#Coal Mining Indonesia

[mining-market]

The Challenges of the Coal Mining Market

The Coal Mining Industry has been a fundamental pillar of global energy production for centuries, powering economies, fueling industries, and providing livelihoods to millions. However, in recent years, the industry has encountered numerous challenges that have tested its resilience and viability. In this blog, we'll delve into some of the key challenges facing the coal mining market and explore potential solutions to address them.

Environmental Concerns:

Perhaps the most prominent challenge facing the coal mining industry is its environmental impact. Coal extraction, processing, and combustion emit greenhouse gases, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants, contributing to air and water pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), coal-fired power plants are responsible for approximately 30% of global carbon dioxide emissions. As the world strives to reduce its carbon footprint and transition to cleaner energy sources, coal mining companies face mounting pressure to mitigate their environmental impact and adopt sustainable practices.

Regulatory Compliance:

The coal mining industry operates in a heavily regulated environment, subject to stringent environmental, health, and safety regulations imposed by governments and regulatory bodies worldwide. Compliance with these regulations entails substantial costs, including investments in pollution control technologies, mine safety measures, land reclamation efforts, and emission reduction initiatives. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements can result in fines, lawsuits, and reputational damage, posing significant challenges to coal mining companies' financial viability and operational sustainability.

Market Volatility:

The coal mining market is inherently volatile, susceptible to fluctuations in supply and demand, geopolitical tensions, economic conditions, and energy market dynamics. Changes in government policies, technological advancements, and shifts in consumer preferences also influence coal prices and market trends. Volatility in coal prices can affect the profitability of coal mining operations, disrupt investment plans, and create uncertainties for industry stakeholders. Moreover, competition from alternative energy sources, such as natural gas, renewables, and nuclear power, further exacerbates market volatility and challenges the long-term viability of coal as an energy source.

Declining Demand and Market Shifts:

The coal mining industry is facing declining demand for coal, driven by several factors, including the growing adoption of renewable energy sources, energy efficiency measures, and environmental regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As countries strive to meet their climate goals under the Paris Agreement and transition to low-carbon economies, the demand for coal is expected to continue declining, particularly in developed nations. This shift in energy consumption patterns poses significant challenges to coal mining companies, necessitating diversification strategies and adaptation to changing market conditions.

Social Impacts and Community Relations:

Coal mining operations often have profound social impacts on local communities, including disruptions to land use, displacement of indigenous peoples, health and safety risks for workers, and socio-economic inequalities. Community opposition to coal mining projects, driven by concerns over environmental degradation, health hazards, and loss of livelihoods, can hinder project approvals, delay development timelines, and escalate project costs. Building and maintaining positive relationships with local communities, engaging in meaningful consultation and dialogue, and addressing socio-economic concerns are essential for mitigating social risks and securing social license to operate.

Conclusion

The Coal Mining Industry faces a myriad of challenges that require proactive and collaborative efforts from industry stakeholders, governments, and civil society to address effectively. Embracing sustainable practices, investing in clean technologies, diversifying energy portfolios, and fostering dialogue and engagement with communities are critical for navigating the challenges and ensuring the long-term viability and sustainability of the coal mining market.

[zvaigzdelasas]

[VoA is US State Media]

The White House said Thursday that it would accept the results of Indonesia’s presidential election in which Prabowo Subianto, a former army general who for more than a decade was banned from entering the United States because of allegations linked to human rights abuses, has claimed victory.[...]

In 2020, the Trump administration dropped the de facto ban on Prabowo’s entry into the United States that was imposed over accusations of human rights abuses, including the abduction and torture of pro-democracy activists during the 1998 ouster of his then- father-in-law, President Suharto, and involvement with military crimes in East Timor.

Prabowo denies the allegations and has never been formally charged.

Pressed by VOA on whether the Biden administration was comfortable with Prabowo’s track record, Kirby underscored that human rights have been “the very foundation” of Biden's foreign policy.[...]

Jokowi defeated Prabowo in previous elections, but this year signaled support for his former rival through his eldest son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka, 36, who ran with Prabowo as vice president.

Gibran was able to join Prabowo’s ticket only after the country’s constitutional court created an exception to a rule that candidates must be at least 40 years old. That fueled criticism that Jokowi was trying to create a political dynasty in the world’s third-largest democracy.

Those concerns will largely be overlooked by Washington, considering Indonesia’s pivotal role in the U.S. geopolitical contest for influence with China and international efforts to mitigate climate change. Indonesia is the biggest exporter of coal and claims the world’s biggest reserves of nickel, a key component of electric car batteries.

“If the results show a Prabowo victory next month, then I would expect the U.S. to treat Minister Prabowo the same way that it treated Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi after he was elected in 2014, waiving any remaining restrictions on engagement with him,” Aaron Connelly, research fellow at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, told VOA.[...]

Just as with India, which Washington sees as a counterweight to China, the United States is keen to foster closer ties with Indonesia, home to the largest Muslim population in the world and an important voice of the Global South.

For months, Jakarta and Washington have been discussing a potential minerals partnership aimed at facilitating nickel trade. Indonesia's nickel mining and refining industry has been largely dependent on investment from Chinese companies and besieged by environmental concerns

15 Feb 24

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from Yale Environment 360:

Indonesia, the world’s fourth most populous country with the third largest surviving area of tropical forests, has a new strongman president. Environmentalists are concerned. They fear that, after a decade during which the country’s deforestation rates have fallen by almost two-thirds, Prabowo Subianto will unleash a new ecological orgy, cutting, burning, and despoiling some of the world’s greatest rainforests.

The 72-year-old former military man, who first rose to prominence under the country’s late-20th-century dictator President Suharto, was elected by a wide margin in February and will take office in October. He has promised to double GDP growth through expanded mining and industrial development.

Indonesia is already in the midst of a mining boom. It produces half the world’s nickel, a metal vital for the batteries used in electric vehicles. The International Energy Agency says that Indonesia could up its share of total supply, while demand for the metal expected to double by 2040.

Nickel will help other countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. But it does the opposite in Indonesia, where most of the metal is mined from beneath rainforests and is refined using energy from coal-burning power stations. On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, over a third of the forests now lie within nickel mining concession areas, according to a study published this month by Mighty Earth, a global advocacy group which works in the country.

Now Prabowo wants to expand mining and refining further. “By processing our natural resources domestically, I’m optimistic that we would be able to witness double-digit economic growth,” he said shortly before the election.

But at what price for the rainforests? Some environmentalists fear the worst, as mines and refineries proliferate. But there are optimists who argue that the Western investors and manufacturers that Prabowo will need to fulfil his economic promises could leverage more sustainable development. “Nickel mining is a dirty industry,” says Amanda Hurowitz, who runs Mighty Earth’s program for protecting forests from commodity trades, “but with the political will, Indonesia can clean up the nickel supply chain.”

Under departing president Joko Widodo, Indonesia has often been seen as an environmental success story. Jokowi, as the one-time slum-dwelling carpenter is widely known, slowed forest loss dramatically by banning rapacious palm-oil and pulp companies from receiving new licenses for forest clearance. He also looked to restore nature and suppress forest fires by rewetting millions of acres of peat swamps that had been drained for failed agricultural and forestry projects.

[jacksoldsideblog]

Tyler and I sit at a restaurant. He's telling me things I already know.

He's telling me, most of the mercury in the environment comes from the air. And it comes from the air from anywhere. It used to be from coal burning mostly, but we've started to stop doing that. Now it's artesianal gold mining. If you're poor, and you're in some unfortunate shithole, and you hear the white men are coming in to drill up the earth for gold, or they've just left — what you do is you pan out a bunch of rocks. You infuse that with mercury. It forms an amalgam, of gold and mercury and nothing else.

So far, this is fine. But to get at the gold and make a little nugget you can sell so you don't starve to death due to the destruction those people who own the gold company have wrecked upon your region, you have to boil the mercury off. Somewhere out there is fancy technology that helps you catch those areosolized droplets. You can't afford it. You don't even know you should want it. You don't know about ataxia, about losing your hearing and speech and peripheral vision, about brain damage and paralysis and comas and death. You don't know about that. You know your brother, who went insane, but you don't know why, or if you do, you don't know how to stop it, and you can't afford to do so. You boil off the mercury in the room with your baby, because it's the only room in your home, and you have no windows open because a smog has settled outside.

Don't you feel twitchy.

And then the areosolized mercury that doesn't take up residence in your baby or your brain floats on up to the atmosphere, and maybe you get revenge, because it settles down everywhere, including in the wetlands and lakes and shores of the country that that gold company is from. And little microbes eat it, methylate it, and now its much, much more dangerous. It stays in the body far too long. Now, it's concentrated, and the best and fattest fish are full of it.

And now you have to watch your tuna. Your cobia. Your kingfish. The smaller you are the less dose you need. Really, it's only a risk if you're a fetus, or you want one in you. It passes the placenta and gives a baby a small head and artifical cerebral palsy. You don't lay off the fish, you risk giving birth to someone who could match experiences with a victim from Minamata bay. Or, it's only a risk to yourself if you eat fish every day, or if all you eat often enough are the apex predators. If you're the gold mining artesian back in rural Indonesia, or one of the indigenous peoples of wherever-got-fucked who subsist on fish, you can kiss the feeling in your hands goodbye, because you don't have other options.

If you're an unknowing compatriot of the gold mining company, you're eating those fish anyway. The risky ones. The ones that are full of poison and killing them destablizes the ocean. We love our grouper, our snapper, our swordfish, our yellowfin and bluefin tuna. The safest tuna is the shittest, because it's made from the smallest skipjacks, lowest on the food chain. Methylmercury can take eighty days to leave your body. On a Florida vacation, how many big fish will you eat? How much methylmercury are you taking home with you? Can you microdose brain damage?

I know this because Tyler knows this, and Tyler orders me a plate of ahi tuna.

[asthevermincrawls]

just in case you needed further confirmation that teslas are an environmentally destructive sham, chinese companies partnered with tesla are expanding nickle mines and coal powered factories in indonesia to meet the increased demand for electric vehicles, leading to deforestization, pollution, and higher rates of respiratory illness in the local indigenous peoples

[mariacallous]

One hundred miles west of Johannesburg in South Africa, the Komati Power Station is hard to miss, looming above the flat grassland and farming landscapes like an enormous eruption of concrete, brick, and metal.

When the coal-fired power station first spun up its turbines in 1961, it had twice the capacity of any existing power station in South Africa. It has been operational for more than half a century, but as of October 2022, Komati has been retired—the stacks are cold and the coal deliveries have stopped.

Now a different kind of activity is taking place on the site, transforming it into a beacon of clean energy: 150 MW of solar, 70 MW of wind, and 150 MW of storage batteries. The beating of coal-fired swords into sustainable plowshares has become the new narrative for the Mpumalanga province, home to most of South Africa’s coal-fired power stations, including Komati.

To get here, the South African government has had to think outside the box. Phasing out South Africa’s aging coal-fired power station fleet—which supplies 86 percent of the country’s electricity—is expensive and politically risky, and could come at enormous social and economic cost to a nation already struggling with energy security and socioeconomic inequality. In the past, bits and pieces of energy-transition funding have come in from organizations such as the World Bank, which assisted with the Komati repurposing, but for South Africa to truly leave coal behind, something financially bigger and better was needed.

That arrived at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, in November 2021, in the form of a partnership between South Africa, European countries, and the US. Together, they made a deal to deliver $8.5 billion in loans and grants to help speed up South Africa’s transition to renewables, and to do so in a socially and economically just way.

This agreement was the first of what’s being called Just Energy Transition Partnerships, or JETPs, an attempt to catalyze global finance for emerging economies looking to shift energy reliance away from fossil fuels in a way that doesn’t leave certain people and communities behind.

Since South Africa’s pioneering deal, Indonesia has signed an agreement worth $20 billion, Vietnam one worth $15.5 billion, and Senegal one worth $2.75 billion. Discussions are taking place for a possible agreement for India. Altogether, around $100 billion is on the table.

There’s significant enthusiasm for JETPs in the climate finance arena, particularly given the stagnancy of global climate finance in general. At COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009, developed countries signed up to a goal of mobilizing $100 billion of climate finance for developing countries per year by 2020. None have met that target, and the agreement lapses in 2025. The hope is that more funding for clear-cut strategies and commitments will lead to quicker moves toward renewables.

South Africa came into the JETP agreement with a reasonably mature plan for a just energy transition, focusing on three sectors: electricity, new energy vehicles, and green hydrogen. Late last year, it fleshed that out with a detailed Just Energy Transition investment plan. Specifically, the plan centers on decommissioning coal plants, providing alternative employment for those working in coal mining, and accelerating the development of renewable energy and the green economy. It is a clearly defined but big task.

South Africa’s coal mining and power sector employs around 200,000 people, many in regions with poor infrastructure and high levels of poverty. So the “just” part of the “just energy transition” is critical, says climate finance expert Malango Mughogho, who is managing director of ZeniZeni Sustainable Finance Limited in South Africa and a member of the United Nations High-Level Expert Group on net-zero emissions commitments.

“People are going to lose their jobs. Industries do need to shift so, on a net basis, the average person living there needs to not be worse off from before,” she says. This is why the project focuses not only on the energy plants themselves, but also on reskilling, retraining, and redeployment of coal workers.

In a country where coal is also a major export, there are economic and political sensitivities around transitioning to renewables, and that poses a challenge in terms of how the project is framed. “Given the high unemployment rate in South Africa as well … you cannot sell it as a climate change intervention,” says Deborah Ramalope, head of climate policy analysis at the policy institute Climate Analytics in Berlin. “You really need to sell it as a socioeconomic intervention.”

That would be a hard sell if the only investment coming in were $8.5 billion—an amount far below what’s needed to completely overhaul a country’s energy sector. But JETPs aren’t intended to completely or even substantially bankroll these transitions. The idea is that this initial financial boost signals to private financiers both within and outside South Africa that things are changing.

Using public finance to leverage private investment is a common and often successful practice, Mughogho says. The challenge is to make the investment prospects as attractive as possible. “Typically private finance will move away from something if they consider it to be too risky and they’re not getting the return that they need,” she says. “So as long as those risks have been clearly identified and then managed in some way, then the private sector should come through.” This is good news, as South Africa has forecast it will need nearly $100 billion to fully realize the just transition away from coal and toward clean vehicles and green hydrogen as outlined in its plan.

Will all of that investment arrive? It’s such early days with the South African JETP that there’s not yet any concrete indication of whether the approach will work.

But the simple fact that such high-profile, high-dollar agreements are being signed around just transitions is cause for hope, says Haley St. Dennis, head of just transitions at the Institute for Human Rights and Business in Salt Lake City, Utah. “What we have seen so far, particularly from South Africa, which is the furthest along, is very promising,” she says. These projects demonstrate exactly the sort of international cooperation needed for successful climate action, St. Dennis adds.

The agreements aren’t perfect. For example, they may not rule out oil and gas as bridging fuels between coal and renewables, says St. Dennis. “The rub is that, especially for many of the JETP countries—which are heavily coal-dependent, low- and middle-income economies—decarbonization can’t come at any cost,” she says. “That especially means that it can’t threaten what is often already tenuous energy security and energy access for their people, and that's where oil and gas comes in in a big way.”

Ramalope says they also don’t go far enough. “I think the weakness of JETPs is that they’re not encouraging 1.5 [degrees] Celsius,” she says, referring to the limit on global warming set as a target by the Paris Agreement in 2015. In Senegal, which is not coal-dependent, the partnership agreement is to achieve 40 percent renewables in Senegal’s electricity mix. But Ramalope says analysis suggests the country could achieve double this amount. “I think that’s a missed opportunity.”

Another concern is that these emerging economies could be simply trapping themselves in more debt with these agreements. While there’s not much detail about the relative proportions of grants and loans in South Africa’s agreement, St. Dennis says most of the funding is concessional, or low-interest loans. “Why add more debt when the intention is to dramatically catalyze decarbonization in a very short timescale?” she asks. Grants themselves are estimated to be a very small component of the overall funding—around 5 percent.

But provided they generate the funding needed to bring emissions down as desired, the view of JETPs is largely positive, says Sierd Hadley, an economist with the Overseas Development Institute in London. For Hadley, the concern is whether JETPs can be sustained once the novelty has worn off, and once they aren’t being featured as part of a COP or G20 leadup. But he notes that the fact that the international community has managed to deliver at least four of the five JETP deals so far—with India yet to be locked in—shows there is pressure to make good on the promises.

“On the whole, the fact that there has been a plan, and that that plan is broadly in progress, suggests that on balance this has been fairly successful,” he says. “It’s a very significant moment for climate finance.”

[sunaleisocial]

3 Questions: Can we secure a sustainable supply of nickel?

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/3-questions-can-we-secure-a-sustainable-supply-of-nickel/

3 Questions: Can we secure a sustainable supply of nickel?

As the world strives to cut back on carbon emissions, demand for minerals and metals needed for clean energy technologies is growing rapidly, sometimes straining existing supply chains and harming local environments. In a new study published today in Joule, Elsa Olivetti, a professor of materials science and engineering and director of the Decarbonizing Energy and Industry mission within MIT’s Climate Project, along with recent graduates Basuhi Ravi PhD ’23 and Karan Bhuwalka PhD ’24 and nine others, examine the case of nickel, which is an essential element for some electric vehicle batteries and parts of some solar panels and wind turbines.

How robust is the supply of this vital metal, and what are the implications of its extraction for the local environments, economies, and communities in the places where it is mined? MIT News asked Olivetti, Ravi, and Bhuwalka to explain their findings.

Q: Why is nickel becoming more important in the clean energy economy, and what are some of the potential issues in its supply chain?

Olivetti: Nickel is increasingly important for its role in EV batteries, as well as other technologies such as wind and solar. For batteries, high-purity nickel sulfate is a key input to the cathodes of EV batteries, which enables high energy density in batteries and increased driving range for EVs. As the world transitions away from fossil fuels, the demand for EVs, and consequently for nickel, has increased dramatically and is projected to continue to do so.

The nickel supply chain for battery-grade nickel sulfate includes mining nickel from ore deposits, processing it to a suitable nickel intermediary, and refining it to nickel sulfate. The potential issues in the supply chain can be broadly described as land use concerns in the mining stage, and emissions concerns in the processing stage. This is obviously oversimplified, but as a basic structure for our inquiry we thought about it this way. Nickel mining is land-intensive, leading to deforestation, displacement of communities, and potential contamination of soil and water resources from mining waste. In the processing step, the use of fossil fuels leads to direct emissions including particulate matter and sulfur oxides. In addition, some emerging processing pathways are particularly energy-intensive, which can double the carbon footprint of nickel-rich batteries compared to the current average.

Q: What is Indonesia’s role in the global nickel supply, and what are the consequences of nickel extraction there and in other major supply countries?

Ravi: Indonesia plays a critical role in nickel supply, holding the world’s largest nickel reserves and supplying nearly half of the globally mined nickel in 2023. The country’s nickel production has seen a remarkable tenfold increase since 2016. This production surge has fueled economic growth in some regions, but also brought notable environmental and social impacts to nickel mining and processing areas.

Nickel mining expansion in Indonesia has been linked to health impacts due to air pollution in the islands where nickel processing is prominent, as well as deforestation in some of the most biodiversity-rich locations on the planet. Reports of displacement of indigenous communities, land grabbing, water rights issues, and inadequate job quality in and around mines further highlight the social concerns and unequal distribution of burdens and benefits in Indonesia. Similar concerns exist in other major nickel-producing countries, where mining activities can negatively impact the environment, disrupt livelihoods, and exacerbate inequalities.

On a global scale, Indonesia’s reliance on coal-based energy for nickel processing, particularly in energy-intensive smelting and leaching of a clay-like material called laterite, results in a high carbon intensity for nickel produced in the region, compared to other major producing regions such as Australia.

Q: What role can industry and policymakers play in helping to meet growing demand while improving environmental safety?

Bhuwalka: In consuming countries, policies can foster “discerning demand,” which means creating incentives for companies to source nickel from producers that prioritize sustainability. This can be achieved through regulations that establish acceptable environmental footprints for imported materials, such as limits on carbon emissions from nickel production. For example, the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act and the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act could be leveraged to promote responsible sourcing. Additionally, governments can use their purchasing power to favor sustainably produced nickel in public procurement, which could influence industry practices and encourage the adoption of sustainability standards.

On the supply side, nickel-producing countries like Indonesia can implement policies to mitigate the adverse environmental and social impacts of nickel extraction. This includes strengthening environmental regulations and enforcement to reduce the footprint of mining and processing, potentially through stricter pollution limits and responsible mine waste management. In addition, supporting community engagement, implementing benefit-sharing mechanisms, and investing in cleaner nickel processing technologies are also crucial.

Internationally, harmonizing sustainability standards and facilitating capacity building and technology transfer between developed and developing countries can create a level playing field and prevent unsustainable practices. Responsible investment practices by international financial institutions, favoring projects that meet high environmental and social standards, can also contribute to a stable and sustainable nickel supply chain.

[jcmarchi]

3 Questions: Can we secure a sustainable supply of nickel?

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/3-questions-can-we-secure-a-sustainable-supply-of-nickel/

3 Questions: Can we secure a sustainable supply of nickel?

As the world strives to cut back on carbon emissions, demand for minerals and metals needed for clean energy technologies is growing rapidly, sometimes straining existing supply chains and harming local environments. In a new study published today in Joule, Elsa Olivetti, a professor of materials science and engineering and director of the Decarbonizing Energy and Industry mission within MIT’s Climate Project, along with recent graduates Basuhi Ravi PhD ’23 and Karan Bhuwalka PhD ’24 and nine others, examine the case of nickel, which is an essential element for some electric vehicle batteries and parts of some solar panels and wind turbines.

How robust is the supply of this vital metal, and what are the implications of its extraction for the local environments, economies, and communities in the places where it is mined? MIT News asked Olivetti, Ravi, and Bhuwalka to explain their findings.

Q: Why is nickel becoming more important in the clean energy economy, and what are some of the potential issues in its supply chain?

Olivetti: Nickel is increasingly important for its role in EV batteries, as well as other technologies such as wind and solar. For batteries, high-purity nickel sulfate is a key input to the cathodes of EV batteries, which enables high energy density in batteries and increased driving range for EVs. As the world transitions away from fossil fuels, the demand for EVs, and consequently for nickel, has increased dramatically and is projected to continue to do so.

The nickel supply chain for battery-grade nickel sulfate includes mining nickel from ore deposits, processing it to a suitable nickel intermediary, and refining it to nickel sulfate. The potential issues in the supply chain can be broadly described as land use concerns in the mining stage, and emissions concerns in the processing stage. This is obviously oversimplified, but as a basic structure for our inquiry we thought about it this way. Nickel mining is land-intensive, leading to deforestation, displacement of communities, and potential contamination of soil and water resources from mining waste. In the processing step, the use of fossil fuels leads to direct emissions including particulate matter and sulfur oxides. In addition, some emerging processing pathways are particularly energy-intensive, which can double the carbon footprint of nickel-rich batteries compared to the current average.

Q: What is Indonesia’s role in the global nickel supply, and what are the consequences of nickel extraction there and in other major supply countries?

Ravi: Indonesia plays a critical role in nickel supply, holding the world’s largest nickel reserves and supplying nearly half of the globally mined nickel in 2023. The country’s nickel production has seen a remarkable tenfold increase since 2016. This production surge has fueled economic growth in some regions, but also brought notable environmental and social impacts to nickel mining and processing areas.

Nickel mining expansion in Indonesia has been linked to health impacts due to air pollution in the islands where nickel processing is prominent, as well as deforestation in some of the most biodiversity-rich locations on the planet. Reports of displacement of indigenous communities, land grabbing, water rights issues, and inadequate job quality in and around mines further highlight the social concerns and unequal distribution of burdens and benefits in Indonesia. Similar concerns exist in other major nickel-producing countries, where mining activities can negatively impact the environment, disrupt livelihoods, and exacerbate inequalities.

On a global scale, Indonesia’s reliance on coal-based energy for nickel processing, particularly in energy-intensive smelting and leaching of a clay-like material called laterite, results in a high carbon intensity for nickel produced in the region, compared to other major producing regions such as Australia.

Q: What role can industry and policymakers play in helping to meet growing demand while improving environmental safety?

Bhuwalka: In consuming countries, policies can foster “discerning demand,” which means creating incentives for companies to source nickel from producers that prioritize sustainability. This can be achieved through regulations that establish acceptable environmental footprints for imported materials, such as limits on carbon emissions from nickel production. For example, the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act and the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act could be leveraged to promote responsible sourcing. Additionally, governments can use their purchasing power to favor sustainably produced nickel in public procurement, which could influence industry practices and encourage the adoption of sustainability standards.

On the supply side, nickel-producing countries like Indonesia can implement policies to mitigate the adverse environmental and social impacts of nickel extraction. This includes strengthening environmental regulations and enforcement to reduce the footprint of mining and processing, potentially through stricter pollution limits and responsible mine waste management. In addition, supporting community engagement, implementing benefit-sharing mechanisms, and investing in cleaner nickel processing technologies are also crucial.

Internationally, harmonizing sustainability standards and facilitating capacity building and technology transfer between developed and developing countries can create a level playing field and prevent unsustainable practices. Responsible investment practices by international financial institutions, favoring projects that meet high environmental and social standards, can also contribute to a stable and sustainable nickel supply chain.

[harshnews]

Coal to Liquid Market Size, Share, Key Drivers, Trends, Challenges and Competitive Analysis

"Coal to Liquid Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028

Global Coal to Liquid Market, By Product (Diesel, Gasoline, Others), Technology (Direct Coal Liquefaction, Indirect Coal Liquefaction), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Belgium, Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa) Industry Trends and Forecast to 2028

Access Full 350 Pages PDF Report @

**Segments**

- **Product Type**: The coal to liquid market can be segmented based on the types of products derived from the process. This includes synthesize gasoline, diesel, and others. Each product type has different applications and market demand, thus affecting the overall market dynamics.

- **Technology**: Another key segment of the coal to liquid market is the technology utilized for converting coal into liquid fuel. This can include Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL), Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL), and more recently, Coal/Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) technology. The choice of technology can significantly impact the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the conversion process.

**Market Players**

- **Sasol Group**: One of the major players in the coal to liquid market, Sasol Group is known for its expertise in developing and commercializing coal conversion technologies. They have a significant market presence and have been actively involved in expanding their operations globally.

- **Shenhua Group**: Shenhua Group is another key player in the coal to liquid market. As one of the largest coal producers in China, they have heavily invested in coal conversion technologies to meet the country's growing energy demands. They play a crucial role in shaping the market landscape.

- **Eastman Chemical Company**: Eastman Chemical Company is a prominent player in the coal to liquid market, particularly in the production of coal-based chemicals. Their innovative approaches to coal conversion have positioned them as a leading contender in the market.

- **Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group**: Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group is a significant player in the coal to liquid market, focusing on utilizing coal resources for liquid fuels. Their strategic partnerships and investments have solidified their position in the industry.

- **Yankuang Group**: Yankuang Group is a diversified coal mining company that has also ventured into the coal to liquid market. Their emphasis on sustainability and technological advancements has made them a noteworthy player in theThe coal to liquid market is a dynamic industry with various segments that play a crucial role in shaping its landscape and growth potential. One of the key segments is the product type, which includes synthesized gasoline, diesel, and other products derived from the coal conversion process. The demand for these different product types is influenced by factors such as regulatory requirements, consumer preferences, and economic conditions, impacting the overall market dynamics. For instance, the increasing focus on reducing carbon emissions is driving the demand for cleaner alternative fuels like synthetic diesel, which in turn is driving innovation and investment in coal to liquid technologies.

The technology segment is another important factor that influences the coal to liquid market. Different technologies such as Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL), Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL), and Coal/Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) have varying levels of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. Companies that are able to deploy advanced technologies that offer higher yields, lower production costs, and reduced environmental footprint are likely to gain a competitive edge in the market. Moreover, the scalability and adaptability of these technologies to different coal types and feedstocks also play a crucial role in determining market success.

When it comes to market players, companies like Sasol Group, Shenhua Group, Eastman Chemical Company, Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group, and Yankuang Group are significant players that have a strong foothold in the coal to liquid market. These companies are at the forefront of innovation, research, and development in coal conversion technologies, enabling them to meet the evolving needs of the market and stay competitive. Their investments in R&D, strategic partnerships, and global expansions showcase their commitment to driving growth and sustainability in the industry.

Sasol Group, for example, is renowned for its expertise in developing and commercializing coal conversion technologies, positioning itself as a global leader in the field. Shenhua Group's heavy investments in coal conversion technologies reflect China's efforts to address its energy demands**Global Coal to Liquid Market** - **Product**: The coal to liquid market is segmented by product into diesel, gasoline, and others. Each product type caters to different applications and market demands, influencing the overall market dynamics. - **Technology**: The technology segment includes Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL), Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL), and Coal/Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) technologies, which impact the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the conversion process. - **Country**: The market is further segmented by country, covering regions like the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Germany, France, Japan, China, India, Australia, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and more.

The coal to liquid market is a dynamic sector with various segments playing vital roles in its growth and development. The product segment, encompassing diesel, gasoline, and other products, is influenced by regulatory mandates, consumer preferences, and economic conditions, impacting market dynamics. Shifts towards cleaner fuels to reduce emissions are propelling the demand for synthetic diesel, driving innovation in coal to liquid technologies.

Technological advancements are crucial in the coal to liquid market, with different methods like DCL, ICL, and CBTL offering varying efficiencies and environmental impacts. Companies deploying advanced technologies that enhance yields, reduce costs, and lessen environmental footprints gain competitive advantages. Scalability and adaptability to different coal types further determine market success.

Market players such as Sasol

The report provides insights on the following pointers:

Market Penetration: Comprehensive information on the product portfolios of the top players in the Coal to Liquid Market.

Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on the upcoming technologies, R&D activities, and product launches in the market.

Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of the market strategies, geographic and business segments of the leading players in the market.

Market Development: Comprehensive information about emerging markets. This report analyzes the market for various segments across geographies.

Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the Coal to Liquid Market.

Table of Content:

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope of the Report

Part 03: Global Coal to Liquid Market Landscape

Part 04: Global Coal to Liquid Market Sizing

Part 05: Global Coal to Liquid Market Segmentation by Product

Part 06: Five Forces Analysis

Part 07: Customer Landscape

Part 08: Geographic Landscape

Part 09: Decision Framework

Part 10: Drivers and Challenges

Part 11: Market Trends

Part 12: Vendor Landscape

Part 13: Vendor Analysis

This study answers to the below key questions:

What are the key factors driving the Coal to Liquid Market?

What are the challenges to market growth?

Who are the key players in the Coal to Liquid Market?

What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key players?

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[leprivatebanker]

Indonesia’s coal producers diversify as money for mining dries up

Exporters turn to nickel and aluminium with international pressure mounting for country to reduce reliance on fossil fuel

[mordormr]

Future Outlook of the Coal Trading Market: Growth Projections and Challenges Ahead

The Coal Trading Market is projected to be valued at USD 9.73 billion in 2024 and is anticipated to grow to USD 12.23 billion by 2029, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.68% during the forecast period (2024-2029).

Market Overview: Future Outlook of the Coal Trading Market – Growth Projections and Challenges Ahead

The coal trading market remains a crucial component of the global energy sector, despite the increasing push towards cleaner energy sources. Coal continues to be a primary source of electricity generation in many regions, particularly in developing economies, where it plays a vital role in energy security. However, the market is undergoing significant transformations due to evolving global energy policies, environmental concerns, and technological advancements.

Key Growth Drivers:

Energy Demand in Developing Economies: The demand for coal remains strong in countries such as China, India, and Southeast Asia, where rapid industrialization and urbanization are driving the need for affordable and reliable energy. Coal is a cost-effective option for electricity generation in these regions, making it a critical factor in meeting their growing energy needs.

Infrastructure Expansion: Expanding infrastructure for coal transportation, such as railways, ports, and storage facilities, is expected to boost the global coal trading market. Countries with vast coal resources are investing in improving their export capabilities, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Africa, to meet the rising demand in international markets.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in mining technology and logistics are improving coal extraction efficiency and reducing transportation costs, which is expected to enhance the global coal supply chain. Additionally, digital platforms are streamlining coal trading processes, making the market more transparent and efficient.

Challenges Facing the Coal Trading Market:

Environmental Regulations and Decarbonization: Increasing pressure from international environmental agencies and governments to reduce carbon emissions is one of the most significant challenges for the coal trading market. Countries are gradually moving towards renewable energy sources and implementing stringent regulations on coal usage, particularly in Europe and North America. This shift is driving down demand for coal in these regions, affecting global trading volumes.

Price Volatility: The coal trading market is highly sensitive to geopolitical events, supply chain disruptions, and fluctuations in demand. Global economic uncertainties, particularly related to energy policy shifts, often lead to price instability, creating risks for traders and suppliers.

Competition from Renewable Energy: The rise of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and natural gas is leading to a gradual decline in coal consumption, particularly in advanced economies. As governments set ambitious targets for carbon neutrality, coal is facing increasing competition from cleaner, more sustainable energy options, which limits the growth potential of the coal trading market in the long term.

Regional Insights:

Asia-Pacific: This region continues to dominate the coal trading market, accounting for the largest share of global demand. Countries like China and India remain the largest consumers, driven by their reliance on coal for electricity generation and industrial applications. Additionally, Indonesia and Australia are significant exporters, benefiting from their proximity to major Asian markets.

Europe and North America: Both regions are witnessing a decline in coal demand due to aggressive climate policies and the transition to renewable energy. While coal trading still exists, particularly for metallurgical coal used in steelmaking, the market size is shrinking as coal plants are phased out.

Africa: The African coal market is emerging, driven by expanding infrastructure and growing industrial activities. Countries like South Africa are significant producers and exporters, with potential for growth as coal remains vital to the continent’s energy supply.

Future Outlook and Growth Projections:

Despite the challenges, the coal trading market is expected to witness moderate growth in the short to medium term, particularly in regions with strong industrial and energy demands. According to Mordor Intelligence, the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of X% over the next five years, primarily driven by demand from developing economies in Asia and Africa.

In the long term, however, the global shift towards renewable energy and decarbonization efforts will likely curtail the growth of the coal trading market. The industry will need to adapt to changing regulatory landscapes, with traders focusing more on markets where coal remains essential. Diversification into cleaner coal technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), may help sustain the market in the face of increasing environmental regulations.

Conclusion:

The coal trading market remains a vital part of the global energy landscape, particularly in regions with growing industrial and energy demands. However, the market is facing significant challenges, including environmental regulations, competition from renewable energy, and price volatility. The future of the coal trading market will be shaped by how effectively it adapts to these challenges while capitalizing on demand in emerging markets.

For a detailed overview and more insights, you can refer to the full market research report by Mordor Intelligence https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/coal-trading-market

[mining-market]

Exploring the Global Coal Mining Market: Share and Trends

Introduction

Coal mining is a fundamental pillar of the global energy sector, supplying a significant portion of the world's energy needs. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the coal mining market, including its size, growth, challenges, and key players.

Understanding the Coal Mining Market

Coal mining involves the extraction of coal from underground or surface mines. It serves as a vital source of energy for electricity generation, industrial processes, and heating worldwide. Despite increasing concerns about environmental impacts, coal remains a prominent energy source, particularly in countries with abundant coal reserves.

Coal Mining Market Research Reports

Coal Mining Market research reports offer invaluable insights into the coal mining industry, providing detailed analyses of market trends, demand-supply dynamics, regulatory developments, and competitive landscapes. These reports aid industry stakeholders, investors, and policymakers in making informed decisions regarding investment, regulation, and strategic planning.

Coal Mining Market Share

The coal mining market is characterized by several major players dominating significant shares of the global market. According to recent data:

BHP Billiton accounts for approximately 7% of global coal production.

Anglo American holds a market share of around 6% in the global coal mining industry.

Glencore contributes approximately 5% of the world's coal production.

Peabody Energy is responsible for around 4% of global coal output.

Together, these companies and others collectively account for the majority of coal production worldwide, leveraging their extensive operations and infrastructure to meet global demand for coal.

Coal Mining Market Growth

Despite facing challenges such as environmental regulations and competition from alternative energy sources, the coal mining market continues to experience growth in certain regions. According to industry forecasts, the coal mining market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.8% from 2021 to 2026.

Coal Mining Market Size

The global coal mining market is sizable, with billions of tons of coal extracted annually to meet various energy and industrial needs. In 2021, the global coal production stood at approximately 7.4 billion metric tons, with significant contributions from countries like China, India, the United States, and Australia. The market size is expected to remain substantial in the foreseeable future, albeit with fluctuations influenced by market dynamics and regulatory changes.

Coal Mining Market Challenges

The coal mining industry faces several challenges, including:

Environmental Concerns: Coal mining operations have significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. As governments and society increasingly prioritize environmental sustainability, coal mining companies must navigate stricter regulations and adopt cleaner technologies.

Market Volatility: The coal market is subject to price volatility influenced by factors such as geopolitical tensions, supply-demand dynamics, and shifts in energy policies. Fluctuating coal prices can impact the profitability of coal mining companies and deter investment in new projects.

Competition from Renewables: The rise of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, poses a competitive challenge to the coal mining industry. As renewable technologies become more cost-effective and accessible, coal's share in the energy mix may decline, affecting coal demand and market dynamics.

Coal Mining Market in India

India is one of the largest coal-producing and consuming countries globally, with a significant portion of its energy derived from coal. According to recent statistics, India produced approximately 955 million metric tons of coal in 2020, making it the second-largest coal producer after China. Coal accounts for around 70% of India's electricity generation, highlighting its crucial role in the country's energy mix.

The Indian Coal Mining Market is characterized by large state-owned coal companies like Coal India Limited (CIL) and Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL), as well as private players operating in the sector. Despite efforts to diversify the energy mix and promote renewable energy, coal continues to play a vital role in India's energy security and economic development.

Coal Mining Market Competitors

In addition to major players like BHP Billiton and Anglo American, the coal mining market features various competitors, including:

Shenhua Group (China)

China Coal Energy Company Limited

Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited (China)

Glencore plc (Switzerland)

Peabody Energy Corporation (USA)

Conclusion

The global coal mining market remains a significant component of the energy landscape, despite facing challenges and evolving market dynamics. As the world transitions towards cleaner energy sources, coal mining companies must adapt to changing demands, embrace sustainable practices, and innovate to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving industry.

[zvaigzdelasas]

Indonesian President Joko Widodo on Wednesday confirmed an export ban for bauxite starting in June next year as scheduled, to encourage domestic processing of a material used as the main ore source of aluminium.

The resource-rich nation has surprised markets with its commodity exports policies, including brief but controversial bans earlier this year on shipments of palm oil and coal, of which Indonesia is the world's biggest exporter.

It is also among the world's top suppliers of bauxite, with China its key buyer. The timing of Indonesia's ban, however, is in line with its current mining law.

The president said the bauxite ban aimed to replicate Indonesia's success in developing its nickel processing capacity after halting exports of its raw form in January 2020, which enticed foreign investors, mostly from China, to build local smelters.[...]

"The government will remain consistent in implementing downstreaming so the value add can be enjoyed domestically for the country's development and people's welfare," said Widodo, who is popularly known as Jokowi, emphasising the importance of jobs creation.[...]

Indonesia has four bauxite processing facilities with 4.3 million tonnes of alumina output capacity, while more are under construction with collective capacity of nearly 5 million tonnes, said chief economic minister Airlangga Hartarto.

Indonesia's bauxite reserves are enough for up to 100 years production, he said.

The country's mining law also states exports of other unprocessed minerals such as copper will also be stopped. Jokowi did not specify the timing of shipment bans on the other materials.

20 Dec 22

[hamzaaslam]

BUMA Secures IDR12 Billion Mining Services Contract from PT Persada Kapuas Prima

JAKARTA, INDONESIA – Media OutReach Newswire – 15 August 2024 – PT Delta Dunia Makmur Tbk. (“Delta Dunia Group”, IDX: DOID) announced that its subsidiary, PT Bukit Makmur Mandiri Utama (“BUMA”), has signed a Mining Services Agreement with PT Persada Kapuas Prima (“PKP“) on August 12, 2024. PKP is a subsidiary of PT Singaraja Putra Tbk (“SINI“), which owns a coal mining concession in Kapuas…

[chemanalystdata]

Coal Prices | Pricing | Price | News | Database | Chart | Forecast

 Coal prices have long been a significant factor in the global energy market, influencing a wide array of industries and economies around the world. The price of coal is shaped by a complex interplay of supply and demand, geopolitical factors, environmental regulations, and technological advancements. In recent years, coal prices have experienced substantial fluctuations, driven by both short-term events and longer-term trends.

The demand for coal is closely linked to the industrial and economic activity in major coal-consuming countries. For decades, coal has been a primary source of energy for electricity generation and industrial processes, particularly in countries like China, India, and the United States. These nations, with their large populations and rapidly growing economies, have historically relied heavily on coal to meet their energy needs. However, in recent years, there has been a gradual shift towards cleaner energy sources as environmental concerns and international climate agreements have pushed governments to reduce carbon emissions. This shift has put downward pressure on coal demand, particularly in developed countries, leading to a corresponding decline in coal prices. 

On the supply side, coal prices are influenced by the production capacity and operational costs of coal mines, as well as transportation and logistics. Major coal-producing countries such as China, Australia, and Indonesia play a crucial role in determining global coal prices. China's domestic production and consumption are particularly significant, given that the country is both the largest producer and consumer of coal. Any changes in China's coal policies, such as restrictions on imports or adjustments to domestic production quotas, can have a pronounced impact on global coal prices. Additionally, natural disasters, labor strikes, and geopolitical tensions can disrupt coal production and supply chains, leading to temporary spikes in prices.

Get Real Time Prices for Coal : https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/coal-1522

Environmental regulations and policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have also had a profound effect on coal prices. As more countries commit to reducing their reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, through the adoption of renewable energy sources and the implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms, the demand for coal is expected to decline further. This trend is particularly evident in Europe, where stringent environmental regulations and the growth of renewable energy have led to a sharp decrease in coal consumption. In contrast, some developing countries, where access to affordable energy is a priority, continue to rely on coal as a cost-effective source of power. This divergence in energy policies and practices between developed and developing countries creates a complex landscape for coal prices, with regional variations often leading to price disparities.

Technological advancements in energy production and efficiency also play a role in shaping coal prices. The rise of natural gas as a cheaper and cleaner alternative to coal has been a significant factor in reducing coal demand, particularly in the United States. The development of more efficient coal-fired power plants and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies could potentially mitigate some of the environmental concerns associated with coal, but these technologies are still in the early stages of adoption and have not yet had a significant impact on coal prices. Additionally, the increasing competitiveness of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, which are becoming more cost-effective due to technological advancements and economies of scale, is further eroding the demand for coal.

Geopolitical factors also contribute to the volatility of coal prices. Trade policies, tariffs, and sanctions can influence the flow of coal between countries, affecting both supply and demand. For example, trade tensions between the United States and China have led to disruptions in coal trade, while Australia's diplomatic disputes with China have resulted in reduced coal exports to one of its largest markets. These geopolitical dynamics add an additional layer of complexity to the coal market, making it challenging for producers and consumers to predict future price movements.

In addition to these factors, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on coal prices. The pandemic led to a sharp decline in global energy demand as industrial activity slowed and transportation networks were disrupted. This reduction in demand, coupled with supply chain disruptions and operational challenges faced by coal producers, led to a steep drop in coal prices in the early months of the pandemic. However, as economies began to recover and energy demand rebounded, coal prices started to recover as well. The pandemic has also accelerated the transition towards cleaner energy sources, with many governments incorporating green energy initiatives into their economic recovery plans, which could further dampen long-term demand for coal.

Looking ahead, the future of coal prices remains uncertain, with multiple factors pulling in different directions. On one hand, the ongoing transition towards renewable energy and stricter environmental regulations are likely to continue exerting downward pressure on coal demand and prices. On the other hand, in regions where coal remains a key energy source, particularly in developing countries, demand may persist for some time, providing some support for coal prices. Additionally, short-term events such as natural disasters, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical tensions can cause temporary price spikes.

In conclusion, coal prices are influenced by a complex and ever-changing set of factors, including supply and demand dynamics, environmental regulations, technological advancements, and geopolitical developments. As the world continues to shift towards cleaner energy sources, the long-term outlook for coal prices remains challenging, with many uncertainties and potential disruptions along the way. However, for the foreseeable future, coal is likely to remain a significant part of the global energy mix, with prices reflecting the ongoing tug-of-war between traditional energy demands and the push for a more sustainable future.

Get Real Time Prices for Coal : https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/coal-1522

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[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.8 (after 1940)

1940 – The "Aufbau Ost" directive is signed by Wilhelm Keitel. 1942 – Quit India Movement is launched in India against the British rule in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for swaraj or complete independence. 1945 – The London Charter is signed by France, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States, establishing the laws and procedures for the Nuremberg trials. 1946 – First flight of the Convair B-36, the world's first mass-produced nuclear weapon delivery vehicle, the heaviest mass-produced piston-engined aircraft, with the longest wingspan of any military aircraft, and the first bomber with intercontinental range. 1956 – Marcinelle mining disaster in Belgium. 262 coal miners, including a substantial number of Italian migrant workers, were killed in one of the largest mining accidents in Belgian history. 1963 – Great Train Robbery: In England, a gang of 15 train robbers steal £2.6 million in bank notes. 1963 – The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), the current ruling party of Zimbabwe, is formed by a split from the Zimbabwe African People's Union. 1967 – The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. 1969 – At a zebra crossing in London, photographer Iain Macmillan takes the iconic photo that becomes the cover image of the Beatles' album Abbey Road. 1973 – Kim Dae-jung, a South Korean politician and later president of South Korea, is kidnapped. 1974 – President Richard Nixon, in a nationwide television address, announces his resignation from the office of the President of the United States effective noon the next day. 1988 – The 8888 Uprising begins in Rangoon (Yangon), Burma (Myanmar). Led by students, hundreds of thousands join in nationwide protests against the one-party regime. On September 18, the demonstrations end in a military crackdown, killing thousands. 1988 – The first night baseball game in the history of Chicago's Wrigley Field (game was rained out in the fourth inning). 1989 – Space Shuttle program: STS-28 Mission: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret five-day military mission. 1990 – Iraq occupies Kuwait and the state is annexed to Iraq. This would lead to the Gulf War shortly afterward. 1991 – The Warsaw radio mast, then the tallest construction ever built, collapses. 1993 – The 7.8 Mw  Guam earthquake shakes the island with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), causing around $250 million in damage and injuring up to 71 people. 2000 – Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor and 30 years after its discovery by undersea explorer E. Lee Spence. 2004 – A tour bus belonging to the Dave Matthews Band dumps approximately 800 pounds of human waste onto a boat full of passengers. 2007 – An EF2 tornado touches down in Kings County and Richmond County, New York, the most powerful tornado in New York to date and the first in Brooklyn since 1889. 2008 – A EuroCity express train en route from Kraków, Poland to Prague, Czech Republic strikes a part of a motorway bridge that had fallen onto the railroad track near Studénka railway station in the Czech Republic and derails, killing eight people and injuring 64 others. 2008 – The 29th modern summer Olympic Games took place in Beijing, China until August 24. 2009 – A Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil and Piper PA-32R collide over the Hudson River, killing nine people. 2010 – China Floods: A mudslide in Zhugqu County, Gansu, China, kills more than 1,400 people. 2013 – A suicide bombing at a funeral in the Pakistani city of Quetta kills at least 31 people. 2015 – Eight people are killed in a shooting in Harris County, Texas. 2022 – The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) executes a search warrant at former president Donald Trump's residence in Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach, Florida. 2023 – 2023 Hawaii wildfires: 17,000 acres of land are burned and at least 101 people are killed, with two others missing, when a series of wildfires break out on the island of Maui in Hawaii.