#Benigno S. Aquino Jr.

[coybits]

🫡🇵🇭8️⃣2️⃣1️⃣

[arkipelagic]

https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/09/world/top-moslems-issue-a-warning-to-marcos.html

On this day: 1983 Oct 09 — A group of prominent Filipino Moslems warned President Ferdinand E. Marcos today to heed calls for national reconciliation or risk a revival of Moslem separatism in the Philippines.

The group of 11 Moslem political leaders, including three former senators, announced their support for a plan of unity and expanded political freedom that was first proposed several weeks ago by Jaime Cardinal Sin, the Archbishop of Manila, who is a determined critic of the 18-year-old Marcos Government.

Saying that Filipino Moslems have ''no desire to be dragged into the impending chaos'' that they foresee, the leaders threatened to reassert old Moslem claims to a ''Moro nation'' in the southern islands of the Philippines ''unless national reconciliation with justice for all is speedily effected.''

They referred to Benigno S. Aquino Jr., the oppposition figure who was assassinated here on Aug. 21, as a martyr who had supported Moslem demands for greater autonomy.

[bobmccullochny]

History

August 21, 1863 - During the American Civil War, William Quantrill led 450 irregular Confederate raiders on a pre-dawn terrorist raid of Lawrence, Kansas, leaving 150 civilians dead, 30 wounded and much of the town a smoking ruin. In 1862, Quantrill had been denied a Confederate commission by the Confederate Secretary of War, who labeled Quantrill's notions of war as 'barbarism.'

August 21, 1959 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a proclamation admitting Hawaii to the Union as the 50th state.

August 21, 1983 - Filipino opposition leader Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., was assassinated at the Manila airport while leaving his plane. Public outcry over the killing ultimately led to the collapse of the government of Ferdinand E. Marcos and the inauguration of Corazon C. Aquino, widow of the slain man, as president.

[liecahangalayamoy]

THIRD REPUBLIC

On January 2, 1981, martial law was finally removed after 10 years of it and significant changes to Filipino culture that had begun under the New Society. The end of military control signaled a change to those in power. To them, the Philippines had become a brand-new country, which the late President Marcos referred to as "The New Republic of the Philippines." This was dubbed the Third Republic by a historian. He asserted that the Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo, which began on June 12, 1898, was the country's first republic. The second occurred on July 4, 1946, when the Americans awarded us our independence. The Third Republic began on January 2, 1981, when we were liberated from Military Rule. we cannot be denied that many individuals during that time sawthed with revolt and outrage in response to the on going repression and injustice. This was made worse by the violent assassination of former senator Benigno S. Aquno Jr., who the Filipino people idolized and had believed would succeed them as president, on August 21, 1983. That literature was impacted by the state of the country at this time. After the assassination of President Aquino, the public's voices could no longer be silenced. Government employees from the public and commercial sectors were yelling and chanting, and young people, men, and women all raised their voices in protest. We might claim that despite the numerous constraints, Philippine literature managed to covertly hold onto its brilliance.

INFORMATION: word press

PHOTOcredit: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsp-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com

[martial-law-architecture]

The Idle Power Giant: The Never-ending Controversy Over the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant

By: Rica Agustin

Since the time of the late former president Ferdinand Marcos Sr., the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant has been the subject of much controversy.  When the son of the late president Ferdinand Marcos Jr. was elected president of the republic of the Philippines, the BNPP controversy has flared up once more.

The 620-megawatt BNPP was built in 1976 in response to the energy crisis of the 1970s, four years after Marcos declared martial law. The purpose of this was to create a new power plant that would feed into the Luzon grid and reduce the country's reliance on foreign oil. Upon its initial launch, the BNPP was hailed as Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant. Westinghouse Electric Co.'s "vague, undetailed bid for two nuclear plants" in 1974 estimated a cost of US$500 million, but by the time construction was completed in 1984, the price had risen to US$2.3 billion.

The BNPP faced criticism before, during, and after its construction. Criminal charges were brought against Westinghouse because of the BNPP's many problems, including President Marcos's connections to the company, a disagreement between General Electric and Westinghouse, and problems with protocol during and after construction. Dumaine, writing two years after the plant was finished, described the entire controversy in detail. The Philippines filed charges of bribery and overcharging against Westinghouse and Burns and Roe after the fall of Marcos in 1986. Allegedly, Marcos and his inner circle took millions in kickbacks from a contract with Westinghouse and Burns and Roe that was arranged by Marcos's friend and business associate Herminio Disini. After the Marcoses fled Malacañang in the midst of the "people power" revolution in February 1986, documents revealing their ill-gotten wealth were discovered. Westinghouse Electric Co. is accused of giving Disini millions in kickbacks.

The BNPP was nearly finished and ready for commercial operations in 1986 when the Marcos administration was toppled by the historic EDSA People Power Revolution, which ultimately led to the election of Corazon "Cory" Aquino, the widow of the late opposition senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, as president. At about the same time, the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine went out of control during a test and exploded, destroying the reactor building and discharging large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere. This was widely regarded as the worst nuclear disaster in terms of both cost and casualties. Bataan locals, along with environmental and cause-oriented groups, strongly opposed the project's operation after the meltdown for safety reasons, and the Aquino administration ultimately decided not to operate the nuclear power plant that had become controversial.

So far, $2.1 billion has been spent on a nuclear plant that will never be used, and the interest on the loans is costing an additional $350,000 per day. It is estimated that the idle plant will cost $320 million in 1993. In 2020, almost 32 years after the BNPP was finished, the Philippines finally paid off all its loans and interest. After spending P43.5 billion on principal amortization and P21.2 billion on interest, the government has spent a grand total of P64.7 billion on the nuclear power plant that has never produced even one watt of electricity.

The debt of the Philippines was paid for by Filipinos even though it has never been used. Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., who was running for president, and Davao Mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio, who was running as his running mate, made promises during the recent campaign season to speed up the adoption of nuclear power if they were elected, which would presumably entail reevaluating the BNPP. The BNPP has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful attempts by foreign investors to bring it back to life. Again, the new controversy has been brought up, and some Filipinos are concerned about the money that will be wasted if the power plant can't be revived.

Sources:

Rappler. (2019). MISLEADING: Bataan Nuclear Power Plant ‘wasted by Cory Aquino’. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/235148-bataan-nuclear-power-plant-issues-cory-aquino/

Angeles. (2022). The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant: Is there any hope in reviving this shell of a Marcos Sr. project?. Retrieved from https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/883943-the-bataan-nuclear-power-plant

Camacho. (2017). The Controversy of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant. Retrieved from http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/camacho2/

[angelaarmogila]

FERDINAND EMMANUEL EDRALIN MARCOS SR.

In the history of the Philippines. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr was a Filipino politician and kleptocrat. He was the tenth President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was born on September 11, 1917, in Sarrat, Philippines. He attended school in Manila and studied law in the late 1930s at the University of the Philippines. He died in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii, on September 28, 1989.

Bj Patino's Apo on the wall is a poem that talks about the narration of a child's point of view about his rigorous father and the "Apo" hanging picture around the wall. In addition to Martial Law, the poem tells the truth of life during Marcos' reign. To be able to be happy everyone must follow him. Bj Patino 's masterpiece is fairly close to the realization that it is important to look back on our history, to step forward in our present and to ensure the progress of our future.

Forty-eight years since Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines. Why Did President Ferdinand Marcos Declare Military Armed Forces? Based on the information I gathered. The Chinese communists began to enter the country and encouraged the Filipinos to join their battle believe in what they are fighting for. The Communist party in the Philippines became more active and launched widespread unrest among the rural and urban poor. University students have also become active which is also causing a lot of unrest in the city. In the southern part of the Philippines, the Muslim movement has also flocked. As President we need to be protected by the highest leaders of the country. President Marcos only follows the rule of the Constitution and is constitutional. Due to the worsening problem of Peace and order in the country, President Ferdinand Marcos subjected the entire country to "Martial Law" with the effect of proclamation No. 1081 which he signed on September 21, 1972.

A lot of news has spread about the corruption of Marcos and the abused use of his power. Just like He and his associates looted billions of dollars from the government, took on enormous loans to keep the economy afloat, and left the Philippines in a desperate financial state. Also, many Critics of President Marcos ignored his reasons about martial law According to them, his declaration of Martial Law was only one way to prolong his stay in office. Critics added that Marcos is very afraid of his successor in Malacanang. Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., his main political opponent, is one of them, and he is expected to have high hopes for the presidency. He was also accused of killing Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. Also based on the story of many people, especially the elders who live in that era. It is said that martial law under Marcos' rule makes many people miserable. Activists then had difficulty speaking or giving an opinion about the government because according to them they were considered enemies of the government and could even be killed.

Marcos led what he called a "revolution from the center" to get us into this New Society because he insists that the government should be at the center of the people and not from above. That’s what he operationalized as Martial Law is this movement. In my opinion a country will still not change or develop if we only rely on the government also the participation of all the people in a country must have.

If I will be asked for an opinion regarding what happened before and the basis is on the information I gathered. I can only say that there is a reason for enforcing martial law. Maybe at that time many really wanted to occupy the Philippines or many who really did not want to obey the law that’s why they push it. We do not really know what its real intention. But if its purpose was good then it’s okay for me.

Honestly, I can't explain the events very well back then. But if life was too hard because of Marcos before. Maybe it was just right that he was expelled. But let's not blame Marcos at all. From the very beginning it was the power of people that’s why he got elected to be president. Everyone is guilty because we as citizens have the freedom to vote for who should be our president but the people then voted the wrong person. But we are not to blame either because many people in the world are hypocrites. That’s why I do believe that you have to try something to find out if it works for everyone. But we don’t know who is the right one that help our country to change but as a fellow Filipino if we know that the decision of the leader is not right and it’s abusive, we must remember that as soon as it is early, we should unite as one and immediately help each other to stop wrong decision of the government. Maybe Marcos did a lot of bad things before in many people but we should also remember that there’ no perfect in this world. A long time has passed we also had to give forgiveness to make our mind and heart free to all hatred and also to move forward to a better future. I also realize that it is good to go back to the past to improve the future and to make sure we do not imitate the mistakes they have made.

[onenettvchannel]

LATE-BREAKING THIS AFTERNOON: Yesterday's Radio Show is Airing a Televised FINAL Episode on DZMM-IR 630khz's TeleRadyo Manila, affecting a Several Employees, Personalities and Radio DJ Retrenchments of ABS-CBN [#OneNETnewsEXCLUSIVE]

QUEZON, MANILA -- His last emotional episode of Yesterday with DJ Richard Enriquez will be heart-brokened for now on DZMM-IR 630khz: Teleradyo Manila. At exactly 2:55pm (Manila local time) before he closes a music radio chapter himself... DJ Richard announces a final word from his departure says, he is acknowledged to the AM Radio listeners from DZMM-AM on free radio; due to a selective retrenchment of ABS-CBN on a late network shutdown. Princess Twilight Sparkle (Station Manager & President of OneNETtv Channel and a Radyo Patrol #4 reporter of OneNETnews) is on the scene with us.

In a exclusive reports from ABS-CBN News, he is officially bidding farewell and heart-brokened for his final moment on a music radio show. The final 2 weeks from his music radio episode ends between December 20th & 27th this year, as according to his Facebook post.

During the final episode of Yesterday, the first song comes from the 90's Original Pinoy Music (OPM) record starts with Christmas in Our Hearts by Jose Mari Chan. The last two songs ends with the another OPM goes to Farewell, an old OPM single in the 80's by Raymond Lauchengco (under the Original Movie Soundtrack of Bagets) and What Matters Most, an American album in the late 80's by Kenny Rankin.

He thanked his former bosses and a colleagues, as well as his family in Bacolod, who according to him, when he never complained that he was unable to join them for Lunch every Sunday for over a decade. DJ Richard looked back at the time when he first joined to ABS-CBN as a Voice Talent for a national Noontime show called “Kalatog Pinggan” after the 1st EDSA Revolution which is due to an Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983. He adds, he didn't announce where he’s off to next, but he hints that it will be moved possibly in an FM radio station either in Manila or Bacolod. A music radio show for Yesterday airs only on Weekends and Moonlight Serenade airs every early morning by Tuesday to Saturday right before Gising Pilipinas on Tuesdays to Fridays and Radyo Patrol Balita @ 4am on Saturdays.

Here is a last 35mins. of Full Aircheck, from our friends at iWantTFC (skip to 26m38s to listen in full):

DJ Richard says in a roughly translated Tagalog dialect at 2:56pm (Manila local time), "Thank you, Kapamilya... Goodbye, i will leave you with a song... We will see you again, no matter how hard and tougher end for us... It is greatful and thankful by now. Sir (Peter Musñgi, VA and news presenter of Pasada 630) and Ms. (Marah Faner-Capuyan, station manager of DZMM-IR: Teleradyo Manila), For all of you who will be with me from the production of DZMM and the entire team of Radyo Patrol(s)... Thank you very much. Until then for now, I'm (DJ) Richard Enriquez."

According to DJ Richard, his music radio show of Yesterday was started in July 3rd, 2010 last Saturday. 3 years later after that in the early morning by January 8th, 2013 last Tuesday... He adds a secondary music programme to Moonlight Serenade.

Both of the songs in the opening from this same name are originally from The Beatles & Frank Sinatra. He is also an optional filling-in Radio DJ anchor of Remember When with Norma Marco at the 3pm slot (Manila local time), Dr. Love: Always and Forever with Jun Banaag on Weekday afternoons and the Spin-Off himself for Songhits: Tunog Pinoy on Saturday afternoons last February 10th, 2018 as a main Radio DJ Anchor right before Fastbreak with Freddie Webb and Boyet Sison. His first Executive Producer of Yesterday was started by Ms. Sheila Tubalinal on Weekends and Alcie Alcita on Sundays.

The official AM radio programme will be a Music & News, under a Radio Contract from ABS-CBN's DZMM-AM Radyo Patrol 630khz (which is now renamed as DZMM-IR's Teleradyo for the ABS-CBN Shutdown). Flash Reports & Breaking News is included by only when the news as it breaks during the Music Radio programme. And lastly, he reads your Text Messages via SMS & DZMM Radyo Patrol's Facebook comment pages from time-to-time.

You might remember from his announcement on his pre-last episode, just before the final hearing of ABS-CBN Shutdown.

And this happened, for this result. The franchise of ABS-CBN is a no go on both radio episodes.

and

Before Yesterday, he was started a Radio DJ career to DWDM-FM 99.5mhz Pinoy Radio DM (which is now Pinas FM, a music radio station of Eagle Broadcasting Corporation [EBC] from Quezon City as an OPM format) in 1992. DM stands for a radio branding of Dazzling Music. A rebrand changes to Easy Listening format in 2002, much simply as DWDM-FM 99.5 as an Adult Contemporary station. He was moved to DZEC-AM 1062khz: Radyo ng Pamilya (which is now Radyo Agila) in the same city in 2006 with Yesterday Once More & My Melody of Love. His radio contract of Eagle Broadcasting Corporation (EBC) was ended after almost 2 decades, he is now moved to ABS-CBN on free radio to DZMM-AM Radyo Patrol 630khz (which is now DZMM-IR's Teleradyo Manila).

The rest of them are in complete history until December 27th, 2020 at 3pm (Manila local time), right before the reruns of ABS-CBN News & Current Affairs without Remember When's music radio programme. That is how where it all started on this music and/or news radio show around a decade ago in 2010 until now.

So that said, FM is almost coming either in Manila or Bacolod. It depends if it's legal to syndicate all the local FM Stations in the Philippines off for the ABS-CBN's free radio network between DZMM-IR Teleradyo & DWRR-FM's My Only Radio MANILA. He will probably remain as a Kapamilya radio network, immediately after his contract of ABS-CBN ended from the scheduled retrenchment. Similar to Gerry Baja & Anthony Taberna, it's now on DZRH-AM 666khz; Alex Santos & Vic de leon Lima, now on DWIZ-AM 882khz, Henry Atuelan alone on his former Radyo Patrol reporter, now on the Kapuso network's Super Radyo DZBB-AM 594khz and Korina Sanchez, now finally moves to DWET-TV: TV5 Manila for Rated Korina.

A Final Broadcast may be a last resort as necessary from the Senate Hearing & Congress amids the Pandemic of CoViD19 from Wuhan, China. His radio programme will end here today with this slogan network's promise... "In the service of the Filipino, we remain". He tells all the AM listeners of Yesterday, this is just a Temporal Goodbye.

And one last thing, if you want to relive the radio episodes of Yesterday w/ DJ Richard Enriquez for the memoriam purposes... Don't worry! We have our exclusive versions available between the RAW & Podcasts. Listen anytime on our Internet Archive or the Mixcloud website. We will miss him, for now on.

Photo Courtesy: iWantTFC & DZMM-IR 630khz Teleradyo Manila

SPECIAL THANKS to DJ Unikitty (formerly ColeThePony from Canada) for sending us a newstip.

SOURCE: *https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/12/27/20/dj-richard-enriquez-bids-goodbye-to-teleradyo-listeners [Referenced News Article of ABS-CBN News] *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWDM-FM#1992%E2%80%932002:_Pinoy_Radio *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DZEC-AM *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWRR-FM *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(radio_program) *https://en.everybodywiki.com/Moonlight_Serenade_(radio_program) *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Break_(radio_program) *https://en.everybodywiki.com/DJ_Richard_Enriquez [Biography of DJ Richard Enriquez] *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution *https://www.mixcloud.com/feling009/yesterday-online-with-dj-richard-enriquez-episode-9-jul52020-chunk-2f/ [Audio-only EPISODE, skip to 1hr39m19s] *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Our_Hearts [First FINAL Song of Yesterday] *https://www.discogs.com/Raymond-Lauchengco-Farewell/release/7738367 [LAST FINAL SONG #1 of Yesterday] *https://www.discogs.com/Kenny-Rankin-After-The-Roses/release/3236734 [Last FINAL SONG #2f of Yesterday]

HONEST DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed from this news report are NOT those from the Eagle Broadcasting Corporation & ABS-CBN Corporation. Furthermore, the assumptions of this news report will NOT state, intervene or reflect those of our Radyo Patrol reporters. The station, management, interwebs and the network. Thanks for reading, stay safe and may the Celestia blesses you. Later!

-- OneNETnews Team

[bcgram]

Know your holiday: Ninoy Aquino Day Republic Act (RA) No. 2956 declares August 21 of every year as “Ninoy Aquino Day.” RA No. 2956 was signed into law in 2004. It is a non-working holiday nationwide commemorating the death anniversary of former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino Jr. #NinoyAquinoDay #bcgram #bcgramnet #bcgramnews #holidayph #philippines https://www.instagram.com/p/ChhXg3qPYTd/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[unbiasedph]

Brigada Eskwela, opisyal nang nagsimula sa pangunguna ni VP Sara

OPISYAL nang nagsimula ang taunang Brigada Eskwela ngayong araw. Sa Imus Pilot Elementary School, pinangunahan ni Vice President at Education Secretary Sara Duterte ang kick-off ng 2022 National Brigada Eskwela. “Excitement — because Brigada Eskwela activities all over the country always highlight the communal efforts of all education stakeholders to prepare our schools for our learners. We would see parents who are excited, willing, and happy to extend any help they could to ensure that our schools are ready to receive our learners from Day 1 of the opening of classes and onwards to the school year,” pahayag ni VP Sara. Ayon kay Education Undersecretary Gerard Chan, papayagan na ngayong taon ang paglilinis at pagkukumpuni ng mga silid-aralan matapos itong ipagbawal noong 2020 at 2021. Inaasahan na mas dadami ngayong taon ang mga volunteers na lalahok sa Brigada Eskwela kumpara sa naitalang 1,815 noong 2021. Paliwanag naman ni Atty. Michael Poa, spokesperson ng Department of Education (DepEd), mahalaga ang Brigada Eskwela lalo na sa mga eskwelahan na apektado ng lindol. Ayon kay Poa, nangangailangan ng P1.4 billion para sa pagpapaayos ng mga paaralang nasira ng lindol sa Abra at karatig lalawigan. Dagdag ni Poa, pag-uusapan pa kung itutuloy ba ang pagbubukas ng klase sa mga paaralang apektado ng lindol. Samantala, ang ibang paaralan sa Maynila, tulad ng Hermenegildo J. Atienza sa Elementary School balak isagawa ang Brigada Eswela sa susunod na linggo. Sa ngayon ay patuloy pa ang pakikipag-ugnayan ng paaralan sa mga organisasyon, at may katungkulan para makiisa sa pagsasaayos ng kanilang paaralan. Sa Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Elementary School naman, maliban sa paghahanda nila sa Brigada Eskwela ay hinanda rin nila ang school supplies na libreng ipamimigay ng paaralan. Libreng notebooks, papel, bag at uniforms ang matatanggap ng kanilang mga estudyante sa lahat ng grade level. Plano rin ng paaralan na gumawa ng makeshift rooms ng mga bata sakaling kukulangin ng mga silid-aralan. Tatagal hanggang Agosto 26 ang Brigada Eskwela. Samantala, patuloy naman sa ngayon ang enrollment para sa darating na school year. Ayon kay Atty. Poa umabot nasa 11,663,325 ang nakapag-enroll ngayong taon. Read Full News @ SMNI News Channel Read the full article

[uchinonintai]

Extreme Media Censorship...

Media Censorship in the Philippines

Marcos Era in the Philippines

The Philippines was ruled by Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1989. Martial law (1972-1981) was one of his infamous resolution during his presidency through Presidential Proclamation No. 1081, under this proclamation, mass media workforce were considered as supporters of communism who in that time, was to be arrested. During this late period was when media was abused of its freedom.

When the Proclamation was adapted, all media facilities then were taken down, leading journalists were arrested and the Daily Express, a broadsheet run by a Marcos supporter started to operate. Roberto Benedicto, the owner of Daily Express also owned Channel 9 and Radio Philippines Network.

Businesses owned by oligarch families were confiscated by Marcos and distributed to his “supporters”.

This is to show, that corruption was rampant during Marcos’ years but since cronyism was indeed on act, the press was controlled and repressed. By the early 1980s, was when people’s dissatisfaction with Marcos’ regime grew, and resulted to the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983.

His regime was ended days after the EDSA Revolution or People Power 1 on February of 1986.

 What has happened during the COVID outbreak in Wuhan?

We are all familiar with the Great Wall of China and its role to protect the Chinese territory. However, China also has the Great Firewall. Its purpose is similar to the Great Wall, but its role is to regulate the internet and information inside the country. This Great Firewall is what blocks people inside the country the access to “selected” foreign websites and applications, particularly in the aspect of social media. During the early virus outbreak in Wuhan, people were not allowed to create posts of the situation because these posts would fall under anti-government and hate speech content, therefore blocked or took town immediately.

The Chinese government easily took down posts since again, foreign applications were blocked in the country and platforms the people use/d was domestic, unlike Facebook that is international. This would mean that these platforms are strictly controlled by their government and posts/information can easily be taken down. Because of this, the world was unaware of the virus outbreak. There were people, however, mainly journalists who were able to access Youtube and show the world of the situation. This led nations around the world, to finally become aware of China’s current(then) situation.

And because of this, comes the Ultimate Act of Censorship, this happens when the people of organizations, the government and powerful individuals suppress or prohibit information to be shared with people by silencing the journalists, in the form of violence such as threatening or worse, killing.

The Ultimate Act of Censorship..

Behind every news and information we receive through reporters and media, are ears and brave hands, these brave hands belong to respectable journalists who face great threat with every information they publish.

Press Freedom is the right to publish and disseminate information, thoughts and opinions without restraint, giving journalists the right to create articles without self-censorship. However, because of impunity, the lost lives of many journalists from powerful individuals become like killed ants.

According to UNESCO, on an average basis, every five days a journalist is attacked for publishing information to the public. This attack include murder, abduction, harassment, all sorts of threat, illegal arrest and arbitrary detention.  In many of these cases, remain without given justice and not given proper investigation.

In the Philippines, reports from Press Freedom reveals that during the restoration of democracy in the late 1980’s, 54 journalists have been assassinated. In a report called “Silenced---Slain Filipino Journalists 2002-2005”, the CMFR reported that only two court cases had ended with convictions. According to the International Federation of Journalists, the Philippines is second of the most dangerous countries to be involved of journalism.

On the 29th of November, year 2005, the conviction count for assassinated journalists counted 3, as Guillermo Wapile was convicted for the murder of journalist, Edgar Damalerio. Wapile was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Edgar Damalerio was a broadcast and print journalist assassinated on 13 May of 2002 in the southern Philippine City of Pagadian. Not even three months has passed, on August 19, another broadcast journalist named Sonny Alcantara, was killed in during daylight on a busy street in San Pablo City, on the main northern Philippine, island of Luzon.

Note that Guillermo Wapile (Edgar Damalerio’s killer) was a policeman, and the suspect for the murder of Alcantara was a local politician who had hired a hitman to “silence” the journalist. Both killings are reportedly a response to criticism by the journalists.

Local prosecutors then confessed to being fearful as for why they were involved in the cases. Media organizations in Manila then took initiatives to encourage the Department of Interior and Local Government, that is legally in authority over the police, to allow investigations to continue.

After 2 years of delay, the proceeding against Edgar Damalerio’s killer was re-started in June of 2005. The case was only moved forward when the trial was moved from Pagadian, Wapile’s hometown to Cebu.

Among 54 journalists was Marilyn Garcia Esperat, she was shot in Tacurong, Mindanao on 24 March of 2005. Esperat was an anti-corruption campaigner and columnist for Midland Review. Before her death, Esperat had written about nepotism in the town of Sultan Sa Barongis and the corruption within the local office of the Department of Agriculture.  The suspects were two high-ranking officials in the Department of Agriculture, Osmena Montaner and Estrella Sabay. The process of Esperat’s murder case was interrupted by the high-ranking officials, on August of 2005, murder charges against Montaner and Sabay were dismissed.

FIRST JOURNALIST KILLED DURING WAR ON DRUGS

The National Union of Journalists of the Philippines, declares the death of journalist Larry Que, a publisher of a news site on the island of Catanduanes, called “Catanduanes News Now” with only two weeks of publishing, Que was killed by a bullet in his head, outside his workplace.

According to NUJP, Que’s article called about local officials of being negligent of when a laboratory was created to make “shabu” in the town of Virac, Catanduanes.

Virgilio Maganes

Virgilio Maganes worked as broadcast reporter and a columnist fort the weekly Northern Watch newspaper that mainly covered political issues. On November 10 of 2020, the journalist was shot by two unidentified attacker outside his home in Villasis, Pangasinan. According to the report, Maganes took six gunshot wounds and died at the scene. The police were given a special task, “to hunt down and punish those responsible”

In an email, the task force’s chief of staff stated, the body presumes all forms of violence against media workers to be work-related until further investigation proves otherwise, and that the organization would not rest until those responsible were brought to justice.

On March 26 year 2021, murder charges were filed against three suspects: Noe Ducay Y. Pelle, alias “Owing”, Romar Bustillos, and one unnamed man. The task force said that the suspects had been apprehended in December.

Senior Assistant Provincial Prosecutor Charlotte Duron-Cabida stated that Bustillos acted as a lookout while Ducay shot Maganes, this statement was then supported by the police and witnesses. According to Nonoy Espina, Maganes was assassinated after critical reporting on a local civil society group's alleged financial mismanagement.

The Philippine National Police did not give an immediate action to CPJ’s request for a comment on the case.

These, are only few of journalists that have been killed while being in service, and most of them are not given justice. Though we may agree that media censorship could be helpful in “keeping peace” within one nation or other, help in reducing hate speech in society, protect children from unhealthy content, prevent conflict among people, provide security to a person, give right to many artists and business-related individuals, prevent people into believing a false information. It also creates cons itself. Without sufficient information, people become open to conflict. Without freedom of expression, there is no room for even and effective development. Without correct and truthful context, people would create their truths and believe in that themselves. It stops journalists to actually pursue their desires. Media Censorship violates the right of every individual to express themselves freely.

And so, may we end with the same question. Is silence really is peace?

[bobmccullochny]

August History

August 21, 1863 - During the American Civil War, William Quantrill led 450 irregular Confederate raiders on a pre-dawn terrorist raid of Lawrence, Kansas, leaving 150 civilians dead, 30 wounded and much of the town a smoking ruin. In 1862, Quantrill had been denied a Confederate commission by the Confederate Secretary of War, who labeled Quantrill's notions of war as 'barbarism.'

August 21, 1959 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a proclamation admitting Hawaii to the Union as the 50th state.

August 21, 1983 - Filipino opposition leader Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., was assassinated at the Manila airport while leaving his plane. Public outcry over the killing ultimately led to the collapse of the government of Ferdinand E. Marcos and the inauguration of Corazon C. Aquino, widow of the slain man, as president.

[implexis]

1983

Jan 5  In the US, to combat inflation Paul Volcker of the Federal Reserve Board is holding interest rates high, at 13 percent.

Jan 7  President Reagan signs into law the first increase in federal gasoline taxes in 23 years, intended for rehabilitation and improvement of highways, bridges and mass transit systems.

Jan 24  Oil prices are stable at $34 a gallon. World oil supplies are up and demand has not been rising. OPEC oil ministers agree to cut production to keep prices of oil up.

Jan 24  In Italy, 25 members of the Red Brigade are sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Aldo Moro.

Feb 7  Iran invades Iraq, continuing a war that began in 1980.

Mar 8  In a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals, President Reagan warns against ignoring "the aggressive impulses of an evil empire," the Soviet Union.

Mar 23  President Reagan proposes technology to intercept enemy missiles.

Mar 24  Senator Kennedy labels Reagan's idea a reckless "Star Wars" scheme and speaks of its enormous cost. Some worry that the Soviets will see it as giving the US a first strike capability. Skeptical scientists will say it can't work. Military contractors will make substantial campaign contributions to encourage spending on the effort.

Apr 1  Europeans protest the presence of US nuclear weapons on their continent.

Apr 7  Families of the more than 500 Argentine servicemen missing in the Falkland war have been campaigning for information. Britain tells them that it has no secret clues to their fate.

Apr 15  In Argentina the military government takes a step toward the return of civilian rule. It restores the rights of 19 political and labor leaders to take part in political activity.

Apr 18  A car packed with explosives is crashed into the US embassy in Beirut killing 17 US foreign service and military personnel and more than 40 Lebanese. Islamic Jihad claims responsibility. There will be no rush to defend against this terrorist technique.

Apr 19  An Argentine human rights organization lists 47 secret detention camps where political prisoners were interrogated and tortured in the late 1970's.

May 4  The Vatican criticizes Argentina's military government for its campaign against leftists in the late 1970s.

May 17  Lebanon, Israel, and the United States agree to a phased Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, contingent upon a Syrian withdrawal.

Jun 9  Elections in Britain give Margaret Thatcher a landslide victory, the result, it is said, of an improved economy and her victory in the Falklands.

A stripped Tamil youth shortly before he is doused with gasoline and set afire.

Jun 15  US Secretary of State, George Schultz, is struggling against hawks: Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger and others. Schultz has been preparing for negotiations with the Soviet Union. He tells senators that "Strength and realism can deter war but only direct dialogue and negotiation can open the path toward lasting peace."

Jul 4  A letter from Communist Party chief Yuri Andropov to President Reagan suggests elimination of the nuclear threat. Reagan responds with the suggestion that US and Soviet negotiators pursue this at Geneva.

Jul 20  The government of Poland declares an end to martial law.

Jul 23  In Sri Lanka, Tamil guerrillas ambush and kill 13 government soldiers. This is followed by Sinhala mobs rioting and killing from 400 to 3,000 Tamils.

Jul 25-28  In Colombo, capitol of Sri Lanka, gangs rampage against the Tamil minority. Close to 1,000 Tamils will be estimated as having been killed, and more than 100,000 Tamil homes destroyed. This will be called Black July and mark the beginning of all-out war between the Tamil minority and the Singhalese dominated government.

Aug 21 In Manila, Benigno Aquino, Jr., a longtime advocate of democracy for the Philippines and a foremost enemy of the regime of Ferdinand Marcos, returns from exile, and as he debarks from the airliner, with the military standing by, he is shot dead.

Stanislav Petrov. He saves the world from nuclear distruction.

Bernard Coard, super-revolutionary, responsible for the death of Marxist leader Maurice Bishop

Sep 1  Korean Air Flight 007 takes off from Anchorage, Alaska, heading for Seoul, South Korea. It veers slightly off course, flies over the southern tips of Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island, Soviet territory, and is shot down by a Soviet aircraft. All 269 on board are killed.

Sep 23  Violence erupts in New Caledonia between native Kanaks and French expatriates. The French government withdraws its promise of independence.

Sep 25  Reports from satellites signal to Soviet security forces that a nuclear attack from the United States is pending. A diligent Russian lieutenant colonel, Stanislav Petrov, averts nuclear war by discovering a computer error.

Oct 7  On the island of Grenada, the Deputy Prime Minister, Bernard Coard, sees Maurice Bishop as too moderate. He has military officers on his side who have been criticized lately. They overthrow Bishop and place Bishop under house arrest.

Oct 13  Bishop has been rescued from house arrest. He is recaptured and with some of his supporters executed.

Oct 23  For months leaders in the Caribbean have agreed with Reagan that Grenada could become a Communist danger for the region. President Reagan decides to send the US troops to Grenada.

Oct 23  Since September 1982, US Marines are still in Lebanon, ordered there by President Reagan to support the Lebanese armed forces. They are based at a reinforced concrete structure by the Beirut airport. A truck crashes into the Marine barracks, demolishing it and killing 241 Marines.

Oct 25  Reagan sends US forces to Grenada, asserting that 800 US medical students who are at St. George's School of Medicine are in danger and that an airport being built there, with Cuban assistance, is a danger to the United States.

Oct 30  The election victory of Raúl Alfonsín restores democracy to Argentina.

Nov 2  President Reagan signs a bill creating Martin Luther King Day.

Dec 3  The US Secretary of Defense, Caspar W. Weinberger, says he thinks the Soviet Union is ahead of the United States in developing weapons to repel nuclear attacks from outer space and that this frightens him.

Dec 15  After more than a month of fighting, leaders of the Communist forces in Grenada have been rounded up, as have a few Cubans, Russians, North Koreans, Libyans, East Germans, Bulgarians. They have been put in a "detention camp." A nine-member advisor council is left to govern until elections are held. All US combat forces leave Grenada.

Dec 19-20  President Saddam Hussein greets Donald Rumsfeld, then special envoy of President Ronald Reagan. The US has been interested in restoring normal diplomatic relations with the Hussein regime. The Iraqi foreign minister says that Iraq is "not interested in making mischief in the world.”

Dec 26  Poland's Communist government is still working on trying to appease public opinion. Thirty political prisoners are being released as a gesture to the Roman Catholic Church. The church is negotiating for the release of others: some prominent dissidents and senior officials of the still outlawed trade union, Solidarity.

Dec 31  Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom.

Dec 31 Two bombs explode in France. One on the Paris train kills 3 and injures 19. The other at Marseille station kills 2 and injures 34. Police suspect the leftist terrorist-revolutionary for Palestinian causes, Carlos the Jackal.

Dec 31 In the US, inflation is down to an annual rate of 3.22 percent. Paul Volcker has lowered interest rates to 9 percent, and this is encouraging more lending, investment and home buying.

to 1982 | to 1984

[gangbadoy]

I interviewed Benigno Aquino Jr's son on the first year of his Presidency. After the photographers left, on our second cigarette, I asked him, "I know people ask you this a lot - but I want to know ... where were you, that August 21st?" He said, "Estimating the time difference (for he was precise that way) ... I was probably driving - interstate to bring our two dogs (Akitas) to their new home (a relative's) because we were all flying home to Manila, subsequently. So I needed to make sure our dogs went to a good home."

While his Dad was escorted out of the plane- seconds before the famous 'fallen white figure on the tarmac visual' that we're all so familiar with- Aquino's only son was driving on an East Coast freeway, with their two dogs, to make sure they're safe in their next home.

I'm not sure why I remembered this the most. Maybe because sometimes we forget how human he was, he is, we are- when the world seems to be just a cluster of fonts lately.

For some of us who think courage can be double clicked~ there was a time when courage was much much much more than a scathing Facebook post.

There was a time when courage meant showing up even when it wasn't so safe. Courage meant going home even when it meant imprisonment or death. There was a time when we went home, for home.

What have we become.

-Gang Badoy Capati/

on the 85th Birth Anniversary of Benigno S. Aquino Jr.

27 Nov 2017

1158pm

(a repost, 3 July 2021)

📷: Jonty Cruz's Instagram

[hummingzone]

Former president Benigno Aquino laid to rest - BusinessWorld

Former president Benigno Aquino laid to rest – BusinessWorld

Former President Benigno S.C. Aquino III died due to renal failure as a result of diabetes on Thursday. Photo by Michael Varcas, The Philippine Star Former President Benigno S.C. Aquino III on Saturday was laid to rest at the Manila Memorial Park, next to his parents former President Corazon C. Aquino and former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Full military honors were given as the urn carrying…

[9ruby-eng-grp3]

Similarities of Napoleon and President Marcos- Ken Mendoza

  Napoleon is a big fat pig, who is a fierce-looking Berkshire boar. His personality can be described as quiet, manipulative, and he has a reputation for getting his own way. He and Snowball were both leaders on the farm, and they both had bad leadership.

We can compare Napoleon’s leadership to President Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. who was the 10th President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Both Napoleon and President Marcos are dictators, Napoleon ruled the Manor Farm and was later renamed Animal Farm while President Marcos ruled the Philippines for 14 years. President Marcos imposed a law on the nation from 1972 to 1981. Martial Law was declared on September 23, 1972, at 7:17 pm by President Ferdinand Marcos. And Martial Law is one of the darkest chapters in Philippine history.

          Like President Ferdinand Marcos, Napoleon was not an example of a good leader because he developed into a merciless dictator, who behaves like Mr. Jones. Napoleon is selfish and also childish. He is also very smart, compared to his comrades, that's why he took advantage of other animals and made his way out of talking to them so that he can get what he wants. He also publicly executes his political enemies and breaks the Seven Commandments. These Seven Commandments were created by Napoleon, Squealer, and Snowball. These three pigs take it upon themselves to teach or instruct them to the other animals on the farm.

Snowball would have been a better leader than Napoleon because his intelligence, hard work, and competency makes him an excellent leader. And he is more creative and more fluent than Napoleon. Snowball is also active and he also works very hard to help and improve the farm to be better than before. He has a nonstop work ethic, he is well respected and he has very good skills in public speaking that's what makes Snowball well fitted to be a good leader for the farm.

         Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino Jr. QSC was a Filipino politician who served as a Senator of the Philippines and also a governor of the province of Tarlac from February 17, 1961 to December 30, 1967 . And the husband of President Corazon Aquino would have been a better leader than Marcos. Benigno Aquino Jr. ,once said “The Filipino is worth dying for.” Before his assassinated on Sunday, August 21, 1983 on the tarmac of Manila International Airport (now named Ninoy Aquino International Airport in his honor). The death of Benigno Aquino Jr. made a large impact that changed Philippine history and emerged Corazon Aquino, her wife to run for president.

         Napoleon and President Marcos have similarities because both are dictators and both made a lot of animals and humans suffer. As we can see, these events relating to the Marcos regime and martial law can also apply to these prominent events and figures within the story of Animal Farm. From how Ferdinand Marcos and Napoleon eventually became notorious leaders, having their fair share of accomplishments but how they negatively impacted their society or community. And also how they drove off their greatest rivals, being Snowball for Napoleon and Benigno Aquino Jr. for Ferdinand Marcos, defeating their enemy to rise in power.

Sources:

https://medium.com/sunnya97/animal-farm-responses-588da8c7c3ba

https://twitter.com/pixologic/status/1228411609250320386?lang=fr

https://decider.com/2016/11/22/really-internet-peppa-pig-sequel-to-animal-farm/

https://www.google.com/search?q=animal+farm&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH915PH915&oq=animal&aqs=chrome.0.69i59l2j69i57j0i433j46i395i433l2j0i395i433l2.3108j1j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH915PH915&ei=ADr-X7aRIeabmAXWqrvABg&q=joseph+stalin&gs_ssp=eJzj4tDP1Tcwjs9JM2D04s3KL04tyFAoLknMycwDAGC_CC4&oq=josep&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMg0ILhCxAxDJAxBDEJMCMgQIABBDMgcIABCxAxBDMgoILhCxAxCDARBDMgQIABBDMgQIABADMgUILhCxAzIICC4QsQMQgwEyBQguELEDMggIABCxAxCDAToCCC46BQgAELEDOgsILhCxAxDHARCjAjoHCC4QQxCTAjoECC4QQzoHCC4QsQMQQzoQCC4QsQMQgwEQyQMQQxCTAjoCCABKBQgIEgExUKHAB1iduwhgrsUIaAFwAXgAgAGTAYgB0ASSAQMxLjSYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEAwAEB&sclient=psy-ab

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH915PH915&ei=vTr-X9qiIaTUmAW-9KLIDg&q=when+did+marcos+declare+martial+law&oq=when+martial+law+&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgEMgIIADIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjICCAAyBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeOgQIABBHOgoIABCxAxDJAxBDOgQIABBDOgQIABANUJ_2AVj-pwJg78oCaABwAngAgAGnAYgB0gWSAQMyLjSYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=psy-ab

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH915PH915&ei=6Dr-X6DpK7nfmAXK0YKQBg&q=benigno+aquino&gs_ssp=eJzj4tTP1TcwLMgtLDdg9OJLSs3LTM_LV0gsLM3MywcAdhYJHQ&oq=benig&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgBMg0ILhCxAxDJAxBDEJMCMggILhCxAxCRAjIFCC4QkQIyBAgAEEMyBAgAEEMyBwgAELEDEEMyBAgAEEMyBAgAEEMyBwgAELEDEEMyBwgAELEDEEM6CAgAEOoCEI8BOggILhCRAhCTAjoICAAQsQMQgwE6BQguELEDOg4ILhCxAxCDARDHARCjAjoICC4QsQMQgwE6AggAOgsILhDJAxCRAhCTAjoKCC4QxwEQowIQQzoECC4QQzoICC4QxwEQrwE6CggAELEDEIMBEEM6CgguELEDEIMBEEM6CgguEMcBEK8BEENKBQgIEgEx

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH915PH915&ei=UzL-X__WL9WUr7wP-aekiAw&q=animal+farm+napoleon&oq=animal+farm+na&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMgUIABDJAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoICAAQyQMQkQI6BQgAEJECOggILhCxAxCDAToICAAQsQMQgwE6BQgAELEDOgUILhCxAzoOCC4QsQMQgwEQxwEQowI6CAguEMcBEKMCOg0IABDJAxCRAhBGEP8BOgoIABCxAxCDARBDOgQIABBDOg0IABCxAxCDARDJAxBDOgcIABCxAxBDOgcILhCxAxBDOgkIABBDEEYQ_wE6DgguELEDEIMBEMkDEJMCOgIILjoLCAAQsQMQgwEQyQM6BAgAEApKBQgHEgExSgUICBIBMUoFCAkSATFKBwgKEgMxMj

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH915PH915&ei=Jjv-X6PUMOyIr7wP972a4AQ&q=animal+farm+snowball&oq=animal+farm+sno&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAxgAMggIABDJAxCRAjICCAAyAggAMgUIABCRAjICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoECAAQRzoHCAAQyQMQQzoICAAQsQMQgwE6AgguUNDYAVi53gFgoOgBaABwAngAgAGYAYgB2gOSAQMwLjSYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEIwAEB&sclient=psy-ab

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.25

571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans. 1034 – Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethóc and Crínán of Dunkeld, inherits the throne. 1120 – The White Ship sinks in the English Channel, drowning William Adelin, son and heir of Henry I of England. 1177 – Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Châtillon defeat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard. 1343 – A tsunami, caused by an earthquake in the Tyrrhenian Sea, devastates Naples and the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, among other places. 1487 – Elizabeth of York is crowned Queen of England. 1491 – The siege of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, ends with the Treaty of Granada. 1510 – Portuguese conquest of Goa: Portuguese naval forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque, and local mercenaries working for privateer Timoji, seize Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, resulting in 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule. 1667 – A deadly earthquake rocks Shemakha in the Caucasus, killing 80,000 people. 1678 – Trunajaya rebellion: After a long and logistically challenging march, the allied Mataram and Dutch troops successfully assaulted the rebel stronghold of Kediri. 1755 – King Ferdinand VI of Spain grants royal protection to the Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus, now known as the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary. 1758 – French and Indian War: British forces capture Fort Duquesne from French control. Later, Fort Pitt will be built nearby and grow into modern Pittsburgh. 1759 – An earthquake hits the Mediterranean destroying Beirut and Damascus and killing 30,000-40,000. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris. 1795 – Partitions of Poland: Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of independent Poland, is forced to abdicate and is exiled to Russia. 1826 – The Greek frigate Hellas arrives in Nafplion to become the first flagship of the Hellenic Navy. 1833 – A massive undersea earthquake, estimated magnitude between 8.7 and 9.2, rocks Sumatra, producing a massive tsunami all along the Indonesian coast. 1839 – A cyclone slams into south-eastern India, with high winds and a 40-foot storm surge destroying the port city of Coringa (which has never been completely rebuilt). The storm wave swept inland, taking with it 20,000 ships and thousands of people. An estimated 300,000 deaths resulted from the disaster. 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Missionary Ridge: At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the Siege of Chattanooga by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg. 1864 – American Civil War: A group of Confederate operatives calling themselves the Confederate Army of Manhattan starts fires in more than 20 locations in an unsuccessful attempt to burn down New York City. 1874 – The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party consisting primarily of farmers affected by the Panic of 1873. 1876 – American Indian Wars: In retaliation for the American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops sack the sleeping village of Cheyenne Chief Dull Knife at the headwaters of the Powder River. 1905 – Prince Carl of Denmark arrives in Norway to become King Haakon VII of Norway. 1908 – A fire breaks out on SS Sardinia as it leaves Malta's Grand Harbour, resulting in the ship's grounding and the deaths of at least 118 people. 1915 – Albert Einstein presents the field equations of general relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. 1917 – World War I: German forces defeat Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania. 1918 – Vojvodina, formerly Austro-Hungarian crown land, proclaims its secession from Austria–Hungary to join the Kingdom of Serbia. 1926 – The deadliest November tornado outbreak in U.S. history kills 76 people and injures more than 400. 1936 – In Berlin, Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, agreeing to consult on measures "to safeguard their common interests" in the case of an unprovoked attack by the Soviet Union against either nation. The pact is renewed on the same day five years later with additional signatories. 1941 – HMS Barham is sunk by a German torpedo during World War II. 1943 – World War II: Statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina is re-established at the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1947 – Red Scare: The "Hollywood Ten" are blacklisted by Hollywood movie studios. 1947 – New Zealand ratifies the Statute of Westminster and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the United Kingdom. 1950 – The Great Appalachian Storm of 1950 impacts 22 American states, killing 353 people, injuring over 160, and causing US$66.7 million in damages (1950 dollars). 1952 – Agatha Christie's murder-mystery play The Mousetrap opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London. It will become the longest continuously-running play in history. 1952 – Korean War: After 42 days of fighting, the Battle of Triangle Hill ends with Chinese victory, American and South Korean units abandon their attempt to capture the "Iron Triangle". 1958 – French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French Community. 1960 – The Mirabal sisters of the Dominican Republic are assassinated. 1963 – President John F. Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery 1970 – In Japan, author Yukio Mishima and one compatriot commit ritualistic seppuku after an unsuccessful coup attempt. 1973 – Georgios Papadopoulos, head of the military Regime of the Colonels in Greece, is ousted in a hardliners' coup led by Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannidis. 1975 – Suriname gains independence from the Netherlands. 1977 – Former Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., is found guilty by the Philippine Military Commission No. 2 and is sentenced to death by firing squad. He is later assassinated in 1983. 1981 – Pope John Paul II appoints Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI) Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 1984 – Thirty-six top musicians gather in a Notting Hill studio and record Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in order to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia. 1986 – Iran–Contra affair: U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese announces that profits from covert weapons sales to Iran were illegally diverted to the anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua. 1986 – The King Fahd Causeway is officially opened in the Persian Gulf. 1987 – Typhoon Nina pummels the Philippines with category 5 winds of 165 mph and a surge that destroys entire villages. At least 1,036 deaths are attributed to the storm. 1992 – The Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia votes to split the country into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, with effect from January 1, 1993. 1999 – A 5-year-old Cuban boy, Elian Gonzalez, is rescued by fishermen while floating in an inner tube off the Florida coast. 2000 – The 2000 Baku earthquake, with a Richter magnitude of 7.0, leaves 26 people dead in Baku, Azerbaijan, and becomes the strongest earthquake in the region in 158 years. 2008 – Cyclone Nisha strikes northern Sri Lanka, killing 15 people and displacing 90,000 others while dealing the region the highest rainfall in nine decades. 2009 – Jeddah floods: Freak rains swamp the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during an ongoing Hajj pilgrimage. Three thousand cars are swept away and 122 people perish in the torrents, with 350 others missing.