement of A/D and D/A chips.
(6) The ground wires of microcontrollers and high-power devices should be separately grounded to reduce mutual interference. High power devices should be placed at the edge of the circuit board as much as possible.
(7) The use of anti-interference components such as magnetic beads, magnetic rings, power filters, and shielding covers in key areas such as microcontroller I/O ports, power lines, and circuit board connection lines can significantly improve the anti-interference performance of the circuit.
3. Improve the anti-interference performance of sensitive devices
Improving the anti-interference performance of sensitive devices refers to minimizing the picking up of interference noise from the perspective of sensitive devices, as well as methods for recovering from abnormal states as soon as possible.
The common measures to improve the anti-interference performance of sensitive devices are as follows:
(1) When wiring, try to minimize the area of the loop to reduce induced noise.
(2) When wiring, the power and ground wires should be as thick as possible. In addition to reducing pressure drop, it is more important to reduce coupling noise.
(3) For idle I/O ports of microcontrollers, do not hang them in the air. They should be grounded or powered on. The idle terminals of other ICs can be grounded or powered on without changing the system logic.
(4) The use of power monitoring and watchdog circuits for microcontrollers, such as IMP809, IMP706, IMP813, X25043, X25045, etc., can significantly improve the anti-interference performance of the entire circuit.
(5) On the premise that the speed can meet the requirements, try to reduce the crystal oscillator of the microcontroller and choose low-speed digital circuits as much as possible.
(6) IC devices should be soldered directly onto the circuit board as much as possible, with less use of IC sockets.
Let me first share my experience in this area:
In terms of software:
1. I am used to clearing all unused code space to "0" because it is equivalent to NOP and can be reset when the program runs away;
2. Add a few NOPs before the jump instruction, with the same purpose of 1;
3. When there is no hardware WatchDog, software simulation of WatchDog can be used to monitor the operation of the program;
4. When dealing with the adjustment or setting of external device parameters, in order to prevent errors caused by interference, the parameters can be resent at regular intervals, which can help the external devices recover as soon as possible;
5. Anti interference in communication can be achieved by adding data check bits and adopting a 3-to-2 or 5-to-3 strategy;
6. When there are communication lines, such as I ^ 2C and three wire systems, we have found that setting the Data line, CLK line, and INH line to high normally results in better anti-interference performance than setting them to low.
In terms of hardware:
1. The grounding and power lines are definitely important!
2. The disconnection of the route;
3. Separation of numbers and models;
4. Each digital component requires a 104 capacitor between ground and power supply;
5. In applications with relays, especially at high currents, to prevent interference from relay contact sparks on the circuit, a 104 and diode can be connected between the relay coils, and a 472 capacitor can be indirectly connected between the contacts and the starting point. The effect is good!
6. To prevent crosstalk between I/O ports, I/O ports can be isolated using methods such as diode isolation, gate circuit isolation, optocoupler isolation, electromagnetic isolation, etc;
7. Of course, the anti-interference ability of multi-layer panels is definitely better than that of single panels, but the cost is several times higher.
8. Choosing a device with strong anti-interference ability is more effective than any other method, and I think this should be the most important point. Because the inherent shortcomings of devices are difficult to compensate for through external methods, but often those with strong anti-interference ability are more expensive, while those with poor anti-interference ability are cheaper, just like Taiwan's Dongdong is cheap but its performance is greatly reduced! It mainly depends on your application scenarios
Printed circuit board (PC8) is a supporting component for circuit components and devices in electronic products. It provides electrical connections between circuit components and devices. With the rapid development of electrical technology, the density of PGB is getting higher and higher. The quality of PCB design has a significant impact on its anti-interference ability. Therefore, when designing PCBs, it is necessary to follow the general principles of PCB design and meet the requirements of anti-interference design.
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