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crimsonpublishers · 5 years ago

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Crimson Publishers High Impact Journals

All our scientific journals are open access and constantly updated to keep the knowledge flowing. Our articles are also met with the highest standards of publishing and go through a peer review before being considered for publishing. Crimson Publishing Group provides Journal publishing services in the diversified academic disciplines such as Science, Technology and Medicine available Online via Open Access ensuring the quality by reputed editors and high quality peer-reviewing. We strive towards betterment of societal conditions benefitting global humanity by advancing innovations in the fields of scientific research. We inspire upcoming researchers and scientists nurturing the essential temper and we are motivated to be significant role players for offering due recognition and rewards for their works.Our global Open Access platform makes sure that there are no barriers in sharing the knowledge and evolving through it.High Impact Journals

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lupinepublishers · 5 years ago

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Lupine Publishers - Aging, Hearing Loss and Tinnitus

Lupine Publishers | Journal of Otolaryngology

Abstract

This article explores the occurrence of tinnitus and hearing loss in the elderly. Both are highly prevalent after 60 years old. It highlights the relationship between hearing loss, tinnitus and aging. And it points out some possible form of intervention.

Introduction

However, some physiological changes that happen with the advancing age will only manifest itself from the third age. For example, the human ear reaches maturity around 18-20 years and from this age the hearing organ begins to age, either by loss of sensory cells, neurological degeneration, exposure to ototoxic agents or noise [3]. Hearing loss in the elderly, also known as presbycusis, is a bilateral hearing loss for high frequency sounds. The main clinical manifestations of presbycusis include symmetrical and slowly developing sensorineural hearing loss, high pitched tinnitus and speech recognition disorders [4]. In the case of presbycusis, generally, the hearing thresholds increase significantly between 70 and 80 years of age and reach another stable stage at high levels after 80 years of age, especially in high frequencies [5]. Tinnitus is a common complaint defined as a sound in the head or ears that occurs in the absence of any external acoustical source [6]. It may be caused by several conditions: otological, metabolic, neurological, orthopedic, cardiovascular, pharmacological, odontological and psychological, which in turn may be present concomitantly in the same individual [7]. It affects about 15% of the world population. It can occur at any stage of life, but the highest prevalence occurs in the elderly, probably due to deterioration of the auditory and vestibular systems [8,9]. Tinnitus is the second most common otorhinolaryngological complaint in the elderly [10], with tinnitus often more disturbing than hearing loss [11]. Approximately 33% of the elderly population is affected by tinnitus and 15% to 25% of them present interference with the quality of life caused by this symptom [12]. Both hearing loss and tinnitus can trigger important communication problems, which in turn lead to difficulties in social, occupational and family adaptation. It is very common for elderly individuals to report that they can hear but not understand speech. Some studies have attempted to identify the relationship between age, gender, hearing loss and tinnitus [13-15]; however, which not confirm that tinnitus discomfort could be explained by age, gender, and hearing loss. The hearing loss might be the most dangerous factor and if the its serious, the incidence of the tinnitus became higher. So, tinnitus in the elderly may be the result of a combination of factors. Therefore, other issues are likely to be investigated, such as psychological issues or underlying diseases. To date, is known that exist a high prevalence of hearing loss and tinnitus in the elderly, and that these have a high impact on the patient’s quality of life. Becoming a factor of great negative repercussion for this population, hindering sleep, social life, concentration on daily and professional activities. The first step in care is to investigate the patient’s history. A detailed anamnesis, which should address, in addition to questions about tinnitus, associated diseases, patient’s lifestyle, diet, genetics, general health and the current effects of the disease on the patient’s life. In addition to the anamnesis, the use of questionnaires is important in the evaluation of individuals with tinnitus, as it helps to confirm the presence of tinnitus and determines the severity of the symptoms [16,17]. Treatment may be based on direct reduction of severity or elimination of tinnitus, such as working with the patient’s emotions in the face of tinnitus [18]. Other therapies also known are relaxation techniques, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychological counseling, sound therapy, including hearing aids or sound generators, or a combination of these approaches [19]. Until now, CBT is the oneoff have scientific evidence for tinnitus treatment. However, when the patient has hearing loss and tinnitus, the Tinnitus Retraining Therapy has been demonstrating that this model of intervention becomes a treatment option for the relief of tinnitus in the elderly people [20] and of hearing aids could reduce the perception of tinnitus sound intensity and the bothersome with this symptom and with hearing loss [21].

Conclusion

In this way, neither hearing loss or tinnitus should be neglected, it is important found the better management and intervention that relieve the symptom of tinnitus and hearing loss. This can improve elderly quality of life.

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lupine-publishers-sjo · 5 years ago

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Lupine Publishers | Lupine Publishers | Occurance of Dizziness in patients with Tinnitus Complaint

Lupine Publishers | Journal of Otolaryngology

Abstract

Introduction: Dizziness is a regular complaint, often accompanied by other symptoms, especially tinnitus. Tinnitus is one of the three major otoneurological manifestations, alongside neurosensorial hearing loss and dizziness, being it, most of the times, the main complaint among patients. The relationship between the vestibular and cochlear system it’s rather known, many pathologies can originate from one of both systems.

Objective: Investigate the correlation between the symptoms of tinnitus and dizziness, analyzing the level of disturbance, the sensation of frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness) of the tinnitus with dizziness complaint.

Methodology: A descriptive, observational and quantifying field study took place. 126 individuals with tinnitus complaint, from both sexes, were studied. The anamnesis was performed approaching audiological symptoms, the THI questionnaire was applied, as well as acuphenometry.

Results: 71 individuals (56,3%) referred to dizziness complaints associated with the tinnitus; women represented a larger number (41,3%) (p=0,017). In regards of the level of disturbance of the tinnitus, most of the patients 18,3% presented a low level, as for patients without dizziness 14,3% the quick level was present; the average Pitch is around 4.000 Hz in both groups, Loudness, on the other hand, was of 22 dBNS for individuals with dizziness and 26 dBNS for individuals without dizziness complaints. Conclusion: Meaningful results, regarding the relationship between tinnitus and dizziness, were not observed, therefore, it’s necessary to investigate if the tinnitus is from vestibular origin in order to seek improvements to the dizziness and thereafter, the tinnitus.

Keywords: Dizziness; Tinnitus; Audiology; Speech Therapy

Introduction

The corporal balance relies on the integrity of the vestibular system (labyrinth, nerve vestibulocochlear, cores, paths and interrelations of the central nervous system), somatosensorial system (receptors, sensors located on tendons, muscles and articulations) and vision [1]. The labyrinth is responsible for the balance and position of the body in location. Dizziness and/or imbalance cometo be when there is interference, both central and peripheral, in the regular operation of the body balance system. [2]. Dizziness can be defined, according to the Hearing and Balance Committee of the American Academy of Comitê de Audição e Equilíbrio da Academia Americana de Otolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery [3], as every and any illusory feeling of motion without any real motion in relation to gravity. In the practice clinic, it’s one of the most frequent complaints. It affects between 20% and 30% of the general population, considering the epidemiological study of Neuhauser and collaborators [4]. In Brazil, an epidemiological study, performed in the city of São Paulo, showed that 42% of the individuals presented dizziness [5]. Occurrences can be found among any age range, from the first months of birth to the elderly population [6]. Causes can be many, such as: benign paroxysmal postural vertigo (VPPB), vestibular neuritis, Ménière’s disease, peristaltic fistula, circulatory, metabolic, hormonal or immunological, cervical spine changes, head trauma and psychoactive disorders, are one of the most common. This way, the symptoms coming from the dizziness may or may not originate from the vestibular system and comprises sensations described in many ways: vertigo (rotatory dizziness), imbalance, fluctuation or instability, presyncope our lipothymia, kinesis (motion sickness), oscillopsia, falling [7]. Dizziness of nonvestibular origin are often ill-defined, most of the times they are labeled as uneasiness, light-headedness, sensation of fainting. Also, in rare cases, they might represent symptoms of the central nervous system and/or may be associated with exclusively ocular disorders, ischemic episodes, metabolic disorder, neurological, cardiac or cervical diseases [8]. However, dizziness is usually due to primary or secondary functional disorders of the vestibular system, it might be classified as rotatory (vertigo – when the illusion of motion has rotatory characteristics) or non-rotatory (when the illusion of motion has no rotatory characteristics). Regular vertigo is more common among peripheral syndromes rather than central ones. The peripheral vertigo is usually aggravated by eye shutting, unlike what happens with central vertigo. Both peripheral and central vertigo can be unleashed or worsen with head motion (this being the most common kind of rotatory dizziness). On the other hand, non-rotatory dizziness may be oscillating, hesitant, fluctuance, wavering, among others. In order to determine the vestibular source an examination of the alterations of the vestibular system is required [9]. Dizziness is usually followed by other symptoms; it’s intensity can cause loss of balance and falls. Normally, the dizziness appearance is accompanied by neurovegetative symptoms, megrims, eyesight darkening and lack of concentration.

Dizziness is also highly associated with auditory symptoms, such as hearing loss, sensation of auricular plenitude and, mainly, tinnitus [10,11]. The tinnitus is one of the 3 major otoneurological manifestations, alongside neurosensorial hearing loss and dizziness, being it, most of the times, the main complaint among patients, especially elder ones [12,13]. The tinnitus, also known as tinnitus, can be defined as auditory illusion, in other words, an endogenous sound illusion, not related to any outside source of stimulation [14]. The presence of tinnitus might be a factor of great negative repercussion in one’s life, jeopardizing sleep, concentration during day-to-day and professional, as well as social life. Many times, it affects the emotional balance of the patient, unleashing or worsening states of depression and anxiety [15]. A study performed in the city of são Paulo shows that 22% (430 individuals) present tinnitus [16]. The tinnitus is as symptom that can be caused by a number of medical conditions: otological affections, neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, pharmacologic, odontological, psychologic, side effects of medications and possible drug ingestion, such as caffeine, nicotine and alcohol [17]. Up to date theories to explain the source of tinnitus defend the hypothesis that it occurs due to anomalous and spontaneous neural activity in the central pathways, auditory or not, being a consequence of sensory deprivation, aftermath of cochlear lesion [18,19]. The description of the tinnitus’s characteristics might vary from patient to patient, from “pure tone” sound to a “whistle”, a “noise” or even a “whisper”, etc. Perceivable in one or both ears, and yet in the head, with no specific side. It can be constant or intermittent, being absent for some periods of time. Its intensity may vary from light to very intense [18]. Patients with dizziness, resistant to various treatments, can be as hard to conduct as patients with high level of tilllindus disturbance, these that might happen simultaneously or independently. Both dizziness and noise are extremely common symptoms at the practice clinic, as shown by the study performed by Moreira and collaborators [20] where out of 27 individuals affected by dizziness, 16 (59,2%) also complained about noise.

The relationship between the vestibular and cochlear systems is rather known. Many pathologies may originate in one of those systems or simultaneously, as well as having one of them as primary source due to influence in other systems functionality. Therefore, it’s possible that changes in the posterior labyrinth (Semicircular Canal) fluids may cause tinnitus [21]. It’s noticeable that both disorders jeopardize the individual’s quality of life. The tinnitus may affect one’s sleep, concentration, emotional balance and social life. On the other hand, dizziness, apart from other mentioned symptoms, might hinder the individual’s performance during activities that require quick head motions and, also, tasks that imply flexing the torso and the head [22]. Innumerable reports of dizziness among patients with tinnitus complaints were observed in a Multidisciplinary service of attendance to patients with tinnitus. The aforementioned research main goal was to investigate the correlation between dizziness and tinnitus symptoms on those patients, analyzing the level of disturbance, the sensation of frequency (pitch) and intensity (loudness) of tinnitus with dizziness complaint.

Material and Methods

The present study was performed in one School Clinic of the Speech Therapy Course located in João Pessoa. 126 individuals with tinnitus complaint were evaluated, 81 females and 45 males, ages ranging from 17 to 83 years old, all attended in the Multidisciplinary Tinnitus Service. It was a descriptive research. As for technical procedures, a field study is more fitting, as it tries to deepen between the dizziness and its relationship towards tinnitus. In order to validate these hypotheses, a transversal and observational study, of quantitative characteristics, was performed. In accordance with the 466/12 Resolution of the National HealthCommittee, referring to ethics regarding research that involves human subjects, the study was approved by the Ethics in Research with Human Subjects Committee (prot. N. 0129/12). Clearance was obtained through the signing of the Term of Free and Enlightened- TCL by volunteers and/or responsible for the project. All patients were subjected to the following procedures:

I. Answering anamnesis questions which emphasize the patient’s auditory symptoms, in order to collect personal data of the individual; data about the tilllindus - location of the tinnitus (right, left, in the head or undetermined), time of onset, how it came to be (gradual, sudden, after noise exposure, other), kind (continuous, pulsatile, intermittent), characteristics (whistle, rain, noise, waterfall, bee, other); and other possible associated symptoms, such as dizziness.

II. In order to obtain more directed information regarding the patient’s tinnitus, the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire was applied, as an interview. The THI is a questionnaire that evaluates the severity of the tinnitus, with 25 questions approaching three dimensions: nine questions related to emotional aspects (frustration, anger, irritability, anxiety, depression and insecurity); eleven questions related to functional aspects (stress, concentration, sleep, workplace interference, house responsibilities and social activities); antivideos socials); and five questions related to the catastrophic aspects (despair, lack of self-control, inability of acceptance, perception of terrible illness) (Lim et al, 2010). Those 25 questions allow the following possibilities of answer: “yes”, “no” and “sometimes”, each having a score of “4 points”, “0 points” and “2 points”, respectively. This said, each question will add points to its category, be it functional, emotional or catastrophic, and the total sum, varying from 0 to a 100. Depending on the result, the level of disturbance caused by the tinnitus might be classified as, by the total sum, as:

a) LEVEL 1 (Quick): Score 0 - 16. Only perceived in quiet environments.

b) LEVEL 2 (Light): Score 18 - 36. Easily masked by environmental and easily forgotten during day-to-day activities.

c) LEVEL 3 (Moderated): Score 38 - 56. Perceived in the presence of background noise, however, day-to-day activities can still be performed.

d) LEVEL 4 (Severe): Score 58 - 76. Almost always perceived, leads to disturbance in sleep patterns and may interfere in daily activities.

e) LEVEL 5 (Catastrófico): Score 78 - 100. Always perceived, sleep patterns disturbances, difficulty performing daily activities.

Later on, acuphenometry was performed in order to obtain data regarding the sensation of intensity (loudness) and frequency (pitch) of the tinnitus. The test took place in an acoustic cabin, using the audiometer model AVS 500, of the Vibrasom brand. To unilateral tinnitus, the sound was supplied to the contralateral ear and, if bilateral, to the ear with best hearing [23]. In order to identify what kind of tinnitus, the Pure Continuous Tone, Pulsatile Pure Tone and Modulated Frequency were presented, in audible intensity, so that the patient could choose which resembles his own tinnitus more. To measure Pitch, the chosen tone was presented in frequencies ranging from 125 to 8000 Hz. And to investigate loudness, the same tone was presented in the frequency identified by the patient, with audible intensity, incrementing 1 db.

Data Analysis

The data was registered in an Excel spreadsheet for further analysis. Initially, a static descriptive analysis was performed, in order to verify the frequency of the variables studied (tinnitus, dizziness, age, gender).

As it follows, the inferential static analysis was also performed, with the help of adequate tests, in order to verify:

a) The correlation between variables: Spearman Correlation test aiming to verify the level of relationship between pairs of variables of interest, such as THI x Dizziness, Gender x Dizziness.

b) Comparison between pitch and loudness values to each group, with or without dizziness: parametric test t of Student to independent samples of interval variables of normal distribution; or its nonparametric correspondent when needed.

c) The differences were considered meaningful when p0,05 was presented. The static analysis was performed through the Software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0.

Results

Out of the 126 evaluated individuals (64.3%) are female and 45 (35.7%) male, with average age of 49,33 years. All of them presented tinnitus, whom 71 (56,3%) also complain about dizziness, whereas 55 (43,7%) don’t. Based on this, it was noticed that most part of the studied population stated complaints regarding tinnitus associated dizziness, also the static analysis shows that the variable gender has great interference in the presence or absence of dizziness. Regarding the THI questionnaire, the patients with dizziness presented bigger results for the light level, however patients without dizziness, presented bigger results to the quick level. As for tinnitus characteristics, both groups presented average pitch around 4.000 Hz, with no meaningful statistical difference between them. On the other hand, loudness average of the tinnitus was 22 dBNS for the dizziness group and 26 dBNS for the individuals without dizziness, no meaningful difference between the groups was found (Tables 1-3).

Table 1: Descriptive and inferential statistics of the variables gender and dizziness.

Meaningful difference (p<0,05) according to Spearman’s correlation test.

Table 2: Descriptive and inferential statistics of tinnitus disturbance and dizziness.

Meaningful difference (p<0,05) according to Spearman’s correlation test.

Table 3: Averages of pitch and loudness of the tinnitus.

Meaningful differences when p<0,05 according to the t Student test.

Discussion

Both tinnitus and dizziness are otoneurological complaints often presented at the practice clinic. Patients that exhibit tinnitus might also show signs of alteration and/or vestibular complaints. In this research, was observed that most of the population filed dizziness complaints. This data corroborates with literature, seeing it as complaint usually reported alongside tinnitus [20,21]. Data from table one shows that more women (41.3%) presented complaints about dizziness associated with tinnitus and there was a meaningful correlation (p=0,017), in accordance with what literature shows [24-27]. It is believed that the higher occurrence among females might be due to factors such as: variation of the hormonal cycle, higher occurrence of migraines and the fact that women are more likely to seek medical attention [27,28]. Therefore, the variable gender directly affects the presence or not of dizziness. The disturbance caused by the tinnitus may vary greatly, and there are factors that appear to be associated with a higher level of disturbance, such as stress, psychiatric disorders and gender [29,30]. The THI analysis, expressed in table 2, showed that most of the patients with dizziness presented light level 18,3%, whereas, patients without dizziness presented the quick level 14,3%. Therefore, the data is compatible with the ones presented by the studies of Xavier [31] and Lim et al. [32] that highlight the light and quick level as the most common among the samples of tinnitus. It can also be observed in the present study that, despite the variables THI and Dizziness lack of meaningfulness (p= 0,71), patients with dizziness complaints seem to exhibit a higher level of disturbance regarding tinnitus than the ones without complaint. In regards to the characteristics of the tinnitus evaluated by acuphenometry (Table 3), when compared to frequency values, both groups showed an average pitch around 4.000 Hz, in other words, the two groups, regardless dizziness complaints, exhibited the pitch of the tinnitus in acute frequencies, with no meaningful statistical difference between them (p=0,105). These findings are in accordance with the studies of Urnad and Tochetto [33] and Suzuki and collaborators [34] which also verifies values referring to the tinnitus’s pitch in acute frequencies.

This is strongly related with the fact that most patients with tinnitus present hearing loss in these frequencies. The researchers state that there is a connection between the tinnitus’s pitch and the region of the frequency of the maximum hearing loss. Taking intensity into consideration, the average loudness of the tinnitus was 22 dBNS for the group with dizziness and 26 dBNS for individuals without it, no verified meaningfulness between the two groups (p=0,234). This data goes against the values of the studies of Buzo and Carvallo [35] and Tugumia and collaborators [36] that verified loudness varying from 5 to 15 dBNS, this way, our population shows a bigger sensation of intensity to the tinnitus. Meaningful results regarding the relation between tinnitus and dizziness were not observed in this sample. Probably, the dizziness complaints of these patients are not related to the vestibular system and, consequently, to the tinnitus. Understanding that the auditory and vestibular systems are intimately related, it becomes necessary that the patient with dizziness complaints be directed to and otoneurological evaluation, in order to investigate if the source of dizziness is vestibular, what could possibly strengthen the relationship between the tinnitus and the dizziness. Afterwards, it is possible to seek treatment in order to improve both conditions, simultaneously, as it is for vestibular rehabilitation which is used as a therapeutic process for dizziness when associated with tinnitus, possibly decreasing the level of disturbance caused by the tinnitus, as in accordance with the study presented by Zeigelboim and collaborators [37].

Conclusion

Based on the results found in the researched sample:

a) Most of the patients with tinnitus presented dizziness [38].

b) The variable female gender showed meaningfulness regarding the presence of dizziness.

c) An average pitch of around 4.000 Hz was found for individuals with and without dizziness.

d) Average loudness was 22 dBNS for individuals with dizziness and 26 dBNS for individuals without.

e) The level of disturbance of the tinnitus showed no meaningfulness/relationship with dizziness.

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dragoni · 6 years ago

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It’s illegal to use forensic odontology to determine a persons age because it’s inaccurate by as much as 4 years. Yet ICE, ORR and its contractor Southwest Key continues to use it. Why? Dental contractors receive $228 for each examination.

Scott Lloyd, the director of ORR, is pure blood Republican:

has no experience ✔️

religious misogynist ✔️

anti-abortion extremist ✔️

racist ✔️

Stephen Miller protégé ?

tl;dr watch the video

In the U.S. immigration system, the difference between being 17 and 18 is a crucial one. Undocumented minors who cross the border are housed under the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement. They stay in shelters, not detention centers, and they are on a path to be released to family-member sponsors. They also receive special protections under the law.

Immigrants 18 and older, however, fall under the jurisdiction of ICE. They are often kept in detention centers that are akin to prisons.

Young immigrants, though, don’t always come with birth certificates or other documentation of their age. When that’s the case, ORR contractors and ICE sometimes turn to a highly disputed science to determine how old the immigrants are: forensic odontology. ORR and its contractors work with specialized dentists to conduct “age assessment” reports on minors suspected of being adults.

Immigrant detainees are X-rayed, and those images are sent to a forensic dentist, who looks at the person’s wisdom teeth and performs a statistical analysis, factoring in a person’s race and gender using studies on different dental populations.

“Neither ORR nor ICE discloses how many of these assessments are ordered per year, or how often they are used as evidence of age.”

ORR is prohibited from using forensic odontology exclusively to determine age by the 2008 Trafficking Victims Reauthorization and Protection Act. But the agency has broken that law in the past. In 2016 a federal judge found that ORR had used X-rays alone to send a Somali boy to ICE detention. The judge ordered that the child be returned to ORR custody.

ORR contractors have continued to order dental assessments. Email records obtained by VICE News show that a Southwest Key shelter for immigrant children in Arizona used the method in April of this year to designate an immigrant as 18 and refer them to ICE custody. Southwest Key declined to comment on the referral.

“In interviews with VICE News, David Senn said he has performed this service, mostly for ICE and ORR contractors, 79 times in 2018, and hundreds of times over the years, going back to the 1990s. His current rate for an age assessment is approximately $228 per examination, paid to his employer.”

Read about Demirjian staging, the method for “age assessment”.

Mini background on the director of ORR Scott Lloyd

Scott Lloyd Joins Hate Groups for Panel on Immigration

Lloyd has spent his legal career dedicated to preventing access to reproductive and sexual health care, especially abortion.

After joining the refugee office, he immediately enforced a policy designed to block young undocumented women from access to safe, legal abortion.

Lloyd has no prior experience working with refugees.

Lloyd previously served on the board of an anti-abortion counseling center, which often gives women inaccurate information about birth control and abortion.

Lloyd monitors women’s bodies with a weekly spreadsheet with updates on every pregnant teenager in the office’s custody.

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aifset2022 · 3 years ago

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Career Options after B.Sc Forensic Science

When we talk about forensic science, the only thing we comprehend is on the basis of what we have seen mostly in crime investigation series. However, the reality is far more outstretched and has a lot more to grasp. Forensic science is a multi-disciplinary branch of science and also one of the paramount strands of the modern-judicial system. Forensic experts collaborate with other law enforcement authorities to expose the truth and disclose the same to courts and assist in deciphering crime mysteries.

The practice of forensic science is implemented everywhere around the globe to ensure general wellbeing, execute criminal laws and guidelines, and sort civil conflicts. Forensic science is a precipitous and dynamic field that unites crime-fighting with laboratory work. There are many career profiles within the broad and multidisciplinary field of forensic science.

Let’s take a glance at the overall picture of the exciting branches of forensic science and explore the variety of career options.

1. Trace Evidence Analysis:

Trace Evidence Analysis gives pivotal connections to the culprit. Trace evidence is whatever imprints and clues are left by the criminal during the committing a crime like human/creature hair, rope, soil, texture filaments, feathers, building materials, and so on Trace Evidence Analysis includes the recuperation of such proof and their forensic testing to get facts that can be utilized in the courtroom in connection with a case or to answer some other legitimate inquiry.

2. Forensic Toxicology:

Forensic toxicology is the analysis of biological samples for the presence of toxins, including drugs. The toxicology report can grant important clues as to the type of substances present in an individual and also the consistency level of those substances. This branch of forensic science is of prime importance in road accidents, poisoning, and sexual violence. Any evidence collected such as pill bottles, powders, trace residue, and any available chemicals at the crime are considered thoroughly in investigations.

3. Forensic Psychology:

Forensic psychology, a relatively new subfield of psychology offers a path for students interested in exploring human behavior and the law. Forensic psychologists work with attorneys, judges, and other law professionals to examine criminals and their crimes to illuminate conclusions about the personality traits of the perpetrators and thus assist in criminal profiling.

4. Forensic Pathology/Biology:

Forensic pathology is the branch that emphasizes determining the cause and manner of death by examining a corpse. A post mortem is performed by a medical examiner, usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. The forensic pathologist can inspect a wound to identify the weapon that caused it. Overall, forensic pathology helps in analyzing whether the death is natural, criminal, or accidental.

5. Forensic Odontology/Dentistry:

Forensic Odontology is a discipline that revolves around handling, examination, and evaluation of dental evidence in criminal justice cases. Often when the victim’s body is left in an unrecognizable state, it is forensic odontology that helps investigators in identifying them.

6. Forensic Linguistics:

Forensic Linguistics deals in the evaluation of written evidence and the language of legislation to solve complex crime attempts. Linguistic experts are involved in the careful examination of forensic texts such as emergency calls, demands of ransom, suicide notes, social media, and death row statements.

7. Forensic Geology:

Forensic geology is the discipline that reflects light on the evidence relating to minerals, oil, petroleum, and other materials found in the earth to answer questions raised by the legal system. Thus, Forensic Geologists examine earth materials recovered from the incident scene, victim, or suspect to strengthen the evidence against the suspect, draw inferences about the time and cause of the incident, and obtain other relevant information as a part of the investigation.

8. Forensic Entomology:

Forensic Entomology includes the application and investigation of the science of bugs and different arthropods like 8-legged creatures, centipedes, millipedes, and scavengers to untangle criminal cases. This sector is helpful for death examinations, assurance of the area of an occurrence, posthumous span and to derive the conclusion of time at which the suspect died.

9. Forensic Anthropology:

Many times it has been discovered that criminals often left the suspects in the unidentifiable form either by mutilating or burning them. That’s where forensic anthropology is much needed as it outlines the examination of human skeletal remains, determines the identity, age, sex of human remains from bone fragments, and estimates time since death.

10. Digital Forensics:

Digital Forensics is the current popular expression in the realm of cybercrime investigation. A security breach can happen to any company, that can result in stolen data. In this situation, a computer forensic analyst would come in to play his role and determine how attackers gained access to the network, where they traversed the network, and what they did on the network, whether they took information or planted malware. However, his role is to recover data like documents, photos, and emails from computer hard drives and other data storage.

11. Forensic Ballistics:

Forensic ballistics professionals are the experts in everything related to firearms (guns, pistols, bullets, gun powder residue, etc.). They help the crime investigators by identifying the type of bullet and also the exact weapon was used, the distance, velocity, and angle of firing, and ultimately the culprit himself.

To sum up, we can say that forensic science has a pretty wide scope in India and a bright career with ample job opportunities both in the government and private sector. Forensic experts are not only needed in crime scene investigations but they form an indispensable part of various researches and experiments. Those who are fascinated by this field can check their suitability as per their interest and seek their adventurous future ahead.

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loyallogic · 4 years ago

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Role of forensic psychology in understanding criminal psychology

This article is written by Sanjana Jain, from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi. This article talks about the role forensic psychologists play in understanding criminal psychology.

Introduction

In India crime is considered as one of the major vices. By each passing year, the level of crime is increasing and causing devastating effects on people, institutions, and government security agencies. In order to curb such cases, several techniques have been adopted such as forensic odontology, criminal profiling, forensic psychology, etc. The use of these techniques depends upon the complexity of the crime, the nature of evidence, and the level of forensic technology available. Here we will discuss how forensic psychology plays a crucial role in understanding crime.

The work of Foreign Psychologists is diverse and wide-reaching. Foreign Psychologists perform many roles like they assist the police in the investigation of cases, provide advice while interrogating suspects or witnesses, work as an expert witness in court cases, conduct research, etc. Foreign Psychologists employes the use of several techniques such as face recognition, eye witness memory, and eyewitness testimony, in the 19th century these techniques were first employed in a murder case which was committed in 1896 i.e McCardell case (2001).

Forensic Psychology

Forensic Psychology is often defined as the use of clinical specialities in the legal system. In order to provide an explanation for criminal acts and behaviour, forensic psychologists apply psychological research, data, and theory. This practice helps in determining whether the suspect is guilty or not or whether he/she should be convicted or not. It also plays an important role in punishing and preventing crimes. The word forensic is defined as the “scientific method of investigation of crime”, therefore forensic psychology is often described as a merger of law and psychology.

Whenever a crime is committed, people usually contact police who in turn comes to the crime spot and collect evidence from there, after collecting evidence from the crime scene they deliver them to forensic science laboratories, once the laboratories complete the scientific assessment they send the reports to court of law to help the court in deducing who, when, where, what, why and how. Thus forensic psychology plays a crucial role in determining whether the suspect shall be convicted or not.

History of forensic psychology

The history of Forensic Psychology dates back to 1968 when at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the first lie detection division was set up. Earlier there were no formal training centers for professionals to be trained in lie detection, references were made from books and papers from the western culture on how to run lie detection tests.

In 1989, the court for the first time authorized to conduct narco-analysis and it was conducted by Dr. S.L. Vaya. But this test was conducted without the consent of the person in question, and it was pointed out that keeping the law and fundamental rights in mind consent and court sanctions are very important. Narco- Analysis is conducted in a room which is the same as an operation theatre with the help and guidance of a team of professional members that are doctor, nurse, and mental health practitioner.

In 2010 the Supreme Court held that tests like Brain Mapping, Narco-Analysis, and lie detection will be held only after the consent and all the information received after conducting these tests is enforceable as evidence in the court of law.

Thus there is a grey field observed on this as how on one hand courts find these scientific tools used by the forensic laboratories as violative of an individual’s fundamental rights and how on the other hand courts use the information extracted from tests to help them with crime scene analysis.

Role of Forensic Psychologists

Forensic Psychologists apply the principles of psychology to the field of a criminal investigation. Forensic Psychology is used in criminal trials to ascertain whether the person in question’s mental state meets the requisite legal standards. The roles that psychologists perform when they become professionally involved in criminal proceedings are as follows:

Evaluations and Assessments

To assess a person’s psychological state for legal purposes, evaluations and assessments are completed by forensic psychologists. Evaluations are done to acquire information for criminal court proceedings, for sentencing criminals or parole hearing, or for family courts or civil courts, and forensic psychologists are responsible for assessing and reporting the results of the evaluation, and any decision made based on these reports is up to other legal professionals. It is the duty of the evaluator to inform the person being evaluated that everything in session will be open to scrutiny in a forensic report or expert testimony. Forensic psychologists also function as expert witnesses as they are called by the court to testify about the results of their evaluations.

Treatment

Forensic psychological treatment includes implementing measures and treatment of psychological problems that help in reducing problems and prevents crime. In both criminal as well as civil cases, treatment providers are asked to provide psychological interventions who need it or who request for it. In criminal cases, the forensic psychologists can work with those persons who have once committed a crime and also sentenced for it but are repeating those crimes again and again, or with the victims of drugs or alcohol abuse, mental illness, or anger issues. On the other hand in civil cases, forensic psychologists have to work with families going through divorce or custody cases, and they can also provide treatment to persons who have suffered psychological injuries because of trauma.

Consultations

Forensic Psychologists help to better understand the human behaviour of criminals, witnesses, victims, jury to attorneys or other legal professionals, by applying psychological expertise and research. Consultations can take several forms, such as:

Law Enforcement Consultations

It includes assisting with criminal profiling, determining the psychological fitness of officers, or expertise on criminal behaviours. Despite the fact that criminal profiling isn’t very widely used in the investigation, it’s an appealing aspect of psychology to forensic psychologists, there are several methods and approaches related to criminal profiling, but there is still a doubt about the efficiency and accuracy of criminal profiling in general.

Trial consultants

Forensic Psychologists work with legal professionals, such as attorneys, and help them in preparing cases, jury selection, development of case strategy, and witness preparation. Under this Forensic Psychologists rely heavily on research, to best advise the persons with whom they are working with. As trial consultations are often hired by one specific side in a trial, psychologists faced with many issues, so it’s the responsibility of the psychologists to be neutral while consulting and shall not choose aside to support and consequentially omit or create information that would be beneficial to one side or another.

Expert Testimony

Expert witnesses have the ability to testify more knowledge of a situation or topic as they are experts in certain topics and have specialized knowledge about it, unlike fact witnesses, who are limited only to testify about what they know or have observed. In matters such as mental health or other areas such as social, experimental, cognitive, or developmental, expert witnesses in forensic psychology are called upon to testify. Earlier expert witnesses primarily served the court rather than the litigants, but nowadays this does not happen and recruitment of expert witnesses is completed by trial attorneys. The judge has the power to decide whether an expert witness will be accepted or not.

Academia / Research

Academic Foreign psychologists engage in teaching, training, and researching students about the foreign psychology, about the psychology of criminal behaviour, courtroom, investigation, assessment, and treatment of offenders and also teache how to carry out criminal psychological research. But however the role of academic foreign psychologists is not only limited to teaching, its main role is to carry out research in the field of interest. Every academic foreign psychologist has their own research interest and they research on its topic and get specialized knowledge about it by researching it.

Role of forensic psychology in the courtroom

When the forensic psychologists are called by the police, lawyers, or judges to interview and assess criminals, its role begins, and the information acquired from these interviews are used as evidence in the court of law. In a medico-legal ward, under a court mandate, a Forensic Psychologist can work towards the rehabilitation of a criminal or a victim.

According to Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872, “the court can take help of the experts, whenever it has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law or of science or art, or as to the identification of handwriting and the opinion of such an expert is relevant.” So according to this a forensic psychologist by presenting facts can assist the courts to execute the law in a just manner, these facts are in the form of reports of interviews and assessment of the person in question.

The role played by forensic psychologists will shed a light on the “men’s rea” of the person in question, mens rea is the state of mind of the person who generally pleads that he is not guilty in the witness stand during a trial. Those who plead guilty, claim that they have done the crime under influence of some substance or they were unaware that they have engaged in the crime, this gives the defense an opportunity to plead for lesser punishment or delay the final verdict of the judge. In such cases, experts are required to step in and assimilate the interview and assessment of the person in question to judge and give an opinion on how true the person’s statement is, this helps the judge to execute a judgment which is fair and also is in light of the safety of society and the individual.

Section 45 of The Indian Evidence Act 1872, also allows the forensic psychologist to give their expertise in solving criminal investigations, and this gives the opportunity to psychologists to make their forensic methods, according to the needs of cases.

Some specific functions of forensic psychologists

Some functions that forensic psychologists are asked to perform are as follows:

Police psychology

Helps in developing psychological profiles of serial offenders.

Teaching and training the police officers on how to deal with mentally ill individuals.

After a shooting incident provides counselling to police officers.

Psychology of Crime and Delinquency

Conducting research on the development of psychopathy.

As a research policy advisor consults with legislators and governmental agencies to prevent stalking.

Consulting with school personnel, for identifying youth which can be dangerous for society.

For assessing the risk among the mentally ill, develop a psychological test.

Victimology and Victim Services

Interviewing the persons who are the victims or witnesses of crime.

Providing training to victim service providers on the psychological reaction of criminal victimization, eg posttraumatic stress disorder.

Provides education to service providers on the impact of multiculturalism, when victims need mental health.

Legal psychology

Conducts evaluation of child custody and child abuse.

Through community surveys and other research methods, assists attorneys in jury selection.

Evaluate the defendant’s competency to stand trial.

Conclusion

It has been seen that the legal background of forensic psychology is not as strong as we expected it to be, currently, it is used as evidence in the Indian courts. So an effective standard operating procedure has to be enforced, such that forensic psychology comes to play, and standardized guidelines shall be made which shall suggest where forensic psychology needs to be involved. In order to decrease recidivism, prisons around the country shall have forensic mental health professionals to sustain the path of rehabilitation.

References

http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/24164/1/Unit-4.pdf

https://www.fnu.edu/role-forensic-psychology-criminal-justice/

https://ivypanda.com/essays/forensic-psychology/

LawSikho has created a telegram group for exchanging legal knowledge, referrals and various opportunities. You can click on this link and join:

https://t.me/joinchat/J_0YrBa4IBSHdpuTfQO_sA

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literaturepublisher · 3 years ago

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Dentistry involves the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions of the teeth, gums, mouth, and jaw. Often considered essential for overall oral health, dentistry can affect the health of your entire body.

#case reports in Dentistry #Dentistry case reports #Dentistry case reports Journal #Case Reports in Odontology #Journal of Dentistry case reports

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juniperpublisherscasestudies · 6 years ago

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Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Case Studies

Dental Resorptions and their Challenge: Three Case Reports

Authored by Luciano Barreto Silva

Abstract

Dental resorptions, also called root resorptions, are c! onsidered a challenge for odontology mainly because of the complexity and interactions involved in this process that destroys the roots of the teeth. Although clinically this condition may be relatively easy to identify, biologically there are still many open questions concerning the immunologic mechanisms in search of a way to prevent it by the establishment of an early diagnosis. This article gives an overall view of root resorptions while describes three case reports of internal, external and idiopathic resorptions.

Keywords: Allergy and immunology; Tooth resorption; Root resorption

Abbreviations: ABO: Brazilian Association of Odontology; PDL: Periodontal

Introduction

Dental resorptions have been a challenge for odontology since Michael Blum first described it in 1530 in the city of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, due to its complexity and the integration with the immunologic system, its scientific comprehension is considered recent, embracing nearly three decades. Root resorptions are classified, in general, as physiologic and pathologic, being the former related to the natural and expectable resorption of the deciduous teeth, and the latter related to pathologic resorptions involving the roots of permanent teeth. On the other hand, pathologic root resorptions are subdivided in two major groups namely: external and Internal.

External root resorptions of permanent teeth are multifactorial, and are usually associated with well known factors, commonly related to inflammatory process caused by trauma, orthodontic therapy and transplantation and reimplantation procedures. Physical pressure over the dental structures and impacted teeth; dental trauma in its various modalities, benign or malignant tumors as well as systemic conditions, such as hormonal alterations have also been featured as possible causes. Another case of external root resorptions, however, has also been described in the literature as Multiple Idiopathic External Root Resorption. Nevertheless, this sort of root resorption associated with unknown causes is a rare finding in dentistry, and its denomination refers to the fact that the triggering factor is not known. This paper insights three cases of root resorptions.

Case Report

Internal root resorption

An 11-year-old male patient looked for dental help in the Brazilian Association of Odontology (ABO-Pernambuco) with a previous clinical history of trauma affecting the maxillary upper teeth (Figure 1). Central incisors are usually the most affected teeth during facial trauma. Their position in the maxilla makes them more vulnerable than other teeth; and is exactly what happened to tooth 12 and 11 in this report. Tooth 12 was restored with composite resin right after the accident, while tooth 11 had a fracture in the mesial side of the crown which exposed the pulp and caused pulp necrosis. The teeth went on untreated until the moment of the dental appointment and they both were tender to vertical percussion and responded negatively to cold sensitivity test (EndoFrost).

At the radiographic examination, an oval radiolucent image could be observed in the middle third of tooth 12, associated with a periapical radioluscence (Figure 2). Both teeth had pulp necrosis and periapical lesions and the endodontic treatment was indicated. Due to the oval resorption in the middle third of tooth 12, it was decided to use Schilder technique for obturation, while tooth 11 was obturated with the aid of MacSpadden compactors.

External root resorption

A 32-year-old patient looked for endodontic assistance because of a cavity that destroyed half of the crown of the upper maxillary right canine. After the periapical radiograph, a radiolucency could be detected on the apex of the mentioned tooth and laterally in the periodontum, compatible with external root resorption associated with a periapical lesion. Initially, the image in the periodontum was compatible with external root resorption affecting only the external part of the root. The patient was assymptomatic and only searched for dental assistance because of aesthetic matters. The endodontic treatment was then accomplished and revealed a communicating root resorption which seemed to have been originated externally progressing into the root canal. After the obturation using MacSpadden compactors, the area was filled with gutapercha and the patient was instructed for follow up procedures, but never returned to preservation (Figure 3).

Idiopathic root resorption

A 17-year-old healthy Brazilian boy searched for the endodontic department of a private speciality school (ABO- Brazilian Association of Odontology) sent by his orthodontist for endodontic evaluation. The patient had never been treated orthodontically, and his main complaint was aesthetical, caused by the dental crowding located in the upper anterior teeth. The clinical intraoral examination reviewed full permanent dentition with one small carious cavity in tooth 16, and an amalgam restoration on tooth 26 (Figure 4). Dental crowding was also present on the mandibular anterior teeth, as well as crossbite on the lateral upper incisors (12;22). As for what concerned trauma, his report was uneventful. Haematological examinations were within normal aspects as for what concerned hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hyperphosphataemia and hypophosphataemia, and Paget´s disease. The patient had a normal growth curve and did not show signs of syndromes such as Papillon-Lefreve, whose main characteristics are premature dental loss and palmar-plantar hyperkeratosis. Altogether, all of his clinical and radiographic examinations led to the diagnosis of multiple idiopathic root resorption.

The patient had no complaint of tooth mobility or any other symptom. All he wanted was to start the orthodontic treatment in order to correct a cross bite involving tooth 12 and 22 caused by dental crowding (Figure 4). However, on the panoramic view, multiple apical root resorption was accidently found, involving the upper and lower teeth (Figure 4). Due to the panoramic radiograph findings, full mouth periapical radiographs were requested for more accurate visualization (Figure 5). (Include RXs). With the diagnosis of multiple apical external root resorption, the orthodontic therapy was contraindicated and the patient is under follow up procedure.

Discussion

Up to now, the early detection and the due treatment along with follow up procedures concerning root resorption seems to be the best form of treatment for root resorptions [1]. From the point of view that root resorption is usually asymptomatic, it is advisable to accomplish radiographic and tomographic examinations in patients more prone to develop them, such as patients under orthodontic therapy or who have been victimized by trauma. Although panoramic radiographs can offer a good general view of all teeth and other structures in the face, they are not indicated for definite diagnosis of root resorption under any pretext; due to distortions inherent to this kind of radiograph which may lead do misdiagnosis, not to mention the limitations of details, which can be poorly seen in panoramic views; and therefore periapical radiographs are then indicated.

It is believed that dietary habits may have some influence on the balance of bone turnover, and may influence on the progress of root resorptions. The work of Alam et al. [2] evaluated the fatty composition of arachidonic acid in the alveolar bone of laboratorial rats and concluded that specific dietary lipids altered the fatty acid composition of bone lipids, and added that diets enriched with fish oil decreased the concentration of arachidonic acid by diminishing the amount of osteoclasts in the area investigated. Arachidonic acid can be converted to series 2 prostaglandins or to series 4 leukotriens by ciclooxy-genase pathways. Prostaglandins are known to be hyperalgic and precursor of inflammatory mediators associated with the complement system. Another work [3] studied the influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on experimental tooth movement. The animals were fed a purified diet containing 10% refined fish oil while the control animals were fed a diet containing 10% corn oil. They concluded that the number of osteoclasts on the experimental group nearly 60% of that seen in controls, and that the degree of bone resorption was 80%, suggesting that enriched fish oil diets may reduce osteoclastic number, diminishing the degree of root resorption and the consequent dental movement. Thus, there seems to be correlation between nutrition and osteoclastic recruitment. Pertinent as it may seem, none of the patients in this study had nutrition problems and had common dietary habits. Although case report 1 showed a patient with pulp necrosis and internal root resorption, its development depends on the blood flow of a living pulp many times, during the process.

Overview

Root resorption can be described as the destruction of the dental roots by competent cells from the immunologic system. The teeth can be considered as specialized sensory organs which possess some of the hardest tissue in the human body: enamel, located in their crowns, which protects the dentin beneath from the outer environment. The roots of the teeth however, are protected by the periodontum, constituted by alveolar bone, periodontal ligament (PDL) and cementum, while the pulp lies in the middle of the tooth and is responsible for nutrition, dentin formation and sensorial purposes, responding basically with pain to all kinds of stimulus. These three hard tissues show some similarities in their formation. Cementum is an avascular mineralized tissue that covers and protects the root surfaces of the teeth as a whole, occupying the interface between dentin and the periodontal ligament. Not only does the cementum help anchor the tooth to its alveolar bone as it also plays a crucial role to protect the integrity of the root surfaces. Although enamel is not a connective tissue and has no collagen involved in its makeup, its construction follows many of the principles involved in the formation of hard connective tissue [4,5]. Once the teeth have been formed as they erupt, they bear the burden of supporting pressures applied over them due to their morphology, function, and their position in the maxillaries. Nevertheless, sometimes physical, chemical or mechanical stresses may be strong enough as to cause transitory or permanent damages which may lead to root resorptions.

Internal root resorptions:

Internal root resorptions are not as frequently found as the external ones. They seem to be related to pulp aggression, leading to focal necrosis of the odontoblasic layer inside the root canal space without pulp necrosis [6,7]. There seems to be the transformation of normal pulp tissue into granulomatous tissue with the presence of giant multinucleated cells, which are formed through asynchronous fusion of mononuclear cells belonging to the macrophage lineage and originating from the hematopoietic system, which usually appears under the light microscope with 2 to 10 nuclei. Such transformation is believed to be originated from continual bacterial stimulation over a coronal pulp, and worsened when, concomitantly, there are other factors such as dental cavities, dental filling with premature contact or even occlusal trauma [8].

Nevertheless, when observed in periapical radiographs, the image observed is usually a round radiolucent enlargement of the root canal space, typically compatible with internal root resorption and ,for that specific characteristic, easily diagnosed [9]. The stimulus may be strong enough to alter a living pulp to progress into chronic dental pulp inflammation, unleashing the discontinuity of the odontoblastic layer, and therefore exposing dentin antigens which will cause an autoimmune reaction, which frequently starts from the coronal third [10], and may progress to total necrosis, where it’s also a common finding the presence of communication with the periodontium in the radiolucent spot [11].

As the process progresses, internal root resorption can be perforating or non-perforating. Differential diagnosis is to be made with external resorptions that communicates with the root canal space. In such situation, the round radioluscence is not that typical and when exists is usually irregular. The clinical pattern is usually asymptomatic, however, it may include the presence of a pink spot, which represents the granulation tissue showing through the resorbed area in the inside. Radiographs are mandatory for diagnosing internal resorption, and more recently the cone beam tomography has been recommended as well, which may reveal a round-to-oval radiolucent enlargement of the pulp space being gradually resorbed [12,13,1]. The evolution of internal root resorptions may be jeopardized when there is the presence of caries or fractrures in the tooth affected, opening access to bacterial penetration and consequent pulp necrosis, impeding the circulation and promoting periapical lesions, which implies in more bone destruction and the possibilities of acute or chronic periapical alterations.

External root resorptions: External root resorptions, on the other hand, are much more easily found in routine panoramic or periapical radiographs. Surprisingly as it may seem, permanent teeth survive well throughout the life of a mammalian, under normal conditions, without being destroyed by immune competent cells, even being placed within the alveolar bone full of active cells in an intense metabolism [14]. Nevertheless, triggered by one or more specific factors, external root resorption may appear by a complex interaction of the first lineage of inflammatory cells which may activate more sophisticated ones. Among them, there are very specific antigen presenting cells (APCs) named clasts, which are didactically subdivided in osteoclasts, dentinoclasts and odontoclasts, depending on to the structures that they resorb. The structural, organizational and functional differences between odontoclasts, dentinoclasts and osteoclasts are insignificant, although detectable as for what concerns their size.

Odontoclasts are somewhat smaller. In general, clasts, during active external root resorption, occupy shallow depressions, designated as Howship´s lacunae, where their potential acidic production takes place; they are rich in acid phosphatases as well as other lysosomal enzymes; however and surprisingly, they do not function with lysosomal structures as in most other traditional cells. A recognized feature of the clasts is the presence of a proton pump associated with the ruffled border, pumping hydrogen ions into the sealed compartment and thus intensifying the acid environment [15,16]. For the fact that clasts are APC cells, they expose the dentinary antigens in their cell membrane and present them to T-lymphocytes which starts immune reactions with the recruitment of B-cells responsible for antibody formation.

Didactically, there have been designation of many types of external root resorptions, being external inflammatory root resorption the most common one, which is usually assymptomatic and arises from trauma, orthodontic movement or by chronic infection of the dental pulp or periodontum [17]. Especifically, as for what concerns orthodontic therapy, more risks are involved since the basis of dental movement depends exclusively on induced bone resorption and new bone formation. Root resorptions are designated as Replacement Root Resorption when the outcome of the stimulus is the substitution of the periodontal ligament (PDL) for osseous tissue, with consequent loss of the tooth.

Idiopathic external root resorptions: Idiopathic external root resorptions is a kind of external root resorption, and is a rare condition that can affect one single tooth, a group of teeth, or multiple ones; usually associated with local or systemic factors. Theoretically, many situations would be able to trigger this rare sort of resorption. Among them, local conditions and the systemic ones. Local conditions can be represented by orthodontic therapy, reimplantation of teeth, occlusal stresses, cysts or tumors, being the most common causes of external resorptions, while the latter would comprise hormonal problems such as hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism; or syndromes such as Goltz syndrome, Papilon-Lefèvre syndrome or even Turner syndrome [18]. As a matter of fact, there are two most affected regions of the tooth described in the literature: cervical, which begins cervically into the dental pulp direction, and apical, whose resorbing direction progresses apically to the crown of the teeth, usually shortening and rounding the roots affected. The term idiopathic is used when the etiological factor that triggered the process can not be identified, along with other clinical characteristics; such as normal clinical appearance of the teeth and the periodontal surrounding tissues, along with normal clinical alveolar bone levels and commonly found as incidental findings on radiographs or tomography.

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lupinepublishers · 5 years ago

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Lupine Publishers | Aging, Hearing Loss and Tinnitus

Lupine Publishers | Journal of Otolaryngology

Abstract

Introduction

Since the end of the century, the number of elderly people worldwide has increased. By the year 2015 there will be about 2 billion people over the age of 60. This population growth is probably due to the decline in the birth rate, improvement of socio-economic conditions of life and progress of modern medicine [1]. However, increasing longevity does not characterize good population health. As life expectancy progresses, there is also a greater number of chronic and incapacitating diseases, which must be properly monitored since they can cause problems for the quality of life of this population. Decreased functional capacity of organs and tissues is the main feature of aging and carries an increased risk of chronic degenerative diseases and declining status of the elderly in the family and in society. The gradual loss of physical energy and economic productivity tends to isolate and deprive of sources of information and communication [2].However, some physiological changes that happen with the advancing age will only manifest itself from the third age. For example, the human ear reaches maturity around 18-20 years and from this age the hearing organ begins to age, either by loss of sensory cells, neurological degeneration, exposure to ototoxic agents or noise [3]. Hearing loss in the elderly, also known as presbycusis, is a bilateral hearing loss for high frequency sounds. The main clinical manifestations of presbycusis include symmetrical and slowly developing sensorineural hearing loss, high pitched tinnitus and speech recognition disorders [4]. In the case of presbycusis, generally, the hearing thresholds increase significantly between 70 and 80 years of age and reach another stable stage at high levels after 80 years of age, especially in high frequencies [5]. Tinnitus is a common complaint defined as a sound in the head or ears that occurs in the absence of any external acoustical source [6]. It may be caused by several conditions: otological, metabolic, neurological, orthopedic, cardiovascular, pharmacological, odontological and psychological, which in turn may be present concomitantly in the same individual [7]. It affects about 15% of the world population. It can occur at any stage of life, but the highest prevalence occurs in the elderly, probably due to deterioration of the auditory and vestibular systems [8,9]. Tinnitus is the second most common otorhinolaryngological complaint in the elderly [10], with tinnitus often more disturbing than hearing loss [11]. Approximately 33% of the elderly population is affected by tinnitus and 15% to 25% of them present interference with the quality of life caused by this symptom [12]. Both hearing loss and tinnitus can trigger important communication problems, which in turn lead to difficulties in social, occupational and family adaptation. It is very common for elderly individuals to report that they can hear but not understand speech. Some studies have attempted to identify the relationship between age, gender, hearing loss and tinnitus [13-15]; however, which not confirm that tinnitus discomfort could be explained by age, gender, and hearing loss. The hearing loss might be the most dangerous factor and if the its serious, the incidence of the tinnitus became higher. So, tinnitus in the elderly may be the result of a combination of factors. Therefore, other issues are likely to be investigated, such as psychological issues or underlying diseases. To date, is known that exist a high prevalence of hearing loss and tinnitus in the elderly, and that these have a high impact on the patient’s quality of life. Becoming a factor of great negative repercussion for this population, hindering sleep, social life, concentration on daily and professional activities. The first step in care is to investigate the patient’s history. A detailed anamnesis, which should address, in addition to questions about tinnitus, associated diseases, patient’s lifestyle, diet, genetics, general health and the current effects of the disease on the patient’s life. In addition to the anamnesis, the use of questionnaires is important in the evaluation of individuals with tinnitus, as it helps to confirm the presence of tinnitus and determines the severity of the symptoms [16,17]. Treatment may be based on direct reduction of severity or elimination of tinnitus, such as working with the patient’s emotions in the face of tinnitus [18]. Other therapies also known are relaxation techniques, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychological counseling, sound therapy, including hearing aids or sound generators, or a combination of these approaches [19]. Until now, CBT is the oneoff have scientific evidence for tinnitus treatment. However, when the patient has hearing loss and tinnitus, the Tinnitus Retraining Therapy has been demonstrating that this model of intervention becomes a treatment option for the relief of tinnitus in the elderly people [20] and of hearing aids could reduce the perception of tinnitus sound intensity and the bothersome with this symptom and with hearing loss [21].

Conclusion

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mingleboxedu · 6 years ago

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Forensic Science Courses

If you are an aspirant of forensic science,then this article is particularly for you. Given below is the list of the best forensic science courses that you can opt for. Before you start looking for an academic program, you must gain knowledge about its alternatives as well. You must be aware about the available postgraduate courses and their related information.

In other words, this article is going to provide you with necessary information in order to make a good choice. You must carefully look at the list and then select the best alternative. This article can be of use to a XII pass students, a postgraduate and event to a graduate degree holder. It does not matter what kind of degree you are holding currently, you can get to know about the right type of forensic course here.

If you have certain questions associated with forensic science such as what is forensic science? What is the scope if one pursues this line? Is it worth pursuing a career in this line? You will get answers to all these questions once you read this article.

Basic Information about Forensic Science

In normal words forensic science, the application of techniques and scientific methods for the cases which are being investigated in the court of law. You must have seen forensic experts in famous movies and TV shows. They get into action during the crime scenes. You must have seen them acquiring information related to the evidence in crime scenes, analyzing the evidences and then obtaining the results, which will ultimately help them in making progress. Forensic science is a great domain and there has also been noticeable improvement in this field. For instance, cyber forensics is a new branch.

As it has been previously mentioned, forensic science is a huge field. It has several sub branches. Many of the popular forensic science sub-branches are:

Forensic accounting

Forensic chemistry

Forensic microbiology

Bloodstain pattern analysis

Forensic DNA analysis

Computational forensics

Digital forensics

Forensic pathology

Forensic linguistics

Forensic toxicology

Forensic psychology

Forensic engineering

You must have seen forensic science experts working in a crime scene. In crime scenes you must have seen forensic experts working together with the police force. In crime scenes, these are the main tasks that they have to perform.

Studying and analyzing the crime scene

Collecting important evidence

Labelling and marking the evidence properly

Preserving and storing the evidence safely

In the labs, these are some of the tasks that they have to perform

Maintaining records of evidences that have been collected so far

Analyze the evidences through the use of scientific equipments and methods

Once you are done with analysis, then you can move ahead with the conclusions

Creating reports associated with the findings

Other than the crime scene role and lab work, forensic experts may have to appear as a witness in the court. The jobs performed by the professionals and forensic scientists depend upon their educational qualification as well as his or her specializations. A digital forensic expert may not have to analyze the patterns of bloodstain.

Also, a forensic chemistry expert cannot do analysis for the frauds committed in the financial field. Therefore, it is clear that a person needs specialization or expertise while being in this field.

So, forensic experts play a significant role in solving crime problems. It is all thanks to the inputs that the forensic experts provide, the investigating agencies are able to obtain important clues and inroads associated with the crime. Before moving forward with the main matter that is the list if forensic courses. Here are some important facts related to the academic programs. They involve:

Course Formats

In India, students can study the programs of forensic science at doctoral, graduate, and postgraduate level. Thus depending on the academic degree s level, these courses can be classified into these types:

Doctoral level courses

Post graduate level courses

Undergraduate level courses

Other than that, there are no-credit programs for forensic science and workshops associated with this subject.

List of forensic science courses in India

Undergraduate courses

Bsc in forensic science

B tech in computer science

Postgraduate courses

Msc in information technology and digital forensics

Msc in forensic chemistry

M tech in incident report and cyber security

M tech in forensic and scientific technology

M sc in forensic odontology

PG diploma in fingerprint science

PG diploma in forensic accounting

PG diploma in forensic toxicology

MBA in finance (forensic accounting)

PG diploma in Forensic document examination

Doctoral degree courses

PhD in digital forensics

PhD in forensic science

PhD in forensic chemistry

PhD in forensic pathology

Eligibility criteria

Those who have cleared their XII class exams in the science streams are eligible to study Bsc and B tech undergraduate programs.

Postgraduate programs: Candidate should have completed the necessary undergraduate or bachelor’s degree programs in order to pursue postgraduate forensic courses.

Doctoral degree programs: In order to pursue relevant doctoral degree program, one must have completed a Master’s degree program.

Duration

Bsc programs are 3 years long

B tech programs are around 4 years long

M sc programs are generally 2 years long

Post graduate diploma programs are generally two years long

Colleges

Engineering, science and other post graduate diploma programs are provided by several self financed and government programs all around India. Such colleges are spread across various districts in a state. Government colleges generally charge lower fees in comparison to the self financed colleges. Forensic science University of Gujrat is the best University that provides forensic science programs.

Admission process

Reputed institute gives admission to the students on merit basis. Such colleges or institutes conduct entrance exams so that they can select deserving candidates in their college or institutes. Such institutes conduct their own entrance tests for choosing the right candidates. There are certain institutes that conduct donation-based or direct admission process.

Fees

Fee charged may differ from institute to institute . The fees of the course is also dependent on important factors such as:

Status and rating of the college

Location of the college

Type of institute that is aided, private or government

Scholarship status of the student if possible.

Government colleges charge low fees whereas the average fees charged by the private institutes can lie anywhere between 60,000 to 100,000 INR per annum.

Career prospects

Professionals of forensic science are available with numerous job opportunities. They can get private sector and government jobs very easily. They can also go for self employment.

Let us first talk about the government jobs that a forensic science student can get. These professionals are generally hired by the agencies of law enforcement, forensic laboratories, tax authorities, investigation agencies. Here are some of the recruiters:

Government forensic labs

Income tax department

Intelligence bureau

Crime branch

Commercial tax department

Government hospitals

Armed forces

CBI

Financial institutes and government banks

Now, we are going to discuss about the private sector jobs that the forensic students are available with. Forensic experts can easily get a job in detective agencies, law firms, consultancies, security agencies, and private investigation agencies. In case you wish to remain self employed, then you can start giving consultancy services and create your own agency.

In these firms, here are some of the roles that a forensic expert is going to perform.

Cyber forensic expert

Law expert

Laboratory assistant

Laboratory in-charge

Forensic accountant

Investigative officer

Forensic scientist

Forensic expert

So, these are some of the things associated with the forensic science courses.

Engineering Colleges in India

Engineering Admissions

Engineering Articles

Engineering Entrance Exams

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imagecase · 4 years ago

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Dentistry / Odontology

Clinical Images and Case Reports Journal focuses on the topics under Dentistry/ Odontology Case Reports that includes:

Dental Anatomy, Dental Hygiene, Dental Implant, Dental Materials, Dental Orthopedics, Dental Pharmacology, Dental Surgery, Digital Dentistry, Endodontics, Geriatric Dentistry, Hospital Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Histology, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Physiology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontics, Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry, Dental Biofilm, Dental Care, Dental Cavities, Dental Implants, Dental Material, Dental Prosthetics, Dental Pulp, Dentures, Orofacial Cleft, Partial Dentures, Periodontal, Permanent Dentures, Prosthodontics Dentures, Root Canal, Tooth Decay, Tooth Extraction, Tooth Implants, Metal braces/Traditional braces, Invisalign, Accelerated orthodontics, Lingual orthodontics, Adult orthodontics, Orthodontic technology, Cosmetic dentistry, Orthodontic and periodontist updates, Experts opinion on orhtodontics, Periodontal Treatment, Dentures and Incognito Braces, etc.

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marymosley · 5 years ago

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Importance of cheiloscopy in forensic science

Introduction

Human identification and recognition is of supreme importance in the forensic and criminal investigation [1]. The comparison of fingerprints known as dactyloscopy, dental records and DNA fingerprinting are the most common methods that are used for the identification purposes [2]. However, these data may not be available in some cases and thus we need to opt for other alternatives to proceed further in investigation. One such technique is cheiloscopy which deals with the study, classification, analysis and comparison of lip prints or impressions. The part of the human lip between the inner labial mucous membrane and the outer skin consists of creases and grooves. This pattern formed by creases and grooves is called as the lip print [3]. Like fingerprints, the pattern of lip prints is unique to each individual and varies from person to person. Hence, they can be used as an effective tool for the human identification purposes [4].

History

The anthropologist, R. Fischer in 1902, was the first person to recognize the presence of lines on the human lips but he did not give any practical use of this phenomenon. During 1968-1971, two Japanese scientists Yasuo Tsuchihashi and Tazuo Suzuki examined 1364 lip prints at the Department of Forensic Odontology (Tokyo University). Based on their research they concluded the uniqueness and individualistic nature of patterns of human lip prints [5]. In Hungary in 1961, the research started when lip impressions were found at the door of glass in a murder case and later they were proved to be useful in investigation process [5].

In 1974, Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classified the lip prints [6]. Various such cheiloscopic researches were carried out in different parts of the world that ultimately resulted in the confirmation of individuality of lip prints and their ability to not change for the whole lifetime of a person [5]. The examination also revealed various classifications of lip prints, different methods of collection and lifting of prints, comparison and analysis of lip traces. Nowadays also, many studies are going on to investigate further the potential of the lip impressions as a forensic tool [3].

Anatomy of the lip

Lips are two highly susceptible mobile folds that form the anterior border of the oral cavity. They consist of skin, glands, muscle and mucous membrane. The oral sphincter is formed due to the surface of lips. The upper lip is present beneath the nose and extends laterally towards the cheek from nasiolabal sulcus and the lower lip is bordered by a groove inferiorly, the labiomental sulcus [6]. The junction of two lips at the corners of the mouth is termed as lateral commissures [7].

The red part of the lips is known as vermilion and is covered with specialized stratified squamous epithelium. The vermilion border is the boundary of paler skin and distinguishes vermilion from the adjoining skin. The mucosal part of the lips is the stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium covering of the inner part of the oral cavity [7]. The vermilion consists of the grooves and creases that forms the pattern of lip prints and are important in personal identification [3].

Classification of lip prints

Various classifications have been devised by different scientists. The most commonly used classification was given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. They classified the prints into following groups [9]:-

Type I- Straight grooves that extend throughout the lip

Type I’- Straight grooves but are not present throughout the entire breadth of lip

Type II- Forked grooves

Type III- Intersecting grooves

Type IV- Reticulate grooves

Type V- Undetermined

Figure 1: Different types of lip prints according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification [13]

Lip prints as a tool in Forensics

The lip prints can be commonly found in the cases of sexual assaults, burglaries, murders, rapes etc. They may be either visible (due to lipstick applied) or invisible (latent). The latent lip prints are deposited on the surfaces because of the moisturizing done by the tongue and due to secretions of the minor salivary and sebaceous glands present on the vermilion surface of lips [6]. Thus the latent prints should always be considered while investigating the crime scene and various objects such as glasses, bottles, cups, leftover fruits, cigarette butts, bed sheets, cushions should be examined carefully. Such prints can be developed using various dyes and methods. The impressions are collected, interpreted according to different classification systems and compared with those of suspects for identification [8].

Following are the aspects that can be determined using lip prints-

Personal identification

The lip prints are unique to everyone and thus if found at the crime scene can play a significant role in identification of the criminal.

Race determination [6]

On the basis of thickness of lips, 4 groups can be identified:-

Thin lips (common in European caucasoids)

Medium lips (8 to 10 mm, are most commonly found)

Thick lips (generally found in negroids)

Mix lips (commonly found in orientals)

Sex determination [9]

Various studies have been conducted to determine sex based on the lip prints. In a research conducted by Vahanwala et al (on the basis of Suzuki and Tsuchihashi), it was concluded that certain pattern trends are generally common in one of the sexes:-

Type I and type I’ are common in females in 3rd and 4th quadrants ( in the lower lip).

Type II is dominant in males in the 2nd quadrant that is upper lip (left side)

Individuals with all quadrants having unlike patterns are commonly found in males whereas having same patterns in all four quadrants are seen in females.

The lip prints can also give other details such as cosmetics used, habits, occupational qualities and the pathological changes of lips.

Lip prints are studied in postmortem cases and important in identification of corpses [10].

Case studies where lip prints proved to be useful

In 1966 in Poland, cheiloscopy proved to be helpful in solving the case of burglary. The analysis by expert was done and it was found that the lip impression found on crime scene did not match with suspect and thus helped in proceeding further in investigation [11].

In 1970, an extremely rare case was reported where it was analyzed that the lip prints found on envelope do not belong to the suspects [12].

In 1988, a burglary case in grocery store was solved due to the lip prints found. Lip prints were found along with the tooth marks on a piece of cake. The analysis revealed that the person who had left the trace was one of the burglars. The results of both tooth mark and lip prints supported the idea of involvement of that burglar [12].

Conclusion

Lip prints are the chance prints that are left at the crime scene and are used in criminal investigation to identify the criminal or the deceased person. They need to be carefully examined and analyzed by the experts. Cheiloscopy is an emerging field of forensic science in today’s era. Various intense research and studies are being done on lip prints and identification using them.

References

Kannan, S., Muthu, K., Muthusamy, S., & Sidhu, P. (2015). Cheiloscopy-A Vital Tool In Crime Investigation. Int J Forensic Sci Pathol, 3(3), 89-93.

Caputo, I. G. C., Antonio, L. U., & André, A. P. R. (2018). Cheiloscopy in the human identification. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 6(5), 371-374.

Adamu, Lawan. (2016). 78-Lip Prints: An Emerging Tool for Personal Identification. Bayero Journal of Biomedical Sciences. Maiden. 78-87.

Prabhu, R. V., Dinkar, A. D., & Prabhu, V. D. (2010). Collection of lip prints as a forensic evidence at the crime scene–an insight. Journal of Oral Health Research, 1(4).

Kasprzak, J. (1990). Possibilities of cheiloscopy. Forensic Science International, 46(1-2), 145-151.

Caldas, I. M., Magalhaes, T., & Afonso, A. (2007). Establishing identity using cheiloscopy and palatoscopy. Forensic science international, 165(1), 1-9.

https://elementsofmorphology.nih.gov/anatomy-oral.shtml

Palakurthi, N., Afroz, S., Suri, C., Chaitanya, V., & Narayen, V. (2015). Cheiloscopy: Scope in forensics, classification systems and limitations. JDSR, 5(1), 48-53.

More, C., Patil, R., Asrani, M., Gondivkar, S., & Patel, H. (2009). Cheiloscopy–A Review. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine &Toxicology, 3(1), 17-20.

Augustine, J., Barpande, S. R., & Tupkari, J. V. (2008). Cheiloscopy as an adjunct to forensic identification: A study of 600 individuals. J Forensic Odontostomatol, 26(2), 44-52.

Chatra, L., Peter, T., & Ahsan, A. (2016). Cheiloscopy. International Journal of Forensic Odontology, 1(2), 48.

Prabhu, R. V., Dinkar, A. D., Prabhu, V. D., & Rao, P. K. (2012). Cheiloscopy: revisited. Journal of forensic dental sciences, 4(1), 47.

Kaul, R., Padmashree, S. M., Shilpa, P. S., Sultana, N., & Bhat, S. (2015). Cheiloscopic patterns in Indian population and their efficacy in sex determination: A randomized cross-sectional study. Journal of forensic dental sciences, 7(2), 101.

Author

Kanika Goel, Intern at Dept of Forensic Science & CI, Legal Desire Media & Insights.

The post Importance of cheiloscopy in forensic science appeared first on Legal Desire.

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7newx1 · 5 years ago

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* George Barnhill eventually recused himself from Arbery case * Prosecutions include woman wrongfully imprisoned for murderThe local prosecutor who argued two white men were legally justified in chasing down and killing Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed black man, has been at the center of aggressive and flawed prosecutions of at least two black women in recent years.One of the women was wrongfully imprisoned for over a decade on a murder conviction secured by later discredited forensic evidence, and another woman was unsuccessfully tried twice for helping people vote.George Barnhill, the district attorney for the Waycross judicial circuit in south-east Georgia, advised police in April that Gregory and Travis McMichael should not be charged over the death of Arbery, suggesting that the two had attempted to “stop and hold this criminal suspect” before fatally shooting him.Arbery had been jogging in the area, with numerous accounts stating there was no evidence of any burglary.Barnhill eventually recused himself from the case, under pressure from the Arbery family, as his son had worked in the Brunswick prosecutor’s office alongside Gregory McMichael.The McMichaels have since been charged with murder after the emergence of video showing the shooting and the intervention of Georgia state investigators. Barnhill faces harsh scrutiny, allegations of racial bias and a state investigation over his handling of the case and why he recommended not bringing charges shortly before officially recusing himself. Barnhill defended his office’s handling of the Arbery case.“As a member of the State Bar of Georgia I am not allowed by State Law and State Bar rules to have any public comment on the facts, or on the law, or on the news stories about the case, to ensure a fair and just trial for all parties,” he said in an emailed statement. “As far as any investigation into my office’s handling of the case; I welcome the investigation and look forward to the review.”Court documents obtained by the Guardian reveal that just months before Barnhill advised against charging both men, his office aggressively opposed a motion filed on behalf of a 53-year-old African American woman, Sheila Denton, requesting a new trial due to flawed forensic evidence used to convict her of a 2004 murder.Denton was sentenced to life in prison in 2006 for the murder of 73-year-old Eugene Garner, but she has maintained her innocence. Her prosecution, first brought by Barnhill’s predecessor in the district attorney’s office, relied heavily on “bite mark” evidence and the account of a sole witness who defense lawyers said gave conflicting evidence and was heavily pressured by local police into testifying against Denton. Court filings indicate police threatened the witness, Sharon Jones, with being charged over murder herself unless she testified that Denton had confessed to her. Jones was a known crack cocaine dealer and drug addict.An autopsy on Garner’s body identified a potential bite mark, which was used alongside a photograph of Denton’s arm, which prosecutors argued also showed an alleged bite mark, to deduce Denton had carried out the murder. There was no DNA evidence linking her to the case.Although forensic dentistry experts testified at trial that the markings were “probable bite marks” that linked the two together, guidance issued by the American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO) in 2016, which strictly limited testimony on “probabilistic” bite markings, essentially nullified the critical evidence from the 2006 trial.Despite this, attorneys working for Barnhill argued in court filings in December 2019 that the new ABFO guidance was “not evidence at all” and the court should continue to rely on the old, flawed testimony because the forensic dentist who testified in 2006 “would not change the opinion he offered”. The motion was written by the assistant district attorney Michelle McIntire, who reports to Barnhill.Ultimately, on 7 February this year, just two weeks before the Arbery shooting, Judge Dwayne Gillis disagreed with Barnhill’s office and allowed Denton a new trial, later ordering her release from prison.Denton was released on 9 April but remains under indictment.Sources close to the case told the Guardian that Barnhill indicated, at around the same time he advised against charging the McMichaels, that he would continue to examine pursuing a new case against Denton.Barnhill said in an email that the original trial was “many years ago” and he was not personally involved. He said his office had agreed to a low bond for Denton after a new trial was ordered so she could live with family in Atlanta.In recent years Barnhill also drew national attention for his decision to prosecute Olivia Pearson, the first African American woman elected to the city commission in Douglas, Georgia, and three others for improperly assisting others at the polls during the 2012 general election. The three other people pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges, but Pearson chose to take her case to trial.Georgia restricts who can get assistance at the polls and Barnhill’s office brought felony charges against Pearson, saying she had unlawfully helped her nephew and another woman at the polls and signed a form swearing that the voters met the necessary conditions for assistance when they didn’t.> I was just blown away that I got indicted on something like that. They aggressively prosecuted me> > Olivia PearsonBut during the trial, one of the women Pearson helped, a first-time voter, testified that she didn’t know how to use the voting machine, according to BuzzFeed News. She said Pearson showed her how to do so without touching the machine or telling her how to vote.“I was just blown away that I got indicted on something like that,” said Pearson “They aggressively prosecuted me.”All but one of the jurors, a black woman, voted to convict Pearson, resulting in a mistrial. Barnhill’s office immediately moved to try the case again. In the second trial, held in another town, the jury acquitted Pearson after just 20 minutes of deliberation.The fact that the group was prosecuted after encouraging people to vote was stunning, said Charlene Green, an attorney who represented one of the men who pleaded guilty. Many saw the prosecutions as an attempt to intimidate minority voters.“These are not people who are a blight on the community. These are individuals who are actively working to galvanize marginalized people in that community,” she said. Some noted it was alarming that Barnhill so aggressively brought prosecutions for minuscule voting infractions but didn’t think charges were warranted in Arbery’s case, where there was video evidence showing two men chasing down an unarmed man and shooting him.“When you look at the fact pattern that has come to light in Mr Arbery’s case, that this same DA looked at that video and decided that there was no probable cause to prosecute, it says to me that his judgment is informed by race discrimination,” said Sara Totonchi, executive director of the Southern Center for Human Rights, which represented Pearson in her second trial.Barnhill said he did not have an active role in either of Pearson’s trials and that if people asked him about the case, he would tell them Pearson was not guilty.“I have a 36-year prosecution history which is open for inspection. I’m proud of the work I’ve done,” he said.Barnhill has spent almost his entire career as a prosecutor in the Waycross judicial circuit, a jurisdiction situated across six counties in rural south-east Georgia. According to biographies in local news, he began tenure as an assistant district attorney in June 1983, rising to chief assistant district attorney in 1994.Archives indicate that Barnhill has been a mainstay on the local Republican political scene for many years. He was elected to district attorney in 2014 in a close and, at times, bitterly fought battle with a second Republican candidate, Brad Collins.Local news reports from the time indicate that Barnhill campaigned on a harsh, tough-on-crime agenda and touted his active support of capital punishment. According to one story in the Waycross Journal-Herald, he also once blamed “high numbers of pirates and unfriendly Indians” from Georgia’s colonial past for the state’s “criminal element”.

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