#C-7 Caribou

[usafphantom2]

Vietnam war by Linh Yoshimura Via Flickr: Can Tho Airfield, Nov 1968. Two Fairchild C-123s Provider and a C-7 Caribou on the tarmac. Photo Credit Lance Nix

[dandelionsresilience]

Dandelion News - November 8-14

Like these weekly compilations? Tip me at $kaybarr1735 or check out my Dandelion Doodles!

1. Agrivoltaics for sustainable food, energy and water management in East Africa

“[… C]ertain crops […] thrived under the partial shade provided by solar panels. The shade also helped to reduce water loss through evaporation, leading to more efficient water usage. Additionally, rainwater harvested from the panels could be used to supplement irrigation needs.”

2. The world’s largest wildlife crossing is now standing in California

“The structure crosses a 10-lane freeway and has been built to help protect all sorts of wildlife[….] And it’s not just for fauna: some 5,000 plants grown from seed collected within a five-mile radius have been nurtured in two specially created nurseries. The bridge will be topped with wildflowers, shrubs and native grasses that will also benefit insect populations.”

3. Judge rules the military must cover gender-affirming surgery for members' dependents

“[Judge] Torresen found that [gender-affirming] surgery is indeed medically necessary and that the Defense Department had not shown that any important governmental interest was advanced by denying the coverage.”

4. Social Media Can Boost Caracal Conservation

“The team found that searches on the species doubled after the project [using “social media to educate about the caracal”] launched. […] ”The research demonstrates how a public interest in urban ecology and the global phenomenon of ‘cats on the internet’… can be harnessed to leverage conservation action.””

5. US Labor Board Bans Captive Audience Meetings to Ensure 'Truly Free' Worker Choice

“[T]he National Labor Relations Board on Wednesday ruled that employers cannot force workers to attend anti-union speeches. [… W]orkers will no longer have to take part in so-called "captive audience meetings," which employers often use as a union-busting tool and a form of coercion.”

6. Study links grazing with plant phenology and abundance

“In general, plants where caribou or muskoxen were present experienced earlier green-up and greater abundance later in the growing season. “We're used to thinking of the timing of plant availability as impacting the productivity of grazing animals, but not the reverse," Post said.”

7. Frog populations once decimated by disease mount a major comeback

“"These results provide a rare example of how reintroduction of resistant individuals can allow the landscape-scale recovery of disease-impacted species, and have broad implications for amphibians and many other taxa that are threatened with extinction by novel pathogens."”

8. California Announces Special Session To Protect Trans People

“Newsom’s directive is clear: safeguard reproductive healthcare, support immigrants, and shield LGBTQ+ people from what is viewed as existential threats to civil rights and democratic norms. […] California has a unique opportunity to set the blueprint for other states in resisting a Trump administration[….]”

9. When ‘OK, Boomer’ Means ‘Let’s Go Protest’

“Youth activists across the country recognize the efforts of their eco-minded predecessors and welcome them as mentors, role models, and collaborators in their battle against the climate crisis. […] “The idea that Boomers don’t care, he said, is “just misinformation.””

10. How Aussie Waste Warriors are Redirecting Excess Food to Those in Need

“A growing movement is working to reduce perfectly good food going to waste by redirecting it to homes and charities. [… C]haritable organisations [… are] transforming fresh produce that would otherwise have gone to waste into millions of cooked, nutritious meals for people in need each year.”

November 1-7 news here | (all credit for images and written material can be found at the source linked; I don’t claim credit for anything but curating.)

[echoingbirdsofprey]

Delicate (Jake's Version)

Ch 28 - Know I Feel The Well And Wishes

Pairing: Jake 'Hangman' Seresin x OFC Samantha Kazansky

Rating: EXPLICIT (MDNI!)

Warnings: SMUT right in the beginning, unprotected!piv, sex in a restricted area, backseat truck sex, getting caught, then nothing else spectacular just really cute fluffy shit, although there is some smutty dialogue and Jake and Sam get super flirty in public hehehe.

A/N: Okay but this is smutty and cute and I cried a little at the end writing this because its all too sweet. I want them to be happy, I really do, I swear! P.S. The little blurb about the C-7 Caribou is straight from the Texas Air & Space Museum website! Gifs by @kaizsche Pics form Pinterest, collage thingy at the bottom. I've been listening to really vibey stuff for this pair lately so a little listening to go with it, below.

Remember! You can click on the story title at the top and it'll take you back to the Masterlist! Also, if you'd like to be added to the tags, let me know, I'd be happy to add you! As always, comments, likes, reblogs really help me to know that y'all are enjoying it and it makes me enjoy writing it even more! Thank you as always, from the bottom of my heart!

Tags: @mrsevans90 @djs8891 @gpsmississippihippie @barnesboo1967 @dizzybee03 @coloraturadiva @kmc1989 @khouse712

The skirt of her dress is bunched around her hips and Jake’s cock is at attention, ready to be sheathed in Samantha’s wet warmth in the backseat of his pickup truck. The foreplay had come hot and heavy, faster than a bullet, at the Hard Deck, just after Javy had beat the ever living shit out of Jake at pool. 

“It was a fluke!” Jake exclaimed, throwing his hands up as Javy cheered and chest bumped Rueben. He had wanted to bring his new girlfriend tonight, but she couldn’t make it. The first game, Jake had mopped the floor with Bob, and while he should’ve been salty about it, he wasn’t because Bob felt honored to have even been included in their tournament. But Jake’s resolve fizzled as he watched Sam with Phoenix. Jake didn’t understand, but maybe it was normal for girls to hang all over each other like they did. There seemed to be no issue with their tits touching each other’s, or Phoenix resting her head on Samantha’s shoulder, nuzzling her neck, very much like Jake would. 

As the girls continued their odd displays of affection, Jake’s khakis only grew tighter. He’d glanced over at one point and Samantha was sitting leisurely across Phoenix’s lap, the female pilot’s arms wrapped around his fiance’s waist. Jake then thought maybe they were just fucking with him. Putting on a show to distract him so that Bob could win. 

He’d seen them both naked. He loved Samantha to death, but if she were to suggest a threesome...he might be up for it. But then he felt like maybe he’d be the odd one out. He’d just sit there and enjoy the girls making out. Wait, what the fuck was he thinking? Jake had come to realize the game was not a fluke. He had been severely distracted, but he wouldn't dare admit that to his fellow pilots. As Rueben and Javy then began a game, Jake handing his pool cue over to the other man, he stepped closer to Phoenix and Sam.

“What the fuck.” Jake whispered as he leaned toward Sam. Her brows furrowed and Phoenix glanced around her and up at Jake.

“You're not going to win every game.” Sam said softly, reaching up to brush her fingers down his bicep. He shivered, his stare a mix of conflicted frustration.

“That’s not my problem.” He said softly, as his eyes leapt back and forth from her to Phoenix. “You are. What are you doing?”

“What ever do you mean?” Sam asked, a lascivious edge to her voice as she leaned forward in Phoenix’s lap, the female pilot brushing her hand down her friend’s spine and then over the curve of her ass before Sam stood and pressed against Jake. He swallowed hard as Samantha’s hands met his chest and from behind her Phoenix gave an approving look before she stood as well, kissed Sam on the cheek, and nodded to Jake as she went to find Bob.

“Why are you teasing me?” He asked, beginning to guide her out to the patio, where there were no other bar patrons. 

“For fun. And a dare.” Sam giggled as Jake pressed her against the railing. She gasped as his arms wound around her waist and their lower bodies met, sending a spark through them both. She glanced down with a smirk and then back up into Jake’s green eyes, his pupils blown wide with lust. “Quite the payload you’ve got there, Hangman.”

“Don’t do that. You’re already playing with the devil, babygirl.” Jake’s eyes narrowed, and the tip of his nose touched hers.

“What if I want to go to hell?” Sam mused and Jake tilted his head, a wicked smirk crossing his lips.

“Who dared who?” His voice came out gravelly, raspy.

“Nat dared me.” She said, turning her head slightly, letting her lips hover only inches from his.

“Of course she did.” He murmured, closing the distance between them with a harsh, passion filled kiss. 

“Hangman! Get a fuckin’ room, man! Shit!” Rueben yelled over the din of the bar. Bob smirked as he glanced up from the pool table, and Javy just laughed. Jake rolled his eyes as he and Sam parted, his hand firmly intertwined with one of hers, pulling her from the raucous establishment and across the parking lot to his truck. Sam giggled nervously as she hopped in the passenger side. She gazed over at Jake, who’s expression was stern and flat. He drove, out to a spot where there was a sign at the entrance. ‘No unauthorized personnel past this point.’

“Jake, where are we going?” Sam asked, a lilt of humor etching her voice.

“Somewhere that you can make all the noise you need to and no one will hear.” Jake said and he hopped out of the truck and pushed the gate open. He drove his truck through, and shut the gate behind them.

“How did you know it was open?”

“It’s always fuckin’ open.” There was a growl staining his voice that made Sam shudder with excitement. 

“You’ve brought girls here before?” She asked and he shook his head.

“I haven’t, Javy has. He told me about it.” Jake said as he parked the truck in a spot facing the runway. He shut the truck off and the rapidly darkening green of his eyes met her fiery chocolate ones. He tipped his head. “Get. In. The. Back.”

“Mmm...make me.” Sam’s tone was playful. Jake’s was not. He sucked in a sharp breath, seeming to puff out and bristle. He opened his door and glanced back at her, then softened his tone and that only added to the wetness that had already soaked her panties.

“Samantha. Do not. I will not cum in my fuckin’ pants when there’s a perfectly good and tight hole for me to fill up between your legs.” He said, Sam’s eyes widening at his complete lack of decorum. She couldn’t believe what just came out of his mouth.

“Oh my god, Jake. This is all because of me sitting on Phoenix’s lap?” She asked, opening her door, but turning back as he spoke. He had slammed his door shut and opened the back driver side, climbing in swiftly.

“What can I say? I’m a jealous fuck.” He said, shutting the door. 

“Apparently.” Sam murmured as she shut her door. Instead, she climbed over the center console, and he helped her. She hovered over his lap, but he wasn’t having that. 

“I’ve always wanted a country boy to fuck me in his truck.” She said, as Jake turned her over and laid her down across the seat. He had a crew cab, so they would be somewhat comfortable, not crammed in like sardines. Jake unzipped his pants and pulled them down his hips. He pushed the skirt of her dress up, bunching it at her hips. 

“Perfect. I’ve always wanted to fuck a gorgeous brunette in the backseat of my truck.” He growled, his cock springing free from his pants. He sighed in relief and then his gaze settled on Samantha. She met his eyes, and seeing that her pupils were also blown wide, he smirked. “I’m gonna fuck you now, is that okay?” He commanded, the last few words with just a tick of a question mark over them. 

“Yes, Jake, please.”

“Please what?” He grinned as he tilted his head, taking his cock and teasing her with just the tip. The perfect, pretty tip. Sam’s favorite part. Of course, she liked the whole package, but there was just something so intriguing about the head of his cock. She bit her lip the more she thought about it.

“Please fuck me.” She begged and Jake’s gaze dropped just in time to see her pussy pulsate, like it was inviting him in. 

“Good girl.” He praised her and guided his length into her entrance, painfully slow. He groaned, not giving a fuck what sounds he made because there was not one around. “Now let me hear how much you love my cock inside you.”

Sam could only let out a strangled moan as Jake reached the deepest parts of her. Jake laughed, satisfaction brimming as he began a steady rhythm. The sounds they were both making were obnoxious. Jake grunting with every thrust and Sam moaning every time he slid all the way back in. It was all too much and just as they both crested the same peak, they heard tires slinging loose gravel. 

“Oh my god, Jake!” Sam’s pussy clenched around him like a vice grip and Jake threw his head back, nearly hitting the roof as he emptied his load inside her.

And then there was loud banging on the front quarter panel of the truck as they both startled. Jake sank down quickly to shield Sam, his cock still inside her, her nails dug into his biceps.

“SERESIN. MY FUCKING OFFICE IN THE MORNING.”

It was fucking Cyclone. It was Jake’s commanding officer. He would be in some real shit tomorrow, but for now, he and Sam both laughed, still panting from their shared high.

🛩️⚓🛩️

Their first stop was just ten minutes from the hotel, the Texas Air & Space Museum. They had to leave the dogs in the truck, so they cracked all the windows and Jake put a sunshade on the front window. It was March so it wasn’t terribly warm, but the three of them being in there for what they surmised might be an hour or two would heat the truck up quite a bit.

They headed toward the entrance and as they did, Sam's mind wandered.

“I’m giving you all of me now, Sam. So please, take it.”

The words rolled around in Sam’s head, remembering last night when her and Jake’s emotions had finally come to the surface. They’d poured everything out and it ended in Jake letting her do the one thing that he hadn’t. 

And he hadn’t because of how he was when she did. Sure, Sam knew how to pleasure him. She knew how to suck a cock, but Jake...Jake was different. He left his armor up because when he was vulnerable, when he let her in completely, his feelings all laid out, and everything had finally erupted, he was left a whimpering, writhing mess. This was why he’d never let her do it before. 

“God, Sam, your mouth feels so good around my cock.”

“You’re such a good girl, you take my cock so well.”

“I love you so much, please make me cum, Sam. I need it so bad.”

“Yes, yes, yes! Sam, uh, fuck, uh,  you’re so good. So, uh, fuckin’ good.”

“Sam?” It was Jake’s voice that pulled her from her daydream. Her daydream of the view, looking up at him from her knees at the foot of the bed, in the dark hotel room.

“Sorry, I...” She apologized as Jake showed his phone to the attendant for their tickets. A few other people had entered behind them so Jake waited, placing his arm around her waist and pulling her close before he said his next piece. 

“Thinkin’ about my cock again, huh?” He joked and when he saw the blush cross her cheeks he frowned, but not in a bad way. He was immediately turned on and he'd really been hoping to keep himself in check but he couldn’t. Not with her looking the way she did, especially today. 

She'd picked a pink dress and it spilled over her curves easily, leaving nothing to his imagination. He knew what was under there and he could see the fabric of her bra peeking out just above the front of the dress from his vantage point. She pulled it up slightly, attempting to hide it from view.

“How’d you know?” She asked sheepishly. He pressed a kiss to her forehead then, and his gaze met hers with warmth.

“Oh wait, really? I mean, you were fantastic. I honestly...I’m sorry. I’ve been thinking about last night too. Probably too much.” He said and as they began their walk around the inside of the museum, Jake used her as a shield to hide the fact that he was hard and pressing against the denim of his jeans. 

“How many other girls...” She asked and he knew immediately what she meant.

“None to finish. Never. I've never let anyone have more than a couple passes. You see why. I’m a big baby. All six feet, two hundreds pounds of pure Arkansas bred country boy, and I crumble like a fuckin’ bag of chips.” His voice was barely above a whisper and he leaned down as they stopped to look at some of the older planes in the front. His eyes darted around, examining each and every one with awe. It wasn't the first time he'd been here. Kenny had taken him and Tyler when they were kids, but some of the planes had changed places and there were some new models as the years went by and planes got decommissioned from use or sold off or donated.

“It was kinda hot honestly.” She murmured, reaching her hand back to brush it against his chest. His hand wound around her from behind and they continued walking, slowly. People passed them and smiled. 

“You think so? I think it’s pathetic, but you said all of me so...” Jake said as they stopped at Bobby Speed’s Bearcat. There were some kids running around under the opposite wing, while their father, who was chatting with a member of the museum staff, kept telling them to slow down and be careful. It made Jake smirk. 

“It’s not pathetic. You enjoyed it. Why is that pathetic?” Sam whispered, watching those same kids and thinking about how badly she wanted kids with Jake. It made her heart ache but she had to give them both grace right now. It was an open wound and it needed time to heal.

“I sound like a girl.” He mused, his lips brushing the shell of her ear. His grip tightened slightly.

“Okay well, I’m a girl and I want you to hear me moan and whimper and all that shit cause it means you’re doing a good job. A great job, in fact. Fantastic.” She admitted, the smile on her face wide enough for him to see it as he placed his head on her shoulder.

“You don’t have to tell me I’m doin’ a good job, I can feel it.” Jake said and she turned in his arms then, pressing her lips to his.

“Shut up.” They both laughed and then continued on, making their way around to everything inside. When they headed outside she could feel excitement rise in Jake's body. His smile got goofy and the first plane they walked up to had a huge group of people around the nose. It was a large plane, a carrier type with propellers on each wing.

“Our C-7 Caribou is open and ready for your inspection. Enter through the side door, sit where the jumpers sat, look in the back where jeeps and equipment rolled up and down the ramp, sit in the pilot's seat, look around the cockpit, check your instruments and radios which, by the way, are still tuned to the last frequencies the pilots used when they landed this famous aircraft in Amarillo in 1991. Now, buckle your seat belt, grab the checklist and get ready to start your memories.” The attendant said, sounding well rehearsed in his bit. Sam and Jake stayed back as the majority of the people headed toward the door to start their walkthrough. 

“Cargo plane. Not fast.” Jake mused and he stepped toward the side of Sam. He put his arm around her shoulders and kissed her temple before his gaze settled on the front of the plane. Sam reached around him and her phone slipped out of her hand. Jake bent down to grab it so that she wouldn't have to. His tags jingled as he did and an older man glanced at them who had also hung back from the crowd. The man stared at Jake for a few moments before walking stiffly over the ten feet. He held out his hand.

“Thank you for your service, son.” The man said and Jake blinked a few times before apologizing and shaking the man's hand. 

“I'm Harvey. Retired Navy Pilot. Used to fly a P-2 Neptune. How about you?” The man said and Jake smiled.

“I'm Jake. This is my fiance Samantha. I'm a Navy pilot as well. I fly an F-18 Super Hornet. Well...flew...I’m trying to get back up in the air.” 

“Nice to meet you Jake, and Samantha. You get injured?” Harvey asked.

“You could say that, yeah.” Jake's voice went flat. Harvey didn't seem to notice but Sam did. She squeezed his hip to keep his brain grounded.

“Where are you based?” Harvey asked, putting his arms behind his back. His settled on the plane for a moment then back to Sam and Jake.

“I was in Lemoore. Finished a detachment out of San Diego last year.” Jake said and Harvey's eyes lit up.

“Ah. TOPGUN, huh?” He smiled and saluted Jake.

“Yessir.” Jake saluted back. The guy was probably of a higher rank than him anyway so the salute was only respectful.

“Helps to be one of the best to pull such a pretty lady.” Harvey said and Sam smiled at him and then at Jake.

“Ah, being a pilot had nothing to do with it. More had to do with what an honorable man he is.” She said, and Jake bit the inside of his lip. Harvey smiled warmly at the pair. 

“Brought my grandkids today. They love the planes. I can't get up there any more though. Arthritis and all.” Harvey said and Jake nodded. “What brings you two so far from California?” 

“On vacation.” Jake said, rubbing his hand up and down Sam's arm nervously. She mouthed ‘you're okay’ to him and his lips twitched.

“Oh good for you two. Taking some time to yourselves before the wedding planning.” Harvey said and as his grandkids bounded out to him, he smiled. They looked to be about seven or eight, a boy and a girl. Harvey introduced them as Sofie and Mikey. Harvey told the kids that Jake was a pilot too.

“Really? What kind of plane do you fly?” Mikey asked excitedly. Jake's smile reached his eyes.

“You heard of an F-18?”Jake asked and the kid started jumping up and down. He was so excited.

“A Super Hornet! I wanna be a fighter pilot so bad! What's the fastest you've ever gone?” He asked and Jake bit his lip, trying to not sound cocky.

“At least Mach one. The F-18 isn't built to withstand much more than that.”

“What about G's? What's the most you've pulled?”

“Last year during our detachment we were regularly pulling almost eight G's during training. Our mission we pulled past nine.”

“Wow! That's so cool! You're so cool!” Mikey yelled as he jumped up and down once more and hugged Jake without asking him.

“Mikey easy. He's on IR.” Harvey mused and Jake waved at him, side hugging the kid. 

“Oh sorry.” Mikey said as he backed away slightly and kicked his toes in embarrassment. Sam touched Jake's arm then and her smile was warm and appreciative. She raised her brows at him as he pulled her back against him. 

“No, no it's okay. I'm almost better. Hey, if you're ever in California, stop by the base. I can't take them up in the jet, but they could probably sit in one. I've got some pull.” Jake said and both kids started jumping up and down. Harvey thanked them both and they said goodbye as they continued on their way to the next place. 

“That was very nice of you.” Sam’s hand wrapped around his bicep and squeezed comfortingly. Jake smiled down at her. 

“I know. I try. They're cute kids. That guy was nice. I kinda hope they come to visit.” 

“Jake?” She turned slightly, one of her hands traveling up to his neck.

“Yeah, Sam?” His eyes met hers with admiration.

“What do we do now? Now that all of that baggage has been sorted through.” 

“It's not completely sorted.” Jake murmured, pressing his lips to her forehead. Unconsciously, her nails pricked the back of his neck, making him hum pleasantly.

“No, but I feel lighter for it.” Her fingers then met his cheek, brushing her thumb across his cheekbone. His eyes fluttered closed and he whispered his next words to her, as an affirmation of his love for her.

“I do too. I don't know...I think maybe...I think the best thing for us to do right now is to try to be as happy as we can, until we can't anymore. Because we should be. We deserve to be.”

[being-a-human-isnt-very-fun]

Therianthropy Alphabet

credit to @local-xenogender-icon for the alphabet!

A - awakening

I always remember running around pretending to be a deer and always drawing/seeing myself as a deer. I used to push these away when I was older and never thought about it until I realized that therianthropy was a thing and I wasn’t the only one experiencing it. After that I narrowed my theriotype down to a caribou (yes, I know there are subspecies but they’re all very similar so I just say caribou).

B - balance

My therianthropy affects the way I communicate with other people, and my hobbies. It doesn’t affect my work/school/life balance as much, aside from little “quirks” like being afraid of loud noises, being very attached to people, etc

C - city

I don’t live in a city, I live in a rural area, which I’m very grateful for.

D - diary

I do have an alter human diary! It’s mostly just documenting shifts or drawing, and also functions as a regular journal.

E - experience in the community

I’ve had an extremely positive experience in the alterhuman community on Tumblr, and I’m eternally grateful for this because it helped me untangle my therianthropy identity and figure out who I am. Other social media platforms, not so much.

F - friends

None of my friends know I’m a therian, but I have a friend who is a furry who I think suspects.

G - gear

I don’t really feel the need for gear, but I get why people like it. If I had enough money, I might look into buying something, but mostly gear is centered around foxes/wolves/cats, and it would be hard to find caribou gear. I would have to buy a commission which is very expensive.

I - identity

I only have one theriotype, which is a caribou. I’ve yet to meet another caribou, but I have met so many other deer, who have all been super cool!

J - jokes

I love making little jokes about my identity, because it is very silly if you think about it.

K - knowldege

On a scale of 1-10, I would say my knowledge of alterhumanity is a 7 or 8. I still have a lot to learn.

L - liking, loving

I don’t think I could’ve had a “better” theriotype, a caribou is a lovely animal that I am grateful to be.

N - nature

My theriotype lives in northern parts of North America, and in Europe. They are migratory, so they don’t have one specific territory or anything.

O - otherhearted

Tbh I don’t really know the difference between otherhearted and therianthropy but I don’t think I’m otherhearted.

P - popularity

My theriotype isn’t very popular (unless it’s Christmas). Fun fact: in North America, caribou are called reindeer when they’re domesticated, but in Europe, they’re always called reindeer.

R - real body

I get species dysphoria from time to time.

S - sex

I never really thought about the sex of my theriotype? It’s kind of hard to tell really.

T - traits

-fear of loud noises/sudden noise

-foraging for food (gardening mostly)

-head butting things

-communicating with grunts, moving my head, pointing with my feet, or flicking my “ears” (that don’t exist bc phantom shift)

-running/hiking in the woods and swimming

-flight instinct

Urges

I think this question was centered more towards therians with prey drive instincts, because my urges are mostly just to run away, swim in random bodies of water, eat the grass, and restlessness.

W - wondering

Leaving the question here for context: “How do you think you would look like, if you could psychically shapeshift into your therio/kintype? (Describe or put an image here!)”

Y - yarn

Leaving this question for context too: “If you wanted to buy/make a tail, would it be real fur or fake/yarn fur?”

Caribou don’t have tails…

Z - zoo (as in the place)

I like zoos that are there for protection of a species or rehabilitation. I think there can be a lot of abuse involved, though.

[gnusnoteunuchs]

coffees ranked

A-high effort coffee at home. nice independent coffee shops. coffee liqueur (kahlua, etc.)

B-starbucks, peets, caribou, etc. coffee at your parents' house.

C-break room coffee. shitty independent coffee shops with skateboards on the wall. home drip coffee. coffee from the no-name convenience store inside your building. camp coffee on a cold day

D-7/11. starbucks canned and bottled coffees. camp coffee on a hot day. instant coffee, sorry cafe bustelo but i don't need that in my life.

[piononostalgia]

25 días de música puertorriqueña

Un calendario de adviento

1. Fiel a la Vega _ A Quien Pueda Interesar

2. Sonora Ponceña _ Night Raider

3. Sylvia Rexach Canta A Sylvia Rexach

4. Eddie Dee _ Biografía

5. Black Guayaba _ lo demás es plástico

6. Los Pleneros de la Cresta _ Mucho Gusto, Soy de la Isla

7. Canario y Su Grupo _ Plenas

8. Daniel Santos _ Bolero

9. Atabal _ del Caribe al Brasil

10. Pedro José Pastrana _ Crónicas De La Pierna Inquieta

11. Yolandita Monge _ Vivencias

12. Wiso G _ Sin Parar

13. Sr. Langosta _ Hecatombe

14. Ramito _ El Cantor de La Montaña

15. Vivanativa _ Viejo

16. Pj Sin Suela _ De Vuelta a Casa

17. Vico C _ Aquel Que Había Muerto

18. Cuarteto Marcano _ Canciones Inolvidables Vol.1

19. Campo-Formio _ Plan Maestro

20. Intifada _ Antifa, Vol.1

21. Don Pedro Flores _ Aquellas Canciones, Vol. 1

22. Pablo Hernández Mejías _ Danzas Imaginarias

23. Baba Gris _ Bhava

24. Emilito Castao _ El Hijo de Borikén

25. Joe Louis y La Banda Onírica de la Puerta Roja _ Lo Sagrado

[madamlaydebug]

“THE PRIMITIVE BLACK NATIONS OF AMERICA” by professor Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, c. 1832

An often ignored and forgotten part of American history is the fact that Europeans encountered dark-skinned people (later referred to as negroes) when they arrived on the shores of North, South, and Central America…

This passage, taken from professor Constantine Rafinesque's publication, Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, details the various "Black Nations" that existed pre-Columbus in America…

Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge was based off of over 33 years of travel and research by the esteemed professor…

"The Primitive Black Nations of America."

By Professor C. S. Rafinesque.

“The Society of Geography having offered a reward for the best memoir on the Origin of the Asiatic Negroes, I sent them last year two Memoirs; one on those Asiatic Negroes,'wherein I demonstrated the affinities of their languages with the African and Polynesian Negroes, as well as with the Hindus and Chinese, and renders it probable that all the Negroes originated in the Southern Slopes of the Himalaya Mountains, as they did once exist all over India, South China, Japan, Persia and Arabia...

My second Memoir was on the Negro or Black Nations, found in America before Columbus, wherein I proved their existence and connection by language with the Negroes of Africa and Polynesia…

These Memoirs have been rewarded by the learned Society of Geography, with a gold medal of 100 Francs, which was lately communicated to me by Messrs Warden, our former Consul in Paris, and Jomard member of the Institute…

This gratifying intelligence will be acceptable to all my friends, and furnish another proof of my ability to unravel at last, the origins of all the American Nations and Tribes, in pursuing the path which I have opened, by comparing all the Languages mathematically and numerically with each other…

To many, this fact of old Black Nations in America will be new…

Yet it is important feature of American History…

I will here merely enumerate the Black tribes of which I have found evident traces and remains in North and South America…

1. The ancient Caracols of Hayti, represented as a Nation of Beasts by the Historical Songs, see Roman and Martyr

2. The Califurnams of the Carib Islands, called Black Caribs or Guanini by others, are a black branch of Caribs. See Rochefort, Herrera

3. The Arguahos of Cutara mentioned by Garcias in the West Indies, quite black.

4. The Black Aroras of Raleigh, or Yaruras of the Spaniards, ugly black or brown Negroes, yet existing near the Oronoco, and language known, called monkeys by their neighbors

5. Chaymas of Guyana, brown Negroes like Hottentots, see Humboldt

6. The Mangipas and Porcigis of Nienhof, the Motayas of Knivet, & all of Brazil, brown Negroes with curly hair. See also Vespucius and Pigafetta

7. The Nigritas of Martyr in Darien, yet existing in Choco under the name Chucnas or Gaunas or Chinos. See Mollien. Ugly red or black Negroes.

8. Those of Popayan called Manabi, blackish with negro features and hair. See Stevenson.

9. The Guabas and Jaras of Taguzgalpa near the Honduras. See Juaros, now called Zambos.

10. The Enslen or Esteros of New California, ugly blackish Negroes. See Vanegas, Langsdorf.

11. The Black Indians met by the Spaniards in Louisiana in 1543. See Soto’s invasion.

12. The Moon-eyed Negroes, and albinos, destroyed by the Cherokis, and seen in Panama.

Among these the Yarura language has 50% of analogy with the Gauna, 40% with the Ashanty or Fanty of Guinea, and about 33% with the Fulah, Bornu and Congo languages of Africa...

In Asia it has 39% of numerical affinity with the Samang Negroes, and 40% with the Negroes of Andaman as well as those of Australia or New Holland...

All this and many other details are given at length proved by authorities and compared vocabularies in my Memoir"

[adaraygr]

Tarea Semana 1; Cómo poner en marcha su proyecto de investigación.

Gestión y visualización de datos Curso en Coursera, por Wesleyan University

Realizado por; Jose Alonso Adaray Gomez Rivera.

CONJUNTO DE DATOS

Dataset: NESARC

Toda la documentación recaba datos sumamente importantes para su ámbito, sin embargo tuve un interés específico por analizar la tendencia al consumo de la nicotina a través de los cigarrillos. El conjunto de datos y libro de códigos de NESARC, crea un sondeo bastante amplio en los Estados Unidos de América, aunque mi enfoque será considerando la población mexicana que migró a su país vecino.

Hay muchas variables que considero importantes, sin embargo por cuestiones de practicidad y avance ágil, he seleccionado sólo las que se muestran al final del documento en donde se toma en cuenta:

Sexo

Origen (hispano o latino)

Descencencia de origen

Empleo más reciente

Frecuencia con la que se fuma (cigarrillo de tabaco)

Ingreso personal (anual en dólares americanos) y

Frecuencia con la que se consume alcohol (cerveza)

Con estas variables, pretendo explorar principalmente la asociación del consumo de tabaco con el del ingreso económico y alcohol (cerveza), sugiriendo como hipotesis que las personas con dificultades económicas suelen ser propensos al consumo de tabaco y/o alcohol (cerveza).

Como segunda cuestión, considero importante relacionar el sexo, empleo e ingreso del público mexicano con descendencia hispanoamericana que vive en los Estados Unidos de América, con el propósito de averiguar las coincidencias entre los rangos de salarios y empleos, con el hábito del consumo de tabaco.

Mis cuestiones son:

Principalmente: ¿Las personas fumadoras generalmente cuentan con ingresos económicos elevados?

En segundo plano:

¿Influye el tipo de empleo, ingresos y/o sexo al consumo del tabaco?

¿La mayoría de los fumadores son también consumidores de alcohol?(cerveza)?

Con el fin de enriquecer la investigación, es imprescindible hacer referencias respecto al consumo de tabaco y alcohol.

“El consumo de tabaco constituye, en los países desarrollados, la primera causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en adultos que se podría prevenir. En los países desarrollados, el tabaco es responsable del 24% de todas las muertes entre hombres y del 7% entre las mujeres, aunque esta última cifra está aumentando como consecuencia de la incorporación de la mujer a esta adicción. La pérdida de esperanza de vida entre los fumadores es de 14 años de media, dato al que habría que añadir la calidad de vida perdida para resaltar fielmente la importancia de esta enfermedad adictiva”.[1]

“El tabaquismo es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública; constituye la principal causa de muerte prevenible, además de ser la primera causa de años de vida potencialmente perdidos atribuibles a mayor morbilidad y mortalidad de la población general. Con la edad aumenta la prevalencia del consumo que se inicia en edades tempranas. Asimismo, cerca del 90% de los fumadores inician antes de los 18 años.

En América Latina y el Caribe los bajos ingresos económicos se asocian con una mayor prevalencia (del 45%) en el consumo de tabaco. En especial, en Sudamérica, el riesgo de que las personas de ingresos bajos lo consuman es del 63%. Estos hallazgos concuerdan con los obtenidos por otros autores en Europa, quienes confirman la relación entre el consumo de tabaco y un estado socioeconómico bajo. Además, en cuanto a lo ocupacional, algunos autores han señalado que el desempleo es un factor de riesgo para el consumo de sustancias como el tabaco y el alcohol”.[2]

Referencias bibliográficas

[1] Villena Ferrer, A., Morena Rayo, S., Párraga Martínez, I., González Céspedes, M. D., Soriano Fernández, H., & López-Torres Hidalgo, J. (2009). Factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en adolescentes. Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia, 2(7), 320-325.

[2] Chica-Giraldo, C. D., Álvarez-Heredia, J. F., Naranjo, Y., Martínez-Arias, M. A., Martínez, J. W., Barbosa-Gantiva, O., ... & Cardona-Miranda, L. (2021). Consumo de tabaco y condición de empleo en una región del eje cafetero colombiano. Revista de Salud Pública, 23(1), 1.

LIBRO DE CODIGOS

A continuación añado imágenes del Codebook, donde se aprecian las variables que seleccioné para mi tema de investigación.

Gracias por tomarse el tiempo de leer mi post, saludos.

[casbooks]

Books of 2023

Book 35 of 2023

Title: The Frost Weeds: Vietnam: 1964-1965 Authors: James Oliveri ISBN: 9781555717612 Tags: A-1 Skyraiders AUS ADF Australian Defence Force AUS Australia B-57 Canberra Buddhism (Religion) C-123 Provider C-7 Caribou CH-34 Choctaw FRA France LAO Laos LAO Laotian Civil War (1959-1975) LAO Pathet Lao LAO Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma LAO Prince Souvanna Phouma LAO RLA 33rd Laotian Elephant Bn LAO RLA Royal Laotian Army LAO RLAF Royal Lao Air Force Nungs O-1 Bird Dog SpecOps U-1 Otter US Ambassador Maxwell Taylor US CIA Central Intelligence Agency US Medal Of Honor US President Lyndon B. Johnson US Raymond Burr (Actor) US USA 1st Cavalry Division US USA 86th Engineer Bn US USA Col Roger Donlon (MOH) US USA Fort Dix NJ US USA Fort Dix NJ - Intermediate Speed Radio Operators Course (ISROC) US USA General Paul D. Harkins US USA General William Westmoreland US USA United States Army US USA USSF 5th SFG US USA USSF 7th SFG US USA USSF Green Berets US USA USSF Special Forces US USA USSF Team A-113 US USA USSF Team A-323 US USA USSF Team A-726 US USMC 9th MEB US USMC United States Marine Corps US USN 7th Fleet US USN United States Navy US USN USS Maddox (DD-731) US USN USS Ticonderoga (CV-14) US USN USS Turner Joy (DD-951) US USO United Service Organizations VNM 1968 Tet Offensive (1968) (Vietnam War) VNM A Louie Airstrip VNM A Shau Special Forces Camp (Vietnam War) VNM A Shau Valley VNM AUS ADF Australian Army Training Team (Vietnam War) VNM Battle of Hue City (1968) (Tet Offensive) (Vietnam War) VNM Battle of Nam Dong CIDG Camp (1964) (Vietnam War) VNM Cam Lo VNM Central Highlands VNM Cholon VNM Con Thien VNM Cua Viet VNM Da Lat VNM Da Nang VNM Da Nang - Red Beach Base Area (Vietnam War) VNM Da Nang Air Base VNM DMZ Demilitarized Zone - 17th Parallel (Vietnam War) VNM Dong Ap Bia VNM Dong Ha VNM Dong Hoi VNM Dong Nai River VNM DRV NVA Col Bui Tin (Engineer) VNM DRV NVA Col Dong Si Nguyen (Minister of Construction) VNM DRV NVA North Vietnamese Army VNM DRV VC Viet Cong VNM FRA Felix Poilane (Plantation Owner) VNM Gio Linh VNM Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) (Vietnam War) VNM Highway 1 VNM Highway 14 VNM Highway 548 VNM Highway 9 VNM Ho Chi Minh Trail (Vietnam War) VNM Hue VNM Hue - Business District VNM Hue - Capitol Building VNM Hue - Cercle Sportif VNM Hue - Duy Tan St VNM Hue - Hue Stadium VNM Hue - Hue University VNM Hue - Joan of Arc Cathedral VNM Hue - Le Loi St VNM Hue - Nguyen Hoang Bridge VNM Hue - Perfume River VNM Hue - Public Health and Hospital Complex VNM Hue - Tay Loc Airfield (Vietnam War) VNM Hue - The Citadel VNM Hue - Tran Cao Van St VNM Hue - Tran Hung Dao St VNM I Corps (Vietnam War) VNM Ia Drang Valley VNM III Corps (Vietnam War) VNM Lang Troi VNM Lang Vei VNM Lang Vei Special Forces Camp (Vietnam War) VNM Montagnard - Bru VNM Montagnards VNM Montagnards - Katu VNM Nam Dong VNM Nam Dong Special Forces Camp (Vietnam War) VNM Nha Trang VNM Operation Flaming Dart (1965) (Vietnam War) VNM Operation Ranch Hand (1962-1971) (Vietnam War) VNM Operation Rolling Thunder (1965-1968) (Vietnam War) VNM Phu Bai VNM Pleiku VNM Quang Tri VNM Quang Tri Province VNM Rao Lao River VNM Rao Quang River VNM Red River VNM RVN ARVN 1st ID VNM RVN ARVN 2nd Regiment VNM RVN ARVN 2nd Regiment - 3/2 VNM RVN ARVN 36th Ranger Bn VNM RVN ARVN 3rd Regiment VNM RVN ARVN 3rd Regiment - 3/3 VNM RVN ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam VNM RVN ARVN CIDG Civilian Irregular Defense Group VNM RVN ARVN General Nguyen Chanh Thi VNM RVN ARVN LLDB Luc Luong Dac Biet Special Forces VNM RVN ARVN MP Quan Canh Military Police VNM RVN ARVN Nam Dong CIDG Camp VNM RVN ARVN Vietnamese Rangers - Biet Dong Quan VNM RVN General Duonh Van Minh (Big Minh) VNM RVN Nguyen Cao Ky VNM RVN Nguyen Khanh VNM RVN RVNP Can Sat National Police VNM RVN SVNAF South Vietnamese Air Force VNM RVN Tran Van Huong VNM Saigon VNM Saigon - Brinks Hotel VNM Saigon - Brinks Hotel Bombing (1964) VNM Saigon - Capital Hotel VNM Saigon - Tu Do St (Rue Catinat) VNM Som Bai VNM Ta Bat VNM Ta Bat Airfield VNM Ta Rau VNM Tan Son Nhut Air Base VNM Thua Thien Province VNM Tonkin Gulf VNM US Agent Orange (Vietnam War) VNM US MAAG Advisory Team 3 (Vietnam War) VNM US MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group Vietnam (Vietnam War) VNM US MACV Advisory Team 3 (Vietnam War) VNM US MACV Advisory Teams (Vietnam War) VNM US MACV Military Assistance Command Vietnam (Vietnam War) VNM US USMC KSCB Khe Sanh Combat Base (Vietnam War) VNM US USSF Mobile Strike Force (MIKE) (Vietnam War) VNM Vietnam VNM Vietnam War (1955-1975) Rating: ★★★★★ (5 Stars) Subject: Books.Military.20th-21st Century.Asia.Vietnam War.ARVN, Books.Military.20th-21st Century.Asia.Vietnam War.Specops.ARVN, Books.Military.20th-21st Century.Asia.Vietnam War.Specops.Green Berets, Books.Military.20th-21st Century.Asia.Vietnam War.US Army.Advisor

Description: During the early years of the Vietnam War, a small group of American soldiers carried the fight to the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army, often under difficult circumstances. Their sacrifices generally went unrecognized and unappreciated by a mostly indifferent nation. But a massive influx of American troops would soon alter the entire nature and perception of the war. THE FROST WEEDS graphically describes the horror, the heroism and even the humor of the Vietnam experience while offering a far different perspective of the war than that epitomized by the larger conflict that followed. It is an astonishing account of a small U.S. military advisory team struggling to deal with a ruthless enemy and an often exasperating ally.

Review: This was an excellent book by an excellent author. He was able to craft a good narrative and understood pacing and flow which is rare for many of these books. The tales he told of the early years of the vietnam war, the 64/65 period, of what it was like at Ta Bat, A Shau, and Khe Sanh, his explorations of Hue, and the battle of Nam Dong were well done and gave you a really good sense of who was there, what happened, and what the experience was like being an Advisor radioman attached to an ARVN unit. 

[ivanreycristo]

VIRGINIA MAESTRO.. Hablando de TORMENTA O TRAGEDIA.. el ultimo cumple de mi padre 07-07-2017 q lo celebramos en restaurant J5 en la antigua CRUZ DE LOS CAIDOS (monumento x la guerra civil q retiraron en los 80 en el Cruce de calle ALCALA con ARTURO SORIA y GARCIA NOBLEJAS).. entrando él con su 2da mujer (con la q vivia en un chalet del 1er matrimonio de ella en c/ RELOJ en BRUNETE cuyo AYUNTA-MIENTO se incendio pues mi padre se volvio a casar y se fue a vivir ahi tras el ICTUS q le dio en MIAMI y al año de morir tras heredar 1 millon de € o en 2019 tuvo un accidente contra un BUS escolar de FRENTE cosa q fue noticia pues la llevaron en Helicoptero al Hospital LA PAZ.. y no se mas)..x la puerta de ATRAS o frente al cafe LA CRUZ q esta bajo el pub Irlandes IRISH CORNER (donde estuve con RAMON VALLE-INCLAN y CASANDRA SAINTE-MARIE DEL AGUA viendo grabacion del CLUB DE LA COMEDIA del PARAMOUNT CHANNEL y cuando CASANDRA se fue al baño me dijo RAMON q le hiciera el favor de despedirme de ella q se la queria volver a enrollar como al parecer hizo cuando vieron solos la peli 300 en el cine EL CID CAMPEADOR tras verla los 3 juntos y decirme RAMON q sino me importaba q intentara liarsela xq era muy amiga mia y la llevaba a su casa tras el CURSO de PARADOS q haciamos y le dije q se lo preguntara a su novio escritor aunque siendo RAMON 20 años me parecia algo q iba acabar mal y asi fue xq tras estar los 3 juntos comiendo el Dia del Trabajador de 2007 en TUREGANO donde la MADRE de miguel BOSE puso un museo sobre Angeles que quebro.. me llamo CASANDRA para decirme q RAMON se habia enfadado xq le dijo q preferia seguir con su novio y que no ibamos a salir mas con él o con los 3 juntos x lo q solo me invitaba a mi a su 20 cumple el 24-5-07 para ver el Estreno de LOS PIRATAS DEL CARIBE: EN EL FIN DEL MUNDO en los cines MORA-SOL.. y esa fue la ultima vez q la vi hasta q me la reencontre trabajando en la tienda del REAL MADRID del estadio BERNABEU tras fotografiarme ese 7-5-13 con Cliford LUYK a CONTRA-LUZ y cuyo malogrado hijo SERGIO LUYK q tambien jugo en REAL MADRID BASKET tras los TORMENTA ROJA de la UNIVERSIDAD de ST JOHN sita en Pkway UTOPIA, QUEENS, NY.. me presentaron en sala ROJA O VIP de la disco AVE NOX donde tenia una barra alquilada con una camarera llamada LIBIA, hacia de DJ y me dijo q tras retirarse del Basket donde tambien jugo en el FORUM FILATELICO q luego se convirtio en una ESTAFA PIRAMIDAL a cientos de miles de ahorradores atraida x el equipo de BASKET y sus grandes fichajes como SABONIS u OSCAR SMICHDT.. Se dedicaba a negociar con DI-AMANTES).. cayo un TREMENDO DILUVIO x el q una tal MANZANIS dijo MADRID SE INUNDA. AMEN #APOCALIPSIS #NOW

[notatrasnota]

Seguirá el calor, con sensación térmica de 40 °C en la Península de Yucatán

El Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN), de la Comisión Nacional del Agua (Conagua), emitió el aviso de las 06:00 a.m. del viernes 7 de febrero de 2025 de su pronóstico meteorológico. Durante este día, un canal de baja presión sobre el sureste mexicano, aunado al ingreso de humedad del Golfo de México y mar Caribe, ocasionarán lluvias e intervalos de chubascos en el noreste, oriente, sur y…

[usafphantom2]

Bien Hoa AB by Linh Yoshimura Via Flickr: 1968 – C-130 Hercules and a C-7 Caribou at West ramp General cargo pallet staging area of Bien Hoa AB. Note C-124 in the back ground. Photo by MSgt Berry Robert, USAF

[theelectriccurrentrundownpodcast]

View this post on Instagram

A post shared by Phil Defiance (@electriccurrentrundown)

Direct links right below this. Or, you can find the videos on my channel at rumble (https://rumble.com/c/c-7165160), or at - https://electriccurrentrundown.com/2024/12/29/episodes-7-9-reposted-on-rumble/

Direct links:

- Episode 7 - https://rumble.com/v60ve7w-7-green-toilets-trumps-5-mill-lead-gone-and-cancel-subscriptions.html - Episode 8 - https://rumble.com/v60vexb-8-processed-foods-and-endangered-species.html - Episode 9 - https://rumble.com/v60vfkn-9-endangered-species-and-volcano-on-carib-isle-story.html

And, in those 3 episodes I talked of the general categories of:

- Foods and Toilets. - US Politics, Elections. - Intrigue with a Volcano Story. - Bad businesses and waste.

Go to or subscribe to my channel for more episodes, and follow me on social media with my links found at https://electriccurrentrundown.com/

Like my videos? Also, check out the high-quality clothing, accessories, as well as consumer goods at https://planebold.com/

I am on Spotify too (https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3x460VbEwENuuYEu7lEN) as well as other podcast platforms, so, you can also check out my episodes from this week as well as other episodes there.

When it comes to planebold’s clothing, it’s made in the USA if you’re American, or if you’re not in the USA, our clothing defaults to be made in America, but, the automated system might have your item made closer to you.

[vitrinedogiba]

A Sociologia perdeu em 10 de julho de 2019, Francisco Maria Cavalcanti de Oliveira, mais conhecido como Chico de Oliveira, foi um dos mais importantes sociólogos brasileiros.  Nascido em 7 de novembro de 1944. Filho de pequenos comerciantes que tiveram 12 filhos, Chico graduou-se em Ciências Sociais na antiga Faculdade de Filosofia da Universidade do Recife, atual Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, em 1956. Na faculdade, foi um dos fundadores do Movimento Estudantil Socialista de Pernambuco, ligado ao Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB). Após se formar, Chico aproximou-se da economia, trabalhando como técnico no Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, sediado em Fortaleza. No final da década de 1950, retornou ao Recife a convite de Celso Furtado para ajudar na criação da Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (Sudene). Logo após o golpe civil-militar de 1964, Chico ficou preso por dois meses, exilando-se em seguida a sua libertação na Guatemala e, na sequência, no México, onde permaneceu por dois anos trabalhando na Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (Cepal). Foi fundador do PT e do PSOL. Sugestões de obras do autor OLIVEIRA, F. Brasil: Uma biografia não autorizada. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2018. BRAGA, R., OLIVEIRA, F. & RIZEK, C. Hegemonia às avessas. Com Ruy Braga e Cibele Rizek. São Paulo, Boitempo, 2010. OLIVEIRA, F. Noiva da revolução Elegia para uma re(li)gião. São Paulo: Boitempo: 2008. “A dominação globalizada – estrutura e dinâmica da dominação burguesa no Brasil”. Em: Basualdo, Eduardo M.; Arceo, Enrique. Neoliberalismo y sectores dominantes. Tendencias globales y experiencias nacionales. CLACSO, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, Buenos Aires. Agosto 2006. OLIVEIRA, F. Crítica à razão dualista/O ornitorrinco. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2003. OLIVEIRA, F. A navegação venturosa – ensaios sobre Celso Furtado. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2002. OLIVEIRA, F., PAOLI, M. C. Os sentidos da democracia: políticas do dissenso e hegemonia global. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2000. OLIVEIRA, F. Os direitos do antivalor. Vozes: Petrópolis, 1998. OLIVEIRA, F. O elo perdido – classe e identidade de classe. São Paulo: Perseu Bramao, 1987.

[spndhsmony]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Elton John - Caribou (50th Anniversary Edition) Record Store Day ‘24 Blue Vinyl.

[amandha2024]

Tubarão-baleia

O tubarão-baleia (nome científico: Rhincodon typus) é uma espécie de tubarão filtrador da ordem dos orectolobiformes e a maior espécie de peixe existente conhecida. O maior indivíduo confirmado tinha um comprimento de 20 metros (61,7 pés).[7] O tubarão-baleia detém muitos recordes de tamanho no reino animal, sendo de longe o maior vertebrado não mamífero vivo. É o único membro do gênero Rhincodon e o único membro existente da família dos rincodontídeos (Rhincodontidae), que pertence à subclasse dos elasmobrânquios (Elasmobranchii) na classe Chondrichthyes. Antes de 1984 foi classificado como Rhiniodon nos rinodontídeos (Rhinodontidae).

Tubarão-baleia macho, no Aquário da Geórgia, Atlanta

Comparação entre tubarão-baleia e um mergulhador

Estado de conservação: ameaçada

Classificação científica

Reino: Animalia

Filo: Chordata

Subfilo: Vertebrata

Infrafilo: Gnathostomata

Classe: Chondrichthyes

Subclasse: Elasmobranchii

Ordem: Orectolobiformes

Família: Rhincodontidae

Género: Rhincodon

Espécie: R. typus

Nome binomial: Rhincodon typus

Distribuição geográfica

Distribuição do tubarão-baleia

O tubarão-baleia é encontrado em águas abertas dos oceanos tropicais e raramente é encontrado em águas abaixo de 21 °C (70 °F).[1] Estudos analisando as bandas de crescimento vertebral e as taxas de crescimento de tubarões que nadam livremente estimaram a expectativa de vida do tubarão-baleia em 80-130 anos.[8][9][10] Os tubarões-baleia têm bocas muito grandes e são filtradores, que é um modo de alimentação que ocorre em apenas dois outros tubarões, o tubarão-boca-grande e o tubarão-peregrino. Alimentam-se quase exclusivamente de plâncton e pequenos peixes e não representam uma ameaça para os seres humanos.

A espécie foi distinguida em abril de 1828 após o arpoamento de um espécime de 4,6 metros (15 pés) na baía da Mesa, África do Sul. Andrew Smith, um médico militar associado às tropas britânicas estacionadas na Cidade do Cabo, descreveu-o no ano seguinte.[11] O nome "tubarão-baleia" refere-se ao tamanho do peixe, sendo tão grande quanto algumas espécies de baleias,[12] e também por ser um filtrador como os misticetos.

Etimologia

O nome vernáculo tubarão tem origem obscura, mas pode derivar de alguma das línguas nativas do Caribe. Seu registro mais antigo ocorre em 1500, como tubaram, na Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha, e então como tuberão, em 1721.[13] Baleia, por sua vez, deriva do latim balaena,ae, com sentido literal para se referir às baleias. Sua primeira ocorrência no português ocorre em 1274 como balea, e então no século XIII como balẽa.[14]

As bocas do tubarão-baleia podem conter mais de 300 fileiras de dentes minúsculos e 20 almofadas de filtro que usa para filtrar a alimentação.[15] Ao contrário de muitos outros tubarões, as bocas dos tubarões-baleia estão localizadas na frente da cabeça e não na parte inferior da cabeça.[16] Foi relatado que um exemplar de 12,1 metros (39,7 pés) tinha uma boca de 1,55 metros (5,1 pés) de diâmetro.[17] A cabeça é larga e plana com dois pequenos olhos nos cantos frontais. Os espiráculos estão localizados logo atrás dos olhos. Os tubarões-baleia têm cinco grandes pares de guelras. Sua pele é cinza escuro com uma barriga branca marcada com manchas e listras cinza-claras ou brancas que são únicas para cada indivíduo. Sua pele pode ter até 15 centímetros de espessura e é muito dura e áspera ao toque. Tem três cristas proeminentes ao longo de seus lados, que começam acima e atrás da cabeça e terminam no pedúnculo caudal.[18]

Descrição

Verificou-se que os tubarões-baleia possuem dentículos dérmicos na superfície de seus globos oculares que são estruturados de forma diferente dos dentículos do corpo. Esses dentículos servem para proteger o olho contra danos, juntamente com a capacidade do tubarão-baleia de retrair seu olho profundamente em sua órbita.[19][20] O genoma completo e anotado do tubarão-baleia foi publicado em 2017.[21] Evidências sugerem que os tubarões-baleia podem se recuperar de ferimentos graves e podem regenerar pequenas seções de suas barbatanas.[22]

Tamanho

O tubarão-baleia é o maior animal não cetáceo do mundo. Evidências sugerem que exibe dimorfismo sexual em relação ao tamanho, com os machos não crescendo tão grandes quanto as fêmeas. Um estudo analisou o crescimento de espécimes ao longo de 10 anos. Concluiu que os machos atingem em média 8 a 9 metros (26 a 30 pés) de comprimento; embora isso não represente o tamanho máximo possível. O mesmo estudo previu que as fêmeas atingiriam um comprimento de cerca de 14,5 metros (48 pés) em média, com base em dados mais limitados.[23] Estudos anteriores estimando o crescimento e a longevidade dos tubarões-baleia produziram estimativas que variam de 14 a 21,9 metros (46 a 72 pés) de comprimento.[8][10][24][25] Evidências limitadas, principalmente de machos, sugerem que a maturidade sexual ocorre em torno de 8 a 9 metros (26 a 30 pés) de comprimento, com as fêmeas possivelmente amadurecendo em um tamanho semelhante ou maior.[26][27][28][29] O comprimento máximo da espécie é incerto devido à falta de documentação detalhada dos maiores indivíduos relatados. Vários tubarões-baleia com cerca de 18 metros (59 pés) de comprimento foram relatados.[7] Os grandes tubarões-baleia são difíceis de medir com precisão, tanto na terra quanto na água. Quando medido em terra, o comprimento total pode ser afetado pela forma como a cauda está posicionada, seja inclinada como seria em vida ou esticada ao máximo possível. Historicamente, técnicas como comparações com objetos de tamanho conhecido e cordas com nós têm sido usadas para medições na água e podem apresentar imprecisões. Em 2011, a fotogrametria a laser foi proposta para melhorar a precisão da medição na água.[28][30]

Relatos de grandes indivíduos

Indivíduo no Caribe

Em 1868, o cientista natural irlandês Edward Perceval Wright obteve vários pequenos espécimes de tubarão-baleia nas Seicheles. Wright foi informado de um tubarão-baleia que foi medido como superior a 45 pés (14 metros) e outros acima de 21 metros (70 pés). O próprio, inclusive, relatou ter observado espécimes acima de 15 metros (50 pés).[31] Hugh McCormick Smith descreveu um enorme animal capturado em uma armadilha de bambu na Tailândia em 1919. O tubarão era pesado demais para ser puxado à praia, e nenhuma medida foi feita. Smith aprendeu através de fontes independentes que tinha pelo menos 10 wa (uma unidade tailandesa de comprimento entre os braços estendidos de uma pessoa). Smith observou que um wa poderia ser interpretado como 2 metros (6,6 pés) ou a média aproximada de 1,7 a 1,8 metros (5,6–5,9 pés), e pesava aproximadamente 37 toneladas (81 500 libras) com base nos pescadores locais.[32] Fontes posteriores afirmaram que este tubarão-baleia tinha aproximadamente 18 metros (59 pés), com um peso de 43 toneladas, mas a precisão da estimativa foi questionada.[7][26] Em 1934, um navio chamado Maunganui encontrou um tubarão-baleia no sul do Oceano Pacífico, abalroou-o e o tubarão ficou preso na proa do navio, supostamente com 15 pés (4,6 metros) de um lado e 40 pés (12,2 metros) do outro, sugerindo um comprimento total de cerca de 55 pés (17 metros).[33][34]

Scott A. Eckert e Brent S. Stewart relataram o rastreamento por satélite de tubarões-baleia entre 1994 e 1996. Dos 15 indivíduos rastreados, duas fêmeas foram relatadas medindo 15 metros (49 pés) e 18 metros (59 pés), respectivamente.[35] Um tubarão-baleia de 20,75 metros (68,1 pés) de comprimento foi relatado como encalhado ao longo da costa de Ratenaguiri em 1995.[36][37] Uma fêmea com um comprimento padrão de 15 metros (49,2 pés) (e um comprimento total estimado em 18,8 metros (61,7 pés)) foi relatado no Mar Arábico em 2001.[38] Em um estudo de 2015 analisando o tamanho da megafauna marinha, McClain e colegas consideraram essa fêmea como a mais confiável e medida com precisão.[7] Em 7 de fevereiro de 2012, um grande tubarão-baleia foi encontrado flutuando a 150 quilômetros da costa de Carachi, no Paquistão. O comprimento do espécime foi dito estar entre 11 e 12 metros (36 e 39 pés), com um peso de cerca de 15 mil quilos (33 mil libras).[39]

Mandíbula

Dentes

Olho

Topo da cabeça

Distribuição e habitat

Tubarão baleia filtrando plâncton nas Maldivas

O tubarão-baleia habita todos os mares tropicais e temperados quentes. É principalmente pelágico e pode ser encontrado em habitats costeiros e oceânicos vivendo em mar aberto, mas não nas maiores profundidades do oceano, embora se saiba que ocasionalmente mergulha a profundidades de até 1 900 metros (6 200 pés).[40] É migratório[9] e tem duas subpopulações distintas: uma atlântica, do Maine e dos Açores ao Cabo das Agulhas, na África do Sul, e uma indo-pacífica que detém 75% de toda a população de tubarões-baleia. Geralmente vaga entre 30 °N e 35 °S, onde as temperaturas da água são superiores a 21 °C (70 °F), mas foram vistos ao norte como a Baía de Fundy, no Canadá, no mar de Ocótsqui, ao norte do Japão, e ao sul de Vitória, na Austrália.[1]

Agregações sazonais de alimentação ocorrem em vários locais costeiros, como o Golfo Pérsico e Golfo de Omã, costa de Ningaloo na Austrália Ocidental, ilha Darwin nas Galápagos, Quintana Roo no México, província de Inhambane em Moçambique, Filipinas, em torno de Mahé nas Seicheles, as costas de Guzerate<[1] e Querala da Índia,[41][42] Taiuã, sul da China[1] e Catar.[43] Em 2011, mais de 400 tubarões-baleia se reuniram na costa de Iucatã. Foi um dos maiores encontros registrados.[44] As agregações nessa área estão entre as reuniões sazonais mais confiáveis conhecidas por tubarões-baleia, com grandes números ocorrendo na maioria dos anos entre maio e setembro. O ecoturismo associado cresceu rapidamente para níveis insustentáveis.[45]

Crescimento e reprodução

tubarão baleia com uma rêmora

mergulhador nadando com um tubarão baleia

Crescimento, longevidade e reprodução do tubarão-baleia são pouco compreendidos.[25][27] Havia incerteza sobre se as bandas de crescimento das vértebras são formadas anualmente ou semestralmente, o que é importante para determinar a idade, o crescimento e a longevidade dos tubarões-baleia.[8][10][24] Um estudo de 2020 comparou a proporção de isótopos de carbono-14 encontrados em bandas de crescimento de vértebras de tubarão-baleia com eventos de testes nucleares nas décadas de 1950-60 e descobriu que as bandas de crescimento são estabelecidas anualmente. O estudo encontrou uma idade de 50 anos para uma fêmea de 10 metros (33 pés) e 35 anos para um macho de 9,9 metros.[25] Vários estudos analisando as bandas de crescimento das vértebras e medindo os tubarões-baleia na natureza estimaram sua expectativa de vida de ~ 80 anos e até ~ 130 anos.[8][9][10]

Evidências sugerem que os machos crescem mais rápido que as fêmeas nos estágios iniciais da vida, mas acabam atingindo um tamanho máximo menor.[23] Os tubarões-baleia exibem maturidade sexual tardia.[25] Um estudo que analisou tubarões-baleia que nadam livremente estimou a idade de maturidade dos machos em aproximadamente 25 anos.[10] A parto de tubarões-baleia não foi observada, mas o acasalamento foi testemunhado duas vezes em Santa Helena.[46] O acasalamento nesta espécie foi filmado pela primeira vez em tubarões-baleia na costa de Ningaloo via avião em 2019, quando um macho maior tentou sem sucesso acasalar com uma fêmea menor e imatura.[47] A captura de uma fêmea de ~10,6 metros (35 pés) em julho de 1996 que estava grávida de ~300 filhotes indicou que os tubarões-baleia são ovovivíparos.[9][48][49] Os ovos permanecem no corpo e as fêmeas dão à luz filhotes vivos com 40 a 60 centímetros de comprimento. Evidências indicam que os filhotes não nascem todos de uma vez, mas a fêmea retém o esperma de um acasalamento e produz um fluxo constante de filhotes por um período prolongado.[50]

Em 7 de março de 2009, cientistas marinhos nas Filipinas descobriram o que se acredita ser o menor espécime vivo do tubarão-baleia. O jovem tubarão, medindo apenas 38 centímetros (15 polegadas), foi encontrado com a cauda amarrada a uma estaca em uma praia em Pilar, Sorsogon, Filipinas, e foi solto na natureza. Com base nessa descoberta, alguns cientistas não acreditam mais que essa área seja apenas um campo de alimentação; este sítio pode ser um local de nascimento, também. Tanto tubarões-baleia jovens quanto fêmeas grávidas foram vistos nas águas de Santa Helena, no Oceano Atlântico Sul, onde numerosos tubarões-baleia podem ser vistos durante o verão.[51][52] Em um relatório do Rappler em agosto de 2019, tubarões-baleia foram avistados durante as atividades de identificação por foto do World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Filipinas no primeiro semestre do ano. Houve um total de 168 avistamentos – 64 deles “reaparições” ou reaparecimentos de tubarões-baleia registrados anteriormente. O WWF observou que "juvenis muito jovens de tubarões-baleia" foram identificados entre os 168 indivíduos. Sua presença sugere que o passo de Ticao pode ser um terreno de filhotes, aumentando ainda mais a importância ecológica da área.[53]

Dieta

Um tubarão-baleia nas Filipinas com rêmoras

Tubarão-baleia com boca aberta se alimentando em La Paz, México

O tubarão-baleia é um animal filtrador – uma das três únicas espécies conhecidas de tubarões que se alimentam de filtros (junto com o tubarão-peregrino e o tubarão-boca-grande). Alimenta-se de plâncton, incluindo copépodes, krill, ovas de peixe, larvas de caranguejo vermelho (Gecarcoidea natalis) da ilha Christmas[54] e pequena vida nectônica, como pequenas lulas ou peixes. Também se alimenta de nuvens de ovos durante a desova em massa de peixes e corais.[55] As muitas fileiras de dentes vestigiais não desempenham nenhum papel na alimentação. A alimentação ocorre tanto por filtração, na qual o animal abre a boca e nada para frente, empurrando água e comida para dentro da boca, quanto por alimentação ativa por sucção, na qual o animal abre e fecha a boca, sugando volumes de água que são então expelido pelas brânquias. Em ambos os casos, as almofadas do filtro servem para separar os alimentos da água. Presume-se que essas estruturas únicas, semelhantes às peneiras pretas, sejam rastros branquiais modificados. A separação de alimentos em tubarões-baleia é por filtração de fluxo cruzado, na qual a água viaja quase paralela à superfície da almofada do filtro, não perpendicularmente através dela, antes de passar para o exterior, enquanto partículas de alimentos mais densas continuam na parte de trás da garganta.[56] Este é um método de filtragem extremamente eficiente que minimiza a incrustação da superfície da almofada do filtro. Os tubarões-baleia foram observados "tossindo", presumivelmente para limpar o acúmulo de partículas das almofadas. Os tubarões-baleia migram para se alimentar e possivelmente para se reproduzir.[9][57][58]

O tubarão-baleia é um alimentador ativo, visando concentrações de plâncton ou peixes. É capaz de se alimentar por filtragem passiva ou pode engolir em uma posição estacionária. Isso contrasta com o tubarão-peregrino de alimentação passiva, que não bombeia água. Em vez disso, nada para forçar a água através de suas brânquias.[9][57] Estima-se que um tubarão-baleia juvenil coma 21 quilos (46 libras) de plâncton por dia.[59] O programa Planet Earth da BBC filmou um tubarão-baleia se alimentando de um cardume de pequenos peixes. O mesmo documentário mostrou imagens de um tubarão-baleia cronometrando sua chegada para coincidir com a desova em massa de cardumes de peixes e se alimentando das nuvens resultantes de ovos e esperma.[55] Os tubarões-baleia são conhecidos por atacar uma variedade de organismos planctônicos e pequenos nectônicos que são espaço-temporalmente irregulares. Estes incluem krill, larvas de caranguejo, águas-vivas, sardinhas, anchovas, cavalas, pequenos atuns e lulas. Na alimentação de filtragem passiva, o peixe nada para frente em velocidade constante com a boca totalmente aberta, puxando as partículas de presas da água por propulsão para frente.[60] Devido ao seu modo de alimentação, os tubarões-baleia são suscetíveis à ingestão de microplásticos. Como tal, a presença de microplásticos em fezes de tubarão-baleia foi recentemente confirmada.[61]

Relação com humanos

Exemplar sendo alimentado com camarões em Oslob, nas Filipinas

Comportamento com mergulhares

Apesar de seu tamanho, o tubarão-baleia não representa nenhum perigo para os seres humanos. São peixes dóceis e às vezes permitem que os nadadores peguem uma carona,[62][63][64] embora essa prática seja desencorajada por cientistas de tubarões e conservacionistas por causa da perturbação aos tubarões.[65] Os tubarões-baleia mais jovens são gentis e podem brincar com mergulhadores. Fotógrafos subaquáticos como Fiona Ayerst os fotografaram nadando perto de humanos sem nenhum perigo.[66]

O tubarão é visto por mergulhadores em muitos lugares, incluindo as ilhas da Baía em Honduras, Tailândia, Indonésia, Filipinas, Maldivas perto de Maamiguili (Atol de Ari do Sul), mar Vermelho, Austrália Ocidental (costa de Ningaloo, Ilha Christmas), Taiuã, Panamá (Coiba), Belize, Tofo em Moçambique, baía de Soduana (Parque Pantanal da Grande Santa Lúcia) na África do Sul,[66] ilhas Galápagos, Santa Helena, ilha das Mulheres (mar do Caribe), La Paz na Baixa Califórnia Sul, e Baía dos Anjos no México, Seicheles, Malásia Ocidental, ilhas peninsulares orientais da Malásia, Índia, Seri Lanca, Omã, Fujeira, Porto Rico e outras partes do Caribe.[62] Os juvenis podem ser encontrados perto da costa no golfo de Tajura, perto de Jibuti, no chifre da África.[67]

Estado de conservação

Atualmente, não há estimativa robusta da população global de tubarões-baleia. A espécie é considerada ameaçada pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN / IUCN) devido aos impactos da pesca, perdas em capturas acessórias e colisões com navios,[68] combinados com sua longa vida útil e maturação tardia.[1] Em junho de 2018, o Departamento de Conservação da Nova Zelândia classificou-o como "Migrante" com o qualificador "seguro no exterior" sob o Sistema de Classificação de Ameaças da Nova Zelândia.[69] Ele está listado, junto com outras seis espécies de tubarões, sob o Memorando de Entendimento sobre a Conservação de Tubarões Migratórios da Convenção sobre a Conservação das Espécies Migratórias de Animais Silvestres (CMS).[70] Em 1998, as Filipinas proibiram toda pesca, venda, importação e exportação de tubarões-baleia para fins comerciais,[71] seguido pela Índia em maio de 2001,[72] e Taiuã em maio de 2007.[73]

Em 2010, o derramamento de óleo no Golfo do México resultou em 4 900 000 barris (780 000 metros cúbicos) de óleo fluindo para uma área ao sul do delta do Rio Mississippi, onde um terço de todos os avistamentos de tubarões-baleia na parte norte do golfo ocorreram nos últimos anos. Avistamentos confirmaram que os tubarões-baleia não conseguiram evitar a mancha de óleo, que estava situada na superfície do mar, onde os tubarões-baleia se alimentam por várias horas. Nenhum tubarão-baleia morto foi encontrado.[74] Esta espécie também foi adicionada ao Apêndice II da Convenção sobre Comércio Internacional de Espécies Ameaçadas de Fauna e Flora Selvagens (CITES) em 2003 para regular o comércio internacional de espécimes vivos e suas partes.[75] Centenas de tubarões-baleia são mortos ilegalmente todos os anos na China por causa de suas barbatanas, peles e óleo.[76] No Brasil, em 2005, foi listado como vulnerável na Lista de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo;[77] em 2007, como em perigo na Lista de espécies de flora e fauna ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Pará;[78] em 2010, como vulnerável no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Ameaçada no Estado do Paraná;[79] em 2014, como vulnerável na Portaria MMA N.º 444 de 17 de dezembro de 2014;[80] em 2017 como vulnerável na Lista Oficial das Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção do Estado da Bahia;[81][82] e em 2018, como vulnerável no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio).[83]

Cativeiro

Exemplar exposto no Aquário da Geórgia

Exemplares no Aquário Oquinaua Churaumi

O tubarão-baleia é popular nos poucos aquários públicos que o mantêm, mas seu tamanho grande significa que um tanque muito grande é necessário e tem requisitos de alimentação especializados.[84] Seu grande tamanho e posição icônicos também alimentaram uma oposição à manutenção da espécie em cativeiro, especialmente após a morte precoce de alguns tubarões-baleia em cativeiro e certos aquários chineses mantendo a espécie em tanques relativamente pequenos.[85][86] A primeira tentativa de manter os tubarões-baleia em cativeiro foi em 1934, quando um indivíduo foi mantido por cerca de quatro meses em uma baía natural em Izu, Japão.[87] A primeira tentativa de manter tubarões-baleia em um aquário foi iniciada em 1980 pelo Aquário Oquinaua Churaumi (então conhecido como Aquário Oquinaua Ocean Expo) no Japão. Desde 1980, vários foram mantidos em Oquinaua, principalmente obtidos de capturas acidentais em redes costeiras lançadas por pescadores (nenhum após 2009), mas dois foram encalhes. Vários deles já estavam fracos devido à captura / encalhe e alguns foram liberados,[84] mas as taxas iniciais de sobrevivência em cativeiro eram baixas.[86] Depois que as dificuldades iniciais na manutenção da espécie foram resolvidas, alguns sobreviveram em cativeiro a longo prazo. O recorde de um tubarão-baleia em cativeiro é um indivíduo que, a partir de 2021, viveu por mais de 26 anos em Oquinaua.[84][88] Após Oquinaua, o Aquário de Osaca começou a manter tubarões-baleia e a maior parte da pesquisa básica sobre a manutenção da espécie foi feita nessas duas instituições.[89]

Desde meados da década de 1990, vários outros aquários mantiveram as espécies no Japão (Aquário de Cagoxima, Marine World de Quinosaqui, Aquário de Notojima, Aquário Ecológico de Oita e Paraíso Marinho de Iocoama Haqueijima), Coreia do Sul (Aqua Planet de Jeju), China (Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Aquário de Daliã, Aquário de Cantão no Zoológico de Cantão, Qingdao Polar Ocean World e Aquário de Iantai), Taiuã (Museu Nacional de Biologia Marinha e Aquário), Índia (Aquário de Tiruvanantapura) e Dubai (Atlantis), com alguns mantendo tubarões-baleia por anos e outros apenas por um período muito curto.[87] O tubarão-baleia mantido no Atlantis de Dubai foi resgatado de águas rasas em 2008 com extensas escoriações nas barbatanas e após a reabilitação foi solto em 2010, tendo vivido 19 meses em cativeiro.[90][91] O Marine Life Park em Singapura planejava manter tubarões-baleia, mas descartou essa ideia em 2009.[92][93]

Fora da Ásia, o primeiro e até agora único lugar para manter os tubarões-baleia é o Aquário da Geórgia em Atlanta, Estados Unidos.[87] Isso é incomum por causa do tempo de transporte comparativamente longo e da logística complexa necessária para levar os tubarões ao aquário, variando entre 28 e 36 horas.[89] A Geórgia mantém dois tubarões-baleia: dois machos, Taroko e Yushan, que chegaram em 2007.[94] Dois machos anteriores no aquário, Ralph e Norton, morreram em 2007.[86] Trixie morreu em 2020. Alice morreu em 2021. Os tubarões-baleia da Geórgia foram todos importados de Taiuã e retirados da cota de pesca comercial da espécie, geralmente usada localmente para alimentação.[89] Taiuã encerrou totalmente esta pescaria em 2008.[95]

Cultura humana

Em Madagascar, os tubarões-baleia são chamados de marokintana em malgaxe, que significa "muitas estrelas", devido o aparecimento das marcas nas costas do tubarão.[96] Nas Filipinas, é chamado de butanding e balilan.[97] O tubarão-baleia é apresentado no verso da nota de 100 pesos das Filipinas. Por lei, os praticantes de esnórquel devem manter uma distância de 1,2 metro (4 pés) dos tubarões e há uma multa e uma possível sentença de prisão para quem tocar nos animais.[98] Os tubarões-baleia também são conhecidos como jinbei-zame no Japão (porque suas marcas se assemelham a padrões normalmente vistos em jinbei); gurano bintang na Indonésia; e ca ong (literalmente "peixe senhor") no Vietnã.[99]

Espero que gostem, obrigada beijos 💋