#Commercial pest management Ireland

[samwicklowpest]

Commercial pest management Ireland - Commercial Pest Control Ireland - Wicklow Pest Control

Elevate your business with our comprehensive commercial pest management services. We specialize in tailored pest control solutions for a pest-free workplace. Protect your reputation and ensure a healthy environment with our expert team. Experience hassle-free and effective commercial pest management – your success begins with a pest-free space.

[nipestcontrolproofing]

Reliable Commercial Pest Control Services in Northern Ireland — Armagh’s Trusted Pest Solutions

Pest infestations can disrupt homes and businesses, causing health risks and property damage. To combat these challenges, commercial pest control services, expert solutions from Northern Pest Control, and specialized support for Armagh pest control offer comprehensive pest management to protect your property.

[tinyshe]

Garden Report & Frugal Living 24.06.30

I wasn't going to post. With the loss of Bronte, health struggles and the garden not doing well, I thought 'why bother'. I sat with that thought all week ... why bother. When I came to the conclusion I bother because this really isn't about me. Yes, I write about what I am doing, seeing, feeling but the reason for this is to encourage others: go garden, go try, struggle through it! Don't give up! So I'm not giving up this part of the blog (sorry).

I did get out and do my own watering today. Its back to being foggy cold and damp weather (the usual in the land of eternal fog). The weeds are rampant. The fruit trees had three blooming periods this year. I have never seem that. All the trees are long and leggy even though I don't fertilize nor water. The new growth this Spring is over 60cm/2feet. The fruit setting is very light. There was lots of rain during the regular/initial blossoming season. I also haven't seen many bees but the bumble population is strong and more plentiful than years past. Nothing in the garden is growing well. There is no difference between what I seeded and planted earlier in the season and the start I bought over a month ago. Neither are doing well. Its like they are frozen in time. Its warm enough for them to grow but they do so ever so slightly Unlike the damn trees! Its not like I am new to this. The soil is amended, plants tended and nurtured ... and I talk to other gardeners who are suffering the same lot. So I started looking wider, videos on youtube for Ireland, USA, UK, Spain and other European gardeners and many of them that are posting have similar problems Except those that are growing under the cover of poly-tunnel or glass/greenhouse. I wish I had a greenhouse so I could compare myself to myself.

Entering into July and there is still time to replant. Things that are quick growing in the 30-60 day range. I've got to think what I can manage vs what I can buy cheaply (is there such a thing anymore?!). Will I be able to put up the harvest (either homegrown or commercial) for the winter pantry is another concern.

Rethinking this food production/veg patch. This year the caterpillars again arrived and decimated the gooseberries and even the currants that I thought were hidden enough. The wasp that eat these pest arrived late and at the tail-end of this, after the majority of the damage was done. I will try to nurture the bushes back but this year was pretty damn hard on them and there is hardly any fruit and even less leaves. I was in the thought pattern of perennial planting the veg patch and then planting annual veg along the borders but that just doesn't produce enough especially with the downturn in annual plant health. Its like double dipping on the poor end of the spectrum. Do I try to invest money into a small poly tunnel? Do I do both under cover? Do I have enough protection in the back garden for a tunnel? What a mess/damage when pruning the fruit trees? Its like one of those rubik cubes or little slider number travel puzzles. My brain moving slowly through the pro and cons. You know that meme of mathematical equations and that confused woman ... yeah, that's me.

If you have any of your garden observations or have used tunnel growing in cold foggy maritime climate, please chime in. My only experience with poly is starts/propagation of native plants in a production scale for sale and not full cycle, less lone doing a stable veg thngie. Yes, Huw makes it look so lovely and easy. Can his team come over? He can come over too :) We'll have tea.

Frugal Living tip: this may only apply to fellow city dwellers but do-able for others. Instead of paying for green bin for yard/garden waste, you can do a chop and drop or in cases where there is nasty things you don't want re-sprouting (brambles, ivy, etc.) you can get a heavy duty construction grade plastic bag and load it up, tie it shut and set aside. It will eventually compost/degrade where you can load it back into your garden as a side-dressing. There has been some controversy in this as that 1) its plastic! and 2) some have been treated with pesticide (or worse! perfumes) on the inside. This will have to be for you to do more research and decide on your own. We bag and tag, and set aside by the rubbish bins and at some point just return right there where the butterfly bush, fuchsias and climbing roses can benefit.

I hope that wherever this finds you in life that you have many opportunities to enjoy a garden and nature.

Ps: Delightful gardener's reading: The Garden Essential Gertrude Jekyll, intro by Elizabeth Lawrence. This one is c. 2018 by Quiller an imprint of Amberley publishing/ Charles Scribner's Sons

[tmr123123]

Europe Pest Control Market to Observe Strong Development by 2030

The Europe pest control market accounted for revenue of $3.8 billion in 2017 and is anticipated to reach $6.2 billion by 2025. This market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% from 2018 to 2025.

Pesticides are chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that are used for the purpose of mitigating pest damage. Pest control is the management of specific species of insects that are recognized as detrimental to human health. House flies, bed bugs, cockroaches, and others tend to reside in places where there are human activities that can lead to serious health issues, thus, pest management has gained significant importance in the recent years.

The growth of the pest control market is attributed to the factors such as increase in urban population all around the world, which has resulted in significant increase in food sources and conducive living habitats for various pests such as rodents, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. This has resulted in increased demand for pest control management across the world. In addition, rapid migration is being witnessed from rural areas to urban centers, being more prevalent in developing countries of Europe. This has further increased the population density of urban areas, which in turns is anticipated to fuel the demand for pest control products and services.

Request for Report Sample: https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/sample/13308

Rise in concern of consumers from residential and commercial sectors toward maintaining health and hygiene has escalated the adoption of pest control products and services. Moreover, considerable rise has been witnessed in the prevalence of diseases caused by different kind of pests, hence making it essential to control them. However, health and environmental hazards caused by pesticides, due to their chemical content, is the significant factor anticipated to hamper the market growth during the forecast period.

The Europe pest control market is segmented based on type, pest type, application, and region. Depending on type, the market is categorized into chemical, mechanical, biological, and others. On the basis of pest type, it is classified into insects, termites, rodents, and others. The applications covered in the study include commercial, residential, agriculture, industrial, and others. Region wise, the market is analyzed across Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Rest of the Europe.

Some of the major players analyzed in this report are BASF SE, Bayer AG, Rentokil Initial plc, Ecolab, Rollins, Inc., FMC Corporation, The ServiceMaster Company, LLC., Syngenta, Dodson Pest Control, Inc., and Lindsey Pest Services. Some of the other players are NBC Environment, Eastern Pest Control, JG Pest Control, Cleankill Pest Control, and others.

KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

ü The report provides an extensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the current trends and future estimations of the pest control market from 2018 to 2025 to determine the prevailing opportunities ü A comprehensive analysis of the factors that drive and restrict the growth of the market is provided ü Estimations and forecast are based on factors impacting the market growth, in terms of value, are provided ü Profiles of leading players operating in the market are provided to understand the competitive scenario ü The report provides extensive qualitative insights on the significant segments and regions exhibiting favorable market growth

KEY MARKET SEGMENTS • By Type o Chemical o Mechanical o Biological o Others

• By Pest type o Insects o Termites o Rodents o Others

Place a Direct Purchase Order @ https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/checkout/13308/Single

• By Application o Commercial o Residential o Agriculture o Industrial o Others

• By Region o Eastern Europe § Poland § Czech Republic § Slovakia § Rest of Eastern Europe

o Western Europe § Germany § UK § France § Italy § Spain § Austria § Switzerland § Netherlands § Belgium § Greece § Portugal § Ireland § Rest of Western Europe o Rest of Europe

KEY MARKET PLAYERS • BASF SE • Bayer AG • Rentokil Initial Plc. • Ecolab, Rollins, Inc. • Anticimex • FMC Corporation • The ServiceMaster Company, LLC. • Syngenta • Dodson Pest Control, Inc. • Lindsey Pest Services

The other players in the value chain include NBC Environment, Eastern Pest Control, JG Pest Control, Cleankill Pest Control, and others.

Request for Report Discount: https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/discount/13308

[waaaiz]

Agricultural Drones Market Research Report

According to GMI Research’s latest report, the global agriculture drone market is anticipated to grow at a robust CAGR of 24.7% from 2020-2027. Increasing venture capital financing for the development of agriculture drones and easy accessibility of the data analytics are the key factors driving the global agricultural drones market.

Introduction of the Agricultural Drones Market:

An agriculture drone refers to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is used in farming practices to monitor crop growth and raise crop protection. The key components of agriculture drones include controller systems, frames, propulsion systems, navigation systems, camera systems, and batteries. The agriculture drone helps in capturing high-resolution images, which is useful for data management and analysis. Agriculture drones help track crop conditions, reduce pest infestation, chances, and lower the chances of irrigation leakage. The agriculture drones can be used in a large range of applications such as nursery management, weed management, precision agriculture, livestock monitoring, and many more.

Request a FREE sample of this report: https://www.gmiresearch.com/report/global-agriculture-drones-market/sample-request

Agricultural Drones Market Dynamics

The rising burden on the global food supply owing to the growing world population, increasing venture capital financing for the development of agriculture drones, and easy accessibility of the data analytics as well as software solutions for conducting field survey activities are some of the factors surging the growth of the agricultural drones market. Moreover, growing awareness of the precision agriculture technique, coupled with the integration of drone-based aerial intelligence into farming practices that decrease inputs and intensify crop yield, which will fuel the growth of the global agriculture drones market in the upcoming years. Rising usage of big data analytics and software solutions for agricultural field surveys and monitoring pest as well as disease infestation and increasing adoption of the aerial data collection tools in agriculture to predict soil conditions will enhance the demand for global agriculture drones in the upcoming years. On the other hand, rising concerns about data security regarding the civil and commercial application of drones and air-traffic management of commercial drones will hamper the growth of the global agriculture drones market.

Based on the region, North America is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period owing to favorable government initiatives such as the exemption from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) under the part 107 rule, which has raised the adoption rate of agricultural drones. Moreover, this is attracting many investments by venture capitalists in the agriculture drones market.

Leading Agricultural Drones Companies:

·        SZ DJI Technology Co., Ltd.

·        PrecisionHawk

·        Delair

·        Parrot Drones SAS

·        AeroVironment, Inc.

·        AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc.

·        Sentera, Inc.

·        Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.

·        Wingtra AG

·        Pix4D SA

Agricultural Drones Market Segmentation:

Global Agricultural Drones Market Report Segment by Offering:

·        Hardware

o   Fixed Wing Drones

o     Rotary Blade Drones

o   Hybrid Drones

·        Software and Services

o   Data Management Software

o   Imaging Software

o   Data Analytics Software

o   Others

Global Agricultural Drones Market Report Segment by Component:

·        Frames

·        Controller Systems

·        Propulsion Systems

·        Camera Systems

o   Multispectral Cameras

o   IR Cameras

o   Thermal Cameras

o   Lidar Cameras

o   Others

·        Navigation Systems

o   Global Positioning System (GPS)

o   Geographic Information System (GIS)

·        Batteries

·        Others

Global Agricultural Drones Market Report Segment by Mode of Operation:

·        Remotely Operated Agriculture Drones

·        Semi-Autonomous Agriculture Drones

·        Fully-Autonomous Agriculture Drones

Global Agricultural Drones Market Report Segment by Range:

·        Visual Line of Sight (VLOS)

·        Extended Visual Line of Sight (EVLOS)

·        Beyond the Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS)

Global Agricultural Drones Market Report Segment by Application:

·        Precision Agriculture

o   Field Mapping

§  Weed Detection

§  Plant Counting

§  Crop Health Monitoring

§  Harvest Season Monitoring

§  Others

o   Variable Rate Application

o   Crop Scouting

o   Crop Spraying

o   Others

·        Livestock Monitoring

o   Livestock Behavior and Health Monitoring

·        Precision Fish Farming

o   Fish Tracking & Fleet Navigation

o   Water Quality Management

·        Precision Forestry

o   Genetics and Nurseries

o   Silviculture and Fire Management

o   Harvesting Management

o   Inventory and Logistics Management

·        Smart Greenhouse

·        Others

Global Agricultural Drones Market Report Segment by Region:

·        North America

o   United States of America

o   Canada

·        Asia Pacific

o   China

o   Japan

o   India

o   Rest of APAC

·        Europe

o   United Kingdom

o   Germany

o   France

o   Spain

o   Rest of Europe

·        RoW

o   Brazil

o   South Africa

o   Saudi Arabia

o   UAE

o   Rest of the world (remaining countries of the LAMEA region)

About GMI Research

GMI Research is a full-service market research and business-consulting organization that offers global as well as medium and small businesses with bespoke industry and market analysis to help them in making the toughest business decision. We have a team of industry experts that provides unbiased insights on reports to best meet the specific needs of our clients. GMI Research’s analysts rely on secondary research to lay down the foundation of every report. We use not only the internal but also the external databases to cull out relevant information of the industry. Our main aim is to keep our clients abridged of the emerging opportunities and challenges in a wide range of industries. We provide step-by-step assistance to our client, through strategic and consulting services to reach a managerial and actionable decision. Featured in the ‘Top 20 Most Promising Market Research Consultants’ list of Silicon India Magazine in 2018, we at GMI Research are always looking forward to helping businesses stay ahead of the curve.

Media Contact Company Name: GMI RESEARCH Contact Person: Sarah Nash Email: enquiry@gmiresearch.com Phone: Europe – +353 1 442 8820; US – +1 860 881 2270 Address: Dublin, Ireland Website: www.gmiresearch.com

[plantanarchy]

ok so the fall grower meeting was like this:

first off, drove to work to carpool with my coworker and it was dark (2 early) and when I pulled in, sally saw my car from a distance and RAN to greet me which was very nice and I love her (but then I felt bad that we left immediately lol) we left literally no one in the growing department to check on the poinsettias but they were ok

so the fall meeting is at an orchard and it’s basically for anyone in western PA and some of ohio with a commercial greenhouse or farm operation idk. my coworker’s been going forever and i only got to go because my boss is in ireland and my other coworker (who was the grower this spring but is now not) couldn’t go and i was that nerd who was really excited

we got there and the first bit was just a lot of shaking hands with vendors/reps and talking about dirt. i touched some soil samples and got free grower magazines and for some reason despite my coworker working at the greenhouse infinitely more years than me, she kept turning to me for questions from reps and such about our poinsettia crop this year and I knew the answers mostly but also this is genuinely my first time ever growing poinsettias and they terrify me and I cannot have that level of responsibility over than many (thousands!!!) very fragile fussy plants.

they also had cider donuts and apple cider and coffee and the first speaker talked about the annual trials in penn state and I love annuals so much I am a big big annuals nerd. then uhhhh there was actually a really interesting guy talking about pesticide doses and how caution/warning/danger labels are determined which made me feel better about short term pesticide injuries tbh and he also talked a bit later on about biological management of pests and that shit is super interesting to me. like parasitic wasps that kill whitefly? parasitic mites that kill other mites? awesome.

and then a really boring lady talked about federal labor laws

and then lunch was fuckin bomb and I had a pumpkin roll and then the same guy who talked about the annual trials talked about the perennial trials. which I care less about but also care a lot about. then another pesticide dude talked specifically about pesticides that are on the market and objectively how well they work and what they do. which I also like but isn’t really knowledge that’s super important to me currently because I’m not certified to spray anything. But still good to know the options/what’s going on the plants you’re interacting with.

yeah then there was a super interesting talk/discussion about weeds! and we got a pamphlet about pennsylvania weeds! and it was geared toward management/removal of weeds but now I just want to go look at weeds! weed blogs do not interact!

and in the afternoon the orchard folk brought out fuckin warm ass chocolate chip cookies and I ate many. that’s all. i have so many pamphlets and shit. also it ended up being sunny and no one who we reminded to open the doors for the poinsettias opened them :))) the nursery manager did so it was ok did but still. yeah so in case any of y’all are interested in what greenhouse people talk about behind the scenes. it’s mostly how to make plants not die tbh

[scienceblogtumbler]

How crop and animal sensors are making farming smarter

Installing wireless sensors among crops and attaching ‘smart’ ear tags to livestock could help farmers produce more food with less impact on the environment.

The bounty of food we can find on supermarket shelves across Europe is the result of knowledge accumulated over thousands of years by generations of farmers.

But with the global human population likely to increase by 2.2 billion over the next 30 years to reach 9.8 billion, there will be a lot more mouths to feed. At the same time, farmers face growing this extra food while using less water, land, fertiliser and pesticides.

Agriculture alone is responsible for slightly more than 10% of greenhouse gas emissions and 44% of water use in Europe while pesticide use has a major impact on pollinators and the wider ecosystem.

To meet these challenges, farmers across Europe have been teaming up with researchers and engineers to develop new technologies they hope will usher in an era of ‘precision farming’. With networks of sensors installed in fields or attached to animals, they can gather real-time data about the health of their crops and herds, allowing them to make better decisions about how to manage them.

‘We need to solve the environmental footprint of the agricultural system by doing more with the same resources or even with less,’ said Francois Lienard, communications manager for the Internet of Food and Farm 2020 (IoF2020) project. The project has been coordinating a series of experiments where sensors, farm machinery and automated equipment are linked together to form an agricultural ‘internet of things’.

Dairy cows

In one example, 2,200 dairy cows across six farms in Denmark, Germany, Latvia and Lithuania have been fitted with ear tags with a wireless radio frequency identification antenna to identify each animal when they visit a smart robotic feeder. The feeder can detect when the cow sticks its head into the feeder and records the time each cow visits, along with exactly what dose of mineral feed supplements they were given.

‘We need to solve the environmental footprint of the agricultural system by doing more with the same resources or even with less.’

Francois Lienard, Internet of Food and Farm 2020

The diet of dairy cows before they give birth and for 100 days after calving is particularly important for keeping them healthy and ensuring the quality of the milk they produce, which is where mineral supplements can help.

Poor health in dairy cows can impact their fertility and so reduce the number of animals able to produce milk as well as impact the quality of the milk itself.

Preliminary results, which have yet to be published, show that milk yield in herds using smart ear tags and feeders increased by 1% but also improved milk quality by 20%. At the same time, the number of diseased animals decreased by 6% compared to a herd without the tags and the number of cows culled due to health problems was 24% lower.

Controlling the minerals eaten by cows can also reduce the amount of ammonia and phosphate shed in their manure, which can impact the quality of water that runs off fields.

Being able to monitor a cow’s visits to a feeder allows farmers to spot any animals that are not eating enough. The feeder is connected to a cloud-based system that can then automatically tailor the amount of supplements and feed each animal gets. It also provides further information about the cows’ behaviour and health by looking at changes in their activity. Some of the project partners at Strathclyde University, UK, and the Waterford Institute of Technology in Ireland are using collar-mounted accelometers and step-counters along with artificial intelligence to further monitor animal health from their movements and look for early signs of illness such as lameness in individual cows.

‘We know that the activity level of a dairy cow increases substantially during heat (while in estrus), whereas decreased activity is caused by illness,’ said Henning Lyngsø Foged, chief executive of the Organe Institute, an agricultural research consultancy in Skødstrup, Denmark, and coordinator of a precision mineral supplementation experiment under IoF2020.

Data gathered from collar-mounted accelerometers can indicate early signs of illness, such as lameness, in individual cows. Image credit – Ivan Andonovic

Crop

But the internet of things could also help those farmers trying to grow arable crops. Among IoF2020’s 33 experiments are solar powered, wireless sensors that monitor the soil moisture, nutrient content, humidity and the weather conditions in different ‘zones’ of a field so farmers can precisely tweak how their crop grows.

‘If in the upper north west corner of a field, the soil moisture or humidity is not optimal, the farmer will know they only need to water that specific part rather than the whole field,’ said Lienard. ‘It can save them a lot of water and time.’

The same approach can help to reduce the amount of fertiliser and pesticide needed on fields. Specialised thermal and spectroscopic imaging cameras can be used to detect the early signs of pests or diseases, and help to reveal the growth rate of the plants.

‘For instance, in one vineyard we have a spectrographic camera attached to a tractor that takes pictures of every single vine plant,’ said Lienard. ‘By analysing the picture it is possible to detect different shades of green that show if the plants lack nutrients or water. It can also detect the insect levels on the leaf.’ The machine then creates a map showing insect levels to help the farmer understand where to take action, he says.

Another challenge facing vineyards is the growth of grass and weeds between the vines, which can rob them of water and nutrients. One approach is to use robotic mowers that can trundle along the rows, to trim the grass as close as possible to the vines without damaging them.

This technology is being developed as part of another Europe-wide project called SmartAgriHubs, which is seen as the successor to IoF2020 when the four-year-long project ends in December. It has brought together a consortium of 160 research institutes and partners from the agriculture and food industry agriculture to work together in 206 digital innovation hubs around Europe. Together they have been working on 28 experiments aimed at testing new technologies in real farming situations so they can be eventually commercialised.

Pig farms

Among these are projects aimed at reducing antibiotic use on pig farms by using wearable sensors on the animals to monitor their health. Others use miniature sensors that measure bee movements in commercial honey hives.

‘Using artificial intelligence, it is possible to make predictions about this behaviour, which can be combined with temperature and humidity to look for any problems,’ said Lorena van de Kolk, communications manager on SmartAgriHubs. Armed with this information, beekeepers can be alerted to diseases such as varroa mite or issues caused by pesticide exposure in their bees.

One project in Andalucia, in southern Spain, is developing drone and ground-based robots that can image the foliage on olive trees and grape vines, which when analysed using artificial intelligence algorithms can detect the early signs of crop disease. Another is aiming to reduce the amount of water needed to irrigate crops in this drought prone part of Europe.

But while all this connected digital technology has potential to make farming more efficient and less environmentally harmful, there are a number of barriers that stand in the way of its implementation. ‘At the moment the investment needed is quite high and once you commit to a particular technology, you have to stick with that one as they are not often interchangeable,’ said Lienard.

Part of the IoF2020 project has been to establish standards that can apply to all digital technology developed for the agricultural industry so that farmers can swap freely between different products easily.

Beyond improving farmers’ ability to produce food, this digital farming approach could provide them with a new revenue stream by selling the data they collect to other organisations or companies.

‘Of course, there needs to be data security and a legal framework around that data,’ said Lienard.

‘But our hope is that it ultimately farmers will have a catalogue of solutions they can use to increase their yields, reduce their environmental footprint and save the farmers time.’

The research in this article was funded by the EU. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.

Published by Horizon

source https://horizon.scienceblog.com/1285/how-crop-and-animal-sensors-are-making-farming-smarter/

[nipestcontrolproofing]

Protecting Your Home: The Best Northern Pest Control & District Pest Control

Pests can invade our homes and businesses, causing damage and health concerns. Fortunately, effective pest control services like Northern Pest Control and District Pest Control are available in Northern Ireland to help manage and eliminate these nuisances. This blog will delve into the importance of pest control, focusing on specialized services like wasp removal in Belfast, to ensure you can protect your environment effectively.

Why Pest Control Matters

Pest control is crucial for maintaining a safe and healthy living or working space. Common pests, including rodents, insects, and wasps, can threaten your property and well-being. Effective pest control helps:

Prevent Damage: Pests can damage property, furniture, and electrical systems. Early intervention can save homeowners from costly repairs.

Protect Health: Many pests carry diseases that can affect humans and pets. Professional pest control reduces the risk of illness associated with infestations.

Enhance Comfort: A pest-free environment improves comfort and reduces stress, allowing you to enjoy your home or workspace.

Northern Pest Control: Your Local Solution

Northern Pest Control offers comprehensive pest management services tailored to residential and commercial clients. Their experienced technicians provide:

Thorough Inspections: They conduct detailed property inspections to identify signs of pest activity and assess the level of infestation.

Targeted Treatments: Using environmentally friendly methods, they effectively target pests while minimizing risks to your family and pets.

Wasp Removal: Their wasp removal service is especially crucial during late summer when nests are most active. They use safe techniques to eliminate wasps and prevent future nests.

District Pest Control: Comprehensive Care for Pests

District Pest Control is another trusted provider in Northern Ireland, known for its prompt service and attention to customer satisfaction. Their pest control services include:

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): They employ an IPM approach that combines prevention, monitoring, and control strategies to provide long-term pest management.

Emergency Services: Offering 24/7 emergency pest control services, they address urgent pest issues swiftly and efficiently.

Wasp Removal in Belfast: Their specialists are trained to handle wasp nests safely, ensuring effective removal while minimizing risks of stings.

The Risks of Wasp Infestations

Wasp nests can be a significant danger, particularly for those allergic to stings. Here are a few reasons to prioritize wasp removal in Belfast:

Aggressive Behavior: Wasps can become aggressive, especially when defending their nests. Professional removal helps mitigate the risk of stings.

Allergy Concerns: Many individuals are allergic to wasp stings, which can lead to severe reactions. Quick action is crucial for those at risk.

Property Damage: Nests can be built in inconvenient places, such as eaves and attics, causing damage to your property over time.

DIY Pest Control vs. Professional Help

While DIY pest control solutions can provide temporary relief, they often lack the effectiveness of professional services. Many over-the-counter products may not address the root cause of infestations, leading to recurring issues. Professional pest control services provide comprehensive solutions, ensuring pests are eradicated and preventive measures are in place.

Tips for Preventing Wasp Infestations

Here are some practical tips to help prevent wasp infestations around your property:

Clean Up Food and Drink: Keep outdoor areas clean, removing any food or drink spills that might attract wasps.

Secure Trash Bins: Ensure that garbage bins are tightly sealed and regularly emptied to deter wasps.

Seal Entry Points: Inspect your home for cracks or openings where wasps could enter and seal them effectively.

Regular Inspections: Conduct routine checks around your property, especially during the warmer months, to catch potential issues early.

Conclusion

Pest control is vital for protecting your home and health from unwanted invaders. With expert services like Northern Pest Control and District Pest Control, residents of Northern Ireland can access effective solutions to manage pests, including specialized wasp removal in Belfast. By understanding the importance of professional pest management and implementing preventive strategies, you can maintain a comfortable and safe living environment.

[atomicjellyfishdelusion]

Europe Pest Control Market to Register Exponential Growth During COVID-19 Pandemic

The Europe pest control market accounted for revenue of .8 billion in 2017 and is anticipated to reach .2 billion by 2025. This market is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% from 2018 to 2025. Pesticides are chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that are used for the purpose of mitigating pest damage. Pest control is the management of specific species of insects that are recognized as detrimental to human health. House flies, bed bugs, cockroaches, and others tend to reside in places where there are human activities that can lead to serious health issues, thus, pest management has gained significant importance in the recent years.

Request For Report Sample@ https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/sample/13308

The growth of the pest control market is attributed to the factors such as increase in urban population all around the world, which has resulted in significant increase in food sources and conducive living habitats for various pests such as rodents, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. This has resulted in increased demand for pest control management across the world. In addition, rapid migration is being witnessed from rural areas to urban centers, being more prevalent in developing countries of Europe. This has further increased the population density of urban areas, which in turns is anticipated to fuel the demand for pest control products and services. Rise in concern of consumers from residential and commercial sectors toward maintaining health and hygiene has escalated the adoption of pest control products and services. Moreover, considerable rise has been witnessed in the prevalence of diseases caused by different kind of pests, hence making it essential to control them. However, health and environmental hazards caused by pesticides, due to their chemical content, is the significant factor anticipated to hamper the market growth during the forecast period. The Europe pest control market is segmented based on type, pest type, application, and region. Depending on type, the market is categorized into chemical, mechanical, biological, and others. On the basis of pest type, it is classified into insects, termites, rodents, and others. The applications covered in the study include commercial, residential, agriculture, industrial, and others. Region wise, the market is analyzed across Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Rest of the Europe. Some of the major players analyzed in this report are BASF SE, Bayer AG, Rentokil Initial plc, Ecolab, Rollins, Inc., FMC Corporation, The ServiceMaster Company, LLC., Syngenta, Dodson Pest Control, Inc., and Lindsey Pest Services. Some of the other players are NBC Environment, Eastern Pest Control, JG Pest Control, Cleankill Pest Control, and others.   KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS ü The report provides an extensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the current trends and future estimations of the pest control market from 2018 to 2025 to determine the prevailing opportunities ü A comprehensive analysis of the factors that drive and restrict the growth of the market is provided ü Estimations and forecast are based on factors impacting the market growth, in terms of value, are provided ü Profiles of leading players operating in the market are provided to understand the competitive scenario ü The report provides extensive qualitative insights on the significant segments and regions exhibiting favorable market growth KEY MARKET SEGMENTS • By Type o Chemical o Mechanical o Biological o Others

• By Pest type o Insects o Termites o Rodents o Others

Get Complete TOC with Tables and Figures@

https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/discount/13308

• By Application o Commercial o Residential o Agriculture o Industrial o Others

• By Region o Eastern Europe § Poland § Czech Republic § Slovakia § Rest of Eastern Europe

o Western Europe § Germany § UK § France § Italy § Spain § Austria § Switzerland § Netherlands § Belgium § Greece § Portugal § Ireland § Rest of Western Europe o Rest of Europe KEY MARKET PLAYERS • BASF SE • Bayer AG • Rentokil Initial Plc. • Ecolab, Rollins, Inc. • Anticimex • FMC Corporation • The ServiceMaster Company, LLC. • Syngenta • Dodson Pest Control, Inc. • Lindsey Pest Services The other players in the value chain include NBC Environment, Eastern Pest Control, JG Pest Control, Cleankill Pest Control, and others.

Get Full Report Analysis @https://www.trendsmarketresearch.com/report/analysis/AMR/europe-pest-control-market

[adnangeri]

Amazing What is pesticide, what are the damages? What foods are there? How to remove residue?

Today, we will share with you a topic that has been on the agenda recently, causing some misunderstandings: what we constantly hear in the media What is pesticide, what it does? People often confuse pesticide with insecticide. However, pesticide is a more general term and encompasses many other types of chemicals.

What is Pesticide?

Well, What is pesticide? Pesticide is the name given to any substance intended to control, destroy, expel or withdraw pests. Any living organism that causes damage, material loss, infection or new disease insect is called. Insects may be animals such as insects or mice, or undesirable plants such as weeds or microorganisms such as plant diseases or viruses.

Pests have been a big problem for our world when people are not in the world. Dinosaurs may be extinct, but cockroaches from that time and living for 350 million years are the oldest known pest species. Various infectious diseases spread by insects, bacteria and rodents have caused extremely lethal outbreaks in our society, such as black plague and yellow fever. About 150 years ago, a scarcity of potatoes caused by a mushroom species in Ireland caused one third of the population to die.

Thanks to today's technological developments and the vast knowledge accumulated over many years in this field, we are now able to easily prevent unwanted situations that affect such large masses. Here, at this point What does pesticide do We indirectly give the answer to the question. Today, if we are not afraid of an epidemic, shortage of products, or any factor that threatens the future of the human race, the major reason for this is the path we have made in this field.

Pesticides are divided into two groups as natural or synthetic. Natural species include living organisms such as bacillus thuringiensis, which destroy pests. In addition, many of the products we use in our homes, such as toilet bowl cleaners, mold removers, disinfectants, contain pesticides. Let's examine the pesticide species in detail:

What are Pesticide Types?

It's time What are the varieties of pesticides to answer the question. Pesticides are generally grouped according to the pest species they destroy, and it is possible to address this in six subheadings.

insecticides – Insecticides

herbicides – Herb remedies

rodenticides – Rat medications

bactericides – Bacterial drugs

fungicides – Fungicides

larvicides – Larval preparations

In addition to this classification, it is possible to classify pesticide species according to their biodegradability. According to this classification:

biodegradable – Biodegradable pesticides, germs and other living organisms can be broken down into harmless components.

Permanent – Permanent species is a species that maintains its integrity for at least months and even years before it breaks down.

Finally, it is possible to classify pesticide species according to their chemical content and production techniques:

Organophosphates – Most organophosphates are insecticides and functions By interfering with the regulating enzymes, it affects the nervous system of organisms.

carbamate – Carbamates, such as organophosphates, affect the nervous system of organisms by interfering with enzymes that regulate the function of nerve carriers. The biggest difference is that the effect on the enzymes will disappear spontaneously over time.

organochloric – This species, which has been used very often in the past, is banned by many countries today because it is very permanent and causes serious damage to both the environment and human health.

pyrethroids – This is a synthetic type of pyrethrin, a pesticide naturally produced in flowers. The greatest objective in the development of this man-made pesticide species is to maximize stability in nature.

Sulfonylurea Herbicides Sulfonylurea herbicides are commercial products developed for a wide variety of weed control.

biopesticides – Biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, bacteria and natural substances derived from certain types of minerals.

Where is Pesticide Used?

Now that we have enough information about pesticide species, let's answer the next important question: where pesticide is used? Existing laws and regulations require producers to use certain management practices to prevent pests. However, we do not only mean the farmer from the farmer, but also from agricultural products. Pesticides are widely used before and after planting in various fields, such as nutrient applications, cleaning services and determination of the right crop for planting, in order to grow different crops in each field in the same field known as planting vigil. Even underwater use areas are available.

However, the most widely used area among the public is organic farming. Various incentives and initiatives to reduce the use of such drugs in organic agriculture around the world have just begun. Today, however, organic agriculture is the most common area where pesticides are used. Farmers and producers prefer biological pest control methods because they use natural foods such as bone meal, compost and fertilizer.

So, what is biological pest control? In this type of control, predatory insect species are often released into the field and allowed to eat harmful pests that destroy crops.

In addition, it is possible to find pesticides in many of the products we use in our daily lives, including household cleaning products. For example, the majority of liquid soaps contain pesticides to provide the necessary hygiene. Municipalities regularly apply pesticides to publicly used and public areas, especially children's parks, to eliminate harmful bacteria and germs for human health.

Pesticide Which Vegetables and Fruits Are Available?

Research has shown that pesticide residues remain on the products for a long time. This is our mind pesticide which have in fruits and vegetables brings the question. Experts say that 70% of fruits and vegetables grown by traditional methods contain 230 different types of pesticides.

According to a recent study by the US Department of Agriculture, strawberries and spinach are the most fruit and vegetables that hold pesticides. Studies have shown that strawberries contain about 20 pesticide species and spinach contains about twice the weight of pesticide content in comparison to all other fruit and vegetables.

When the subject is pesticide retention spinach and strawberries respectively;

Nectarine

Apple

Grape

Peach

Cherry

Pear

Tomato

Celery

Potato

Pepper types follow.

According to another country-wide study, 98% of peaches, cherries and apples grown by traditional methods have at least one type of pesticide.

How dangerous is it for us to be exposed to these chemicals? In accordance with the regulations made by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in our country, the use of many toxic chemicals that have been proven to be harmful to human health has been prohibited. However, studies on the possible effects on pesticides known as beneficial are ongoing. One recent study claims that prolonged exposure to pesticides reduces fertility.

Further studies are needed to prove the current pesticide exposure and their long-term effects on human health. Experts say that fruits and vegetables, which are usually produced by organic methods, have less pesticide residues.

In addition, some fruits and vegetables contain less pesticide residues than others. Here are fruits and vegetables that contain less pesticides than other crops:

Avocado

Egypt

Pineapple

Cabbage

Onions

Pea

Papaya

Asparagus

Mango

Eggplant

Melon

Cauliflower

Broccoli

What are the damages of pesticide to human?

Pesticides are toxic substances, and unfortunately can also affect organisms other than pests. So this part of our article What are the damages of pesticide to human We will answer the question. These pesticides, which can cause adverse effects on human health due to their toxicity, can cause many different diseases from respiratory problems to cancer.

Some species may be acute toxic. This means that a single inhalation or contact with the skin can create an extremely harmful or fatal hazard. Although symptoms usually occur immediately after exposure, in some cases they occur until 48 hours later. This type of poisoning causes symptoms such as:

Respiratory tract irritation, sore throat and cough

Allergic reaction

Eye and skin irritation

Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

Headache and unconsciousness

Excessive fatigue and weakness

The damage of some pesticide species is long-term and is usually caused by regular exposure. This low dose exposure does not show the effects immediately but causes serious health problems in the long term. The most common of these health problems are:

Parkinson's disease

Asthma

Depression and anxiety

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Types of cancer such as leukemia and non-hodgkin's lymphoma

The majority of pesticide species are carcinogenic, meaning that some of your cells proliferate uncontrolled and spread to surrounding tissues. One-time exposure to pesticides rarely causes cancer, but regular exposure to pesticides, even at low doses, necessarily causes cancer.

Pesticides are not limited to human health. The chemical species present in these products can react with each other and cause different effects. In medicine, this is often called a cocktail effect. Every person is exposed to this cocktail effect every day and it is impossible to predict what effects our exposure to pesticides can have on our health in the long term, even at low doses. Unfortunately, there is not enough research since this research requires a long time and effort.

What are the Symptoms of Pesticide Poisoning?

Perhaps we are about to address one of the most important questions: What are the symptoms of pesticide poisoning? Remember that the sooner any detection and intervention in any poisoning, the more beneficial it is for the person's overall health. So it is very important to be aware about the first signs of pesticide poisoning. The first thing to do is to remove the person from the poisoning area as soon as possible, remove contaminated clothing and wash the contact areas. With these simple methods you can easily save a person's life.

Symptoms of pesticide poisoning are the same as other poisoning symptoms. It is often mistaken for heatstroke, food poisoning, asthma and other diseases. It is not possible to say that the person was poisoned just because he got sick after using the pesticide.

Symptoms of poisoning can be caused by exposure to high amounts of toxic substances at one time or low but regular exposure to toxic substances over a long period of time. Pesticide intoxications are divided into two main groups:

Acute Poisoning: This type of poisoning is a serious poisoning caused by one-time exposure. Symptoms are usually seen suddenly, but in some cases they are seen later.

Chronic Poisoning: This type of poisoning occurs as a result of regular exposure to non-lethal low doses for long periods of time. Most of the symptoms are tension, reflex losses, irritability and general health deterioration. Some animal studies have shown a significant decline in reproductive health of animals exposed to pesticides for a long time.

Symptoms of Mild Pesticide Poisoning

Headache

Weakness

Fatigue

Dizziness

Unrest

Irritability

Sweating

Nausea

Diarrhea

Anorexia

Weight loss

Dehydration

Nausea

Joint pain

Itching of the skin or eye

Irritation of nose and throat

Moderate Pesticide Poisoning Symptoms

Nausea

Diarrhea

Excess slobber production

Stomach cramps

Excessive sweating

Shake

Losing muscle coordination

Muscle twitching

Fatigue

Confusion

Blurred vision

Respiratory difficulty

Cough

Palpitation

Symptoms of Serious Pesticide Poisoning

High fever

Extreme thirst

Respiratory difficulty

Vomiting

Uncontrollable muscle twitches

Pupil growth

contractions

Difficulty breathing

Loss of consciousness

How to Remove Pesticide Residue?

Now that we have become aware of pesticides and have learned everything about these products, there is only one question left: How to remove pesticide residue? Pesticide residues can accumulate on your skin, clothing and equipment. Therefore, before using the pesticide first, make sure that you wear the appropriate equipment and clothing, and after every pesticide use, you should take a shower to purify.

Keep in mind that pesticides are the most effective way to kill pests on your plants and crops, but they can also threaten the health of both you and your family. You can carry the contaminated chemicals to your home and infect your children whose immune system is not yet strengthened. Therefore, cleaning pesticide residues is perhaps the most important consideration. Therefore, it would be appropriate to examine this issue under two main headings.

During Pesticide Use

Do not rub your eyes during use, do not touch your skin even if you wear gloves.

Before removing your gloves, wash them with plenty of water and soap, then remove them.

Don't forget to wash your boots or shoes with plenty of water and soap.

Do not touch your protective clothing with your bare hands.

Always wash your hands and face with plenty of water and soap before eating, drinking and using the toilet.

Pay attention to where you go or sit, as the pesticide residues on your clothes and shoes may scatter.

Make sure you do not use the tools and equipment you use for cleaning.

After Pesticide Use

Wash your gloves and boots with plenty of water.

Take off your protective clothing before removing your gloves. Check your clothing for a tear and remove your boots.

Keep your pesticide contaminated clothing in a bag or plastic container and never place it in the same place as your daily clothing.

Wash and remove gloves after checking for any tears and keep them in a separate bag from your clothing.

Wash your face, hands, neck and arms with plenty of water and soap.

Take a shower as soon as possible and especially wash your hair with plenty of soap.

What is Pesticide?

What is pesticide, what it does We have come to the end of our article. Don't forget to share every detail you may want to know about pesticide use and possible damages with your loved ones. Remember, many health problems can be prevented by simple measures.

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[preefacto]

Termite Control Services Market In-Depth Profiling With Key Players and Recent Developments, Forecast Period: 2018-2027

Fact.MR’s recent study foresees the termite control services market to continue on its sluggishness in 2018, with a revenue growth of just nearly US$ 165 Mn over 2017. An amalgamation of distinct aspects, ranging from shift toward contracted termite control services, and use of semiochemicals as an eco-friendly alternative to pesticides, is likely to underpin growth of the termite control services market.

Request for the Report Summary: https://www.factmr.com/report/1915/termite-control-services-market The report opines that demand for contracted termite control services spiraled up rapidly in recent years, compared to the declined trajectory of preeminent ad-hoc services. Revenues from contracted termite control services will grow over 3X than those from ad-hoc through 2027. Rapid rise of contracted services is backed by the fact that key industries, including food & beverage, are required to hold pest control contracts owing to strict legislative requirements apropos of product hygiene. Termite control services market continues to remain concentrated at the brim and fragmented at the brink, according to a new Fact.MR study. Emerging players, which include a cohort of local termite control services providers, continue to grasp bulk revenue shares, while Tier 1 players collectively account for nearly one-fourth revenue share. Focus of emerging players, such as Massey Services Inc. and Porch.com Inc., in termite control services market remains inclined toward specific service offerings and competitive pricing to bolster sales. On the other hand, emphasis of Tier 1 players, such as Rentokil Initial Plc and Rollins Inc., remains concentrated toward market consolidation through acquisition of local players. Organic termite control services have emerged as a viable alternative to chemical counterparts for end-users worldwide, depriving environment and health concerns apropos of the latter. The report envisages revenues from organic termite control services to increase at 2X rate than those from chemical services through 2027. However, value share of chemical termite control services has remained incontestable, and the status quo is pegged to prevail in the foreseeable future.

Request for the Sample of the Report: https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=S&rep_id=1915 “Competitors in termite control services market include providers for a range of industry applications, ranging from facilities services to lawn care. Large multi-disciplinary companies in the termite control services market offer termite control as part of their service portfolio, thereby attracting commercial customers who prefer contractual services. Moreover, key customers, particularly residential, tend to incline more toward do-it-yourself (DIY) termite control to save on expenditure, although they lack access to the commercial strength pesticides and have less technical expertise. This continues to remain a key growth deterrent for the termite control services market,” says a lead analyst at Fact.MR. Leading companies in the termite control services market also make significant investments in information systems and technology to aid day-to-day operations. Termite control services market players who invest in programs that automate payables, receivables, billing, and invoicing, are likely to offer more effective services and observe promising growth in the upcoming years. Key players in the termite control services market are focusing on adoption of hand-held devices and software programs to manage routing and scheduling, in a bid to optimize technician productivity. A key trend observed in the termite control services market is growing permeation of insurance-based services, in a bid to prevent risks associated with costs, particularly for commercial customers. Considerable investment entails termite control services for commercial and industrial end-users, as standard insurance policies are exclusive of extermination costs. Growing penetration of such specialized insurance policies is likely to enable customers in controlling their expenses, meanwhile gaining access to reliable termite control services providers. Growing palpability of connected termite control services is another key trend impacting demand trends in the termite control services market.

Request for the Report Customization: https://www.factmr.com/connectus/sample?flag=RC&rep_id=1915

About Us Fact.MR’s methodology is robust and comprehensive. We employ a range of tools and assets to develop an all-encompassing coverage of a range of industries. We compile data points at local, country, regional, and global level – our approach to capturing the finest nuances, without losing sight of the bigger picture helps us in developing accurate and reliable forecasts and estimates. Fact.MR has a standard set of guidelines and standards that help maintain a level of consistency across all of our research offerings. The standardization includes step-by-step documentation of the methodologies and guidelines on the sources that are to be used for incorporation of objective and accurate data. The standardization also involves use of industry-wide analytical tools, and rigorous quality checks to validate market forecasts and sizes. Our unwavering focus on standardization ensures that clients receive the same quality of research and analysis that Fact.MR is known for. Contact Us FactMR Suite 9884 27 Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin 2, Ireland Tel: +353-1-4434-232 Tel: +353-1-6111-593 Email: sales@factmr.com Blog: https://theheraldmedia.com/

[lucvanspace]

Our Food Topic – GMO’s and Environmental Impact

Our concepts is an exaggerated look at the future of genetically modified food. We want to create a futuristic atmosphere that plays on the vulnerability of our ability to grow crops in a world with increasing amounts of damaging climate change occurring. In this future scenario, drastic changes have been made to the way we have to grow food and due to the use of GMO, our crops lack the biodiversity to survive disease. In the imagined climate of the future, food has to be grown in extremely controlled environments. Our plan is to serve fresh food to our audience/diners in a controlled growing environment and make them aware of the way food may have to be produced in the future. It is to bring awareness to genetic modification and environmentally damaging infrastructure there is in the food production industry.

Biodiversity in food production

“Conservation and management of broad-based genetic diversity within the domesticated species have been improving agricultural production for 10,000 years. However, diverse natural populations have been providing food and other products for much longer. High biodiversity can maximize production levels, which are sustained through beneficial impact of ecosystem services for agricultural, modified and natural ecosystems. Conversely, reliance on a narrow portfolio of crops or crop varieties can jeopardise food production systems. This is illustrated by the Great Irish Potato Famine. Potatoes were introduced into Ireland from the New World in about 1600 and they became the major food source of most Irish people. The wind-borne Potato blight fungus spread throughout the country In 1845-1847 and caused almost complete failure of the potato crop. It is estimated that 1 million people died of starvation, cholera and typhoid.”

This except above is basically discussing that without genetic diversity of produce and the ability to grow in a variety of climates, crops and food production systems are more at risk of failure. An example of this is the Irish potato famine, where almost a whole species of potato was wiped out. This is an idea we want to touch on in our concept, that in an exaggerated future crops will lack natural biodiversity due to pollution and global warming. The idea is that natural eco systems are failing and therefore growing environments are compromised.

Our food and agricultural systems depend in countless ways on the plants, animals and micro-organisms that comprise and surround them. Biodiversity, at every level from genetic, through species to ecosystem, underpins the capacity of farmers, livestock keepers, forest dwellers, fishers and fish farmers to produce food and a range of other goods and services in a vast variety of different biophysical and socio-economic environments. It increases resilience to shocks and stresses, provides opportunities to adapt production systems to emerging challenges and is a key resource in efforts to increase output in a sustainable way. The world’s biodiversity is under severe threat and by the ever-growing challenges facing food and agriculture, including particularly those related to the impacts of climate change.

Wild and natural variations of crops are crucial in maintaining eco systems and biodiversity. If we continue to use GMO and tampering with crops, it will inevitably lead to wild species dying off an an imbalance in our ecosystems.

http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/ca3129en.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_biodiversity

Controlled growing environments

Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food production. The aim of CEA is to provide protection and maintain optimal growing conditions throughout the development of the crop. Production takes place within an enclosed growing structure such as a greenhouse or building. Plants are often grown using hydroponic methods in order to supply the proper amounts of water and nutrients to the root zone. CEA optimizes the use of resources such as water, energy, space, capital and labor. CEA technologies include hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaculture, and aquaponics.[1]

Controllable variables:

Temperature (air, nutrient solution, root-zone, leaf)

Humidity (%RH)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Light (intensity, spectrum, duration and intervals)

Nutrient concentration (PPM, EC)

Nutrient pH (acidity)

Pests

CEA facilities can range from fully 100% environmentally controlled enclosed closed loop systems, to fully automated glasshouses with computer controls for watering, lighting and ventilation, to low-tech solutions such as cloches or plastic film on field grown crops and plastic-covered tunnels. CEA methods can be used to grow literally any crop, though the reality is a crop has to be economically viable and this will vary considerably due to local market pricing, and resource costs. Using CEA methods increase food safety by removing sources of contamination, and increases the security of supply as it is unaffected by outside environment conditions, and by eliminating seasonality create stable market pricing which is good for farmer and consumer alike. CEA is used in research so that a specific aspect of production can be isolated while all other variables remain the same. Tinted glass could be compared to plain glass in this way during an investigation into photosynthesis. Another possibility would be an investigation into the use of supplementary lighting for growing lettuce under a hydroponic system. A February 2011 article in the magazine Science Illustrated states, “In commercial agriculture, CEA can increase efficiency, reduce pests and diseases, and save resources. … Replicating a conventional farm with computers and LED lights is expensive but proves cost-efficient in the long run by producing up to 20 times as much high-end, pesticidee-free produce as a similar-size plot of soil. Fourteen thousand square feet of closely monitored plants produce 15 million seedlings annually at the solar-powered factory. Such factories will be necessary to meet urban China’s rising demand for quality fruits and vegetables.”

This except addresses the specifics of what controlled growing environments entail and why they are successful. Essentially by creating a totally controlled and modified growing environment for crops – they no longer are dependant on natural ecosystems. Although this is not a popular way of growing crops currently, it is a method that could be used in a worst case scenario society – where environmental factors now make growing crop in natural conditions almost impossible. The article also mentions an interesting point in relation to china’s rising demand for fruit and vegetables – an increase in population. Every year the world population is increasing and our natural environments efficiency decreasing. If kept up, this will eventually lead to demand that cannot be fulfilled through traditional and natural food production. Therefore we may have to turn to this method of controlled environment agriculture.

Above is a precedent of controlled-environment agriculture, a company called Aerofarms. Their website states that they are “disrupting traditional supply chains by building farms on major distribution routes and near population centers. We defy traditional growing seasons by enabling local farming at commercial scale all-year round. We set a new standard for traceability by managing our greens from seed to package. And we do it all while using 95% less water than field farmed-food and with yields 390 times higher per square foot annually.” Their missions discusses this increase in population and the struggle that there will be to provide food for this increase in demand. It also addresses the fact that this method of controlled growing environments will involve 90 percent less water. They are approaching a solution to produce more with less resources.

Our Food Topic – GMO’s and Environmental ImpactOur concepts is an exaggerated look at the future of genetically modified food. We want to create a futuristic atmosphere that plays on the vulnerability of our ability to grow crops in a world with increasing amounts of damaging climate change occurring. In this future scenario, drastic changes have been made to the way we have to grow food and due to the use of GMO, our crops lack the biodiversity to survive disease. In the imagined climate of the future, food has to be grown in extremely controlled environments. Our plan is to serve fresh food to our audience/diners in a controlled growing environment and make them aware of the way food may have to be produced in the future. It is to bring awareness to genetic modification and environmentally damaging infrastructure there is in the food production industry.Biodiversity in food production“Conservation and management of broad-based genetic diversity within the domesticated species have been improving agricultural production for 10,000 years. However, diverse natural populations have been providing food and other products for much longer. High biodiversity can maximize production levels, which are sustained through beneficial impact of ecosystem services for agricultural, modified and natural ecosystems. Conversely, reliance on a narrow portfolio of crops or crop varieties can jeopardise food production systems. This is illustrated by the Great Irish Potato Famine. Potatoes were introduced into Ireland from the New World in about 1600 and they became the major food source of most Irish people. The wind-borne Potato blight fungus spread throughout the country In 1845-1847 and caused almost complete failure of the potato crop. It is estimated that 1 million people died of starvation, cholera and typhoid.”This except above is basically discussing that without genetic diversity of produce and the ability to grow in a variety of climates, crops and food production systems are more at risk of failure. An example of this is the Irish potato famine, where almost a whole species of potato was wiped out. This is an idea we want to touch on in our concept, that in an exaggerated future crops will lack natural biodiversity due to pollution and global warming. The idea is that natural eco systems are failing and therefore growing environments are compromised.

Our food and agricultural systems depend in countless ways on the plants, animals and micro-organisms that comprise and surround them. Biodiversity, at every level from genetic, through species to ecosystem, underpins the capacity of farmers, livestock keepers, forest dwellers, fishers and fish farmers to produce food and a range of other goods and services in a vast variety of different biophysical and socio-economic environments. It increases resilience to shocks and stresses, provides opportunities to adapt production systems to emerging challenges and is a key resource in efforts to increase output in a sustainable way. The world’s biodiversity is under severe threat and by the ever-growing challenges facing food and agriculture, including particularly those related to the impacts of climate change.Wild and natural variations of crops are crucial in maintaining eco systems and biodiversity. If we continue to use GMO and tampering with crops, it will inevitably lead to wild species dying off an an imbalance in our ecosystems.http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/ca3129en.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_biodiversityControlled growing environmentsControlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food production. The aim of CEA is to provide protection and maintain optimal growing conditions throughout the development of the crop. Production takes place within an enclosed growing structure such as a greenhouse or building. Plants are often grown using hydroponic methods in order to supply the proper amounts of water and nutrients to the root zone. CEA optimizes the use of resources such as water, energy, space, capital and labor. CEA technologies include hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaculture, and aquaponics.[1]Controllable variables:Temperature (air, nutrient solution, root-zone, leaf)Humidity (%RH)Carbon dioxide (CO2)Light (intensity, spectrum, duration and intervals)Nutrient concentration (PPM, EC)Nutrient pH (acidity)PestsCEA facilities can range from fully 100% environmentally controlled enclosed closed loop systems, to fully automated glasshouses with computer controls for watering, lighting and ventilation, to low-tech solutions such as cloches or plastic film on field grown crops and plastic-covered tunnels. CEA methods can be used to grow literally any crop, though the reality is a crop has to be economically viable and this will vary considerably due to local market pricing, and resource costs. Using CEA methods increase food safety by removing sources of contamination, and increases the security of supply as it is unaffected by outside environment conditions, and by eliminating seasonality create stable market pricing which is good for farmer and consumer alike. CEA is used in research so that a specific aspect of production can be isolated while all other variables remain the same. Tinted glass could be compared to plain glass in this way during an investigation into photosynthesis. Another possibility would be an investigation into the use of supplementary lighting for growing lettuce under a hydroponic system. A February 2011 article in the magazine Science Illustrated states, “In commercial agriculture, CEA can increase efficiency, reduce pests and diseases, and save resources. … Replicating a conventional farm with computers and LED lights is expensive but proves cost-efficient in the long run by producing up to 20 times as much high-end, pesticidee-free produce as a similar-size plot of soil. Fourteen thousand square feet of closely monitored plants produce 15 million seedlings annually at the solar-powered factory. Such factories will be necessary to meet urban China’s rising demand for quality fruits and vegetables.”This except addresses the specifics of what controlled growing environments entail and why they are successful. Essentially by creating a totally controlled and modified growing environment for crops – they no longer are dependant on natural ecosystems. Although this is not a popular way of growing crops currently, it is a method that could be used in a worst case scenario society – where environmental factors now make growing crop in natural conditions almost impossible. The article also mentions an interesting point in relation to china’s rising demand for fruit and vegetables – an increase in population. Every year the world population is increasing and our natural environments efficiency decreasing. If kept up, this will eventually lead to demand that cannot be fulfilled through traditional and natural food production. Therefore we may have to turn to this method of controlled environment agriculture.Above is a precedent of controlled-environment agriculture, a company called Aerofarms. Their website states that they are “disrupting traditional supply chains by building farms on major distribution routes and near population centers. We defy traditional growing seasons by enabling local farming at commercial scale all-year round. We set a new standard for traceability by managing our greens from seed to package. And we do it all while using 95% less water than field farmed-food and with yields 390 times higher per square foot annually.” Their missions discusses this increase in population and the struggle that there will be to provide food for this increase in demand. It also addresses the fact that this method of controlled growing environments will involve 90 percent less water. They are approaching a solution to produce more with less resources.Our Dining Concept 

NATALIE BISHTONS RESEARCH FOR GMOS - FOR PERSPECTIVE AND FURTHER UNDERSTANDING 

[josephkitchen0]

Feral Goats: Their Lives and Loves

Feral goats live wild in many habitats due to widespread release of domestic animals over the last 250 years. Sailors, such as Captain Cook, released dual-purpose goats onto Pacific islands, New Zealand, and Australia. In other areas, such as in Britain and France, local breeds were abandoned in the twentieth century when more productive goats became popular. Due to their high adaptability, hardy goats can thrive in the wild environment and become numerous. Their lives have been documented in various locations, such as Saturna Island (BC), several Pacific islands, the British Isles, New Zealand, and Australia.

Although for many residents these animals constitute a voracious pest, for others they are a well-loved cultural feature, accessible to tourism and emblematic of the region.

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A Valuable Source of Knowledge

Conservation studies have revealed how feral goats choose to live. This knowledge is invaluable to those of us who keep their tame cousins, so that we can understand their behavior and manage our herds optimally. Feral populations all over the world have a number of features in common. We understand these as behavioral preferences that enable goat society to run at its smoothest.

Feral goats at the Burren, Ireland. Photo by cosmo_71/Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0

Feral Goat Social Life

Goats establish permanent night camps where the whole herd aggregates at night. However, males and females segregate outside of the breeding season.

Females bond for longer and groups normally consist of mothers, daughters, and sisters. A study of two different feral populations found cliques of around twelve females plus several does who remained on the periphery, some of which formed a new group at a later date. Within the core and on the periphery, bonded individuals were found. During the day goats disperse over the landscape to forage in small subgroups of generally two to four bonded individuals. Males group loosely outside of the breeding season. During the rut, males may be seen wandering alone until they find a female group.

Feral goats on Saturna Island. Photo by Tim Gage/Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0

Emulation in the Farmyard

We can respect these social preferences by keeping related females together wherever possible, and running a separate buck/wether herd out of season. I have also found my goats prefer a permanent base from which they will wander out to rotation pastures as a group during the day.

Ranges of female herds tend to be reasonably small, while those of males cover areas occupied by several female groups. Within the range goats move quickly between food sources, as their diet requires variety and their natural habit is to browse rather than graze. We can meet goats’ natural feeding needs by supplying a variety of high-fiber forage and rotating their pastures.

Maintaining Peace through Hierarchy

Goats use ritualized combat to establish a hierarchy which enables them to decide who gets priority access to resources. Smaller, younger animals give way to the strongest. Where size difference is not immediately apparent, they test one another’s strength through head-to-head clashing and locking horns. In the farmyard, they need space to work out their hierarchy, and subordinates needs room to avoid higher ranking individuals at the feed rack.

Feral goat on Great Orme, Wales. Photo by Allan Harris/Flickr CC BY-ND 2.0

Feral Goat Reproduction

In the wild, females choose their mate by submitting only to the male they find most attractive. This is generally a dominant mature buck of about five years old who takes time to court her before mating. Smaller and younger males are normally chased away.

To give birth, does prefer to withdraw from company and kid in private seclusion. After cleaning and feeding, she will leave her kids in hiding for several hours while she feeds and then returns to suckle them. After a few days, kids are strong enough to follow their mother and will start to play with other kids. As they are progressively weaned over several months, they form tighter peer groups with kids their own age.

Lynton feral goats in Devon, England. Photo by J.E. McGowan/Flickr CC BY 2.0

Females stay with their mothers up to the next birth, and may regroup with them after. Young males, however, disperse when they mature sexually. We can understand the importance of maternal and family bonds, especially for female goats, and incorporate family life into our management practice.

You can read more about feral goat social life in my book Goat Behavior: A Collection of Articles.

A Valuable Source of Genes

Feral goats are well adapted to the local landscape and highly resistant to parasites and disease. In the modern age, we tend to prefer commercially developed breeds that have been improved for production. However, these often lack the local immunity that heritage breeds have, and we have to manage them more carefully. Feral goats then constitute a reserve of these hardy traits that are missing from many of our production animals. In this respect alone, they are worthy of protection, as they represent a source of biodiversity that we will need as the climate changes. Old Irish goats, Arapawa goats and San Clemente goats have been found to represent unique genetic identities. Many other unimproved breeds may likewise hold missing pieces of ancient goat varieties.

Feral goat at Loch Lomond, Scotland. Photo by Ronnie Macdonald/Flickr CC BY 2.0

The Dark Side of Feral Life

Although in most areas they reside they are culturally appreciated by tourists and some residents, many people who live among feral goats consider them troublesome pests. They have been known to ravage gardens, wear down walls, increase erosion, and endanger local plant species and wildlife habitats. Landscape conservationists have attempted to control feral populations through culls or through fencing off sensitive areas and driving out goats. As the hunting of feral goats is unrestricted in most areas, trophy hunters and trip organizers have turned to stalking goat, to the horror of goat lovers and those who value the presence of the wild herds.

Lynton feral goats in Devon, England. Photo by J.E. McGowan/Flickr CC BY 2.0

Scandal in countries such as Wales, UK, have made many hunting facilitators go underground. A recent conservation paper concludes that trophy hunting is a “morally inappropriate” method of population control. Other methods are available and sport hunting should be a last resort. As sportsmen wish to retain a sustained supply of game, their aims can be at odds with conservationists, who are trying to limit goat damage (for an example, see Hawaiian ibex goats). Most reserves appoint their own skilled marksmen and discourage recreational hunting, but lack of legal protection limits control. Indiscriminate culls weaken the population and drive down the diversity of ancient landraces. Rare breed goats, such as British primitives, that only survive in feral populations face extinction.

Protection, Conservation, and Reutilization

In Ireland, Old Irish goats have been identified and moved to a sanctuary where they can be managed. Feral goats can be tamed and find their place in society as multipurpose backyard animals, as was their historic purpose, or as weed eating goats for landscape management.

Welsh feral goat by Leon/Flickr CC BY 2.0

In France and the UK, feral goats have been used to rebuild heritage breeds, and the semen of the French landrace, Chèvre des Fossés, has been stored in a cryobank to improve genetic diversity.

When their browsing habits are understood and managed, they can effectively control weeds that spread fire. Fencing has been used to protect vulnerable plants and goats are employed to remove invasive species.

Fencing off regenerating areas in Kahikinui, Maui. Photo by Forest and Kim Starr/Flickr CC BY 2.0

Planning can ensure that installations do not cut feral populations off from resources such as water and shelter, so that goats do not come into conflict with human facilities.

Tourism still loves these animals, as they are beautiful and easy to spot. Their usefulness to mankind still needs to be fully appreciated, but we can choose to care and protect the feral goat for their future and ours.

Feral goats in Cromwell, New Zealand:

Sources:

The Cheviot Landrace Goat Research and Preservation Society

The Old Irish Goat Society

Batavia, C., Nelson, M.P., Darimont, C.T., Paquet, P.C., Ripple, W.J. and Wallach, A.D., 2018. The elephant (head) in the room: A critical look at trophy hunting. Conservation Letters, p. e12565.

O’Brien, P.H., 1988. Feral goat social organization: a review and comparative analysis. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 21(3), pp. 209-221.

Shank, Chris C. 1972. Some aspects of social behaviour in a population of feral goats (Capra hircus L.), Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, 30, pp. 488–528

Stanley, Christina R. and Dunbar, R.I.M. 2013. Consistent social structure and optimal clique size revealed by social network analysis of feral goats, Capra hircus. Animal Behaviour, 85, pp. 771–79

Goats have roamed Snowdonia for 10,000 years; now they face secret cull. November 13, 2006. The Guardian.

“Disgust” at firm which offered chance to shoot Welsh mountain goats in Snowdonia. July 30, 2017. The Daily Post.

Originally published in the September/October 2018 issue of Goat Journal and regularly vetted for accuracy.

Feral Goats: Their Lives and Loves was originally posted by All About Chickens

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30+ new jobs in Gresik

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Lawn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Lawn (disambiguation). "Lawns" redirects here. For other uses, see Lawns (disambiguation). The Lawn at the University of Virginia, facing south. The lawn of a small summerhouse. A croquet lawn at a club in Edinburgh, Scotland San Francisco Botanical Garden lawn A lawn is an area of soil-covered land planted with grasses or (rarely) other durable plants such as clover which are maintained at a short height with a lawnmower and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes. Common characteristics of a lawn are that it is composed only of grass species, it is subject to weed and pest control, it is subject to practices aimed at maintaining its green color (e.g., watering), and it is regularly mowed to ensure an acceptable length,[1] although these characteristics are not binding as a definition. Lawns are used around houses, apartments, commercial buildings and offices. Many city parks also have large lawn areas. In recreational contexts, the specialised names turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent. The term "lawn", referring to a managed grass space, dates to no earlier than the 16th century. Tied to suburban expansion and the creation of the household aesthetic, the lawn is an important aspect of the interaction between the natural environment and the constructed urban and suburban space.[2] In many suburban areas, there are bylaws in place requiring houses to have lawns and requiring the proper maintenance of these lawns. In some jurisdictions where there are water shortages, local government authorities are encouraging alternatives to lawns to reduce water use. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 The English lawn 2.3 Middle class pursuit 2.4 United States 2.5 American lawn culture 2.6 Australia 3 Uses 4 Types of lawn plants 4.1 Grasses 4.1.1 Cool season grasses 4.1.2 Warm season grasses 4.2 Grass alternatives 4.3 Ground cover alternatives 5 Lawn care and maintenance 5.1 Planting and seeding 5.2 Fertilizers and chemicals 5.3 Mowing and other maintenance practices 6 Social impacts 7 Environmental concerns 7.1 Water conservation 7.2 Chemicals 7.3 Decreasing environmental impact 8 See also 8.1 Lawns 8.2 Gardening 8.3 Others 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology Lawn is a cognate of llan which is derived from the Common Brittonic word landa (Old French: launde) that originally means heath, barren land, or clearing.[3][4] History Origins Gardens of the Chteau de Vaux-le-Vicomte, designed by Andr Le Ntre at Versailles. Lawns may have originated as grassed enclosures within early medieval settlements used for communal grazing of livestock, as distinct from fields reserved for agriculture. The word "laune" is first attested in 1540,[5] and is likely related to the Celtic Brythonic word lan/llan/laun, which has the meaning of enclosure, often in relation to a place of worship. Lawns became popular with the aristocracy in northern Europe from the Middle Ages onward. The early lawns were not always distinguishable from pasture fields. It is speculated that the association between the word "pasture" and biblical mentions made lawns a cultural affinity for some. The damp climate of maritime Western Europe in the north made lawns possible to grow and manage. They were not a part of gardens in other regions and cultures of the world until contemporary influence.[6] Before the invention of mowing machines in 1830, lawns were managed very differently. They were an element of wealthy estates and manor houses, and in some Sprinkler System Rockwall places were maintained by the labor-intensive methods of scything and shearing. In most situations, they were also pasture land maintained through grazing by sheep or other livestock. Areas of grass grazed regularly by rabbits, horses or sheep over a long period often form a very low, tight sward similar to a modern lawn. This was the original meaning of the word "lawn", and the term can still be found in place names. Some forest areas where extensive grazing is practiced still have these seminatural lawns. For example, in the New Forest, England, such grazed areas are common, and are known as lawns, for example Balmer Lawn. Lawns similar to those of today first appeared in France and England in the 1700s when Andr Le Ntre designed the gardens of Versailles that included a small area of grass called the tapis vert, or "green carpet". The English lawn Capability Brown's landscape design at Badminton House. It was not until the 17th and 18th century that the garden and the lawn became a place created first as walkways and social areas. They were made up of meadow plants, such as camomile, a particular favorite. In the early 17th century, the Jacobean epoch of gardening began; during this period, the closely cut "English" lawn was born. By the end of this period, the English lawn was a symbol of status of the aristocracy and gentry; it showed that the owner could afford to keep land that was not being used for a building, or for food production. In the early 18th century, landscape gardening for the aristocracy entered a golden age, under the direction of William Kent and Lancelot "Capability" Brown. They refined the English landscape garden style with the design of natural, or "romantic", estate settings for wealthy Englishmen.[7] Brown, remembered as "England's greatest gardener", designed over 170 parks, many of which still endure. His influence was so great that the contributions to the English garden made by his predecessors Charles Bridgeman and William Kent are often overlooked.[8] His work still endures at Croome Court (where he also designed the house), Blenheim Palace, Warwick Castle, Harewood House, Bowood House, Milton Abbey (and nearby Milton Abbas village), in traces at Kew Gardens and many other locations.[9] His style of smooth undulating lawns which ran seamlessly to the house and meadow, clumps, belts and scattering of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers, were a new style within the English landscape, a "gardenless" form of landscape gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles. His landscapes were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by Alexander Pope and others from the 1710s.[10] 1803 painting of the main elements of the English landscape garden. The open "English style" of parkland first spread across Britain and Ireland, and then across Europe, such as the garden la franaise being replaced by the French landscape garden. By this time, the word "lawn" in England had semantically shifted to describe a piece of a garden covered with grass and closely mown.[11] Wealthy families in America during the late 18th century also began mimicking English landscaping styles. In 1780, the Shaker community began the first industrial production of high-quality grass seed in North America, and a number of seed companies and nurseries were founded in Philadelphia. The increased availability of these grasses meant they were in plentiful supply for parks and residential areas, not just livestock.[11] Thomas Sprinkler System Rockwall Jefferson has long been given credit for being the first person to attempt an English-style lawn at his estate, Monticello, in 1806, but many others had tried to emulate English landscaping before he did. Over time, an increasing number towns in New England began to emphasize grass spaces. Many scholars link this development to the romantic and transcendentalist movements of the 19th century. These green commons were also heavily associated with the success of the Revolutionary War and often became the homes of patriotic war memorials after the Civil War ended in 1865.[11] Middle class pursuit The lawn at Kirkby Fleetham Hall, Yorkshire, circa 1889. Before the mechanical lawnmower, the upkeep of lawns was possible only for the extremely wealthy estates and manor houses of the aristocracy. Labor-intensive methods of scything and shearing the grass were required to maintain the lawn in its correct state, and most of the land in England was required for more functional, agricultural purposes. This all changed with the invention of the lawnmower by Edwin Beard Budding in 1830. Budding had the idea for a lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woollen cloth and give a smooth finish.[12] Budding realised that a similar device could be used to cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. His mower design was to be used primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and he was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830.[13] In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, Ferrabee paid the costs of development and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made mowers in a factory at Thrupp near Stroud.[14] They allowed other companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these, was Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies of Ipswich which began mower production as early as 1832.[15] The first petrol-powered lawnmower, 1902. However, his model had two crucial drawbacks. It was immensely heavy (it was made of cast iron) and difficult to manoeuvre in the garden, and did not cut the grass very well. The blade would often spin above the grass uselessly.[15] It took ten more years and further innovations, including the advent of the Bessemer process for the production of the much lighter alloy steel and advances in motorization such as the drive chain, for the lawnmower to become a practical proposition. Middle-class families across the country, in imitation of aristocratic landscape gardens, began to grow finely trimmed lawns in their back gardens. In the 1850s, Thomas Green of Leeds introduced a revolutionary mower design called the Silens Messor (meaning silent cutter), which used a chain to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. The machine was much lighter and quieter than the gear driven machines that preceded them, and won first prize at the first lawn mower trial at the London Horticultural Gardens.[15] Thus began a great expansion in the lawn mower production in the 1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered lawn mower in 1893.[16] Around 1900, Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models, dominated the British market. In 1902, Ransomes produced the first commercially available mower powered by an internal combustion gasoline engine. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I, invented the first riding mowers. From the 1860s, the cultivation of lawns, especially for sports, became a middle-class obsession in England. Pictured, a lawnmower advertisement from Ransomes. This went hand-in-hand with a booming consumer market for lawns from the 1860s onward. With the increasing popularity of sports in the mid-Victorian period, the lawn mower was used to craft modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches and grass courts for the nascent sports of football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.[17] The rise of Suburbanisation in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the garden city movement of Ebenezer Howard and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century.[18] The garden suburb, developed through the efforts of social reformer Henrietta Barnett and her husband, exemplified the incorporation of the well manicured lawn into suburban life.[19] Suburbs dramatically increased in size. Harrow Weald went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3,00 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built and the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world by a considerable margin.[20] Lawns began to proliferate in America from the 1870s onwards. As more plants were introduced from Europe, lawns became smaller as they were filled with flower beds, perennials, sculptures, and water features.[21] Eventually the wealthy began to move away from the cities into new suburban communities. In 1856, an architectural book was published to accompany the development of the new suburbia that placed importance on the availability of a grassy space for children to play on and a space to grow fruits and vegetables that further imbued the lawn with cultural importance.[11] Lawns began making more appearances in development plans, magazine articles, and catalogs.[22] The lawn became less associated with being a status symbol, instead giving way to a landscape aesthetic. Improvements in the lawn mower and water supply enabled the spread of lawn culture from the Northeast to the South where the grass grew more poorly.[11] This in combination with setback rules which required all homes to have a 30-foot gap between the structure and the sidewalk meant that the lawn had found a specific place in suburbia.[21] United States Lawn seating A Memorial Day concert on the west lawn of the U.S. Capitol Building Prior to European colonization, the grasses on the East Coast of North America were mostly broom straw, wild rye, and marsh grass. As Europeans moved into the region, it was noted by colonists in New England, more than others, that the grasses of the New World were inferior to those of England and that their livestock seemed to receive less nutrition from it. In fact, once livestock brought overseas from Europe spread throughout the colonies, much of the native grasses of New England disappeared, and an inventory list from the 17th century noted supplies of clover and grass seed from England. New colonists were even urged by their country and companies to bring grass seed with them to North America. By the late 17th century, a new market in imported grass seed had begun in New England.[11] Much of the new grasses brought by Europeans spread quickly and effectively, often ahead of the colonists. One such species, Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), became the most important pasture grass for the southern colonies. Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is a grass native to Europe or the Middle East. It was likely carried to Midwestern United States in the early 1600s by French missionaries and spread via the waterways to the region around Kentucky. However, it may also have spread across the Appalachian mountains after an introduction on the east coast. Kentucky Bluegrass is now one of the top three pasture grasses in the United States and the most desirable species of grass for lawns. Farmers at first continued to harvest meadows and marshes composed of indigenous grasses until they became overgrazed. These areas quickly fell to erosion and were overrun with less favorable plant life. Soon, farmers began to purposefully plant new species of grass in these areas, hoping to improve the quality and quantity of hay to provide for their livestock as native species had a lower nutritive value. While Middle Eastern and Europeans species of grass did extremely well on the East Coast of North America, it was a number of grasses from the Mediterranean that dominated the Western seaboard. As cultivated grasses became valued for their nutritional benefits to livestock, farmers relied less and less on natural meadows in the more colonized areas of the country. Eventually even the grasses of the Great Plains were overrun with European species that were more durable to the grazing patterns of imported livestock.[11] A pivotal factor in the spread of the lawn in America was the passage of legislation in 1938 of the 40-hour work week. Until then, Americans had typically worked half days on Saturdays, leaving little time to focus on their lawns. With this legislation and the housing boom following the Second World War, managed grass spaces became more commonplace.[21] The creation in the early 20th century of country clubs and golf courses completed the rise of lawn culture.[11] American lawn culture Lawn monoculture was a reflection of more than an interest in offsetting depreciation, it propagated the homogeneity of the suburb itself. Although lawns had been a recognizable feature in English residences since the 19th century, a revolution in industrialization and monoculture of the lawn since the Second World War fundamentally changed the ecology of the lawn. Intensive suburbanization both concentrated and expanded the spread of lawn maintenance which meant increased inputs in not only petrochemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides, but also natural resources like water.[2][11][21] Front lawns became standardized in the 1930s when, over time, specific aspects such as grass type and maintenance methods became popular. The lawn-care industry boomed, but the Great Depression of the 1930s and in the period prior to World War II made it difficult to maintain the cultural standards that had become heavily associated with the lawn due to grass seed shortages in Europe, America's main supplier. Still, seed distributors such as Scotts Miracle-Gro Company in the United States encouraged families to continue to maintain their lawns, promoting it as a stress-relieving hobby. During the war itself, homeowners were asked to maintain the appearances of the home front, likely as a show of strength, morale, and solidarity. After World War II, the lawn aesthetic once again became a standard feature of North America, bouncing back from its minor decline in the decades before with a vengeance, particularly as a result of the housing and population boom post-war.[11] The G.I. Bill in the United States let American ex-servicemen buy homes without providing a down payment, while the Federal Housing Administration offered lender inducements that aided the reduction of down payments for the average American from 30% to as little as 10%. These developments made owning your own home cheaper than renting, further enabling the spread of suburbia and its lawns.[21] Levittown, New York was the beginning of the industrial suburb in the 20th Century, and by proxy the industrial lawn. Between 1947 and 1951, Abraham Levitt and his sons built more than seventeen thousand homes, each with its own lawn. Abraham Levitt wrote "No single feature of a suburban residential community contributes as much to the charm and beauty of the individual home and the locality as well-kept lawns". Landscaping was one of the most important factors in Levittown's success - and no feature was more prominent than the lawn. The Levitts understood that landscaping could add to the appeal of their developments and claimed that, "increase in values are most often found in neighborhoods where lawns show as green carpets" and that, over the years, "lawns trees and shrubs become more valuable both esthetically and monetarily".[23] During 1948, the first spring that Levittown had enjoyed, Levitt and Sons fertilized and reseeded all of the lawns free of charge.[21] The economic recession that began in 2008 has resulted in many communities worldwide to dig up their lawns and plant fruit and vegetable gardens. This has the potential to greatly change cultural values attached to the lawn, as they are increasingly viewed as environmentally and economically unviable in the modern context.[24] Australia The appearance of the lawn in Australia followed closely after its establishment in North America and parts of Europe. Lawn was established on the so-called "nature strip" by the 1920s and was common throughout the developing suburbs of Australia. This term is uniquely Australian, alluding, perhaps, to man's desire to control nature. By the 1950s, the Australian-designed Victa lawn mower was being used by the many people who had turned pastures into lawn and was also being exported to dozens of countries.[25] Prior to the 1970s, all brush and native species were stripped from a development site and replaced with lawns that utilized imported plant species. Since the 1970s there has been an interest in using indigenous species for lawns, especially considering their lower water requirements.[26] Lawns are also established in garden areas as well as used for the surface of sporting fields. Over time, with consideration to the frequency of droughts in Australia, the movement towards "naturalism", or the use of indigenous plant species in yards, was beneficial. These grasses were more drought resistant than their European counterparts, and many who wished to keep their lawns switched to these alternatives or allowed their green carpets to revert to the indigenous scrub in an effort to reduce the strain on water supplies.[24] However, lawns remain a popular surface and their practical and aesthetically pleasing appearance reduces the use of water-impervious surfaces such as concrete. The growing use of rainwater storage tanks has improved the ability to maintain them. Following recent droughts, Australia has seen a change to predominately warm-season turfgrasses, particularly in the southern states like New South Wales and Victoria which are predominately temperate climates within urban regions. The more drought tolerant grasses have been chosen by councils and homeowners for the choice of using less water compared to cool-season turfgrasses like fescue and ryegrass. Mild dormancy seems to be of little concern when high-profile areas can be oversown for short periods or nowadays, turf colourants (fake green) are extremely popular. Within Australia it is reported that there are nearly 400 turf farms.[27] Knowing which farm is currently selling what turf variety is difficult. However, in 2016 an independent web site called TurfFinder was developed to assist homeowners and professional turf managers in choosing the appropriate turfgrass that meets their needs. The web site lists generic and technical information on over 100 warm- and cool-season turfgrasses and provides the location of reputable turf producers from across Australia that sell these turf varieties. Uses A newly seeded, fertilized and mowed lawn Lawns are a common feature of private gardens, public landscapes and parks in many parts of the world. They are created for aesthetic pleasure, as well as for sports or other outdoor recreational use. Lawns are useful as a playing surface both because they mitigate erosion and dust generated by intensive foot traffic and because they provide a cushion for players in sports such as rugby, football, soccer, cricket, baseball, golf, tennis, hockey and lawn bocce. Lawns and the resulting lawn clipping waste can be used as an ingredient in making compost and is also viewed as fodder, used in the production of lawn clipping silage which is fed to livestock[28][29] as a sustainable feed source. Types of lawn plants Lawns need not be, and have not always been, made up of grasses alone. Other plants for lawn-like usable garden areas are sedges, low herbs and wildflowers, and ground covers that can be walked upon. The area on the right has not been mown since the previous autumn. Thousands of varieties of grasses and grasslike plants are used for lawns, each adapted to specific conditions of precipitation and irrigation, seasonal temperatures, and sun/shade tolerances. Plant hybridizers and botanists are constantly creating and finding improved varieties of the basic species and new ones, often more economical and environmentally sustainable by needing less water, fertilizer, pest and disease treatments, and maintenance. The three basic categories are cool season grasses, warm season grasses, and grass alternatives. Grasses Many different species of grass are currently used, depending on the intended use and the climate. Coarse grasses are used where active sports are played, and finer grasses are used for ornamental lawns for their visual effects. Some grasses are adapted to oceanic climates with cooler summers, and others to tropical and continental climates with hotter summers. Often, a mix of grass or low plant types is used to form a stronger lawn when one type does better in the warmer seasons and the other in the colder ones. This mixing is taken further by a form of grass breeding which produces what are known as cultivars. A cultivar is a cross-breed of two different varieties of grass and aims to combine certain traits taken from each individual breed. This creates a new strain which can be very specialised, suited to a particular environment, such as low water, low light or low nutrient. Diagram of a typical lawn grass plant. Cool season grasses Cool season grasses start growth at 5C (41F), and grow at their fastest rate when temperatures are between 10C (50F) and 25C (77F), in climates that have relatively mild/cool summers, with two periods of rapid growth in the spring and autumn.[30] They retain their color well in extreme cold and typically grow very dense, carpetlike lawns with relatively little thatch. Conventional selections: Bluegrass (Poa spp.) Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) Fescues (Festuca spp., hybrids, and cultivars) Native plant regional selections (for taller lawns): Red fescues (Festuca rubra) Feather reed grass (Calamogrostis spp.) Tufted hair grass (Deschampsia spp.) Cluster fescue (Festuca paradoxa spp.) Warm season grasses Warm season grasses only start growth at temperatures above 10C (50F), and grow fastest when temperatures are between 25C (77F) and 35C (95F), with one long growth period over the spring and summer (Huxley 1992). They often go dormant in cooler months, turning shades of tan or brown. Many warm season grasses are quite drought tolerant, and can handle very high summer temperatures, although temperatures below -15C (5F) can kill most southern ecotype warm season grasses. The northern varieties, such as buffalograss and blue grama, are hardy to 45C (113F). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) St. Augustine grass Bahiagrass (Paspalum) Centipedegrass (Eremachloa) Carpetgrass (Axonopus) Buffalograss (drought tolerant) Grama grass Grass alternatives Carex species and cultivars are well represented in the horticulture industry as 'sedge' alternatives for 'grass' in mowed lawns and garden meadows. Both low-growing and spreading ornamental cultivars and native species are used in for sustainable landscaping as low-maintenance and drought-tolerant grass replacements for lawns and garden meadows. wildland habitat restoration projects and natural landscaping and gardens use them also for 'user-friendly' areas. The J. Paul Getty Museum has used Carex pansa (meadow sedge) and Carex praegracilis (dune sedge) expansively in the Sculpture Gardens in Los Angeles.[31] Some lower sedges used are: Carex caryophyllea (cultivar 'The Beatles') C. divulsa (Berkeley sedge)[31] C. glauca (blue sedge) (syn. C. flacca) C. pansa (meadow sedge)[31] C. praegracilis (dune sedge)[31] C. subfusca (mountain sedge)[31] C. tumulicola (foothill sedge) (cultivar 'Santa Cruz Mnts. selection')[31] C. uncifolia (ruby sedge) Ground cover alternatives

One of ground cover plants, common bearberry Some lawns are replaced with low ground covers, such as creeping thyme, camomile, Lippia, purple flowering Mazus, grey Dymondia, creeping sedums, and creeping jenny.[32] An example of this is the floral lawn in Avondale Park. Other alternatives to lawns include meadows, drought-tolerant xeriscape gardens, natural landscapes, native plant habitat gardens, paved Spanish courtyard and patio gardens, butterfly gardens, rain gardens, tapestry lawn and kitchen gardens. Trees and shrubs in close proximity to lawns provide habitat for birds in traditional, cottage and wildlife gardens. Lawn care and maintenance Seasonal lawn establishment and care varies depending on the climate zone and type of lawn grown. Planting and seeding Broadcast spreaders can be attached to tractors or ATVs to spread seed or fertilizer Aeration is one method used to maintain a lawn Early autumn, spring, and early summer are the primary seasons to seed, lay sod (turf), plant 'liners', or 'sprig' new lawns, when the soil is warmer and air cooler. Seeding is the least expensive, but may take longer for the lawn to be established. Aerating just before planting/seeding may promote deeper root growth and thicker turf. Sodding (American English), or turfing (British English), provides an almost instant lawn, and can be undertaken in most temperate climates in any season, but is more expensive and more vulnerable to drought until established. Hydroseeding is a quick, less expensive method of planting large, sloped or hillside landscapes. Some grasses and sedges are available and planted from 'liner' and 4-inch (100mm) containers, from 'flats', 'plugs' or 'sprigs', and are planted apart to grow together. Lawn growth, 20-hour time lapse Fertilizers and chemicals Various organic and inorganic or synthetic fertilizers are available, with instant or time-release applications. Pesticides, which includes biological and chemical herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are available. Consideration for their effects on the lawn and garden ecosystem and via runoff and dispersion on the surrounding environment, can constrain their use. For example, the Canadian province of Quebec and over 130 municipalities prohibit the use of synthetic lawn pesticides. In order for the lawn to grow and flourish, the soil must be prepared properly. If this step is overlooked as many do, the lawn will burn out as soon as it runs out of nutrients. [33][33] The Ontario provincial government promised on 24-2 September 2007 to also implement a province-wide ban on the cosmetic use of lawn pesticides, for protecting the public. Medical and environmental groups support such a ban.[34] On 22-2 April 2008, the Provincial Government of Ontario announced that it will pass legislation that will prohibit, province-wide, the cosmetic use and sale of lawn and garden pesticides.[35] The Ontario legislation would also echo Massachusetts law requiring pesticide manufacturers to reduce the toxins they use in production.[36] Sustainable gardening uses organic horticulture methods, such as organic fertilizers, biological pest control, beneficial insects, and companion planting, among other methods, to sustain an attractive lawn in a safe garden. An example of an organic herbicide is corn gluten meal, which releases an 'organic dipeptide' into the soil to inhibit root formation of germinating weed seeds. An example of an organic alternative to insecticide use is applying beneficial nematodes to combat soil-dwelling grubs, such as the larvae of chafer beetles. The Integrated Pest Management approach is a coordinated low impact approach.[37] Mowing and other maintenance practices A typical lawn-mowing bot maintaining even and low grass. Dethatching removes dead grass and decomposing materials that build up in a lawn Lawn sweepers clean up debris from dethatching in addition to leaves, twigs, pine needles, etc. Maintaining a rough lawn requires only occasional cutting with a suitable machine, or grazing by animals. Maintaining a smooth and closely cut lawn, be it for aesthetic or practical reasons or because social pressure from neighbors and local municipal ordinances requires it,[38] necessitates more organized and regular treatments. Usually once a week is adequate for maintaining a lawn in most climates. However, in the hot and rainy seasons of regions contained in hardiness zones greater than 8, lawns may need to be maintained up to two times a week. Social impacts The prevalence of the lawns in films such as Pleasantville and Edward Scissorhands alludes to the importance of the lawn as a social mechanism that gives great importance to visual representation of the American suburb as well as its practised culture. It is implied that a neighbor, whose lawn is not in pristine condition, is morally corrupt, emphasizing the role a well-kept lawn plays in neighborly and community relationships. In both of these films, green space surrounding a house in the suburbs becomes an indicator of moral integrity as well as of social and gender norms as lawn care has long been associated with men. These lawns also reinforce class and societal norms by subtly excluding minorities who may not have been able to afford a house in the suburbs with a lawn that was the symbolic representation of safety and stability.[39] The lawn as a reflection of someone's character and the neighborhood at large is not restricted to films, the same theme is evident in The Great Gatsby, a book written by http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a724/install-sprinkler-system-underground/ American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. Character Nick Carraway rents the house next to Gatsby's and fails to maintain his lawn according to West Egg standards. The rift between the two lawns troubles Gatsby to the point that he dispatches his gardener to mow Nick's grass and thereby create uniformity.[40] Most lawn care equipment over the decades has been advertised to men, and companies have long associated good lawn care with good citizenship in their marketing campaigns. As well, the appearance of a healthy lawn was meant to imply the health of the man taking care of it; controlled weeds and strict boundaries became a practical application of the desire to control nature, as well as an expression of control over their personal lives once working full-time became central to suburban success. Women were encultured over time to view the lawn as part of the household, as an essential furnishing, and to encourage their husbands to maintain a lawn for the family and community reputation.[11] During World War II, women became the focus of lawn-care companies in the absence of their husbands and sons. The lawn was promoted as a necessary means by which women could help support their male family members and American patriotism as a whole. The image of the lawn changed from focusing on technology and manhood to emphasizing aesthetic pleasure and the health benefits derived from its maintenance; it was assumed that women would not respond positively to images of efficiency and power. The language of these marketing campaigns still intended to imbue the female population with notions of family, motherhood, and the duties of a wife; it has been argued that this was done so that it would be easier for men returning from war to resume the roles their wives had taken over in their absence. This was especially apparent in the 1950s and 1960s, when lawn-care rhetoric emphasized the lawn as a husband's responsibility and as a pleasurable hobby when he retired.[11] The lawn aesthetic in Europe and Australia seems to exhibit the same cultural tendencies as a representation of order, power over nature, patriotism, and suburban family life while still adhering to other gender constructs present throughout the world's suburbs. However, there are differences in the particulars of lawn maintenance and appearance, such as the length of the grass, species (and therefore its color), and mowing.[26][41] Environmental concerns Greater amounts of chemical fertilizer and pesticides are used per acre of lawn than on an equivalent acre of cultivated farmland,[42] and the continued use of these products has been associated with environmental pollution, disturbance in the lawn ecosystem, and increased health risks to the local human population.[43] Other concerns, criticisms, and ordinances regarding lawns come from the environmental consequences: Lawns can reduce biodiversity, especially when the lawn covers a large area. Lawns - particularly in the United States - may be composed of introduced species not native to an area, which can produce a habitat that supports a reduced number of species.[44] Lawn maintenance may use inorganic fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, which can harm the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has estimated nearly 70,000,000 pounds (32,000,000kg) of active pesticide ingredients are used on suburban lawns each year in the United States.[45] It has also been estimated that more herbicides are applied per acre of lawn than are used by most farmers to grow crops.[21]For example, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Kuwait, and Belize have placed restrictions on the use of the herbicide 2,4-D. It has been estimated that nearly 17 million gallons of gasoline are spilled each summer while re-fueling garden and lawn-care equipment in the United States; approximately 50% more than that spilled during the Exxon Valdez incident.[21] The use of pesticides and fertilizers, requiring fossil fuels for manufacturing, distribution, and application, have been shown to contribute to global warming, whereas sustainable organic techniques have been shown to help reduce global warming.[46] A lawn sprinkler Water conservation Maintaining a green lawn sometimes requires large amounts of water. This is not normally a problem in the temperate British Isles, where the concept of the lawn originated, as natural rainfall is usually sufficient to maintain a lawn's health, although in times of drought hosepipe bans may be implemented by the water suppliers.[47] The exportation of the lawn ideal to more arid regions of the world, however, such as the U.S. Southwest and Australia, has crimped already scarce water resources in such areas, requiring larger, more environmentally invasive water supply systems. Grass typically goes dormant during cold, winter months, and turns brown during hot, dry summer months, thereby reducing its demand for water. Many property owners consider this "dead" appearance unacceptable, and therefore increase watering during the summer months. Grass can also recover quite well from a drought. In the United States, 50 to 70% of residential water is used for landscaping, most of it to water lawns.[45] A 2005 NASA study "conservatively" estimated there was 128,000 square kilometres (49,000sqmi; 32,000,000 acres) of irrigated lawn in the US, three times the area of irrigated corn.[48] " That means about 200 gallons of fresh, usually drinking-quality water per person per day would be required to keep up our nation's lawn surface area. " It is possible that lawn maintenance could come at the expense of precious resources, especially when faced with extreme weather conditions. This situation is described in Water in Australia by David Ingle Smith, who observed in 1995 data that under extreme conditions during summer drought periods, up to 90% of the water used in Canberra, Australia was applied to lawns.[49] Chemicals An increased concern from the general public over pesticide and fertilizer use and their associated health risks, combined with the implementation of the legislation, such as the US Food Quality Protection Act, has resulted in the reduced presence of synthetic chemicals, namely pesticides, in urban landscapes such as lawns in the late 20th century.[50] Many of these concerns over the safety and environmental impact of some of the synthetic fertilizers and pesticides has led to their ban by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many local governments.[43] The use of pesticides and other chemicals to care for lawns has also led to the death of nearly 7 million birds each year, a topic that was central to Silent Spring by the conservationist Rachel Carson.[21] Decreasing environmental impact In the United States, lawn heights are generally maintained by gasoline-powered lawnmowers, which contribute to urban smog during the summer months. The EPA found, in some urban areas, up to 5% of smog was due to small gasoline engines made before 1997, such as are typically used on lawnmowers. Since 1997, the EPA has mandated emissions controls on newer engines in an effort to reduce smog.[51] A 2010 study seemed to show lawn care inputs were balanced by the carbon sequestration benefits of lawns, and they may not be contributors to anthropogenic global warming.[52][53] However, lawns with high maintenance (mowing, irrigation, and leaf blowing) and high fertilization rates have a net emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide that have large global warming potential.[54] With the use of ecological techniques including organic lawn management, the impact of lawns can be reduced. Such methods include the use of native grasses, sedges, and low herbs; higher mowing techniques; low volume irrigation, 'grasscycling' grass clippings in place; an integrated pest management program; exclusive organic fertilizer and compost use; and including a variety of trees, shrubs, perennials, and other plants surrounding the lawn. A positive benefit of a healthy lawn is it filters contaminants and prevents runoff and erosion of bare soil. Replacing turf grass with low-maintenance groundcovers or employing a variety of low-maintenance perennials, trees and shrubs[44] can be a good alternative to traditional lawn spaces, especially in hard-to-grow or hard-to-mow areas, as it ?an reduce maintenance requirements, associated pollution and offers higher aesthetic and wildlife value.[55] See also Lawns Grasses Grasslands Lawn topics Lawn sweeper Lawn aerator Organic lawn management Gardening Gardening Organic gardening Organic horticulture Sustainable gardening Sustainable landscaping List of organic gardening and farming topics with links Others bacterial lawn References ^ Ripmeester, Michael. "Lawn." Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. Ed. Ray Hutchison. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2009. 441-45. SAGE Reference Online. Web. 2 Apr 2012. ^ a b Robbins, Paul. Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. 10 June 1927. Retrieved 11 June 2013. ^ "laund". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 27 March 2013. ^ "Etymology for "lawn"". Etymonline. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ Hostetler, Mark E. (2012-02-07). The Green Leap: A Primer for Conserving Biodiversity in Subdivision Development. University of California Press. ISBN9780520271104. ^ "Lancelot Brown". Encyclopdia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc. 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012. ^ Walpole, Horace (1905) [1780]. On Modern Gardening. Canton, Pa.: Kirgate Press. at Internet Archive ^ "Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716-1783)". Kew History & Heritage. Kew Gardens. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012. ^ Peter Willis, "Capability Brown in Northumberland" Garden History 9.2 (Autumn, 1981, pp. 157-183) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jenkins, Virginia S. The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession. Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ^ "Gardening - Design - Georgian and Regency". BBC. Retrieved 24 May 2009. ^ US RE 8560, Passmore, Everett G., "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers", published 23 February 1869, issued 28 January 1879; see pg 1, col 2. For a copy, see Google Patents copy. This source indicates the patent number as "6,080". According to "British patent numbers 1617 - 1852 (old series)", the patent number was assigned sometime after 1852 and took the form of "6080/1830". ^ "People at the cutting edge: lawnmower designers". Parks & Gardens UK (University of York/Association of Gardens Trusts). Retrieved 24 May 2009. ^ a b c The Old Lawnmower Club. "Mower History". The Old Lawnmower Club. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ "The History of the LawnMower". Thelawnmower.info. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010. ^ "The suburban aspiration in England since 1919". Contemporary British History. 14: 151-174. doi:10.1080/13619460008581576. ^ "Henrietta Barnett and the Beginnings of the Suburb". Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. ^ "Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates". Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-06084-5. ^ Influence of catalogs: See America's Romance with the English Garden by Thomas J. Mickey, 2013. Cited at [1] ^ Teysott, Georges (1 June 1999). The American Lawn. Princeton Architectural Press. p.18. ISBN1568981600. ^ a b Trudgill, Stephan; Jeffery, Angus; Parker, John (2010). "Climate Change and the Resilience of the Domestic Lawn". Applied Geography. 30 (1): 177-190. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.08.002. ^ Wood, Richard V. (2002). "Richardson, Mervyn Victor (1894 - 1972)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2007-08-25. ^ a b Hogan, Trevor. " 'Nature Strip': Australian Suburbia and the Enculturation of Nature." Thesis Eleven 74:1 (2003): 54-75. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1998 ^ "Making Silage from Lawn Clippings". Grit. Retrieved 2016-01-05. ^ Logsdon, Gene (2004). All Flesh Is Grass. Ohio: Swallow Press. pp.Chapter 20. ISBN978-0-8040-1068-9. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). Lawns. In New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3: 26-33. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5 ^ a b c d e f Bornstein, Carol, Fross, David, and O'Brien, Bart; 'California Native Plants for the Garden;' Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA; 2005; ISBN 0-9628505-8-6, 0-9628505-9-4. pp. 74-5. ^ Lunn, Matthew (7 September 2004). "Fact Sheet: Lawn Alternatives". Gardening Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2009. ^ a b Christie, Mike (13 March 2007). "Private Property Pesticide By-laws In Canada" (PDF). The Coalition for a Healthy Ottawa. ^ "Why We Support a Province-wide Ban on Cosmetic Pesticides" (PDF). ^ Mittelstaedt, Martin (22 April 2008). "Ontario to prohibit cosmetic-use pesticides". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. ^ Benzie, Robert (22 April 2008). "Pesticide ban set to grow". Toronto Star. ^ UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. access date: 25 May 2010 ^ "High Weed/Grass Complaint Process". City of Akron, Ohio. ^ Dickinson, Greg (2006). "The Pleasantville Effect: Nostalgia and the Visual Framing of (White) Suburbia". Western Journal of Communication. 70 (3): 212-233. doi:10.1080/10570310600843504. ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925. ^ Sedgman, K (1997). "Cutting Grass: In Search of the Australian Male". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 18 (3): 143-147. doi:10.1002/j.1467-8438.1997.tb00284.x. ^ Coates, Peter (2004). "Emerging from the Wilderness: (or, From Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas". Environment and History. 10: 407-38. doi:10.3197/0967340042772676. ^ a b Alumai, Alfred. "Urban Lawn Management: Addressing the Entomological, Agronomic, Economic, and Social Drivers." PhD., Ohio State University, 2008. ^ a b Rebecca Pineo. Susan Barton. Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape ^ a b "Cut Your Lawn - In Half!". National Wildlife Federation. ^ Sayre, Laura. "Organic farming combats global warming--big time". Rodale Institute. ^ "Hosepipe ban". Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ Milesi, Cristina; S.W. Running; C.D. Elvidge; J.B. Dietz; B.T. Tuttle; R.R. Nemani (8 November 2005). "Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States". Environmental Management. 3: 426-438. doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0316-2. Retrieved 5 November 2010. ^ David Ingle Smith (1998). Water in Australia: Resources and Management. Oxford University Press, Melbourne ^ Alumai, Alfred; Salminen, Seppo O.; Richmond, Douglas S; Cardina, John; Grewal, Parwinder S. (2009). "Comparative Evaluation of Aesthetic, Biological, and Economic Effectiveness of Different Lawn Management Programs". Urban Ecosyst. 12: 127-144. doi:10.1007/s11252-008-0073-8. ^ "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions from Dealers and Distributors" (PDF). U.S. EPA. August 1998. ^ "Lawns may contribute to global warming" by Judy Lowe, Christian Science Monitor, 22 January 2010. ^ "Retrieved 17 May 2010". sciencedaily.com. ^ Townsend-Small, Amy; Czimczik, Claudia (March 2010). "Correction to "Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf"". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl1006/2010GL042735/2010GL042735.pdf). Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.6707T. doi:10.1029/2010GL042735. Retrieved 15 March 2012. ^ Rebecca Pineo, Botanic Gardens Intern Susan Barton, Extension Specialist. Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass Further reading Bormann, F. Herbert, et al. (1993) Redesigning the American Lawn. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Lawns: Ch. 3: pp.26-33. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. Jenkins, V. S. (1994). The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-56098-406-6. Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-06084-5. Wasowski, Sally and Andy (2004). Requiem for a Lawnmower. External links Media related to Lawns at Wikimedia Commons Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Lawns. "Planting and care of Lawns" from the UNT Govt. Documents Dept. Integrated Pest Management Program: website & search-engine Lawn Care University at Michigan State University "EPA Management of Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution" (includes mismanagement of lawns problems.) v t e Lawn and garden ornaments Lawn Bird bath Bathtub Madonna Concrete Aboriginal Concrete goose Garden gnome Lawn jockey Plastic flamingo Suncatcher Whirligig Yard globe Garden Puteal Suikinkutsu Sundial Wind chime Wishing well Authority control NDL: 00570873 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawn&oldid=783034188" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn

[nipestcontrolproofing]

Effective Pest Control Solutions: Your Guide to Eliminating Mice and More

Dealing with pests like mice can be a nuisance, but with the right strategies and professional services, you can ensure a pest-free environment. Pest Control & Proofing specializes in comprehensive pest management solutions, including pest control services, bird proofing, and district pest control in Belfast and beyond. 

How to Get Rid of Mice in the UK

Mice infestations can quickly escalate if not addressed promptly. Here are some effective methods on how to get rid of mice:

Sealing Entry Points: Close off gaps and cracks in walls, doors, and windows to prevent mice from entering.

Traps and Baits: Use snap traps or bait stations strategically placed along walls or where mice are active.

Sanitation: Keep food tightly sealed, clean up crumbs and spills promptly, and remove clutter where mice can nest.

Pest Control Services in Northern Ireland

Professional pest control services offer tailored solutions to manage various pests effectively. Pest Control & Proofing provides:

Inspection: Thorough assessment to identify pest entry points and nesting areas.

Treatment: Customized pest control methods using eco-friendly products for safe and effective eradication.

Prevention: Recommendations to prevent future infestations through ongoing monitoring and maintenance.

Best Bird Proofing Service in the UK

Birds can pose problems with nesting and droppings. Bird proofing solutions include:

Netting and Spikes: Installing barriers like netting or spikes to deter birds from roosting or nesting.

Humane Deterrents: Using sound or visual deterrents to discourage birds without harming them.

District Pest Control in Belfast

District pest control services cater to residential and commercial properties across Belfast, offering localized solutions and rapid response times to pest issues.

· Get Rid of Mice: Learn effective methods to eliminate mice infestations.

· Pest Control Services: Discover comprehensive pest management solutions.

· Pest Control Belfast: Local pest control services tailored to your needs.

· Bird Proofing Solutions: Explore humane and effective bird deterrents.

FAQs

Are pest control treatments safe for pets and children?

Yes, Pest Control & Proofing uses safe and approved methods that pose minimal risk to pets and children when applied correctly.

How long does it take to see results after pest control treatment?

Results vary depending on the type of pest and extent of the infestation. Immediate reduction is often noticeable, with complete elimination achieved over time.

What are the signs of a mice infestation?

Signs include droppings, gnaw marks on food packaging, nests made of shredded materials, and sightings of mice, especially at night.

Do I need ongoing pest control services?

Regular inspections and preventive treatments can help maintain a pest-free environment and prevent future infestations.

What should I do if I suspect a pest problem?

Contact Pest Control & Proofing for a professional inspection and assessment. Avoid DIY methods that may be ineffective or pose risks.

Conclusion

Pest Control & Proofing offers reliable solutions for eliminating pests like mice, bird proofing, and district pest control services in Belfast. Whether you’re dealing with a mice infestation at home or need proactive bird proofing for your business, their expertise ensures effective results and peace of mind. 

Take proactive steps to safeguard your property with professional pest control services from Pest Control & Proofing.