#Capital from Rome to Byzantium

[sybillum]

the Nine Saints

ethiopia, c. 15-16 centuries

a group of nine missionaries from various regions of the Byzantine Empire, who came to Ethiopia during the Council of Chalcedon 451, a very divisive and complicated period of the Early Church’s history, played a pivotal role in bringing Christian faith into the land as the primary faith. 

‘Chronicle of Axum’ stated about all saints that: ‘in the days of Amiamid, many monks came from Rum, who fill’d all the Empire; Nine of them stay’d in Tigre, and each of them erected a Church of his own Name’. 

not much is present about their hagiographies, at least in english, so all that i could acquire on them shall be presented below. only eight are depicted on the icon.

abba Pantelewon

abba Garima

abba Liquanos

abba Aftse

abba Aragawi

either abba Yem’ata or abba Alef

abba Guba

abba Tsahma

1. abba Pantelewon

borne in a noble Byzantine family (470-522), he eventually became a monk, who is associated with the founding of Pantelewon monastery. in 480 AD he fled to Axum, the capital city of Ethiopia, among with other 8 saints, who were all, just as him, escaping the Chalcedonian Council 451 (declared Monophysitism a heresy). in another tradition, abba Pantelewon enclosed himself in a tower for 45 years, and this tower, later, was identified as Pantelewon Monastery near Axum. abba Pantelewon is also regarded as a skilled exorcist, considered to have casted out evil spirits and brought peace to turmoiled regions. 

2. abba Garima (Isaac/Yeshaq)

his hagiography was written in around late 15th century. his father was king of Rum (Byzantium) and after his death, abba Garima was a king for 7 years - up until abba Pantelewon summoned him to be a monk. this way, abba Garima spent 5 years with abba Pantelewon, until he went on his own way and established a monastery at Mädära, where he spent about 20 years of his life. there, he became known as an exorcist and wonderworker. monastic tradition holds that the Garima gospels (three ancient ethiopic manuscripts containing all four Gospels and supplements like lists of Gospel chapters. Garima 2 is held as the earliest existing complete illuminated Christian manuscript) were composed by abba Garima himself. 

3. abba Liquanos

is known as composer of hymns, prayers and liturgies, that are still used within the tradition of Ethiopic Orthodox Church. was probably from Constantinople, but later moved to Däbrä Qwänasel monastery. 

4. abba Aftse

has a syriac name, so probably came from Edessa. according to his hagiography, he travelled from Asia Minor to Rome, where he met abba Garima. they travelled together to Ethiopia and he founded a monastery in Yeha as a center of learning and spiritual guidance. abba Aftse is known as a healer. 

5. abba Aragawi

was a disciple of Coptic monk Pachomius the Great (a founder of Cenobitic monasticism). after twelve years at the court of king Ella Amida of Axum, he and the nun Edna, his friend, travelled to found Debre Damo monastery. as the legend states, when he was at the base of the mountain, on the top of which Debre Damo is located, a large green serpent slithered to him, and st Michael the archangel appeared, giving abba Aragawi instructions on how to build the monastery. after that, the serpent coiled itself around the monk and aided in travelling up the mountain to do the angel’s bidding. 

6. abba Yemata OR Alef

abba Yemata: a charismatic preacher, who travelled far and wide preaching the Gospel and founding churches in distant areas. currently has a church of Abuna Yemata Guh dedicated to him.

abba Alef: travelled north and reached Bi’isa, founded a monastery there (Gär’alta, Endärta woreda, Tigray region) and was a missionary to the local people.

7. abba Guba

probably coming from Cilicia, he was a fellow monk of abba Pantelewon. after that, he moved to the desert of Bäräka. he is known as a healer, who established a monastery in Madara for medical needs and spiritual comfort of the community. 

8. abba Tsahma

originally coming from, possibly, Antioch, he moved to Ethiopia and, establishing the monastery there, this devout scholar devoted his life to studying the Scriptures and evangelising, educating people on Christian faith. 

sources:

The Nine Saints

The Legend of Saint Abuna Aragawi Monastery

Aleteia.org

Dictionary of African Christian Biography

[wordsmithic]

If you think the Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, I'm here to tell you: No, it didn't!

The Metropolitan Museum of Art summarizes the history of the Roman Empire! This explains why Greeks called themselves Romans till the 19th century!

transcript: In 330 A.D., the first Christian ruler of the Roman empire, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) (26.229), transferred the ancient imperial capital from Rome to the city of Byzantion located on the easternmost territory of the European continent, at a major intersection of east-west trade. The emperor renamed this ancient port city Constantinople (“the city of Constantine”) in his own honor (detail, 17.190.1673–1712); it was also called the “New Rome,” owing to the city’s new status as political capital of the Roman empire. The Christian, ultimately Greek-speaking state ruled from that city would come to be called Byzantium by modern historians, although the empire’s medieval citizens described themselves as “Rhomaioi,” Romans, and considered themselves the inheritors of the ancient Roman empire.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.11

330 – Constantine the Great dedicates the much-expanded and rebuilt city of Byzantium, changing its name to New Rome and declaring it the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. 868 – A copy of the Diamond Sūtra is published, making it the earliest dated and printed book known. 973 – In the first coronation ceremony ever held for an English monarch, Edgar the Peaceful is crowned King of England, having ruled since 959 AD. His wife, Ælfthryth, is crowned queen, the first recorded coronation for a Queen of England. 1068 – Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, is crowned Queen of England. 1258 – Louis IX of France and James I of Aragon sign the Treaty of Corbeil, renouncing claims of feudal overlordship in one another's territories and separating the House of Barcelona from the politics of France. 1713 – Great Northern War: After losing the Battle of Helsinki to the Russians, the Swedish and Finnish troops burn the entire city, so that it would not remain intact in the hands of the Russians. 1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. 1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement. 1857 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British. 1880 – Seven people are killed in the Mussel Slough Tragedy, a gun battle in California. 1889 – An attack upon a U.S. Army paymaster and escort results in the theft of over $28,000 and the award of two Medals of Honor. 1894 – Four thousand Pullman Palace Car Company workers go on a wildcat strike. 1919 – Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty. 1970 – The 1970 Lubbock tornado kills 26 and causes $250 million in damage. 1985 – Fifty-six spectators die and more than 200 are injured in the Bradford City stadium fire. 1996 – After the aircraft's departure from Miami, a fire started by improperly handled chemical oxygen generators in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 on board. 1997 – Deep Blue, a chess-playing supercomputer, defeats Garry Kasparov in the last game of the rematch, becoming the first computer to beat a world-champion chess player in a classic match format. 1998 – India conducts three underground atomic tests in Pokhran. 2011 – An earthquake of magnitude 5.1 hits Lorca, Spain. 2013 – Fifty-two people are killed in a bombing in Reyhanlı, Turkey. 2014 – Fifteen people are killed and 46 injured in Kinshasa, DRC, in a stampede caused by tear gas being thrown into soccer stands by police officers. 2016 – One hundred and ten people are killed in an ISIL bombing in Baghdad. 2022 – The Burmese military executes at least 37 villagers during the Mon Taing Pin massacre in Sagaing, Myanmar. 2024 - Minnesota officially updates its flag.

[orthodoxydaily]

Saints&Reading: Saturday, January 13, 2024

Leavetaking (apodosis) of the Nativity of Christ

december 31_ january 13

MARTYR ZOTICUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE, FEEDER OF ORPHANS (4TH C.)

 Icon from Uncut mountain suppy

He was born in Rome, and as a young man was chosen by the Emperor Constantine to assist in the foundation of his new capital at Byzantium. An outbreak of leprosy in the new City became so severe that the Emperor ordered that all lepers, whatever their rank, be driven from the city or drowned in the sea. Zoticus, moved by compassion for these people, went to the Emperor and asked him for a large amount of gold to buy gems and pearls to enhance the glory of the city, 'For, as Your Majesty knows, I am well-qualified in this field.' The Saint then used the gold to ransom all those being led into exile or to drowning, and to establish for them a camp on the hill of Olivet on the opposite shore of the Bosphorus. There he brought the sick and provided for their care.      In 337 Constantius, an Arian heretic, took the throne upon the death of his father. Some of Zoticus' enemies at court, seeing an opportunity, denounced Zoticus to the new Emperor, saying that he not only held subversive views, but had misappropriated public money. When he learned of these charges, Zoticus presented himself to the Emperor, finely dressed, and offered to take Constantius to see the gems and pearls that he had bought on his behalf. When they reached the hill of Olivet, Constantius was astonished to see a company of lepers coming to greet him with lighted candles, honoring and praising him and their patron Zoticus. Then the holy Zoticus said to the Emperor, 'These are the precious stones and brilliant pearls that give luster to the crown of the heavenly Kingdom that you will inherit by their prayers. I bought them for the salvation of your soul.'Instead of being grateful, the heartless Emperor ordered that Zoticus be tied behind wild mules and dragged until dead. The mules ran down the hill, breaking the Saint's body upon the rocks an brush. Then, of their own accord, they returned to the top of the hill, still dragging the body, and, like Balaam's ass (Numbers ch. 22), spoke and proclaimed that the Martyr must be buried on that hill. The astonished and repentant Emperor ordered the Martyr buried with honor, and commanded that a hospital for lepers be built there, staffed by the best physicians and caretakers.      Saint Zoticus is also called Orphanotrophos, 'Cherisher of Orphans,' because in later years a large orphanage was added to the leprosarium. The orphanage included a general hospital and a home for the aged. The Saint was honored throughout Byzantine history as the patron of the orphanage.

VENERABLE MELANIA THE YOUNGER, NUN OF ROME(439)

Saint Melania was born in Rome into a devout Christian family. Her parents, people of property and wealth, hoped that their daughter would marry and have children who would inherit their wealth.

At fourteen years of age Melania was married to the illustrious youth Apinianus. From the very beginning of their married life, Saint Melania asked her husband to live with her in chastity or else release her from the marriage. Apinianus answered, “I cannot agree to this right now. When we have two children to inherit the property, then we shall both renounce the world.”

Soon Melania gave birth to a daughter, whom the young parents dedicated to God. Continuing to live together in marriage, Melania secretly wore a hair shirt and spent her nights in prayer. The second child, a boy, was premature and had severe complications. They baptized him, and he departed to the Lord.

Seeing the suffering of his wife, Apinianus asked the Lord to preserve Saint Melania’s life, and he vowed to spend the rest of their life together in chastity. Recovering, Saint Melania stopped wearing her beautiful clothing and jewelry. Soon their daughter also died. The parents of Saint Melania did not support the young couple’s desire to devote themselves to God. It was only when Saint Melania’s father became deathly ill, that he asked their forgiveness and permitted them to follow their chosen path, asking them to pray for him.

The saints then left the city of Rome, and began a new life completely dedicated to the service of God. Apinianus at this time was twenty-four years of age, and Melania twenty. They began to visit the sick, to take in wanderers, and to help the indigent. They visited those who were exiled, and mine-convicts, and the destitute, there in debtor’s prison. After selling their estates in Italy and Spain, they generously helped monasteries, hospitals, widows and orphans in Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Palestine.

Many churches and hospitals were built with their assistance. Churches of both West and East benefited from them. Leaving their native land, they set sail for Africa, and a strong storm arose while they were at sea. The sailors said that this was because of the wrath of God, but Saint Melania said that it was not God’s will that they should go directly to their destination.

The waves carried the ship to an island on which barbarians had landed. The besiegers demanded a ransom from the inhabitants, or else they threatened to lay waste the city. The saints supplied the necessary ransom, and thus saved the city and its people from destruction.

Resuming their voyage, they landed in Africa and helped all the needy there. With the blessing of the local bishops, they made offerings to churches and monasteries. During this time Saint Melania continued to humble her flesh by strict fasting, and she fortified her soul by constantly reading the Word of God, making copies of the sacred books and distributing them to those who lacked them. She sewed a hairshirt for herself, put it on, and continued to wear it.

The saints spent seven years in Carthage, and then decided to visit Jerusalem. At Alexandria, they were welcomed by the bishop, Saint Cyril, and they met in church with the holy Elder Nestorius, who was possessed of the gift of prophecy and healing. The Elder turned to them and told them to have courage and patience in expectation of the Glory of Heaven.

At Jerusalem, the saints distributed their remaining gold to the destitute and then spent their days in poverty and prayer. After a short visit to Egypt, where the saints visited many of the desert Fathers, Saint Melania secluded herself in a cell on the Mount of Olives. Only occasionally did she see Saint Apinianus.

Later, she founded a monastery, where eventually ninety virgins lived in obedience to Saint Melania. Out of humility, she would not consent to be abbess, and lived and prayed in solitude as before. In her instructions, Saint Melania urged the sisters to be vigilant and to pray, to disdain their own opinions and cultivate first of all love for God and for one another, to keep the holy Orthodox Faith, and to guard their purity of soul and of body.

In particular, she exhorted them to be obedient to the will of God. Calling to mind the words of the Apostle Paul, she counselled them to keep the fasts “not with wailing, nor from compulsion, but in virtuous disposition with love for God”. By her efforts an oratory and altar were built in the monastery, where they enshrined the relics of saints: the Prophet Zachariah, the holy Protomartyr Stephen, and the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. About this time Saint Apinianus fell asleep in the Lord. Saint Melania buried his relics and there spent another four years in fasting and unceasing prayer.

Saint Melania wanted to build a men’s monastery on the Mount of the Ascension of the Lord. The Lord blessed her intent by sending a benefactor who provided the means for the monastery. Joyfully accepting it, Saint Melania finished the great work in a single year. In this monastery, saintly men began to lift up unceasing prayer in the church of the Ascension of Christ.

Having completed her tasks, the saint left Jerusalem for Constantinople, hoping to save the soul of her pagan uncle Volusianus who had traveled there from Rome. Along the way she prayed at the relics of Saint Laurence (August 10), at the place of his martyrdom, and received auspicious signs. Arriving in Constantinople, the saint found her uncle had fallen ill. Her demeanor and her inspired discourses had a profound influence on the sick man. He gave up pagan impiety and died a Christian.

During this time many inhabitants of the capital were deceived by the heretical teaching of Nestorius. Saint Melania accepted anyone who turned to her for proper explanation, converting many of them to Orthodoxy. Many miracles were worked through the prayers of the saint.

Returning to her own monastery, the saint sensed the approach of death, and told this to the priest and the sisters. They listened to her final instructions with deep sorrow and with tears. Having asked their prayers and commanding them to preserve themselves in purity, she received the Holy Mysteries with joy. Saint Melania peacefully gave up her soul to the Lord in the year 439.

Source: Orthodox Church in America_OCA

     

1 THESSALONIANS 5:14-23

14 Now we exhort you, brethren, warn those who are unruly, comfort the fainthearted, uphold the weak, be patient with all. 15 See that no one renders evil for evil to anyone, but always pursue what is good both for yourselves and for all. 16 Rejoice always, 17 pray without ceasing, 18 in everything give thanks; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you. 19 Do not quench the Spirit. 20 Do not despise prophecies. 21 Test all things; hold fast what is good. 22 Abstain from every form of evil. 23 Now may the God of peace Himself sanctify you completely; and may your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.

LUKE 17:3-10

3 Take heed to yourselves. If your brother sins against you, rebuke him; and if he repents, forgive him. 4 And if he sins against you seven times in a day, and seven times in a day returns to you, saying, 'I repent,' you shall forgive him. 5 And the apostles said to the Lord, "Increase our faith." 6 So the Lord said, "If you have faith as a mustard seed, you can say to this mulberry tree, 'Be pulled up by the roots and be planted in the sea,' and it would obey you. 7 And which of you, having a servant plowing or tending sheep, will say to him when he has come in from the field, 'Come at once and sit down to eat'? 8 But will he not rather say to him, 'Prepare something for my supper, and gird yourself and serve me till I have eaten and drunk, and afterward you will eat and drink'? 9 Does he thank that servant because he did the things that were commanded him? I think not. 10 So likewise you, when you have done all those things which you are commanded, say, 'We are unprofitable servants. We have done what was our duty to do.'

[redbayly]

My headcanon name for Ancient Greece is "Helene," both for Helen of Troy and as a reference to the fact that the actual name for Greece is "Hellas."

  The two OCs on either side of Mama Greece and Baby Greece are Byzantine Empire (left) and the Exarchate of Ravenna (right). These two are Ancient Greece's kids with Rome. I know there's a suggestion that Ancient Greece became the Byzantine Empire, but that just never sat right with me as the two were very culturally distinct and it makes more thematic sense for Byzantium to be Ancient Greece's son with Rome. Byzantine Empire (Human name: Constantius Valerius Theodorus): He was one of Rome's bastard children whom Rome officially acknowledged. When Rome split the empire, he took charge of the east while Rome's firstborn, legitimate son Ramnes (the father of the Italy brothers) took the west. Byzantium took the lead in the empire, gradually overshadowing his brother thanks to the influence of Ancient Greece, who was playing the long game to basically usurp the empire from Rome in revenge for Rome having made her his concubine. When the west fell to the Germanic invaders and Ramnes was killed, Byzantium proclaimed himself the rightful heir of Rome and declared that any nation seeking to claim his title was a pretender. Of course, due to his adherence to Eastern Orthodoxy, Byzantium had become a major foe of the Pope, resulting in the Papal States/Vatican City/Holy See to recognize the Holy Roman Empire as the true successor to Rome despite him being German. Byzantium continued trying to reclaim his western "birthright" from what he saw as usurpers. Byzantium would later be killed by Turkey, who seized his lands to rise as the Ottoman Empire. Exarchate of Ravenna/Romagna (Human name: Gaia Valeria Helena): Byzantium's twin sister and another of Rome's recognized bastard children. Initially, she represented the city of Ravenna, a prosperous port city that even took Rome's place as the capital of the empire for a time. Ravenna became the last holdout of Byzantine Empire in Italy as the Exarchate of Ravenna, following the overthrow of the Ostrogoths. She came to deeply hate the Germanic kingdoms and especially Charlemagne, as he stole vast numbers of treasures from her city with the pope's approval. Likewise, she also despised Vatican City and warred with him constantly, even after she was forced to become part of the Papal States. She managed to hold on for a long time by clinging to her city and its people; however, she was ultimately killed in the late 1700s by France. Artist Note: The thing that took up most of the time I spent on this was the background. Right above the heads of the characters, you can see a bit of Byzantine propaganda. Young Byzantium is shown receiving a laurel wreath from Rome while Ancient Greece and Ravenna look on, signifying that Byzantium was Rome's chosen successor and lawful heir. The little gold sparkles all over the place are supposed to be gold mosaic tiles (Byzantines loved their gold and purple).

[gemsofgreece]

Yes there was a part missing between them, which discussed how sexism enabled the west to misuse the term "roman empreror" for the Germanic King rather than the ruler of the roman empire. Namely the excuse to stop recognising the ruler of the roman empire as the roman emperor was, that the new roman emperor (empress) was going to be Irene of Athens and "of course" the romans couldn't be ruled by a woman! The actual reason was that they sought to discredit the romans in order to misuse the term

Roman empires for themselves (aka the "holy roman empire"), and so "appropriate" roman history and exclude the Eastern romans from it. But even so the term does have its roots (partially) on sexism. And that form of sexism was not even present in the Roman empire (I am not saying they were perfect but they weren't as problematic. ) And yes, I believe classical Rome is part of the heritage of those whose ancestors lived in it/under its rule, like Greece, Egypt, France, etc. But most importantly of Italy, who started it all. I am not saying to exclude anyone when they too had been part of Rome. We should use the term "Eastern Roman Empire" to make clear that this was Rome still, but at the same time not let people appropriate it. But there's no reason to start using a foreign term made to discredit east Rome imo. And again, I don't mean to attack you! I hope it doesn't come off as aggressive! You're free to use whichever words you want, of course. I am just wondering if it'd not be better to just use "Eastern Roman" and not care if anyone wants to appropriate it. But that's a problem where different people find different solutions. Thank you for taking your time to read.

END OF MAIL

Don't worry, I didn't feel attacked at all :) I understand what you 're saying. I also believe you hit it on the nail by saying it's a problem with many different potential solutions. We have a similar understanding of the situation / issue, we just think of different approaches as preferable solutions.

I am a little sceptical though about the term Byzantine being invented for the sole reason of discrediting East Romans. For whomever might not know, the term comes from Byzantium, the Ancient Greek city upon which Constantinople was founded. The term was of course later used in order to marginalize the east, but the term itself has no problematic connotations, I don't think. I believe the original intention was for historians to explore at what point the Roman Empire had changed so drastically in character (in language, religion, ethnic make-up, capital city, artistic expression etc) to be thus studied as an independent entity. I don't think historians don't acknowledge the East Roman Empire was produced by the Roman Empire, it's just that they stress that at some point it had changed way too much and that is kinda valid IMO

Now the term Byzantine or East Roman is misused, but that depends on the person using it and not the intrisic meaning of the word. My idea was to help change the misconceptions surrounding East Romans / Byzantines rather than use the term "Roman" interchangeably and continuously fight the confusions, conundrums and appropriations that will rise non-stop in this case. But again it's just my idea, my opinion. I don't believe there is a definite 100% correct answer to this or if there is, we haven't found it yet. We sacrifice something in order to protect something else, I guess.

[milesmorales69]

Istanbul, Türkiye🇹🇷

Istanbul was historically known as Byzantium and later Constantinople. It is a city where Europe connects Asia, or West connects East, blending diverse cultural and architectural influences from its days as the heart of three great empires: Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman.

Istanbul was historically known as Byzantium and later Constantinople. It is a city where Europe connects Asia, or West connects East, blending diverse cultural and architectural influences from its days as the heart of three great empires: Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman.

Founded around 660 BCE, it became a cultural and political capital in 330 CE under Emperor Constantine the great, who established it as the new Rome. The city flourished under Byzantine rule, with masterpieces like the Hagia Sophia, which became an architectural marvel of the Christian world.

When Fatih Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453, it marked the end of  the 1,123-year-old Byzantine Empire and the beginning of Istanbul’s Ottoman era. The Ottomans transformed the city, adding iconic structures like the Topkapi Palace, the grand Blue Mosque and Suleymaniye Mosque, a work of the famed architect Mimar Sinan. Sinan, regarded as one of the greatest architects in Ottoman history, shaped the skyline with his unique blend of Islamic and Byzantine influences.

Istanbul’s Grand Bazaar and Spice Bazaar reflect its role as a major trade center, where East met West. Even today, Istanbul is celebrated for its vibrant bazaars, cultural festivals and historical landmarks, a living museum of civilizations that shaped its legacy.

[ebelal56-blog]

Majestic Istanbul: From Byzantium to Modern Day!

Foundation and Early History: Byzantium: The city was originally founded as Byzantium by Greek colonists from Megara around 657 BCE. It was strategically located on the European side of the Bosporus Strait, which made it a significant trade and military hub. Roman Conquest: Byzantium came under Roman control in 196 CE after Emperor Septimius Severus besieged and captured the city. Constantine the Great and Constantinople: Foundation of Constantinople: In 330 CE, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great founded the city as Nova Roma (New Rome), but it soon became known as Constantinople, after Constantine. He aimed to create a new capital for the Roman Empire that was strategically located and better protected than Rome. Growth and Development: Constantine and his successors invested heavily in the city's infrastructure, including the construction of walls, forums, and significant buildings like the Hagia Sophia, initially built by Constantine and later expanded. Byzantine Era Height of the Byzantine Empire: Capital of the Byzantine Empire: Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, and a center of Orthodox Christianity. Architectural and Cultural Flourishing: During the reign of Justinian I (527-565 CE), the city saw substantial architectural and cultural development. The most notable project was the reconstruction of the Hagia Sophia, which became a symbol of Byzantine architectural brilliance. Challenges and Resilience: Sieges and Invasions: Constantinople withstood multiple sieges over the centuries, including attacks by Persian, Arab, and Bulgarian forces. The city's formidable defensive walls, especially the Theodosian Walls, were crucial in repelling invaders. Fourth Crusade: In 1204, Constantinople was sacked by Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade, leading to a period of Latin rule known as the Latin Empire (1204-1261). The Byzantines recaptured the city in 1261 under Michael VIII Palaiologos. Ottoman Era Ottoman Conquest: Fall of Constantinople: On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire successfully captured Constantinople after a 53-day siege. This event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and a significant shift in world history. Transformation and Development under Ottoman Rule: Renaming and Reconstruction: The city was renamed Istanbul, although the name Constantinople remained in use for many years in the West. Mehmed II initiated major reconstruction efforts, including the conversion of the Hagia Sophia into a mosque. Cultural and Economic Hub: Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire and one of the most significant cities in the world. It was a melting pot of cultures and a critical center for trade, culture, and politics. Architectural Renaissance: The Ottomans endowed the city with numerous architectural masterpieces, such as the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque), Topkapi Palace, and the Suleymaniye Mosque, designed by the famed architect Mimar Sinan. Modern Era End of the Ottoman Empire: Early 20th Century: The decline of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries culminated in its dissolution after World War I. Republic of Turkey: Following the war, the Republic of Turkey was established in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and Ankara was chosen as the new capital. However, Istanbul remained Turkey's cultural and economic heart. Conclusion Istanbul's history as Byzantium, Constantinople, and Istanbul reflects its transformation from a Greek colony to a major Roman city, the heart of the Byzantine Empire, and finally a central city in the Ottoman Empire. Each era contributed layers of cultural, architectural, and historical richness that make Istanbul a unique and enduring metropolis.

[poormeowmeowcollector]

Also, unless I've butchered the names... Wasn't the Byzantine empire and Holy Roman empire two different empires?

I mean... Yes, the Byzantine empire had been called the Roman empire at the time, because it's the Roman empire after they moved the capital from Rome to Istanbul (then Byzantium, afterwards named Constantinople after the guy who moved the capital). The Holy Roman Empire was... A different entity...

I’m going to Constantinople, that shit better not be Istanbul

[martinwilliammichael]

How Constantinople, the“New Rome”, was dedicated to the Mother of God

On learning of the tyrannical measures taken by the Roman emperor Maximinus II Daza in the East against the Christians, Constantine raised a powerful army, guided by the sign of the victorious Cross, and, during a campaign against the barbarians in Pannonia (1), penetrated Licinius' territory (2) in 322. 

After an initial defeat at Andrinople, the tyrant retreated to Byzantium, before being definitively defeated at the battle of Chrysopolis on September 18, 324. The victorious Constantine, in the name of Christ and Truth, set about offering the reunited Roman Empire to the King of kings, and, like a new Apostle, proclaimed faith in the one God and in His Son incarnate for our salvation to the farthest reaches of East and West, from Mesopotamia to Great Britain. In an edict proclaimed throughout the Empire, he declared that God alone was to be considered the cause of his victories, and that he had been chosen by Providence to place himself at the service of good and truth. He urged all his subjects to follow his example, but without coercing anyone. 

To this new Christian empire, which was to last a thousand years, Constantine decided to give a new capital, and inspired by a divine sign, the pious emperor fixed his choice on the small city of Byzantium, which occupied a pivotal position between East and West. He himself marked the boundaries of the new city, and instructed the master builder, Euphrata, to spare no expense in endowing it with monuments and public thoroughfares surpassing all other cities in the world in glory and magnificence. 

When the city was founded on November 8, 324, Byzantium was named Constantinople and New Rome, and was subsequently dedicated to the Mother of God. Work was carried out with great haste, and on August 11, 330, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the emperor's reign, the inauguration of the new capital was celebrated with great pomp.

Source: Adapted from www.orthodoxie.com 

Pannonia is an ancient region of Central Europe, straddling present-day Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, north-western Serbia and northern Bosnia-Herzegovina. Licinius was Roman emperor from 308 to 324. For most of his reign, he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I

Hail, Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you; blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

[cypruscarrental]

Car Hire in Larnaca: Your Key to a Perfect Cyprus Road Trip

Introduction

Embarking on a road trip through Cyprus offers a unique and enriching experience that combines stunning landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture. Starting your journey in Larnaca car hire company, a city brimming with charm and convenience, ensures you make the most of your adventure.

Larnaca Car hire not only provides the freedom to explore at your own pace but also allows you to discover hidden gems and off-the-beaten-path destinations. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into everything you need to know about planning the perfect Cyprus road trip, starting with car hire in Larnaca.

Geographical Information

Location of Larnaca

Larnaca is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus, renowned for its beautiful beaches and historical sites. It’s strategically located, making it an excellent starting point for exploring the island. Situated about 40 kilometers from Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, Larnaca offers easy access to various parts of the island.

Climate and Best Times to Visit

Cyprus enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The best times to visit are during the spring (April to June) and autumn (September to November) when the weather is pleasant, and the tourist crowds are thinner. These periods are perfect for sightseeing, beach activities, and exploring the countryside.

Overview of Cyprus Geography

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean, characterized by its diverse landscapes, including stunning coastlines, rugged mountains, and fertile plains. The Troodos Mountains in the center of the island are a highlight, offering picturesque villages and nature trails. Coastal areas, especially around Larnaca, are known for their sandy beaches and clear waters.

Cultural Insights

Local Customs and Traditions

Cypriot culture is a blend of Greek and Middle Eastern influences, reflected in its customs, traditions, and hospitality. Visitors are often greeted with warmth, and it’s customary to offer a drink or small snack to guests. Festivals play a significant role in Cypriot life, with events like Easter and the Wine Festival in Limassol showcasing local traditions.

Cyprus’s Rich Cultural Heritage

Cyprus boasts a rich cultural heritage, with influences from ancient Greece, Rome, Byzantium, and the Ottoman Empire. This heritage is visible in the island’s architecture, archaeological sites, and art. The island is also known for its traditional music and dance, which are integral to local celebrations.

Important Cultural Festivals and Events

Cyprus hosts numerous cultural festivals throughout the year. The Kataklysmos Festival in Larnaca celebrates the biblical flood with water-based activities and events. The Kypria International Festival features performances by local and international artists, highlighting Cyprus’s cultural diversity. These festivals provide visitors with an immersive experience of Cypriot culture.

Must-Visit Attractions

Larnaca Salt Lake and Hala Sultan Tekke

One of Larnaca’s most iconic sites, the Larnaca Salt Lake, is a haven for birdwatchers, especially during the winter when flocks of flamingos visit. Nearby, the Hala Sultan Tekke, a revered Muslim shrine, offers a glimpse into the island’s religious history and provides a serene spot for reflection.

Finikoudes Beach and Promenade

The bustling Finikoudes Beach and Promenade are perfect for a leisurely stroll, sunbathing, or enjoying the vibrant nightlife. The area is lined with cafes, restaurants, and shops, making it a hub of activity both day and night.

Ancient Kition and the Larnaca Castle

History enthusiasts will appreciate a visit to Ancient Kition, an archaeological site that dates back to the 13th century BC. The Larnaca Castle, located at the edge of the Finikoudes Promenade, offers panoramic views of the city and the sea, and houses a small museum with medieval artifacts.

Activities and Experiences

Watersports and Beach Activities

Larnaca’s beaches offer a plethora of watersports, including windsurfing, jet skiing, and parasailing. The calm, clear waters are ideal for swimming and snorkeling, making it a haven for beach lovers and adventure seekers alike.

Hiking and Nature Trails

For those who enjoy the great outdoors, Cyprus car rental offers numerous hiking and nature trails. The Cape Greco National Forest Park, located a short drive from Larnaca, features trails that offer breathtaking coastal views and unique rock formations.

Exploring Local Markets and Shopping

Larnaca’s markets are a treasure trove of local produce, crafts, and souvenirs. The Larnaca Municipal Market, held regularly, is an excellent place to experience local life and pick up fresh fruits, vegetables, and handmade goods.

Travel Tips

Accommodation Options in Larnaca

Larnaca boasts a wide range of accommodation options, from luxury hotels and resorts to budget-friendly hostels and guesthouses. The Finikoudes area is particularly popular for its proximity to the beach and nightlife, while the Larnaca Marina area offers stunning sea views.

Best Larnaca Car Hire Services

Hiring a car in Larnaca is straightforward, with numerous reputable Larnaca car hire services available. Companies like Sixt, Europcar, and local providers offer a range of vehicles to suit different needs and budgets. It’s advisable to book in advance, especially during peak tourist seasons.

Essential Packing Tips for a Cyprus Road Trip

Packing for a Cyprus road trip requires some essentials: comfortable clothing and footwear for exploring, swimwear, sun protection (hats, sunscreen, sunglasses), and a good travel guide or map. Don’t forget your driver’s license and any necessary travel documents.

Navigating the Roads and Driving Tips

Driving in Cyprus is on the left-hand side, and road signs are in both Greek and English. The island’s roads are generally in good condition, but rural areas may have narrower and winding roads. GPS navigation or a reliable map is recommended for easy navigation.

Local Etiquette and Language Tips

While English is widely spoken in tourist areas, learning a few basic Greek phrases can enhance your travel experience. Simple greetings like “Kalimera” (Good morning) and “Efharisto” (Thank you) are appreciated. Respect for local customs and dress codes, especially in religious sites, is important.

Safety and Health Precautions

Road Safety and Driving Regulations

Cyprus has strict road safety laws, including mandatory seat belts and zero tolerance for drinking and driving. Speed limits are clearly signposted, and adherence to traffic rules is essential for a safe journey.

Health Tips for Travelers

Staying hydrated and using sun protection is crucial, especially during the hot summer months. It’s advisable to drink bottled water and avoid excessive sun exposure during peak hours. Familiarize yourself with local healthcare facilities in case of emergencies.

Emergency Contacts and Services

In case of emergencies, the number to dial in Cyprus is 112 for police, fire, or medical assistance. Larnaca has several hospitals and clinics that offer high-quality medical care.

Travel Insurance Recommendations

Travel insurance is highly recommended to cover any unexpected medical expenses, trip cancellations, or other unforeseen incidents. Ensure your insurance policy includes coverage for Larnaca car rental and any adventure activities you plan to undertake.

Staying Safe in the Sun and Heat

Cyprus’s sunny climate requires adequate protection from the sun. Use high-SPF sunscreen, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during the hottest parts of the day. Staying hydrated is essential to avoid heat-related illnesses.

Budget Planning

Cost-Effective Travel Tips

Traveling on a budget in Cyprus is feasible with some planning. Opt for local eateries instead of tourist restaurants, use public transport where possible, and look for free or low-cost attractions.

Average Costs of Car Hire in Larnaca

Car hire costs in Larnaca vary depending on the type of vehicle and duration of hire. On average, expect to pay around €25-€40 per day for a standard car. Booking in advance and comparing prices can help secure the best deals.

Local Cuisine

Must-Try Cypriot Dishes

Cyprus’s cuisine is a delightful fusion of Greek, Turkish, and Middle Eastern flavors. Must-try dishes include halloumi cheese, souvlaki (grilled meat skewers), moussaka (layered eggplant and meat dish), and mezze (a variety of small dishes).

Conclusion

Hiring a car in Larnaca is the key to unlocking the full potential of a Cyprus road trip. From the stunning coastal views and historical sites to the vibrant cultural festivals and culinary delights, Cyprus offers a wealth of experiences for every traveler. With the freedom and flexibility that larnaca car hire provides, you can explore this beautiful island at your own pace, making your journey truly unforgettable. So pack your bags, hit the road, and discover the many wonders of Cyprus.

[silvestromedia]

SAINTS OF THE DAY FOR June 04

St. Walter, 1150 A.D. Benedictine abbot. Born in England, he served as a monk and then became the abbot of Fontenelle, France, the famed Benedictine spiritual center. Pope Innocent II (r. 1130-1143) noted his zeal and holiness.

St. Metrophanes of Byzantium,Bishop of Byzantium. A nephew of Emperor Probus, he was a convert and entered the Church. After studying for the priesthood, Metrophanes was ordained by Bishop Titus of Byzantium whom he succeeded in 313. His devotion to the faith as bishop was so remarkable that Emperor Constantine the Great was supposedly influenced by him in placing the new imperial capital at Byzantium, on the Hellespont. The new city was named Constantinople. Feastday June 4

St. Francis Caracciolo, Roman Catholic priest and Founder of the Minor Clerks Regular with St. John Augustine Adorno. He was born in 1563, a member of a noble Neapolitan family. Though he had a rare skin disease, much like leprosy, Francis became a priest, at which time his skin disease disappeared. In 1588, he co-founded the Minor Clerks Regular and spent the rest of his life as the superior. Feastday June 4

St. Petroc. Petroc was born in Wales, possibly the son of a Welsh king. He became a monk and with some of his friends, went to Ireland to study. They immigrated to Cornwall in England and settled at Lanwethinoc (Padstow). After thirty years there, he made a pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, at which time he is also reputed to have reached the Indian Ocean where he lived for some time as a hermit on an island. He then returned to Cornwall, built a chapel at Little Petherick near Padstow, established a community of his followers, and then became a hermit at Bodmir Moor, where he again attracted followers and was known for his miracles. He died between Nanceventon and Lanwethinoc while visiting some of his disciples there.

St. Breaca, 5th or 6th century. Disciple of St. Brigid, also called Breque, Branca, and Branka. She went from Ireland to Cornwall, England, about 460. There Breaca and her companions settled on the bank of the Hoyle River.

St. Buriana, 6th century. Irish hermitess of Cornwall, known for penitential practices and holiness. She is venerated at Buryan, opposite the Isles of Scilly.

St. Cornelius, 1176 A.D. Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, also called Cornelius Mac Conchailleadh or McConchailleach. An Irishman, he joined the Augustinians at Armagh in 1140 and was made abbot in 1151. In 1174, he was made bishop. Cornelius died in Canbery, Savoy, France, while returning from a pilgrimage to Rome.

St. Croidan, 6th century. A disciple of St. Petroc with St. Medan and Degan.

[fmpnalogirlypop]

Ancient Roman Mythology part 3

Empire – The Tetrarchy

Diocletian

In 284 AD, Diocletian was hailed as Imperator by the eastern army. Diocletian healed the empire from the crisis, by political and economic shifts. A new form of government was established: the Tetrarchy. The Empire was divided among four emperors, two in the West and two in the East. The first tetrarchs were Diocletian (in the East), Maximian (in the West), and two junior emperors, Galerius (in the East) and Flavius Constantius (in the West). To adjust the economy, Diocletian made several tax reforms.

Between 290 and 330, half a dozen new capitals had been established by the members of the Tetrarchy, officially or not: Antioch, Nicomedia, Thessalonike, Sirmium, Milan, and Trier. Diocletian was also responsible for a significant Christian persecution. In 303 he and Galerius started the persecution and ordered the destruction of all the Christian churches and scripts and forbade Christian worship. Diocletian abdicated in 305 AD together with Maximian, thus, he was the first Roman emperor to resign. His reign ended the traditional form of imperial rule, the Principate (from princeps) and started the Tetrarchy.

Constantine and Christianity

Constantine assumed the empire as a tetrarch in 306. He conducted many wars against the other tetrarchs. Firstly he defeated Maxentius in 312. In 313, he issued the Edict of Milan, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe—a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. He was defeated by the Franks and the Alamanni during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch, Licinius, and controlled all the empire, as it was before Diocletian. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt Byzantium and renamed it Nova Roma ("New Rome"); but the city soon gained the informal name of Constantinople ("City of Constantine").

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

In the late 4th and 5th centuries the Western Empire entered a critical stage which terminated with the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Under the last emperors of the Constantinian dynasty and the Valentinianic dynasty, Rome lost decisive battles against the Sasanian Empire and Germanicbarbarians: in 363, emperor Julian the Apostate was killed in the Battle of Samarra, against the Persians and the Battle of Adrianople cost the life of emperor Valens (364–378); the victorious Goths were never expelled from the Empire nor assimilated. The next emperor, Theodosius I (379–395), gave even more force to the Christian faith, and after his death, the Empire was divided into the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled by Arcadius and the Western Roman Empire, commanded by Honorius, both of which were Theodosius' sons.

During the 5th century, the Western Empire experienced a significant reduction of its territory. The Vandals conquered North Africa, the Visigoths claimed the southern part of Gaul, Gallaecia was taken by the Suebi, Britannia was abandoned by the central government, and the Empire suffered further from the invasions of Attila, chief of the Huns.

After 1200 years of independence and nearly 700 years as a great power, the rule of Rome in the West ended. Various reasons for Rome's fall have been proposed ever since, including loss of Republicanism, moral decay, military tyranny, class war, slavery, economic stagnation, environmental change, disease, the decline of the Roman race, as well as the inevitable ebb and flow that all civilisations experience. The Eastern Empire survived for almost 1000 years after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle Ages. During the 6th century, Justinian reconquered the Italian peninsula from the Ostrogoths, North Africa from the Vandals, and southern Hispania from the Visigoths. But within a few years of Justinian's death, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the Lombards who settled in the peninsula.

Society

The imperial city of Rome was the largest urban center in the empire, with a population variously estimated from 450,000 to close to one million. Around 20 per cent of the population under jurisdiction of ancient Rome (25–40%, depending on the standards used, in Roman Italy) lived in innumerable urban centers, with population of 10,000 and more and several military settlements, a very high rate of urbanisation by pre-industrial standards. Most of those centers had a forum, temples, and other buildings similar to Rome's. The average life expectancy in the Middle Empire was about 26–28 years.

Law

The roots of the legal principles and practices of the ancient Romans may be traced to the Law of the Twelve Tables promulgated in 449 BC and to the codification of law issued by order of Emperor Justinian I around 530 AD (see Corpus Juris Civilis). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the Byzantine Roman Empire, and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental Western Europe. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th century.

Culture

Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on seven hills. The city had a vast number of monumental structures like the Colosseum, the Trajan's Forum and the Pantheon. It had theatres, gymnasiums, marketplaces, functional sewers, bath complexes complete with libraries and shops, and fountains with fresh drinking water supplied by hundreds of miles of aqueducts. Throughout the territory under the control of ancient Rome, residential architecture ranged from modest houses to country villas.

Religion

Archaic Roman religion, at least concerning the gods, was made up not of written narratives, but rather of complex interrelations between gods and humans. Unlike in Greek mythology, the gods were not personified, but were vaguely defined sacred spirits called numina. Romans also believed that every person, place or thing had its own genius, or divine soul.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.11

330 – Constantine the Great dedicates the much-expanded and rebuilt city of Byzantium, changing its name to New Rome and declaring it the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. 973 – In the first coronation ceremony ever held for an English monarch, Edgar the Peaceful is crowned King of England, having ruled since 959 AD. His wife, Ælfthryth, is crowned queen, the first recorded coronation for a Queen of England. 1068 – Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, is crowned Queen of England. 1258 – Louis IX of France and James I of Aragon sign the Treaty of Corbeil, renouncing claims of feudal overlordship in one another's territories and separating the House of Barcelona from the politics of France. 1713 – Great Northern War: After losing the Battle of Helsinki to the Russians, the Swedish and Finnish troops burn the entire city, so that it would not remain intact in the hands of the Russians. 1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. 1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement. 1857 – Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British. 1858 – The Minnesota Territory gains enough population to enter as the 32nd state of the United States of America; the date is annually celebrated in the state as "Statehood Day". 1880 – Seven people are killed in the Mussel Slough Tragedy, a gun battle in California. 1889 – An attack upon a U.S. Army paymaster and escort results in the theft of over $28,000 and the award of two Medals of Honor. 1894 – Four thousand Pullman Palace Car Company workers go on a wildcat strike. 1919 – Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty. 1970 – The 1970 Lubbock tornado kills 26 and causes $250 million in damage. 1985 – Fifty-six spectators die and more than 200 are injured in the Bradford City stadium fire. 1996 – After the aircraft's departure from Miami, a fire started by improperly handled chemical oxygen generators in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 on board. 1997 – Deep Blue, a chess-playing supercomputer, defeats Garry Kasparov in the last game of the rematch, becoming the first computer to beat a world-champion chess player in a classic match format. 1998 – India conducts three underground atomic tests in Pokhran. 2011 – An earthquake of magnitude 5.1 hits Lorca, Spain. 2013 – Fifty-two people are killed in a bombing in Reyhanlı, Turkey. 2014 – Fifteen people are killed and 46 injured in Kinshasa, DRC, in a stampede caused by tear gas being thrown into soccer stands by police officers. 2016 – One hundred and ten people are killed in an ISIL bombing in Baghdad. 2022 – The Burmese military executes at least 37 villagers during the Mon Taing Pin massacre in Sagaing, Myanmar.

[orthodoxydaily]

Saints&Reading: Sunday, February 12, 2023

february 12_january 30

Sunday of the Prodigal Son

The third parabole of the pre-lenten period illustrating three  different sides of the act and effects of repentance, Following, the tax-collector humbling himself to get a glimpse of Jesus from a sycamore tree,   Publican and the Pharisee which shows the difference between fake and true repentance; here is the prodigal son which seal the message. All repentants are God’s prodigal sons, away from the promise land which is the heavenly Kingdom�� 

“Two Sundays before the beginning of Great Lent, the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15: 11-32) is read. That is the reason that particular Sunday came to be known as the “Sunday of the Prodigal Son.” In order to give Christians a vivid reminder of their withdrawal from their Heavenly Homeland and of their bondage to sin, following the Polyeleios Psalms at the Vigil, the Church chants Psalm 136 (KJV Ps. 137), “By the Waters of Babylon.” It is chanted on each of three Sundays preceding Great Lent.

Babylon was the capital of the empire of the same name, and was the place to which in 597 BC several thousand Israelites were taken from Judea and its contiguous province. Babylon went to war against Judea, and for several centuries, the Judean Kingdom ceased to exist. Seventy years after its defeat, when Judea was being restored, it was under Persian rule; later it came to be ruled by the Greeks and by Rome. Never again was there an independent Kingdom of Judea. It was only in 1948 that the independent State of Israel was created...” to be continued at Orthodox Christianity

 SYNAXIS OF THE HOLY OECUMENICAL TEACHERS OF THE CHURCH AND HIERARCH: BASIL THE GREAT, GREGORY THE THEOLOGIAN AND JOHN CHRYSOSTOMOS

Synaxis of the Three Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom: During the eleventh century, disputes raged in Constantinople about which of the three hierarchs was the greatest. Some preferred Saint Basil (January 1), others honored Saint Gregory the Theologian (January 25), while a third group exalted Saint John Chrysostom (November 13).

Dissension among Christians increased. Some called themselves Basilians, others referred to themselves as Gregorians, and others as Johnites.

By the will of God, the three hierarchs appeared to Saint John the Bishop of Euchaita (June 14) in the year 1084, and said that they were equal before God. “There are no divisions among us, and no opposition to one another.”

They ordered that the disputes should stop, and that their common commemoration should be celebrated on a single day. Bishop John chose January 30 for their joint Feast, thus ending the controversy and restoring peace.

ST PETER, TSAR OF BULGARIA (969)

Saint Peter, King of Bulgaria, was the son of the militant Bulgarian prince Simeon. Saint Peter was distinguished for his Christian piety, and he often turned to Saint John of Rila (August 18, October 19), asking his prayers, spiritual guidance and advice.

King Peter concluded peace with Byzantium on terms advantageous for Bulgaria. He also gained recognition from the Patriarch of Constantinople for the autonomy of the Bulgarian Church, and the affirmation of a Patriarchal throne in Bulgaria, benefiting all the Bulgarian Church.

Saint Peter aided in the successful extirpation of the Bogomil heresy in his lands. He died in the year 967, at fifty-six years of age.

MARK 16:1-8

1Now when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint Him. 2 Very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen. 3 And they said among themselves, "Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?" 4 But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away-for it was very large. 5 And entering the tomb, they saw a young man clothed in a long white robe sitting on the right side; and they were alarmed. 6 But he said to them, "Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He is risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid Him. 7 But go, tell His disciples-and Peter-that He is going before you into Galilee; there you will see Him, as He said to you. 8 So they went out quickly and fled from the tomb, for they trembled and were amazed. And they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.

1 CORINTHIANS 6:12-20

12 All things are lawful for me, but all things are not helpful. All things are lawful for me, but I will not be brought under the power of any.13 Foods for the stomach and the stomach for foods, but God will destroy both it and them. Now the body is not for sexual immorality but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body. 14 And God both raised up the Lord and will also raise us up by His power. 15 Do you not know that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I then take the members of Christ and make them members of a harlot? Certainly not! 16 Or do you not know that he who is joined to a harlot is one body with her? For "the two," He says, "shall become one flesh." 17 But he who is joined to the Lord is one spirit with Him. 18 Flee sexual immorality. Every sin that a man does is outside the body, but he who commits sexual immorality sins against his own body. 19 Or do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God, and you are not your own? 20 For you were bought at a price; therefore glorify God in your body and in your spirit, which are God's.

[rhetoricandlogic]

Absolute Monarchs: A History of the Papacy - J. J. Norwich

2,000 Years of Popes, Sacred and Profane

By Bill Keller

July 7, 2011

John Julius Norwich makes a point of saying in the introduction to his history of the popes that he is “no scholar” and that he is “an agnostic Protestant.” The first point means that while he will be scrupulous with his copious research, he feels no obligation to unearth new revelations or concoct revisionist theories. The second means that he has “no ax to grind.” In short, his only agenda is to tell us the story.

And he has plenty of story to tell. “Absolute Monarchs” sprawls across Europe and the Levant, over two millenniums, and with an impossibly immense cast: 265 popes (plus various usurpers and anti­popes), feral hordes of Vandals, Huns and Visigoths, expansionist emperors, Byzantine intriguers, Borgias and Medicis, heretic zealots, conspiring clerics, bestial inquisitors and more. Norwich man­ages to organize this crowded stage and produce a rollicking narrative. He keeps things moving at nearly beach-read pace by being selective about where he lingers and by adopting the tone of an enthusiastic tour guide, expert but less than reverent.

A scholar or devout Roman Catholic would probably not have had so much fun, for example, with the tale of Pope Joan, the mid-ninth-century Englishwoman who, according to lore, disguised herself as a man, became pope and was caught out only when she gave birth. Although Norwich regards this as “one of the hoariest canards in papal history,” he cannot resist giving her a chapter of her own. It is a guilty pleasure, especially his deadpan pursuit of the story that the church, determined not to be fooled again, required subsequent papal candidates to sit on a chaise percée (pierced chair) and be groped from below by a junior cleric, who would shout to the multitude, “He has testicles!” Norwich tracks down just such a piece of furniture in the Vatican Museum, dutifully reports that it may have been an obstetric chair intended to symbolize Mother Church, but adds, “It cannot be gainsaid, on the other hand, that it is admirably designed for a diaconal grope; and it is only with considerable reluctance that one turns the idea aside.”

If you were raised Catholic, you may find it disconcerting to see an institution you were taught to think of as the repository of the faith so thoroughly deconsecrated. Norwich says little about theology and treats doctrinal disputes as matters of diplomacy. As he points out, this is in keeping with many of the popes themselves, “a surprising number of whom seem to have been far more interested in their own temporal power than in their spiritual well-­being.” For most of their two millenniums, the popes were rulers of a large sectarian state, managers of a civil service, military strategists, occasionally battlefield generals, sometimes patrons of the arts and humanities, and, importantly, diplomats. They were indeed monarchs. (But not, it should be said, “absolute monarchs.” Whichever editor persuaded Norwich to change his British title, “The Popes: A History,” may have done the book a marketing favor but at the cost of accuracy: the popes’ power was invariably shared with or subordinated to emperors and kings of various stripes. In more recent times, the popes have had no civil power outside the 110 acres of Vatican City, no military at all, and even their moral authority has been flouted by legions of the faithful.)

Norwich, whose works of popular history include books on Venice and Byzantium, admires the popes who were effective statesmen and stewards, including Leo I, who protected Rome from the Huns; Benedict XIV, who kept the peace and instituted financial and liturgical reforms, allowing Rome to become the religious and cultural capital of Catholic Europe; and Leo XIII, who steered the Church into the industrial age. The popes who achieved greatness, however, were outnumbered by the corrupt, the inept, the venal, the lecherous, the ruthless, the mediocre and those who didn’t last long enough to make a mark.

Sinners, as any dramatist or newsman can tell you, are more entertaining than saints, and Norwich has much to work with. If you paid attention in high school, you know something of the Borgia popes, who are covered in a chapter succinctly called “The Monsters.” But they were not the first, the last or even the most colorful of the sacred scoundrels. The bishops who recently blamed the scourge of pedo­phile priests on the libertine culture of the 1960s should consult Norwich for evidence that clerical abuses are not a historical aberration.

Of the minor 15th-century Pope Paul II, to pick one from the ranks of the debauched, Norwich writes: “The pope’s sexual proclivities aroused a good deal of speculation. He seems to have had two weaknesses — for good-­looking young men and for melons — though the contemporary rumor that he enjoyed watching the former being tortured while he gorged himself on the latter is surely unlikely.”

Sexual misconduct figures prominently in the history of the papacy (another chapter is entitled “Nicholas I and the Pornocracy”) but is hardly the only blot on the institution. Clement VII, the disastrous second Medici pope, oversaw “the worst sack of Rome since the barbarian invasions, the establishment in Germany of Protestantism as a separate religion and the definitive breakaway of the English church over Henry VIII’s divorce.” Paul IV “opened the most savage campaign in papal history against the Jews,” forcing them into ghettos and destroying synagogues. Gregory XIII spent the papacy into penury. Urban VIII imprisoned Galileo and banned all his works.

Most of the popes, being human, were complicated; the rogues had redeeming features, the capable leaders had defects. Innocent III was the greatest of the medieval popes, a man of galvanizing self-­confidence who consolidated the Papal States. But he also initiated the Fourth Crusade, which led to the wild sacking of Constantinople, “the most unspeakable of the many outrages in the whole hideous history of the Crusades.” Sixtus IV sold indulgences and church offices “on a scale previously unparalleled,” made an 8-year-old boy the archbishop of Lisbon and began the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition. But he also commissioned the Sistine Chapel.

Even the Borgia pope Alexander VI, who by the time he bribed his way into office had fathered eight children by at least three women, is credited with keeping the imperiled papacy alive by capable administration and astute diplomacy, “however questionable his means of doing so.”

By the time we reach the 20th century, about 420 pages in, our expectations are not high. We get a disheartening chapter on Pius XI and Pius XII, whose fear of Communism (along with the church’s long streak of anti-Semitism) made them compliant enablers of Mussolini, Hitler and Franco. Pius XI, in Norwich’s view, redeemed himself by his belated but unflinching hostility to the Fascists and Nazis. But his indictment of Pius XII — who resisted every entreaty to speak out against mass murder, even as the trucks were transporting the Jews of Rome to Auschwitz — is compact, evenhanded and devastating. “It is painful to have to record,” Norwich concludes, “that, on the orders of his successor, the process of his canonization has already begun. Suffice it to say here that the current fashion for canonizing all popes on principle will, if continued, make a mockery of sainthood.”

Norwich devotes exactly one chapter to the popes of my lifetime — from the avuncular modernizer John XXIII, whom he plainly loves, to the austere Benedict, off to a “shaky start.” He credits the popular Polish pope, John Paul II — another candidate for sainthood — for his global diplomacy but faults his retrograde views on matters of sex and gender. Norwich’s conclusion may remind readers that he introduced himself as a Protestant agnostic, because whatever his views on God, his views on the papacy are clearly pro-­reformation.
“It is now well over half a century since progressive Catholics have longed to see their church bring itself into the modern age,” he writes. “With the accession of every succeeding pontiff they have raised their hopes that some progress might be made on the leading issues of the day — on homosexuality, on contraception, on the ordination of women priests. And each time they have been disappointed.”