#Arterial Blood Gases

[registerednursern]

ABG Interpretation Notes, Mnemonics, and Workbook by Nurse Sarah

ABG Interpretation Notes, Mnemonics, and Workbook by Nurse Sarah! If you are studying arterial blood gas interpretation, you may feel a little overwhelmed about all the material you must know in order to interpret the lab values. For example, you may be completely confused on acid-base imbalances (respiratory acidosis vs, respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis vs, metabolic alkalosis), if…

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference saved in our archive

Small study, but it found zero difference in blood gas levels between those who claimed breathlessness and those with no complaints. The issue seems to be purely psychological.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a catastrophic impact on the global population. N95 masks are commonly used as filtering facepiece respirators for healthcare workers. At the end of long shifts, they have reported headaches, dizziness, fatigue, exhaustion, and physical and mental discomfort. There is a lack of data on the effects of N95 masks on blood gases in healthcare workers who wear masks for longer durations. We analyzed and compared the effects of continuously wearing N95 versus loop/surgical masks on various symptomology parameters and arterial blood gases for longer durations.

Methods: This was a non-blinded, pilot, observational study at a single academic institution. Utilizing a survey, we collected information on operating room staff volunteers (demographics, mask use, and symptoms) and measured transcutaneous partial pressure carbon dioxide (tcPCO2) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) before and after the subject’s shift to identify changes.

Results: Thirty-nine subjects enrolled in the study (N95 mask = 13, loop/surgical mask = 26). Overall, 69.2% of the subjects continuously wore a mask for five or more hours on their shift. There was a statistical difference with reported fatigue with exclusively wearing an N95 mask versus a loop/surgical mask (p=0.017). None of the other parameters showed a statistical difference between groups. The tcPCO2 was not statistically different between mask types at the beginning of the shift (p=0.922) or at the end of the shift (p=0.188), although tcPCO2 levels increased. The SpO2 was not statistically different between the mask types at the beginning of the shift (p=0.883) or at the end of the shift (p=0.505) with SpO2 decreasing.

Conclusion: Individuals exclusively wearing an N95 mask reported a statistically greater number of complaints of fatigue after their shift. No statistical differences were observed in arterial blood gas parameters measured for SpO2 and tcPCO2 between mask groups. No definitive conclusions can be made due to the small sample size.

[m0urning-u-star]

So after like a week or not doing anything at all I actually made the diagram idea of the organic Spider-Man web shooter.

I was always confused as to why the organic spider people still did the hand pose when firing their webs but I wanted to figure out a way to keep it in the design, so I was trying out the pose with my actual hand and figured out that doing it flexes the group of muscles that control the flexion of your phalanges, so I did some studies on the structure of spider spinners and came up with the idea that they do that pose to squeeze the forearm muscles because their spinners are in the middle of them all, squeezing the muscles and causing the webs to shoot out.

The problem is I figured that just that wouldn't have been enough to shoot webs at the speed that they do, so they'd probably need something to create an extra propulsion, then I got reminded that gas bubbles will form inside the "veins" of trees and the pressure from those dissolved gases create pressure that pushes sap out whenever it's tapped. So I created the idea of Spider people having these things called grey blood cells, these blood cells are specifically for collecting carbon dioxide from within the lungs, dissolving it in fluid, and pumping it into the ampulla of the spinners so pressure is constantly building up until the webs have been fired, along with that they also have arteries and veins like usual to carry oxygen to the muscle fibers, and they have a proteins tubule that collects proteins to make into webbing.

[anonymusbosch]

Following publication, concerns were raised about the rationale for the approach presented, the assumptions and approximations used and the validity of its application to cardiology. A post-publication review of the Authors’ mathematical arguments revealed a lack of clarity in the terms presented and inferences that are not adequately justified. The main concerns are that the model is based on circular reasoning which makes it non-predictive, that it assumes that blood behaves as an ideal gas, and hypothesizes that quasi-sonic flow velocities exist in the cardiovascular system while all experimental evidence shows that cardiovascular flow velocities are orders of magnitude lower than the speed of sound and do not involve any compressibility effects. The Editors therefore no longer have confidence in the conclusions presented.

...

The theory of flow of gases through rocket motors simply does not apply to blood flow through human arteries – Sanal and his co-workers completely ignore this aspect citing similarity of geometries between rocket nozzles and stenosed arteries. From here, they blatantly make baseless conclusions on how the ‘Sanal flow choking’ can explain asymptomatic cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, neurological disorders, Moyamoya disease and Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – all of which makes absolutely no sense.

excerpts from a Retraction Watch article on a scientist suing journal editors for pulling his articles. my question is: how did these ever get published in the first place?

[medicineinside]

30 March 2023

study with me 📚 arterial blood gases 🩸

[whumpy-daydreams]

Anaesthesia basic equipment

Masterpost

Go ahead, have a nap. But first we need to do some things to make sure you aren't dying, since anaesthesia is a delicate art of shutting down your brain and we don't want to completely turn it off. A lot of drugs also lower your blood pressure, and if this is very very low it can cause symptoms such as death

What do you need?

When setting up the anaesthetic room there are things we need:

Anaesthetic machine - breathes for you, pumping a mixture of oxygen and anaesthetic gases into your lungs. It also collects the CO2 you breathe out and absorbs it.

Monitoring - this checks if you're still alive (or tells us if you might die). We don't use all of it all the time, especially if you're not having general anaesthesia but the basics are:

3 lead ECG (sticky dots on wires that show us the squiggly heart lines and your heart rate)

Blood pressure cuff (measures your blood pressure at set intervals, usually every 5 minutes)

Pulse oximeter (goes on your finger and measures the percentage of oxygen your blood is carrying. It can also measure your heartrate)

Capnography (measures the amount of CO2 you breath out and is measured only when you're intubated)

Extra monitoring

temperature (either taken on the skin or a thin rod that does in your throat to monitor it constantly when you're asleep. Usually only needed in longer surgeries)

invasive blood pressure monitoring (a separate cannula that does in an artery in your wrist that gives an accurate and continuous measurement. Only necessary if you have heart problems/high blood pressure)

Blood sugar (taken occasionally if you're diabetic. It's the basic put a drop of blood on a strip test)

Stuff we might use

Fluids - if the surgery's longer than 30 mins you'll probably get fluids. These might be warmed and usually have added electrolytes usually found in the blood (crystalloid fluids e.g. Hartmanns solution)

Warming - to stop you getting hypothermia we might give you a blanket with hot air going through it, and/or warm fluids. Depends on surgery time and how cold the operating room is

Next up: general anaesthesia

[panb1mbo]

I had no idea about blood and anti-venoms! Feel free to info dump always ❣️

YES YES so some places will inject a small amount of venom into a horse. not enough to cause long-lasting damage, but enough to stimulate their immune system. the immunological response produces antibodies in their blood that are then extracted and used to make the antivenom serum. also also our blood is mainly water!! so when i centrifuge a blood sample in the proper tube (stick the sample in a machine that spins it ridiculously fast while applying centrifugal force) it separates the components into three distinct parts! this clear yellowish liquid that sits on top (mostly water with a couple of chemicals; gases, ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes) then a thin little barrier (the buffy coat, my beloved!!) of platelets and white blood cells. when your platelet count is within a "normal range" it helps you clot wounds nicely. it's a handy little tool that's supposed to help prevent you from bleeding out in most cases. sometimes you end up clotting too much or too little and that's when issues arise. the white blood cells are the little guys in your blood that fight off infections and diseases!! there's multiple kinds of WBC, but ion got time for that rn. then you have red blood cells! i don't care about them!!! just kidding. i just don't love them as much as the buffy coat, and that's not fair to RBCs. your red blood cells are made in the bone marrow. they contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries blood that's been circulated from your heart to your lungs so the blood can carry oxygen to the rest of your body. but that doesn't always go as planned! biological diversity whoooo! in my case, i have an arterial septum defect, which is the fancy medical language for a hole in my heart. some deoxygenated RBCs sneak into the oxygenated side like little bastard cells and my heart ends up working overtime to pump the proper amount of oxygen to every part of my body to keep up with my level of activity. shoutout to my heart, i put it through SO much in high school. i owe it to her to never try cocaine tbh. i already did sports my entire childhood, i don't think i could handle much else lmao.

[thedenimproject]

The Human Body

Systems

Skeletal system

The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages. There are two parts of the skeleton; axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles.

There are 206 bones in an adult human body. The place at which two bones are fitted together is called the joint or articulation. Joints are supported by cartilages and reinforced with ligaments. Functions of the skeletal system are mechanical support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation.

Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of the body part they support. Thus, the anatomy of bones, joints and ligaments is studied topographically, as the bones of the; head and neck, thorax, abdomen, upperand lower limbs.

Muscular system

The muscular system consists of all the body muscles. There are three muscle types; smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. Smooth muscle is found within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach or intestines. Cardiac muscle cells form the heart muscle, also called the false. Skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the body.Among these three, only skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously and enable us to produce body movement, while the function of other two muscle types is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is absolutely unconscious.

Histologically, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in a repetitive fashion giving a striped appearance, hence are called striated muscle.

Cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart and the circulatory system of blood vessels. The heart is composed of four chambers; two atriaand two ventricles. Blood enters the heart through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles. Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood.

he heart acts as a two-way pump. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation of the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated again. While the left side of the heart simultaneously pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation, distributing it to the peripheral tissues. The regular pumping, or heartbeat, is controlled by the conduction system of the heart.

The circulatory system, also called the vascular system, consists of arteries, veins and capillaries. They all comprise a continuous network of vessels which act to carry blood around the body. Blood leaves the heart via arteries, these progressively reduce in size to continue as smaller arterial vessels called arterioles. Arterioles end in a web of even smaller vessels called capillaries. The exchange of gases and nutrients occurs through the capillary walls.

Small veins, called venules, leave from capillaries and gradually increase their lumen on the way to the heart to end as veins. There is a certain histological difference between arteries and veins, but their main functional difference reflects the direction in which they conduct blood: the arteries convey blood from the heart to the periphery, whereas the veins convey blood from the periphery to the heart. 

There are three separate circuits to the circulatory system.

The pulmonary circulation which carries blood between the heart and the lungs;

The coronary circulation which supplies blood to the muscle of the heart;

And the systemic circulation which carries blood to the rest of the body.

Major arteries within the systemic circulatory system are the aorta and its branches, while the main representatives of the veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.

Major functions of the cardiovascular system include transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body within the blood, and as well as eliminating carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste.

Respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of a series of organs; the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs (alveoli). The nasal cavity and pharynx are together called the upper respiratory system, while the remainder of the organs comprise the lower respiratory system.

Respiratory system organs, with the exception of the alveoli, function to conduct air into the lungs aided by the muscles of respiration (mainly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles).

Once air is in the lungs it enters alveoli (the site of gas exchange) and interacts with blood transported by the pulmonary circulation. Here carbon dioxide is removed from, and oxygen returned to, the blood. Thus the major respiratory system function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. 

Nervous system

Nervous system controls how we interact with and respond to our environment, by controlling the function of the organs in our other body systems. The nervous system organs are the brain, spinal cord and sensory organs. These are connected by neurons, which act to transmit neural signalsaround the body. 

Morphologically and topographically, the nervous system is divided into the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Whilst functionally, the nervous system is considered as two parts; the somatic (SNS) or voluntary nervous system, and the autonomic (ANS) or involuntary nervous system.

Digestive system

The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and used as energy. It consists of a series of gastrointestinal tract organs and accessory digestive organs.

The digestive system organs spread from the mouth to the anal canal. So it’s actually a tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal. Accessory digestive organs assist with the mechanical and chemical food breakdown, these are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder.

[sahajhospital]

Is HBOT Therapy Right for You? A Comprehensive Guide to Treatment

Oxygen is an inevitable vital for human survival. The air that you breathe daily is a homogenous mixture of many gaseous substances, such as nitrogen (N2) 78%, oxygen (O2) 21%, 1% other gases, and water vapor. The nitrogen, when breathed, does not participate in respiration and comes out as it is. Of the 21% oxygen, 16% is exhaled back with an additional 4% carbon dioxide. Only the amount of oxygen needed is retained in the body.

What is HBOT?

HBOT, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy, is the treatment of 97% to 100% oxygen filled in a specialized hitech oxygen chamber at an air pressure of 1.5 to 2 times the usual. This therapy allows the individual to breathe in pure oxygen under pressure. As per Boyle’s law, the oxygen molecules become smaller under hyperbaric pressure making it more soluble. In the case of tissue injuries, the oxygen molecules dissolved in the plasma and other body fluids are directly responsible for formation of new blood vessels and the growth of new tissues. It has several other benefits that we will discuss further in this blog post. The agency of food and drug administration (FDA) of United states (USA) has cleared the use of HBOT as safe and effective. HBOT Therapy treatment started in the 1940s to treat the decompression sickness of deep-sea divers of the U.S. Navy. At the primary stages, the HBOT was also used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning. The scope of using Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy has broadened over time.

How is Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy helpful?

• HBOT fills your blood with a significantly high amount of oxygen, making it reach the remotest tissues and cells of the body. • Increased oxygen in the blood boosts the wound healing of surgical procedures, infected wounds, skin grafts, burns, and crush injuries and non-healing amputation stump. • It stimulates the production of collagen protein, which is the primary building block of our skin, muscles, bones, ligaments, and many other connective tissues. • HBOT can prevent severe tissue damage to oxygen-deprived tissues. • It also increases the body’s resistance to infections and blocks harmful bacteria. • HBOT also helps in treating radiation injuries, such as the damage after radiation therapy for treating cancer. • In HBOT chamber, 60 times more oxygen is dissolved in plasma & body fluids.

What diseases can be treated by HBOT?

Hyperbaric chamber treatment can help in treating the following medical conditions:

• Ortho-general diseases like diabetic foot, necrotizing fasciitis, compartment syndrome, pressure ulcers and Gas Gangrene. • Neurological diseases like head injuries, Stroke, Autism, intracranial abscess, cerebral palsy, spinal cord contusion, Trigeminal neuralgia and Bell’s palsy. • Ophthalmological diseases like central retinal artery occlusion (sudden vision loss) and Optic neuritis. • Oncological conditions like Post radiation cystitis, post radiation proctitis, mandibular osteoradionecrosis, prophylactic HBOT before radiation treatment and post radiation non healing wounds. • ENT conditions like sudden sensorineural hearing loss, malignant

HBOT and Sahaj Hospital

Sahaj Hospital has always been ahead in technology and has been providing accommodation for hyperbaric oxygen therapy since 2020, soon after the introduction of the COVID-19 virus. Currently, Sahaj is having a monobaric unit of hi-tech and comfortable hyperbaric oxygen chamber. It has been placed in a dedicated and sophisticated place for safety purposes where the attendants are allowed to observe the patient.

Sahaj has done more than 1000+ cases of HBOT until now.

We will now answer some FAQs about the accommodation of Hyperbaric Chamber treatment.

How many sessions of HBOT can I take in a month?

The number of sessions may vary depending on the condition being treated.

What are some pre-HBOT precautions?

You must not carry anything that contains flammable things, lighters, matches, or anything with batteries or gases.

- Wear 100% cotton clothes because it doesn’t generate static electricity to reduce the risk of sparks and fire.

- Avoid drinking alcohol or carbonated drinks before the treatment.

- Avoid if you have flu or a cold.

- No mobile phones, watches, glasses, contacts, or jewelry are allowed inside the chamber.

What is the duration of an HBOT therapy session?

The usual duration of an HBOT session is 60–70 minutes or more, depending on the plan.

Can people with asthma take HBOT?

Yes, if the condition is not chronic; it depends on the patient’s condition and physical fitness.

Can pregnant women take HBOT?

HBOT therapy is not recommended for pregnant women considering the complications that may occur due to the pressure of the chamber.

What are the side effects of the HBOT therapy?

There are usually no side effects but mild clogging of the ear or nose; the effects may vary person to person.

Can my ears rupture under the pressure of an HBOT chamber?

The HBOT is done under careful supervision and examination, so the chances are too slim to consider.

What malfunctions may occur during the HBOT therapy?

Sahaj uses flagship-level high-end machines, so there is nearly no scope for malfunctions.

Can people with claustrophobia take the HBOT therapy?

People with claustrophobia may have trouble facing the closed chamber. But at Sahaj, acutely feared people can take HBOT as the upper half of the chamber is transparent and see through.

What precautions should be kept in mind after an HBOT session?

Nothing as such; you may get back to your usual lifestyle after the sessions.

What are the chances of getting oxygen toxicity during HBOT sessions?

Oxygen toxicity is taking too much highly concentrated oxygen which may happen in sessions too long in rare cases, we limit our sessions to 60–70 minutes which is too far from being risky.

What are the emergency protocols for HBOT treatment?

The HBOT chamber comes with an accessible emergency switch that can be pressed from inside. The chamber room as well is equipped with disaster management for electric and fire hazards, limiting the chances of any unfortunate disaster to zero.

Do we cover insurance?

Yes, HBOT therapy is covered depending on your disease, if HBOT is prescribed by your doctor and if it is covered by your insurance at the same time. It depends on your policy terms and conditions. Most insurances cover the FDA approved 14 defined conditions and many more off label conditions that your insurance may or may not cover.

[moko1590m]

息をしなくても酸素呼吸ができる粒子を発明! - IRORIO（イロリオ） 面白そうなニュースだが、なぜ情報源となった英語の記事やプレスリリース、論文などへのリンクがないのか？（この不満は日本語圏のWebで科学系ニュースを配信しているほとんどの媒体にいえることだ） だいたい見出しが「発明」なのに本文で「画期的な粒子を発見」はおかしい。そうかと思えば「救急医療のために発明」とまた「発明」が出てくる。発明と発見は違うのに……。記事のライターは丸子かおり氏（Twitter）。 ともかく、このニュースが単なるヨタなのか確認すべく、「ボストン小児病院」「ジョン・ハイル」「酸素」というキーワードを頼りに英語で検索してみた（こういう手間がかかるからソースの記載やリンクを貼ってほしいのだが）。 調べた結果 記事中の「ジョン・ハイル」はおそらくこの John N. Kheir 氏だろう。Kheir を「ケイル」ではなく「ハイル」と読むとすると中東系なのだろうか。本当にこの読みが正しいのかは不明。 で、元になる情報はこれ。ボストン小児病院のニュースページにあったが、日付は2012年6月27日なので1年前だ。 Injecting life-saving oxygen into a vein - Boston Children's Hospital 上の記事によると論文掲載は Science Translational Medicine 誌の2012年6月27日号らしい。論文自体は登録会員しか見られないようだが、アブストラクト（概要）だけなら以下で読めるのでざっと和訳してみた（追記：論文全体はここで読める）。英語は苦手な上に医療系はよく知らないので、誤りがあればご指摘を。 Oxygen Gas–Filled Microparticles Provide Intravenous Oxygen Delivery（酸素ガスを充填した微粒子による静脈内酸素送達） We have developed an injectable foam suspension containing self-assembling, lipid-based microparticles encapsulating a core of pure oxygen gas for intravenous injection. Prototype suspensions were manufactured to contain between 50 and 90 ml of oxygen gas per deciliter of suspension. Particle size was polydisperse, with a mean particle diameter between 2 and 4 μm. When mixed with human blood ex vivo, oxygen transfer from 70 volume % microparticles was complete within 4 s. When the microparticles were infused by intravenous injection into hypoxemic rabbits, arterial saturations increased within seconds to near-normal levels; this was followed by a decrease in oxygen tensions after stopping the infusions. The particles were also infused into rabbits undergoing 15 min of complete tracheal occlusion. Oxygen microparticles significantly decreased the degree of hypoxemia in these rabbits, and the incidence of cardiac arrest and organ injury was reduced compared to controls. The ability to administer oxygen and other gases directly to the bloodstream may represent a technique for short-term rescue of profoundly hypoxemic patients, to selectively augment oxygen delivery to at-risk organs, or for novel diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the ability to titrate gas infusions rapidly may minimize oxygen-related toxicity. 静脈注射用の、純酸素を核とした自己集合性の脂質ベース微粒子を含んだ、注射可能な発泡懸濁液を我々は開発した。試作の懸濁液は懸濁液1dLあたり50〜90mLの酸素を含むように作製した。平均粒径2〜4μmで、異なる大きさの粒子は均一に分散していた。体外でヒト血液と混合すると、70体積パーセントの微粒子から酸素の移動が4秒以内に完了した。微粒子を低酸素血症のウサギに静脈注射すると、動脈の酸素飽和度が数秒で正常に近いレベルまで増加したが、注入を停止した後は酸素圧の減少が続いた。また、完全気道閉塞のウサギに粒子を15分間注入した。酸素の微粒子はこのウサギ達の低酸素血症の度合いを著しく減少させ、心停止と臓器障害の発生率が対照と比較して減少した。血流に直接送った酸素やその他のガスを管理する技能は、深刻な低酸素血症患者に対して、リスクのある臓器へ酸素供給を選択的に増やす一時的な救命技術や、新たな診断技術へ向けた意義がある。さらに急速にガス注入液を滴定する技能は、酸素に関連した毒性を最小限に抑えることができる。 ということで、ウサギで実験した模様。なお、以下の記事では Kheir 氏本人が解説している。酸素に乏しい赤血球と接触した微粒子は酸素を急速に放出し、残った脂質の殻は体内で代謝されるのだという。 Breathing an idea to life: Injectable oxygen microparticles — Vector（2012年6月27日） また、Advanced Healthcare Materials 誌にも Kheir 氏らの論文が出ている（2013年3月8日）。この LOM (Lipid-based Oxygen Microparticles) と呼ばれる酸素を含んだ微粒子の溶液を大量に作る方法が記載されているらしい。 Bulk Manufacture of Concentrated Oxygen Gas-Filled Microparticles for Intravenous Oxygen Delivery - Kheir - 2013 - Advanced Healthcare Materials - Wiley Online Library こちらのアブストラクトは斜め読みしただけで訳す気にならなかったが、この一文だけは気になった。 Distinct from blood substitutes, LOMs are a one-way oxygen carrier designed to rescue patients who experience life-threatening hypoxemia, as caused by airway obstruction or severe lung injury. LOMは代用血液とは異なり、気道閉塞や重度の肺損傷によって重篤な低酸素血症となった患者を救うために設計された、一方向の酸素担体である。 担体というのはキャリア、輸送するもののこと。「一方向の酸素担体」ということは、つまり血液のように酸素を渡して二酸化炭素を受け取ったりするのではなく、ただ一方的に酸素を渡すだけのものということだ。二酸化炭素や老廃物、そして養分の運搬などがおこなえないということは、これだけで長時間過ごすことは不可能だろう。あくまでも一時的な救命のため開発されたものである。

「息をしなくても酸素呼吸ができる粒子」について - 100光年ダイアリー

[heartheathblogs]

Difference Between Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation: Understanding the Body’s Vital Blood Circuits

The human circulatory system consists of two crucial circuits: pulmonary and systemic circulation. These pathways work together to ensure oxygenated blood reaches the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the lungs for reoxygenation.

Pulmonary circulation focuses on the exchange of gases. Deoxygenated blood from the body is transported to the right side of the heart, which then pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and the now oxygen-rich blood returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins.

Systemic circulation, on the other hand, distributes this oxygenated blood throughout the body. The left side of the heart pumps oxygen-laden blood into the aorta, which branches into various arteries delivering it to tissues and organs. As cells utilize oxygen and produce carbon dioxide, the deoxygenated blood is returned to the right side of the heart via veins, completing the circuit.

Together, pulmonary and systemic circulations create a continuous loop that ensures vital oxygen delivery and waste removal, maintaining homeostasis and supporting life’s essential processes.

[stellaphlebotomist]

The Ultimate Guide to Phlebotomy Test Tube Colors: Understanding the Importance of Color Coding in Blood Collection

Title: The Ultimate Guide to Phlebotomy Test⁢ Tube Colors: Understanding ‌the⁤ Importance of ​Color ​Coding in Blood Collection

Meta Title: Phlebotomy ‌Test Tube Colors: A Comprehensive Guide‍ for Blood Collection

Meta Description: Learn⁢ about the significance of color-coded⁤ test tubes in phlebotomy and gain a better understanding of the different tube colors used in⁤ blood ​collection⁣ procedures.

Introduction:

Phlebotomy ‌is the process of drawing ⁤blood from a patient for various diagnostic tests, blood donations, or⁤ medical treatments. It is a crucial aspect of healthcare, ⁣as accurate ⁣blood sampling is essential for ‍accurate diagnosis‌ and treatment. One key component​ of phlebotomy that ensures the integrity of blood samples is‍ the use of color-coded test tubes. These tubes are not just for show; each color represents⁢ a specific additive or anticoagulant that⁤ helps preserve the blood⁢ sample for testing.‌ Understanding the significance of phlebotomy test tube ⁣colors is essential​ for ⁢phlebotomists, nurses, and other healthcare ⁣professionals involved in blood collection procedures.

Benefits and Practical Tips:

1. Accurate Blood Sample Collection: Using‍ the correct color-coded test tubes ensures that the blood sample is preserved properly ‌for accurate test results. 2. Improved Workflow: By organizing test tubes based⁣ on⁢ color, healthcare professionals can keep track of the samples efficiently and prevent mix-ups. 3. Patient Safety: Properly labeled and⁢ color-coded test tubes help prevent errors that could endanger patient safety. 4. Standardization: Following a standard color-coding system for test tubes ensures ⁤consistency and reliability in blood collection procedures. 5. Time Efficiency: Knowing the⁣ significance of test tube colors can help streamline the blood collection process and reduce ​the time taken for⁣ sample handling.

Understanding⁣ Phlebotomy Test Tube Colors:

Phlebotomy test tubes come in a variety of colors, with each color⁣ representing ​a specific additive or anticoagulant used​ in blood collection. Here is a breakdown ⁣of the most‍ common test tube colors and their significance:

1. Red: The‍ red-top ⁣tube is used for​ serum tests. It does not contain any additives or anticoagulants, allowing the blood to clot naturally. Common⁤ tests performed with red-top tubes include⁢ blood chemistry ⁣panels, antibody screening, ⁢and blood​ bank ‌tests. 2. Lavender:⁤ Lavender-top tubes ​are used for complete​ blood counts (CBC) and blood typing. The tube ‌contains the anticoagulant EDTA, which prevents the blood ⁣from clotting by binding to calcium ions. 3. Light Blue: ⁢Light blue-top tubes​ contain sodium⁢ citrate, ‍an anticoagulant used for coagulation studies, including prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial​ thromboplastin time​ (aPTT). 4. Green:⁣ Green-top ⁣tubes contain heparin, an anticoagulant ‌used⁤ for various tests, such as plasma chemistry tests, arterial blood⁣ gases, and ammonia levels. 5. Gray:‍ Gray-top ‍tubes contain the‌ anticoagulant ⁣sodium fluoride and⁣ the preservative potassium oxalate. These tubes are used for glucose⁣ testing, as sodium fluoride inhibits ⁢glycolysis⁣ in ‌the blood sample. 6. ⁤Yellow: Yellow-top tubes are used for blood culture tests. ‌These tubes contain a⁤ preservative that prevents the growth of bacteria in the blood sample.

Case Studies:

Case Study ⁣#1: Sarah ​is a phlebotomist tasked with collecting blood samples from a patient for a liver function test. She selects a​ red-top‍ tube for the serum test, ensuring that ‌the sample clots properly to ‌obtain accurate ⁤results.

Case Study #2: John is ​a nurse collecting blood from a patient for a coagulation study.⁤ He uses a light blue-top tube containing ​sodium citrate ⁢to ⁣prevent the blood from clotting, allowing for accurate PT⁢ and aPTT results.

First-Hand​ Experience:

As a seasoned⁣ phlebotomist, ​I have seen firsthand​ the importance of understanding ‌phlebotomy test tube colors. Accurate blood sample collection is crucial for patient care, and using the correct color-coded tubes plays a significant role in achieving this goal. By following established color-coding guidelines and best practices⁢ in blood collection, healthcare professionals⁣ can ensure the quality and integrity of blood samples for diagnostic testing.

Conclusion:

Phlebotomy test tube⁣ colors play⁣ a‍ vital role in blood collection procedures, ensuring the accuracy ⁢and reliability of diagnostic tests. By understanding the significance of each ‍tube color and the additives they contain, healthcare professionals can ​streamline the blood collection⁢ process, prevent errors, and prioritize ⁣patient safety. Incorporating a ⁤standardized color-coding​ system in phlebotomy practices helps maintain consistency ⁤and efficiency in​ blood sample handling. Remember, the next ​time ⁢you encounter a⁢ color-coded⁣ test tube, know that it represents a key ⁤component in ⁢the journey of a blood sample from the patient to⁢ the⁤ laboratory‍ for⁣ analysis.

https://phlebotomytechnicianprogram.org/the-ultimate-guide-to-phlebotomy-test-tube-colors-understanding-the-importance-of-color-coding-in-blood-collection/

[nfumbewalk]

Santa Muerte: Near Death

Reposted picture. My Santa Muerte shrine.

I've probably mentioned this, but as an electroshock patient, please humor me. Yes, shocks to the head, 120-250 joules of electricity. Nine treatments. Anterograde & retrograde memory loss from it.

Back in March of 2003, I was living in Tucson with my ex husband turned husband again. I had a bad flu where my cough got out of control and my oxygen started depleting. I refused treatment but my husband decided to call the paramedics. Once I got to the hospital, all I can remember is my ABG's (arterial blood gases) being taken from the blood in an artery in my wrist. They tried five times! I used to have five poke scars but now I just have one. I remember the pain! Horrible, swear they used 16 gauge needles! Huge!

They put me in a medically induced coma.

From then on - no memory until I saw Santa Muerte. She came to me in her white lace robe, looking beautiful - her amethyst eyes twinkling as she looked at me. I spoke to her with my mind. "What am I doing here? I don't want to live." Santa put her skeletal hand on my chest, touching my heart. With her purple eyes glistening, she spoke to me, with her mind, not moving her mandible: "Child, you are saved on purpose. You are very loved and you have gifts. It's not your time yet. You have much to do."

Very simple. Comforting. She disappeared and just a second later, I woke up! They said that it looked like I was going to make it. But I said, "How long?" The nurse said I was in a coma for two weeks.

This is just a little blip about Santa Muerte. I 💖love💖 her! She made me NOT afraid of death & dying. Since then, I witnessed both of my parents die. While not easy & very distressing - I know I can handle the big shit in life.

On the 25th, it's the 1st anniversary of my dad passing. My brother is having a memorial. I found out that my son Aleister Wilhelm is flying here from Michigan! I haven't seen him in 7 years! My baby! Only reason we're going. Of course, for dad's memory but I imagine he'd hate being there. Yes, I know my dad. Lol!

Enough! Santa says "Shut up!" 💖💀💖

[snehagoogle]

It is said that protozoa are unicellular organisms

It is said that protozoa are unicellular organisms

And we are multicellular organisms

The most surprising thing is that despite being multicellular organisms, each of our cells collects nutrients and oxygen separately through the lungs

It is said that in our body cells are dying and new ones are being born all the time

The dying cells lose contact with the lungs

But how do the newly born cells establish contact with the lungs through nerves

The dying cells of the body remain in contact with the lungs

How do the newly formed cells establish contact with the lungs

Lung regeneration: mechanisms, applications and emerging ...

National Institutes of Health (NIH) (.gov)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC4229034

by DN Kotton · 2014 · Cited by 536 — Recent studies have shown that the respiratory system has an extensive ability to respond to injury and regenerate lost or damaged cells.

Histology, Lung - StatPearls

National Institutes of Health (NIH) (.gov)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › books › NBK534789

by YS Khan · 2023 · Cited by 38 

The lungs are a pair of primary organs of respiration, present in the thoracic cavity beside the mediastinum. They are covered by a thin double-layered serous membrane called the pleura.

The respiratory system consists of two components, the conducting portion, and the respiratory portion. The conducting portion brings the air from outside to the site of the respiration. The respiratory portion helps in the exchange of gases and oxygenation of the blood.

The conducting portion of the respiratory system includes the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and a whole series of successive narrowing segments of bronchi and bronchioles. The conducting portion end at the terminal bronchiole. The respiratory portion begins from the respiratory bronchiole and continues with the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and finally ends at the alveoli where the significant exchange of gases takes place. The branching pattern of these conducting passages looks like the branching of a tree and hence called the tracheobronchial tree [1].

The right lung has three, and the left lung has two lobes. Each is aeriated by a secondary (lobar) bronchus. The lobes are further divided into smaller pyramidal shaped sections called the bronchopulmonary segments. There are ten bronchopulmonary segments in each lung with their apex directed towards the hilum, and each is aeriated by a tertiary (segmental) bronchus [2].

The alveoli are the structural and functional units of the respiratory system. There are around 300 million alveoli in an adult human amounting to approximates 80 square meters of surface area for the gaseous exchange [3].

The lungs are an essential component of the pulmonary circulation where the deoxygenated blood pumped by the right ventricle of the heart is gushed through the pulmonary arteries to alveolar-capillary beds of the lung for gaseous exchange. The oxygenated blood from the capillaries of the lungs is returned to the left atrium by the four pulmonary veins.

Nowadays, a very advanced medical system has been developed even from protozoa.

A wonderful treatment system is running nowadays through the hospitality system.

Translate Hindi

कहते है प्रोटोजोआ एककोशिकीय जीव है

और हम बहुकोशिकीय जीव है

सबसे ज्यादा ताज्जुब वाली बात यह है हम बहुकोशिकीय जीव होते हुए भी हमारा एक एक कोष अलग अलग से फेफड़ों के माध्यम से न्यूट्रिएंट्स और ऑक्सीजन संग्रह करते है

कहा जाता है हमारी शरीर में हर एक समय कोष मर भी रहे है और नए जन्म भी ले रहे है

मरने वाले कोष फेफड़ों से संपर्क छीन्न हो जाते है

मगर नए पैदा होकर कोष कैसे नसों द्वारा फेफड़ों से संपर्क बनाते है

शरीर के मरने वाले कोष फेफड़ों के संपर्क में रहते है

नए बनने वाले कोष फेफड़ों से कैसे संपर्क बनाते है

फेफड़े का पुनर्जनन: तंत्र, अनुप्रयोग और उभरते ...

राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य संस्थान (NIH) (.gov)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › लेख › PMC4229034

डीएन कोटन द्वारा · 2014 · 536 द्वारा उद्धृत - हाल के अध्ययनों से पता चला है कि श्वसन प्रणाली में चोट का जवाब देने और खोई या क्षतिग्रस्त कोशिकाओं को पुनर्जीवित करने की व्यापक क्षमता है।

ऊतक विज्ञान, फेफड़े - StatPearls

राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य संस्थान (NIH) (.gov)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › पुस्तकें › NBK534789

वाईएस खान द्वारा · 2023 · 38 द्वारा उद्धृत

फेफड़े श���वसन के प्राथमिक अंगों की एक जोड़ी हैं, जो मीडियास्टिनम के बगल में वक्ष गुहा में मौजूद होते हैं। वे एक पतली दोहरी परत वाली सीरस झिल्ली से ढके होते हैं जिसे प्लुरा कहा जाता है।

श्वसन तंत्र में दो घटक होते हैं, संवाहक भाग और श्वसन भाग। संवाहक भाग बाहर से हवा को श्वसन स्थल तक लाता है। श्वसन भाग गैसों के आदान-प्रदान और रक्त के ऑक्सीकरण में मदद करता है। श्वसन तंत्र के संवाहक भाग में नाक, नासोफरीनक्स, स्वरयंत्र, श्वासनली और ब्रांकाई और ब्रोन्किओल्स के क्रमिक संकीर्ण खंडों की एक पूरी श्रृंखला शामिल है। संवाहक भाग टर्मिनल ब्रोन्किओल पर समाप्त होता है। श्वसन भाग श्वसन ब्रोन्किओल से शुरू होता है और वायुकोशीय नलिकाओं, वायुकोशीय थैलियों के साथ जारी रहता है और अंत में एल्वियोली पर समाप्त होता है जहां गैसों का महत्वपूर्ण आदान-प्रदान होता है। इन संवाहक मार्गों का शाखा पैटर्न एक पेड़ की शाखाओं की तरह दिख��ा है और इसलिए इसे ट्रेकियोब्रोंकियल ट्री [1] कहा जाता है। दाएं फेफड़े में तीन और बाएं फेफड़े में दो लोब होते हैं प्रत्येक फेफड़े में दस ब्रोन्कोपल्मोनरी खंड होते हैं जिनका शीर्ष हिलम की ओर निर्देशित होता है, और प्रत्येक को तृतीयक (खंडीय) ब्रोन्कस [2] द्वारा हवादार किया जाता है। एल्वियोली श्वसन प्रणाली की संरचनात्मक और कार्यात्मक इकाइयाँ हैं। एक वयस्क मानव में लगभग 300 मिलियन एल्वियोली होते हैं जो गैसीय विनिमय के लिए लगभग 80 वर्ग मीटर सतह क्षेत्र के बराबर होते हैं [3]। फेफड़े फुफ्फुसीय परिसंचरण का एक आवश्यक घटक हैं जहां हृदय के दाएं वेंट्रिकल द्वारा पंप किया गया ऑक्सीजन रहित रक्त गैसीय विनिमय के लिए फुफ्फुसीय धमनियों के माध्यम से फेफड़ों के वायुकोशीय-केशिका बिस्तरों तक पहुंचाया जाता है। फेफड़ों की केशिकाओं से ऑक्सीजन युक्त रक्त चार फुफ्फुसीय नसों द्वारा बाएं आलिंद में वापस आ जाता है।

आजकल प्रोटोजोआ से भी बहुत उन्नत दवाई व्यवस्था बन चुका है

एक अद्भुत इलाज व्यवस्था आजकल चल रहा है हॉस्पिटैलिटी पद्धति द्वारा

[divvflow2]

The Invisible Symphony: Understanding the World of Fluid Flow

Fluid flow, the seemingly effortless movement of liquids and gases, is a fundamental force shaping our world. From the gentle lapping of waves on a beach to the mighty roar of a jet engine, fluid dynamics, the science of fluid flow, plays a crucial role. This article delves into the fascinating world of fluids, exploring its core principles, applications, and the profound impact it has on various scientific and engineering fields.

Unveiling the Secrets: The Science of Fluid Flow

Fluid dynamics rests upon two key pillars: fluid mechanics and fluid statics. Fluid mechanics focuses on the motion of fluids, analyzing the forces that cause them to flow and the resulting effects. Fluid statics, on the other hand, studies fluids at rest, examining the forces acting on them and the resulting pressure distribution.

Mathematically, fluid flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, a set of complex differential equations that describe the relationship between a fluid's velocity, pressure, and viscosity. These equations, however, are notoriously difficult to solve analytically, except for simple cases. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) comes to the rescue, employing powerful computers to numerically solve the Navier-Stokes equations and simulate complex fluid behaviors.

The Symphony of Forces: Factors Influencing Fluid Flow

Several factors influence fluid flow, each playing a vital role in the movement and behavior of fluids. Here are some key players:

Pressure: Pressure, the force exerted per unit area on a surface, acts as the driving force behind fluid flow. Fluids move from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.

Viscosity: Viscosity refers to a fluid's resistance to flow. Honey, for example, has a higher viscosity than water, making it flow more slowly.

Density: Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. Denser fluids tend to exert a greater force due to gravity, impacting their flow behavior.

External forces: External forces, such as gravity, centrifugal forces, and drag, can significantly influence fluid flow. The curvature of an airplane wing, for instance, creates lift by manipulating airflow.

A World in Motion: Applications of Fluid Flow

Fluid dynamics plays a crucial role in various scientific and engineering fields. Here are some prominent examples:

Aeronautics and Astronautics: Understanding fluid flow is essential for designing airplanes, rockets, and spacecraft. Aerodynamic principles govern lift, drag, and stability, allowing aircraft to navigate the skies.

Civil Engineering: Fluid dynamics is used to design bridges, dams, and other structures that interact with flowing fluids. Flood control systems and water distribution networks also rely heavily on an understanding of fluid behavior.

Chemical Engineering: Chemical engineers utilize fluid dynamics to design reactors, pipelines, and other equipment used in chemical processing. Fluid flow optimization ensures efficient mixing and transportation of chemicals during reactions.

Biomedical Engineering: Blood flow through arteries and veins, as well as airflow within the lungs, are all governed by fluid dynamics. Understanding these flows is crucial for developing artificial heart valves, stents, and respiratory devices.

Beyond the Obvious: The Invisible Force Shaping Our Lives

Fluid flow influences countless aspects of our daily lives, often unseen. From the circulation of blood in our bodies to the efficient operation of our cars, fluid dynamics plays a vital role.

Understanding fluid flow is fundamental for weather forecasting, as it governs the movement of air masses and the formation of weather patterns. Even everyday activities like pouring a cup of coffee or swimming in a pool involve the principles of fluid dynamics.

The Future of Flow: Innovations and Advancements

The field of fluid dynamics is constantly evolving, with advancements in computational power and new experimental techniques leading to exciting discoveries. Areas of active research include:

Turbulence: Turbulence, the chaotic and unpredictable nature of fluid flow, is still not fully understood. Research is ongoing to develop more accurate models to predict and control turbulent flows.

Microfluidics: The study of fluid flow at the microscopic level holds immense potential in areas like medical diagnostics and drug delivery. Microfluidic devices are being developed to analyze minute amounts of fluids and create targeted therapies.

By unraveling the mysteries of fluid flow, scientists and engineers continue to develop innovative solutions for a wide range of challenges. From designing more efficient aircraft to developing advanced medical technologies, fluid dynamics promises to shape the future in profound ways.