#Bolivia custom export data

[seairexport]

Understanding Bolivia Import and Export Data: Key Insights for Trade and Business

Introduction to Bolivia’s Trade Data

As a growing economy in South America, Bolivia plays an important role in regional and international trade. Analyzing Bolivia import data, Bolivia export data, and Bolivia trade data provides a wealth of information for businesses, investors, and policymakers looking to make informed decisions in the Bolivian market. This data encompasses detailed information on the volume, value, and type of goods traded, offering valuable insights into Bolivia’s economic activities, trade relationships, and market demand.

In this article, we explore Bolivia’s import and export data, its significance for business strategy, and how companies can use this information to better understand Bolivia’s trade dynamics and opportunities.

What is Bolivia Import Data?

Bolivia import data is a comprehensive record of goods brought into the country from various international markets. Collected by customs authorities and other governmental agencies, this data captures essential information such as product types, quantities, values, and countries of origin. By examining Bolivia import data, businesses can gain insights into the market demand for specific products, identify potential competitors, and assess the pricing trends of imported goods.

For example, import data can reveal which products are in high demand in Bolivia, allowing companies to assess if there’s an opportunity to meet local demand by sourcing or manufacturing similar goods. It also enables businesses to understand supply chain trends, helping them make more strategic decisions about their own imports or local production efforts.

The Importance of Bolivia Trade Data

Bolivia trade data provides a holistic view of the country’s international trade, including both imports and exports. This data is critical for businesses that are engaged in cross-border trade, as it includes details on the types of goods traded, trade volumes, values, and trading partners. For companies and investors, Bolivia trade data is beneficial for several reasons:

Market Analysis: Helps in identifying high-demand products within Bolivia’s economy.

Competitive Insights: Allows businesses to assess their competitors’ trade activities, pricing strategies, and sources of imports.

Supply Chain Optimization: Offers insights into import and export patterns, aiding in better planning of logistics and inventory management.

Risk Mitigation: Provides awareness of economic trends and trade shifts, helping businesses anticipate risks and adjust strategies accordingly.

With this data, businesses can strengthen their position in the market, optimize resources, and plan their trade activities based on actual data rather than assumptions.

What Information Does Bolivia Import Data Provide?

Bolivia import data typically includes a wide range of details about the goods imported into the country, such as:

Product Descriptions: Descriptions of imported goods, categorized by type and specifications.

Harmonized System (HS) Codes: Internationally standardized codes that classify products, making it easier to analyze and categorize import items.

Value and Volume: Information on the value and quantity of goods, helping businesses gauge the level of demand.

Country of Origin: Identifies where imported products are sourced, which can be valuable for understanding Bolivia’s international trade partnerships.

Importer Information: In some cases, data includes the identities of companies importing goods into Bolivia, allowing competitors and partners to better understand the local market landscape.

Each of these details offers a unique angle for analysis, from tracking the sources of imports to identifying which products are in high demand across the Bolivian market.

Bolivia Export Data: An Overview

Bolivia export data is the record of goods and services shipped from Bolivia to international markets. Like import data, Bolivia export data provides essential information about product types, quantities, values, and destination countries. As Bolivia exports a variety of goods—ranging from natural resources like minerals and natural gas to agricultural products—this data is crucial for businesses and analysts looking to understand Bolivia’s role in global supply chains.

Export data helps local businesses identify trends in foreign markets that can inform their own product development and marketing strategies. Additionally, understanding Bolivia’s export data can provide insights into the country’s economic health and its reliance on certain industries or trade partners.

Why is Bolivia Exporter Data Important?

Bolivia exporter data focuses specifically on the companies and entities responsible for exporting goods out of Bolivia. By accessing this data, businesses can:

Identify Potential Partners: For foreign companies interested in importing Bolivian goods, exporter data offers a direct line to potential suppliers.

Analyze Export Volume Trends: Understand which sectors are driving exports from Bolivia and gauge the performance of specific industries.

Assess Export Competitiveness: Discover which products Bolivian exporters are sending abroad, which helps other businesses align their offerings to meet competitive standards.

For instance, a company in the United States interested in Bolivian coffee could look into exporter data to connect with reliable suppliers and establish a steady supply chain.

How to Access Bolivia Trade Data

There are several ways to access Bolivia’s trade data, though some sources are more detailed and reliable than others:

Government and Customs Portals: Bolivia’s customs authorities and other government agencies may publish trade reports and summaries. While these resources are often limited in detail, they are valuable for high-level insights into Bolivia’s trade patterns.

Third-Party Data Providers: Specialized data providers offer comprehensive and structured Bolivia trade data, often requiring a subscription. These services typically provide advanced search capabilities, analytics, and up-to-date information, making them a popular choice for businesses needing extensive insights.

Trade Associations and Market Research Firms: Many trade associations and research firms provide market reports that may include Bolivia import and export data as part of broader analyses.

For businesses requiring consistent and up-to-date data, subscribing to a data service may be the most effective approach, as it ensures reliable and comprehensive access to trade data insights.

Benefits of Using Bolivia Import Data for Market Research

Bolivia import data is an invaluable resource for market research, enabling businesses to make well-informed decisions by understanding local market demands and competition. Key benefits include:

Demand Forecasting: By examining trends in import data, businesses can anticipate demand for certain goods and plan accordingly.

Pricing Strategies: Import data provides insights into current market prices, helping businesses set competitive prices for their own offerings.

Sourcing and Supplier Selection: By understanding what products are sourced internationally, businesses can evaluate the feasibility of local production or identify cost-effective suppliers.

These insights not only enhance market research but also help businesses navigate Bolivia’s unique trade landscape with greater accuracy and confidence.

How Bolivia Trade Data Helps with Supply Chain Management

For businesses involved in importing and exporting, Bolivia trade data plays an essential role in supply chain management. By analyzing this data, companies can:

Identify Reliable Suppliers: Historical import data can show which suppliers are consistently delivering products, helping businesses choose reliable partners.

Optimize Inventory: With insights into demand trends, companies can plan inventory more effectively, avoiding both overstock and stockouts.

Reduce Costs: Understanding the import pricing landscape allows businesses to negotiate better terms with suppliers or explore alternative sources.

Bolivia trade data enables companies to streamline their supply chain processes, minimize costs, and enhance overall efficiency.

The Role of Bolivia Customs Data in Ensuring Compliance

Compliance is crucial in international trade, and Bolivia customs data provides a foundation for understanding Bolivia’s import and export regulations. This data includes information on tariffs, taxes, and required documentation, helping businesses navigate the legal requirements of Bolivian trade.

With access to Bolivia customs data, companies can:

Understand Duties and Taxes: Knowing the applicable tariffs helps businesses budget more accurately for import costs.

Prepare Documentation: Customs data often outlines necessary documentation, which can expedite the import/export process.

Avoid Penalties: Staying updated with customs requirements reduces the risk of non-compliance and the associated fines or delays.

For businesses operating internationally, customs data is indispensable in maintaining compliance and ensuring smooth operations.

Conclusion: Leveraging Bolivia Import and Export Data for Business Success

In today’s interconnected world, Bolivia import data, Bolivia export data, and Bolivia trade data are invaluable resources for businesses seeking to thrive in the global market. From market research and supply chain optimization to compliance and competitive analysis, this data supports various aspects of business strategy. By leveraging these insights, companies can better understand Bolivia’s trade landscape, make informed decisions, and achieve sustainable growth in the Bolivian market.

For companies aiming to build a robust presence in Bolivia, understanding and utilizing trade data is not only beneficial but essential for long-term success.

[seaireximsolution-blog]

Bolivia Trade Data: An In-Depth Analysis of Import and Export Patterns

Bolivia, a landlocked country in South America, has a diverse economy heavily reliant on both its natural resources and growing industrial sectors. Understanding Bolivia Trade Data is crucial for businesses, policymakers, and researchers aiming to navigate the Bolivian market, identify trends, and make informed decisions. This article delves into various aspects of Bolivia's trade data, including Bolivia import data, Bolivia exporter data, and Bolivia customs data, providing a detailed overview of the country's economic interactions with the rest of the world.

The Significance of Trade Data

Trade data is an invaluable resource that offers comprehensive insights into a country's economic activities. It includes detailed information on imports, exports, trade balances, and trading partners. For Bolivia, trade data is not only a reflection of its economic health but also a strategic tool for planning future growth. By analyzing this data, stakeholders can identify opportunities, mitigate risks, and optimize their operations.

Overview of Bolivia Trade Data

Bolivia trade data encompasses detailed records of all goods and services that are imported into and exported out of the country. This data is meticulously compiled by various government agencies, primarily the National Institute of Statistics (INE) and the Customs Authority of Bolivia. It provides valuable insights into the volume, value, and nature of traded commodities, along with information about trading partners.

Key Components of Bolivia Trade Data

Imports and Exports The import and export data for Bolivia includes the total value and quantity of goods that Bolivia imports and exports. Understanding these figures is crucial for assessing the trade balance and economic dependencies. Bolivia's trade balance has historically been influenced by its rich natural resources, particularly minerals and hydrocarbons, which constitute a significant portion of its exports.

Trade Partners Identifying major trading partners is essential for understanding Bolivia's geopolitical and economic relationships. Countries such as Brazil, Argentina, the United States, and China play significant roles in Bolivia’s trade network. These relationships affect the flow of goods and services and influence economic policies.

Commodity Breakdown A detailed breakdown of the types of goods traded is essential for industry-specific analysis. Bolivia's key exports include natural gas, minerals (such as silver, zinc, and tin), and agricultural products like soybeans. On the import side, Bolivia brings in machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and consumer goods to support its domestic needs.

Customs Data Bolivia Customs Data is an integral part of trade data, providing detailed records of all shipments entering or leaving the country. This data is crucial for enforcing trade regulations, collecting tariffs, and combating smuggling. It includes information on import and export declarations, tariff and tax details, and compliance with trade regulations.

Bolivia Import Data: Insights and Trends

Bolivia import data is a vital component of the overall trade data, offering detailed insights into the goods and services that Bolivia brings into the country. This data is essential for understanding consumption patterns, identifying dependencies on foreign goods, and formulating economic policies. Here are some key insights from Bolivia's import data:

Major Imported Commodities

Machinery and Equipment: Bolivia imports a significant amount of machinery and industrial equipment essential for its manufacturing and infrastructure sectors.

Vehicles: The import of vehicles, including cars, trucks, and motorcycles, is crucial for transportation and logistics.

Chemicals: Various chemicals, including fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals, are imported to support agriculture and industry.

Food Products: Bolivia imports a range of food items, including wheat, vegetable oils, and processed foods, to meet the dietary needs of its population.

Consumer Goods: Electronics, clothing, and household items are among the consumer goods imported to cater to domestic demand.

Trends and Patterns

Rising Imports: Over the years, Bolivia has seen a steady increase in its import bill, driven by rising demand for machinery, vehicles, and consumer goods.

Trade Deficit: The growing import bill often results in a trade deficit, where the value of imports exceeds that of exports. This presents a challenge for the economy.

Diversification of Sources: Bolivia is diversifying its import sources to reduce dependency on a few countries and mitigate risks associated with supply chain disruptions.

Bolivia Export Data: Key Insights

Bolivia export data provides detailed information on the goods and services that Bolivia exports to other countries. This data is essential for understanding Bolivia's export capabilities and economic strengths. Here are some key insights from Bolivia's export data:

Major Exported Commodities

Natural Gas: Bolivia's natural gas exports are a significant source of revenue, with major buyers including Brazil and Argentina.

Minerals: Bolivia is rich in minerals, exporting silver, zinc, tin, and lead to international markets.

Agricultural Products: Soybeans and related products are among Bolivia's key agricultural exports.

Metals: In addition to raw minerals, Bolivia also exports processed metals, contributing to its industrial sector.

Textiles: Although not as prominent, textiles and apparel are also part of Bolivia's export portfolio.

Trends and Patterns

Dependency on Natural Resources: Bolivia's economy is heavily reliant on the export of natural resources, making it vulnerable to global commodity price fluctuations.

Efforts to Diversify Exports: There are ongoing efforts to diversify exports by promoting non-traditional sectors such as manufacturing and services.

Regional Trade Agreements: Bolivia's participation in regional trade agreements, such as those with MERCOSUR, aims to enhance export opportunities and economic integration.

The Impact of Trade Data on Bolivia’s Economy

The analysis of Bolivia trade data has significant implications for the country's economy. Here are some key impacts:

Economic Planning and Policy Formulation Trade data is a critical input for economic planning and policy formulation. By analyzing import and export trends, the government can design policies to promote local industries, reduce dependency on imports, and enhance export competitiveness.

Business Strategy For businesses, trade data is an invaluable resource for strategic planning. Companies can identify market opportunities, understand competitive dynamics, and optimize their supply chains based on import-export trends.

Revenue Generation Bolivia Customs Data is essential for revenue generation through tariffs and taxes on imports and exports. Accurate data ensures that the government collects the correct amount of revenue and enforces trade regulations effectively.

Foreign Trade Agreements Understanding trade data helps Bolivia negotiate better terms in foreign trade agreements. By identifying key trade partners and commodities, the country can secure favorable terms and enhance its trade relationships.

Economic Stability A detailed analysis of trade data contributes to economic stability by identifying potential vulnerabilities in the economy. For example, high dependency on a single export commodity can be a risk factor, prompting the government to explore diversification strategies.

Challenges in Analyzing Trade Data

While trade data is a valuable resource, several challenges exist in its analysis:

Data Accuracy Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of trade data is crucial. Inaccurate data can lead to misguided policies and business strategies.

Timeliness Trade data needs to be updated regularly to reflect the current economic situation. Delays in data reporting can hinder timely decision-making.

Complexity Trade data is complex, with numerous variables and dimensions. Analyzing this data requires expertise and sophisticated tools.

Integration Integrating trade data with other economic indicators is essential for a comprehensive analysis. This requires robust data management systems.

Future Prospects and Recommendations

To harness the full potential of Bolivia trade data, several steps can be taken:

Enhancing Data Quality and Accessibility Improving the quality and accessibility of trade data is crucial. This can be achieved by investing in modern data collection and management systems, training personnel, and adopting international best practices.

Promoting Data-Driven Decision Making Encouraging data-driven decision-making among policymakers and businesses is essential. This can be facilitated through workshops, training programs, and collaborations with academic and research institutions.

Leveraging Technology Leveraging advanced technologies like big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning can enhance the analysis of trade data. These technologies can help identify patterns, predict trends, and provide actionable insights.

Strengthening International Cooperation Strengthening international cooperation in trade data exchange can provide a more comprehensive view of global trade dynamics. This can help Bolivia better integrate into the global economy and enhance its trade competitiveness.

Conclusion

Bolivia trade data is a powerful tool that offers valuable insights into the country's economic activities and trade dynamics. By analyzing this data, stakeholders can make informed decisions, formulate effective policies, and drive economic growth. Despite the challenges, there are immense opportunities to leverage trade data for the benefit of the economy. Enhancing data quality, promoting data-driven decision-making, and leveraging advanced technologies are key steps towards realizing the full potential of trade data. As Bolivia continues to grow and evolve, the importance of trade data will only increase, making it an indispensable resource for the future.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: What is Bolivia Trade Data? A1: Bolivia Trade Data includes comprehensive records of all goods and services imported into and exported from Bolivia. It encompasses details on the volume, value, and nature of traded commodities, as well as information about trading partners.

Q2: Why is Bolivia trade data important? A2: Bolivia trade data is crucial for understanding the economic landscape, identifying trends, and making informed decisions. It helps businesses, policymakers, and researchers strategize future growth, identify opportunities, mitigate risks, and optimize operations.

Q3: Which agencies compile Bolivia Trade Data? A3: The National Institute of Statistics (INE) and the Customs Authority of Bolivia are the primary agencies responsible for compiling Bolivia Trade Data.

Q4: What are the major commodities imported by Bolivia? A4: Major commodities imported by Bolivia include machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, food products, and consumer goods.

Q5: What are Bolivia's key export commodities? A5: Key export commodities from Bolivia include natural gas, minerals such as zinc, silver, and tin, agricultural products like soybeans and quinoa, and manufactured goods including textiles and clothing.

[tradeexim]

fresh grapes EXPORT DATA IN INDIA | fresh grapes EXPORTER IN INDIA | TRADE GENIUS

Trade Exim provide fresh grapes export data in India with details like exporters in India Importer from oversees countries like USA, China, Germany France, Indonesia, Turkey, Thailand, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam and Singapore etc with price details including Import duty. (import data for india)

Content of data record are as Bill of Entry Data, H.S Code, Product Description, Value, Quantity, Unit Price in INR & USD , CIF Value, Custom Duty, Foreign Country port and more. (export data)

[seair-exim-solutions]

Bolivia Trade Data | Bolivia Port

Seair Exim Solutions offers access to Bolivia Trade Data and detailed information on trade flows, including information on import and export values, quantities, Port Data, and prices, as well as information on the countries and companies involved in the trade. For more details, call now at +91-9990837766.

[anjanaseair]

It is a complete bunch of figures or stats which are recorded when products get exported by Bolivia. This is actually helpful for both suppliers and buyers in enlarging their business. When local and international traders wish to know each trading activity of Bolivian exporters as well as plan to enlarge their business worldwide, then Bolivia Custom Export Data helps them in a perfect manner.

[import-export-data-online]

What are Bolivia's Major Export Destinations?

The South American country of Bolivia might not be a major exporter, but its contribution to global trade is important nonetheless. Bolivia trade data shows that the country shipped approximately $7 billion worth of goods around the world.

But where are Bolivian exporters sending products? In this blog, we'll break down the country's trade destinations and go over some of its most profitable goods.

Major Bolivian Export Destinations

Bolivia sends goods to many different countries. However, its most significant partner is its neighbor to the north and east. Brazil makes up approximately 17.3 percent of its total global exports. Next up on that list is another neighboring country: Argentina in the south. Roughly 15.5 percent of exports go to Argentina.

Other major destinations include the United Arab Emirates, India, and Japan. Those countries make up around 9.7 percent, 8.4 percent, and 8.2 percent of all Bolivian exports, respectively.

The remaining 40.9 percent of all exports include nations like the United States, Peru, and South Korea.

What Does Bolivia Export?

In the past, Bolivia was a significant player in the metal export business. However, the collapse of tin in the 1980s changed all that. Bolivia trade data shows that the country's biggest export is now natural gas. Metals, petroleum, and natural gas account for most of the country's exported goods.

For agriculture, Bolivia trades soybeans the most.

How Trade Works in Bolivia

Bolivia is a landlocked country with challenging geography. Pair that with seasonal flooding, and the country's economic growth potential experiences continual challenges.

Fortunately, agreements with neighboring countries are bringing improvements to this sector. Railway connections and duty-free shipping from river ports are giving Bolivia easier access to international trade routes.

Many exports go through Pacific and Atlantic ports, which Bolivia has access to thanks to agreements with Chile, Paraguay, and Peru.

Bolivia's presence in international trade is continually growing. While the country is still trying to find its footing, recent improvements to infrastructure and trade routes are bound to help with economic growth moving forward.

Read a similar article about Colombia customs data here at this page.

[agrokatkut123]

Argentina the Hub of Agro Product!!

Argentina is the country located in South America with the neighboring boundaries of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil. The country stands on 76th rank in the world trade economy. The agriculture sector makes 54% of the total export in the country and Argentina economy mostly depends upon the agriculture sector also red meat, wool and leather are the hidden gems of the country. Wheat is the major product in Argentina export, also the country is the fourth largest producer of gas and petroleum. Argentina is the great base as the market to deal, which can get you the boom in the business in the global market. Argentina has the dynamic market for the import and export trade and can be explored with the help of a market analysis report.

The business analysis creates the formulas to strengthen the business plans and improves the upcoming results. The reference of the report can help a lot to get rid of future hazards. The Argentine export data well get you the brief details of the agricultural product which are been exported, which will eventually help in the smooth purchase process in the business.

Argentina top importers data will help you to take a step forward to business expansion as you get more opportunity. Business success can be 100% assured with the use of the data services in the business. Argentina importers data will help you to get the information of the product which is required the most, also you can monitor the ups and downs of the product in the market to analyze the happening in the market similarly with Argentina exporter's data. The analyst keeps the keen eye on the trade shipment for the accurate analysis report.

Argentina customs data will help to get the information of the buyer and suppliers of the product overseas. Data Fields which we cover in Argentina Import Data: Date of shipment arrival, importer Name, HS Code and Product Description, Foreign Country, Bill of Lading details, Port, Custom shipments, FOB Price, CIF (USD), Tariff same with Argentina export data. The major exporting countries of Argentina are Brazil, China, Chile, and the US. The major importing countries are Germany, Brazil, China, the United States. The data analysis report helps in tracking the competitor activity in the business.

The data services help to explore the business and take advance decisions for evolution. The analysis report is also very necessary to make the growth policy for the business and enhance the opportunity to achieve the targets. The Argentina Top importers data analysis report resolves the operational problems and evaluates the development strategy also increase the result of the progressive work done. The report provides a clear picture of the growth of the company and also shows where the competitor is targeting not only that it will make you aware of the next move of the competitor. The internal competition also affects the import and export business of the country because it will eventually affect the price of the product which is been imported and exported not only that it will affect the business relationship between the countries of the world. The most important work the planning of the business activates can be done through the analysis report and give the step by step solution for every business problems. The business profitably can be increased with continues digging in the export and import report.

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[juniperpublisherswb]

Juniper publishers-The Sustainability of the Cultivation of Quinua in Peru-Approximations After the International Year of the Quinoa (AIQ)

Introduction

Thanks to the enormous publicity and diffusion of the AIQ, carried out at global level led by the governments of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and France (Group of countries of the International Committee of the AIQ), the world has known quinoa, as a food of high nutritional value and with nutritional and medicinal properties that could contribute to improve food security in developing countries, promoting its cultivation that is highly adaptable to most of the climatic conditions of the orb. This generated a high demand for the product and, consequently, increased the prices of quinoa, generating temporary profits for the producers.

The question is, what is the situation of producers of family farming systems? After a stage of economic prosperity, after the AIQ, they have returned to the reality of a policy that protects neither prices nor genetic resources. Currently more than 70 countries are in the experimental phase and others have already started large-scale production. The losers will be the small producers who produce in conditions of high climatic, financial adversity and state lack of protection. The countries of South America and specifically Peru, must now face the global competition of highly technician and industrialized countries that easily based on improvements and even genetic manipulation of quinoa can exceed the average productivity of the original countries.

The consequences can be irreversible due to the uncontrolled exit of genetic material. In Peru, the lack of national policies for the protection of genetic resources is evident; For example, Puno, which is the largest quinoa producing area in the country to date, could not achieve the denomination of origin, or Plant Breeders’ Certificates (COV). On the other hand, the high genetic instability of quinoa can be a negative factor; commercial varieties registered in Peru, when they leave to another country for multiplication purposes, can be adapted by very easily changing their phenotypic characteristics and could be registered and patented as a new variety.

Despite having some natural advantages and comparative advantages, in general production is stationary, with low quality and lack of standardization of the product, individualized and small sale, limited access to markets and lack of community rural industries. However, one of the causes of the limited development of the local industry is the reduced local market, both for the grain (low levels of consumption per capita) and for the products derived and little demanding with quality and innovation. There is weak pressure from local consumers towards the supply of more and better products from the food industry, which use quinoa as an input. That is one of the causes of the limited development of that industry. Therefore, it will be essential to generate competitive advantages through forms of association, production and marketing that enable the development of differentiation factors based on research, innovation and the development of products in which quinoa is paramount for its multiple benefits. Meanwhile, the role of the State is relevant in terms of support and generation of a regulatory framework and with the promotion of public policies for the productive sector of quinoa.

The objective of this article is to analyze the impacts generated in family farming systems of highland areas of Peru in terms of technological innovations, management and conservation of resources: soil, water, genetic resources and an approach to the sustainability of production of quinoa, after AIQ 2013.

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National Production and Regional Performance of Quinoa Production

According to official MINAGRI figures (2014), the quinoa production of 2014 was 114,000 tons, a figure that reflects a growth of 119% compared to 2013 that reached 52,000 tons. This increase was mainly in the regions of Arequipa (522%), Puno (23%) and Junín (173%), based on the largest sowings executed and, consequently, the highest yields obtained

At the regional level, on the coast in the departments of Lambayeque, La Libertad, Ica, Tacna and Lima, the growth rate of quinoa production was 24% per year, while in the departments of the southern highlands (Arequipa, Apurímac, Ayacucho , Cusco, Moquegua and Tacna) was 18.7% annual average. In the case of Puno, it grew at a slower pace, and its participation in national production decreases each year [1].

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Case of the Expansion of Quinoa Cultivation in Ayacucho

Agriculture practiced in the high-Andean tropical zones (> 2500 masl) is based on the management of biodiversity and different farming systems in a wide range of socio-economic and environmental scenarios that allow the self-sustainability of small and medium farmers in rural communities ( Fonte and Vanek, 2010). The production area of quinoa in Ayacucho according to Gómez and Aguilar (2014) and Tapia et al. (2014) corresponds to the inter-Andean valley agro-ecological zone. The production of quinoa is practiced from 2500 to 3800 masl [2]. At the level of the Ayacucho region in the 1992/93 season the cultivated area was 123 ha, in 2003/04 2140 ha, increasing to 5768 ha in the 2012/2013 season. At the provincial level, the growth of the cultivated area in Huamanga stood out, from 244 to 2536 hectares, which represents an increase of 939% in the last 10 agricultural seasons [3]. According to the [4] in the 2014/15 campaign in Ayacucho the total area planted reached 11 115 hectares, of which 6429 have been planted in the province of Huamanga. Currently, quinoa is planted as monoculture, with a predominance of conventional production systems that involve the intensive use of soils, intensification of agricultural mechanization, indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, use of improved varieties with predominance of white quarries displacing the color quinoa and the local ecotypes, and the reduction of areas of other traditional food crops [5].

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Main Markets and Customers

The commercialization of the quinoa grain has three types of market: internal regional market (district and provincial fairs and in the departmental capital); external regional market (production goes outside the departmental scope to supply the demand of the national market); and finally export market to the different countries that demand quinoa [1]. Peruvian quinoa is exported to the international market as conventional and organic, being for the last five years (2010-2014) 75.4% of conventional type, with an annual growth rate of 67%. The annual growth rate of organic quinoa was 82%. In 2014, it was possible to export 27,200 tons of conventional quinoa and 8,900 tons of organic quinoa (The United States is the largest importer of Peruvian quinoa, with a tariff of 0% established for the entry of quinoa via the TLC).

However, despite the preferences of the international market for healthy products, the preference for organic quinoa has not been as decisive, since in practice more conventional quinoa was exported. This is another valid argument to analyze the possibility of massive production of quinoa in other countries with higher technology support (protection measures and subsidies and financing) which could easily displace domestic production. Perhaps it should be considered as a more favorable possibility (less possibilities of direct competition in the production of quinoa due to its unfavorable agro-ecological characteristics for the production of quinoa, but, comparative advantages due to the technological level reached in the food industry) trade with countries like Brazil that also through the application of the Agreement of Economic Complementation, exports have a 0% tariff like Uruguay and Paraguay. Likewise, South Africa with which Peru is in the process of negotiating an TLC; also, Asian and Oceanian markets who demand and prefer natural products.

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Annual Per Capita Consumption of Quinoa

Despite the immense campaign of diffusion made in favor of the consumption of the quinoa this has not had significant increases, according to general data provided by the MINAGRI in 2012 the annual per capita consumption was 1.20 kg / person / year. According to IICA [1] in a study carried out by ADEX (2001), it is estimated that per capita consumption at the national level is 0.52 kg / year, with the urban population registering a relatively low consumption (according to the results of IV CENAGRO, the main destination of the national production of quinoa per planting But, according to the FAO-ALADI [6], the consumption of quinoa estimated for 2012 in kg / person / year in Peru was 1.15 kg. area would be for self-consumption 68% of the total, 31% is destined for sale, and 1% for seed).

According to studies carried out by IICA [1] in the regional area of Puno and Junín, annual per capita consumption of 3 kg / person / year; while Junín would reach 3.6 Kg at an urban level and 15 Kg / person / year at rural level, which would merit reviewing the aforementioned figures since they are quite far from the national average provided by MINAGRI, with the aforementioned averages at the Puno level and Junín would be consuming an average of 9 kg / person / year. But if confirmed these figures can be an excellent indicator of the increase of family consumption of quinoa at rural and urban level with a clear tendency to improve food and nutrition security [7].

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Loss of Biodiversity and Global Competition for Quinoa Production

After the IYQ, more than 70 countries have quinoa genetic material from Peru and Bolivia, which are the two main countries of quinoa. In countries like USA, France, Holland, England with economic and technological support of their governments are in the research phase and several countries in the production phase [8].

Under these conditions, will farmers mainly have family farming systems, possibilities to compete with high technology and large industry in developed countries? Despite the natural and comparative advantages of having a huge variability of quinoa genes and as demonstrated, they can be adapted to almost all life zones existing in Peru; however, under current conditions, the producers of the altiplano and the inter-Andean valleys will have little chance of competing with the quinoa product and its derivatives if the developed countries begin the production of quinoa on a large scale. Production at the coastal level and marine Yunga would have better possibilities; However, the limiting factor that has not yet been solved is the phytosanitary issue (high incidence of pests obliges the indiscriminate use of pesticides). The average yield reached in the country is 1.2 t / ha, considering that some varieties have a productive potential of 9 t / ha, highly technician countries with protectionist agricultural policies can reach these roofs via genetic improvement and export quinoa with high added value and on a large scale. Possibly it will not be news that in a few years the original countries are forced to import quinoa [9,10].

To read more articles in JOJ wildlife and biodiversity please click on: https:// juniperpublishers.com/jojwb/index.php                              For more open access journals in juniper publishers

[ncbconsultation-blog]

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Activists Worldwide Face Off Against Face Recognition: 2019 Year in Review

We’ve all heard the expression, “What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas.” We might hope that what we do and where we go will only be known to those who were there in person. Yet maintaining such anonymity and privacy in public spaces is becoming ever more difficult. 2019 has marked the year where a growing digital rights network around the world is pushing back against governments and companies’ use of face recognition technologies in public spaces. This year, in an attempt to prevent people from having their movement and actions meticulously tracked, these activists took action against face recognition in countries all over the world.

Ban on Mass Use of Face Recognition

Digital rights activists have long argued that face recognition constitutes mass surveillance when used to track the movements of entire populations in public spaces by matching faces obtained from CCTV cameras, drones or other devices against existing databases. In October, more than 90 NGOs and hundreds of experts gathered in Albania at the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners and called for a global moratorium on mass surveillance by face recognition. The Public Voice coalition urged countries to review all face recognition systems “to determine whether personal data was obtained lawfully and to destroy data that was obtained unlawfully.” In addition, the Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union (FRA) has also published a paper recognizing that “given the novelty of the technology as well as the lack of experience and detailed studies on the impact of facial recognition technologies, multiple aspects are key to consider before deploying such a system in real-life applications”. It further said that “[f]orms of facial recognition that involve a very high degree of intrusion into fundamental rights, compromising the inviolable essential core of one or more fundamental rights, are unlawful.” And the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, David Kaye, called for an immediate moratorium on the sale, transfer, and use of surveillance technology, including face recognition, until legal frameworks are established that meet human rights standards.

In Russia, Roskomsvoboda launched a campaign calling for a moratorium on government mass use of face recognition until the technology’s effects are studied and the government adopts legal safeguards that protect sensitive data.  In the United Kingdom, 25 NGOs including Big Brother Watch, Article 19, Open Rights Group, and Privacy International called on U.K. police and private companies to immediately stop using live face recognition for public surveillance. In 2016 and 2018,  face recognition trials in London erroneously identified individuals as potential criminals in 96 percent of scans, a pervasively high rate of false-positive matches. Also this year, Big Brother Watch launched a legal challenge against the London Metropolitan Police and the Home Secretary to demand an immediate end to the police’s use of live face recognition. In France, La Quadrature du Net (LQDN) called for a  ban on the mass use of face recognition to identify protesters. In the last six years, the French government has adopted several decrees—without any public debate—that allow for automatic identification of protesters.  And in the United States, local activists took up the fight against face recognition by successfully passing face recognition bans at the city level. Oakland, San Francisco, Berkeley, and Somerville, Massachusetts all passed bans on government use of face recognition technology. Earlier this year, California prohibited the use of face recognition on law enforcement body-worn cameras, causing San Diego to end its long-running mobile face recognition program.

La Quadrature du Net and other French NGOs also filed an action to ban the use of face recognition in two high schools in Nice and Marseille. Those actions led CNIL, France’s data protection authority, to conclude that the use of face recognition at the entrance of the schools to target mostly minors is not “necessary or proportionate,” and that the goals of the program could "be achieved by much less intrusive means in terms of privacy and individual freedoms." In a similar case in Sweden, the Swedish Data Protection Authority (DPA) imposed a General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) fine of approximately 20,000 euros on a municipality after a school conducted a pilot using face recognition technology to track students’ attendance. The Swedish DPA rejected the municipality's argument that the school had consent to process sensitive biometric information, as required under the GDPR, indicating that “consent was not a valid legal basis given the clear imbalance between the data subject and the controller.” Unfortunately, only a few months later, the same Swedish DPA issued another decision allowing police departments to use face recognition to compare face images from CCTV footage to criminal biometric databases. The decision clarified that police must set a retention period for biometric information collected from cameras. 

Ending the Culture of Secrecy

This year, Latin American NGOs have been fighting back against a deeply rooted culture of secrecy surrounding face recognition providers’ identity, data sources, data collection methods, applications, and customers. TEDIC, the main digital rights organization in Paraguay, filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a Ministry of the Interior resolution that denied TEDIC’s public records request for further details about the Ministry of Interior and the National Police’s use of face recognition technology. Face recognition has been used in Asunción’s downtown area, airport, and bus stations since 2018, and is now planned to be expanded throughout Asunción.

In Argentina, Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC)  filed a lawsuit against the Government of the City of Buenos Aires challenging the constitutionality of Resolution 398/19, which introduced a face recognition system linked to the city’s security camera infrastructure and monitoring centers. ADC filed the lawsuit after receiving responses to two information requests about the face recognition system.

Access Now, in collaboration with ADC and the Observatorio de Derecho Informático Argentino, sent an information request to the Argentine province of Córdoba related to the October 2019 announcement of a test of a biometric recognition system linked to video cameras that use artificial intelligence. In Peru later that month, Access Now and Hiperderecho sent similar information requests to La Victoria, San Martín de Porres, and Miraflores, municipal districts of Lima. Among the information requested are the technology provider’s identity, the system’s technical specifications, and the procedures for identification and apprehension of suspicious persons. 

Latin American NGOs also launched advocacy campaigns against face recognition. Derechos Digitales launched an advocacy campaign to shine a light on the different face and biometric recognition proposals being considered in Latin America. And in Brazil, inspired by the images Gu Da Cei received through an information request, the artist carried out human intervention campaigns at bus stations in Brasilia to expose photos taken by a bus face biometrics system and reinforce the right of public transport users to their own image. 

Role of Private Companies In The Use of Face Recognition for Surveillance

This year, reports have also come to light about the role of private companies in the public use of face recognition. A New York Times report revealed how Chinese companies such as C.E.I.E.C. were successfully commercializing versions of China’s mass face recognition system by exporting them to developing countries, in particular, Ecuador, Bolivia, Angola, and Venezuela. The implementation of the system in Ecuador, ECU911, has simultaneously been popular among Ecuadorians worried about street crime and amplified fears about abuse of the system for political repression. Just before the end of the year, 78 facial recognition CCTVs linked to ECU911 were installed in the Historic Center of Quito, the site where hundreds of indigenous activists recently protested the Ecuadorian government. Derechos Digitales published a report finding that C.E.I.E.C. was also active in Bolivia’s security program and that the funding for the program came from a Chinese national bank. Internet Bolivia told Derechos Digitales that Bol-110, the ambitious project to acquire surveillance technologies in Bolivia, “will be in everything: in schools, taxis, hospitals.” And although Bol-110 was not approved by the Bolivian Congress, the face recognition system has already been purchased. 

In Serbia, SHARE Foundation submitted a request for information about a new video surveillance system with face recognition and license plate reader technology. Huawei, a Chinese company,  was revealed to be the Serbian government’s main partner in the endeavor. Additionally, SHARE Foundation unearthed a case study published on Huawei’s website about new generation surveillance cameras that have already been installed in Belgrade. Huawei removed the case study from its website soon after SHARE Foundation’s revelation was made public. In November, SHARE called for the immediate suspension of Serbia’s face recognition program. In a recent report, SHARE, along with NGOs Partners Serbia and Belgrade Center for Security Policy, concluded that the Ministry of Interior’s privacy impact assessment of the surveillance cameras does not meet the standards required by the Serbian data protection law. Brazilian legislators, meanwhile, received an all-expenses-paid trip to China to learn about and view demonstrations of face surveillance technology that Chinese firms hoped Brazil would also choose to acquire.

Security and Data Leakage

The Brazilian Institute of Consumer Defense (IDEC) sent a demand to Dataprev, a Brazilian public company responsible for the security of Brazilian social security information, requesting that it halt its bid for the acquisition of face recognition and fingerprint technology until cases of beneficiaries’ existing data leaks are resolved. IDEC explained that while the company aimed to integrate face recognition into an app to help people with disabilities access their banking and social security information remotely, the technology’s high risk of breach would compromise the personal information of approximately 35 million Brazilians. 

In the Netherlands, Bits of Freedom launched an activism campaign to demonstrate the insecurity of a Dutch Face Recognition pilot program in Amsterdam’s central square, Dam, where a webcam is live-streaming to YouTube and the website webcam.nl. Bits of Freedom downloaded images of its members at the Dam, and then ran the images through Amazon’s face recognition software, Rekognition. The software was able to identify the members. Bits of Freedom concluded that face recognition software, combined with mass surveillance in public spaces, threatens the privacy and security of vulnerable people, including victims of stalking and domestic violence. 

Conclusion

This year, governments around the world have moved quickly to adopt face recognition technologies for use in public spaces. But activists have been quick to respond, demanding transparency and winning moratoria and bans on the use of this powerful technology. As we look forward to 2020, the tensions between the government’s use of this technology for public safety and individuals’ right to privacy will continue to heighten. EFF will remain vigilant and continue the global fight against the government adoption of face recognition technology. 

This article is part of our Year in Review series. Read other articles about the fight for digital rights in 2019.

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[exportimportdata]

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[usaimportdata2019]

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Peru is the largest export economies standing on the 52nd rank. The neighboring boundaries of the country are Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. Peru is considered as the upper-middle-income country, as it stands on 39th rank in the world GDP ranking. The major support system behind the growth of the country is export. Major export partner’s china, United States, Switzerland, South Korea, Spain, and India and the major importers are China, Mexico, Brazil, and the United States.Peru is tried to emerge the economy by making the foreign trade level high. The country economy majorly depends upon an export business that’s why the free trade is open with the western countries.  Since GDP slow down sharply in 2009, the economy has built on solid growth ground rules. Internal demand has been the main driver of growth as an overall improvement in assurance in the economy has boosted domestic consumption and investment. Moreover, the steady fiscal consolidation that led to the number of budget surpluses in the past decade has increased confidence in public finances and allowed for productive public expenditures. A period of relatively stable inflation and the progressive appreciation of the national currency, the sol, have helped the economy overcome periods of nominal volatility. Although the external sector’s contribution to economic growth has been diminishing, exports have remained strong. The main detraction from the external sector’s contribution to growth has stemmed from increasing imports, although capital goods imports have remained at healthy levels, which bodes well for the country’s productive capacity, economic growth and employment in the coming years.  Sri Lanka export import data,  Chile Export Data, Peru Export Data. India Import Data,Paraguay export import data, Argentina Export Data, China Customs Data, Costa Rica trade data,  Panama trade data, Brazil Exporters Data

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Argentina is the country located in South America with the neighboring boundaries of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil. The country stands on 76th rank in the world trade economy. The agriculture sector makes 54% of the total export in the country and Argentina economy mostly depends upon the agriculture sector also red meat, wool and leather are the hidden gems of the country. Wheat is the major product in Argentina export, also the country is the fourth largest producer of gas and petroleum. Argentina is the great base as the market to deal, which can get you the boom in the business in the global market. Argentina has the dynamic market for the import and export trade and can be explored with the help of a market analysis report.

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