#Application modernization in United Kingdom

[teqrox]

Next-Level Application Modernization Solutions for Your Enterprise

An Interactive digital marketing in UK co-op is an organization that has practical experience in refreshing and improving obsolete or heritage programming applications to make them more productive, secure, and viable with present-day advancements. These suppliers offer a wide range of administrations including programming modernization, application movement, application re-engineering, and application coordination.

They work intimately with organizations to grasp their interesting needs, evaluate their ongoing innovation foundation, and foster a far-reaching plan to modernize their applications. This might include revising code, removing obsolete parts, refreshing information bases, or moving applications to the cloud.

The essential objective of an application modernization specialist co-op is to assist organizations with changing their heritage frameworks into current, smart, and responsive applications that can fulfill the needs of the rapidly changing advanced scene. By utilizing the most recent advances and industry best practices, these suppliers can assist organizations with expanding efficiency, decreasing costs, and further developing consumer loyalty.

[writtenbygracewilliams]

Peerages & Titles: everything you need to know

[A heavily researched 6.5k+ hyperfocus from my Google docs, to help your fanfics]

Disclaimers:

Sources are not consistent. You’d think they would be. They are not. I’ve corralled several reliable websites and books into something that I think makes sense, is accessible, and fits [largely] with portrayals in Bridgerton/modern media.

That being said, Bridgerton/modern media make mistakes. You might notice in reading through all this that there is something different to how it is portrayed in media. Feel free to discuss with me, I could very well be wrong, but also know that you are consuming fiction and this is intended to be fact.

However, whilst trying to be correct, many sources are modern and it is difficult to confirm how titling and forms of address may have changed in the past 200–300 years. Though, I imagine not greatly given the peerage and aristocracy still exists.

Where possible, I have used Bridgerton characters as the examples so that it is easier to make sense/contextualise it. Names in red are not characters, just placeholder names. Hence I have reduced, reused, recycled these names.

On the note of using names from within the Bridgerverse, the Marquess of Ashdown was not married when we met him. I’d also like to know what Julia Quinn has against Earls and Marquesses, Marquesses especially.

Second note of using names in the Bridgerverse, I refuse to use Baron of Kent because it is a factual/historical disaster. More on that here.

This only applies to aristocracy of Britain/UK [minimally Ireland, read here], if I do more of Europe/anywhere else I will link it below but let me know if you want that.

All of these posts may be edited/expanded at any time as my research continues.

Further posts:

General info, start here!

Glossary

A brief history of the peerages/titles

The different peerages [England, Great Britain, United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland]

How royal titles work

Peerage applications and functions in the modern day

Privileges of the peerage

How titles apply to the child of peers

Rank and precedence within the peerage

Titling rules for non peers

Other roles and titles I can give address information for

Female inheritance of titles

Territorial designations, and when the surname differs from the title name

Haven’t decided if I will do a post on grammar rules when writing peers because despite studying etiquette and titles for over a decade, and linguistics and grammar for seven years, the grammar/capitalisation rules of writing peers broke my final straw of sanity. Let me know how much you want it, or just drop any specific questions.

Put any questions about any of this in my ask :)

–GW xo

[cyndaquillt]

please give the rant bestie 🤲

Sorry it took me a while to get to this cause I was turning the rant into a mildly coherent essay. (This is very long, I'm sorry :/)

TL;DR : India is a modern nation state that will face the challenge of falling apart if each indigenous group is indeed given sovereignity over their land, culture, and language so its easier to instead perpetrate the myth of an ethnically united Indian people with common language(s), religion, culture, etc to if the priority is to maintain a united, big country regardless of your political stance.

OK SO!

To preface this discussion, I want to point out that settler colonialism in South Asia predates the global modern perception of colonialism which comes largely from a European colonial lens. The subcontinent itself being a victim of modern European colonialism means a South Asian's default understanding of colonialism through lived experiences comes largely from a situation where we are the victims of colonization, not the perpetrators. This means there are deep rooted nuances and systemic privileges that the average Indian gets, that are easy to miss entirely if one is not actively looking for dogwhistles or watching out for propaganda, especially because the way Indians get introduced to colonialism is through the independence movement where there is a clear foreign entity that hasn't clearly assimilated into South Asian societies and whose parent country still exists. Then things get more complicated when the interplay between conquest and colonization comes in because the timeline of South Asian settler colonialism has heavy overlap with conquests where, for better or worse, stable monarchies were established with kingdoms where rulers that generally assimilated with the populace and were even well received by the people they were ruling over. Also note that I am going to be writing this from an Indian lens. There may be bias when I make general sweeping statements applicable to all of South Asia, because I am Indian and know Indian society best (at least macroscopically).

South Asian settler colonialism goes wayy wayy back, to the establishment of a Brahmanical Aryan society and benefits to being an upper caste Aryans over everyone else is very evident even in Ancient India. Let's take the Arthashastra as an example. In his 1987 translation of Kautilya's Arthashastra, political economist L. N. Rangarajan notes that not only being an Aryan had benefits in a Kautilyan society, but falsely posing as an Aryan to avail those benefits had grave consequences. You can find this translation in its entirety here. In the introductory section titled 'Kautilyan State and Society', the translator compiles points on not only the treatment of Non-Aryans, but details the consequences for interactions between Aryans and Non-aryans and even the difference in treatment each demographic gets. Eg: An Aryan man in a relationship with a Svapaka (dog-breeder, non-aryan) woman was branded and exiled, whereas a Svapaka man in a relationship with an Aryan woman was to be executed. Banished, an aryan man still lives. But if you cross the same line as a non-aryan man, you die.

The translation also has details on how to settle a 'virgin land' in Part IV of the text. While the general advice is to leave native 'jungle tribes' alone, the reason for this isn't granting territorial sovereignty, but to avoid being attacked by them. Granting indigenous groups territorial sovereignty is also bad for monarchic control so instead, non-aryans are given tasks and a place in the society as guards, labourers, slaves, etc (note that Arthashastra is very clear that aryans cannot be enslaved and slave labour must come from outside of Aryan social structure/outside of the Varna system).

The reason I bring up the Arthashastra here is due to a couple reasons. Arthashastra, to my knowledge, is one of the earliest known complete socio-economic treaty, dated either 4th Century BCE or 2nd Century BCE (contingent on if Kautilya is indeed Chanakya). It is exceptionally thorough and while it is uncertain whether what's detailed in the Arthashastra was reality or simply an ideal kingdom according to Kautilya, it does address and often disagrees with its contemporary or preceding socio-economic schools of thoughts, providing a multidimensional and ideologically diverse image of politics of the times, something revisionist history born out of nationalism wants to ignore. The other major reason I chose to bring up Arthashastra here is also to point out the revision of the perception and image of Kautilya to fit post-colonial, nationalist idea of the earliest historical entity to kickstart the subcontinent's unification, as opposed what it actually must have been, which is simply establishing a nation state through tactful conquest and settlement of lands. (Mauryan settler politics is also a separate rant btw, hmu if you want that too but that would be a digression here).

Settler colonialism of people present in the land before Aryan migration into the subcontinent of course, predates Arthashatra and Mauryan rule. But we are going to move forward in time instead and talk a bit about the medieval times. By the time European colonialism reached South Asia, our lands were hosting a myriad of communities, ethnicities, religious beliefs, etc. Foreign perception of 'the land beyond the Indus', the Greek 'India' or the Arabic 'Hind' and its people the uniform 'Hindu' is convenient for a west centric perspective trying to build a colony or a nation state out of South Asia. But the reality was not that homogenous and ethnic divides were rife in the subcontinent. Eg : Shivaji's rivalry against Aurangzeb was not a religious issue, it was born out of the sovereign claim of Marathas and Shivaji over Bijapur (source). While religious divide is most certainly present in the medieval India around the same time (eg: Guru Gobind Singh's establishment of the Khalsa and resistance against Aurangzeb), I believe ethnic divide was equally important.

The reason I bring up the dichotomy of religious and ethnic divides is because I believe division in terms of religion benefitted British control of India a lot more than ethnic division did. To that end, the British fanned the flames of the religious divide to break up ethnic solidarity. A good portion of South Asian kingdom split was by ethnicities (Marathas once again a good example of it). If ethnicities unite, they can come together to claim an independent nation state. But religious unity with multiple ethnicities doesn't work as a good model for a rebellion because ethnic divide is so dominant and not to mention, even a single South Asian religion was never that united to begin with, especially the blanket religion of Hinduism with its caste heirarchy, untouchability, non-aryan tribal politics, etc, etc. A religious divide would aide British control. A united Bengali front could ask back for an independent nation state of Bengal but a divided Bengal based on religion is a good way to cultivate infighting so that we may never unite against the oppressor.

200 years of fanning the religious divide flame required as strong of a uniting front if the British were to be thrown out and the freedom movement, especially the one born out of Gandhian efforts provided just that. Caste, ethnic, and religious unity were always a front for Gandhian politics and they served their purpose well against a common eenemy. But what after the common enemy is gone? Modern South Asian society then ended up with the same old ethnic and religious tensions, though at this point in time, religious divide is far stronger than it has ever been. Though no division of a multireligious ethnicity could be clean, and considering that ethnic unity has been a glue far stronger than religious unity before now, the Indo-Pak partition that broke that glue of ethnic unity and was so bloody that our scars from then bleed to this day.

However, in my experience, the modern Indian who has never seen a time where ethnic unity overpowered religious unity or isn't part of an indigenous community whose land has been taken by the modern nation state, finds religious claim to the land ideologically easier to comprehend than indigenous claim to the land. The Kashmir issue is a great example of this. Azad Kashmir has its own self governing body with its own PM and President, albeit being under the administration of Pakistan. I am not Kashmiri, do not live in Azad Kashmir, and have no direct experience of the Kashmir conflict but from what I know, on paper Azad Kashmir is a sovereign piece of land inhabited by various ethnic groups from Punjab, Jammu, Kashmir valley and the Pothohar plateau. However, as an Indian, this region was introduced to me as Pakistan occupied Kashmir and the map of India I was taught includes this as a 'rightful' part of India. A third option of an independent Kashmir is never introduced to us by formal channels. The only two options we get are either Indian or Pakistani control and if you are Indian, there is a supposed right answer that is very wrong on multiple levels. J&K's handover to India was messy because the land was sold to Gulab Singh by the British when the British had no indigenous claim to the land. Kashmir issue is an issue of indigenous sovereignty spun around as an issue of religious divide. The Kashmir Valley didn't get independence with India because its authority went from European colonizers to a vassal princely state to a newly formed nation state, making the said newly formed nation state of India its new settler colonizer. Just like Tibet did not get independence when Nehru ceded it to China when he had no right to. Kashmir didn't become a part of India like Goa did either, where the Indian army fought a second war of independence against the Portuguese, though it is unclear to me if this was/is a move the native populace was okay with (did we make Goa India's Hawaii? Something I need to read up more on). At the very least, in case of Goa, it seems the colonial rule was overthrown in line with the native Goan Liberation Movement's sentiments (source but it is a govt website), though the Indian army fully intended to annex Goa regardless of local resistance. But the Kashmir Valley was ceded to India by someone who had no right to do so. This would have been wrong regardless of the majority religion in the Kashmir Valley, but because religious extremism and violence did happen in the valley and the post-independence territorial India/Pakistan issue was indeed a religious one, the Kashmir issue is best understood by the average Indian as an issue of religious divide and not an issue of indigenous sovereignty when it very much is so. This also means any nationwide Kashmiri liberation movement does not get any traction and the small pockets it exists in can be relabeled as militancy or terrorism.

Modern nation state of India discredits any indigenous movement by flipping it into an issue of religious divide, when it can. It's even more evident post-2014 when religious polarization has been consistently used as a tool to deflect from various policies and national issues that the government should be held accountable for. Changing Gurgaon to Gurugram along with a wave of name changes like Allahabad -> Prayagraj or Mughalsarai -> Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Nagar as a statement of 'reclamation' and decolonization like Bombay -> Mumbai or Calcutta -> Kolkata were, is an example of this. If we are to even admit that all Islamic rule in South Asia was foreign colonialism and ignore the fact that Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay had no claim to the land of Mughalsarai before it was named Mughalsarai, the switch from Gurgaon to Gurugram in 2016 was blatantly discrediting indigenous languages spoken in the region in an attempt to make its Sanskritic and Vedic associations more accessible to those not native to the region.

Adding Sanskrit as the second the state language of Uttarakhand after Hindi in 2010 by its then CM is another such move. Note that this is pre-2014 but the CM of the time who made the addition, Ramesh Pokhriyal, is a member of the BJP. Also note that there are no Sanskrit speakers in the region. Though, Kumaoni and Garhwali, the most spoken regional languages as per the 2011 census are not currently one of the 22 languages recognized in the constitution and there is an ongoing motion for both to be included in the constitution as one of the 38 additional languages. A genuine push to preserve indigeneity of the ethnic groups in Uttarakhand in 2010 shouldn't have been making Sanskrit its official language but for inclusion of Kumaoni and Garhwali in the constitution and giving them the status of official languages of the state that they so rightfully deserve.

Undermining local languages and bestowing superiority to a blanket language isn't a rare tactic when it comes to colonialism of any kind. Both Hindi and Urdu serve this purpose in modern South Asia and Sanskrit serves the same purpose in revisionist history in hopes of peddling the front of a united nation state with credible historicity. The myth of 'we are one people and always have been' is propagated so that it can be used to bind a nation state that was fundamentally never together. While the imposition of language as a way of control is more evident in the South, especially with anti-Hindi sentiments coalescing into full fledged movements, even the idea of 'The Hindi Belt' and a uniform North India are a result of this. The Gangetic plains where the Hindi Belt is supposed to be, isn't linguistically uniform. But barely any language from the region is recognized in the constitution. Take Bihar for instance. A state with some of the most underprivileged population in the country often victim of nationwide elitism and classism, it is very conveniently drafted into the Hindi belt and any recognition of linguistic diversity it gets is derogatory, be it mocking Bihari Hindi or mocking Bhojpuri. However, despite Bihar's national image of a supposedly Bhojpuri speaking state, Bhojpuri isn't one of the languages recognized in the constitution. What's even more interesting is that the Bhojpur region is split between Bihar and UP and is by no means the only language native to the state. There are multiple linguistic spheres in the state and there is active dispute and infighting on what's a language and what's a dialect. Take this map for instance (English added by me) -

If you can read Hindi, notice that Chhapariya and Bhojpuri are labeled as dialects of Hindi. But are they though? Hindi/Urdu or Hindustani/Urdu were born out of a need for a lingua franca in the Delhi region and include vocabulary from northern languages that broke out of Shauraseni Prakrit (like Awadhi, Brij Bhasha, Khariboli) as well as Persian, Arabic, and Chagatai. Meanwhile, languages of Bihar broke out of Magadhi Prakrit, an entirely different dialect than Shauraseni Prakrit with its own quirks and features. Bhojpuri's split from Magadhi Prakrit likely started happening in the 7th Century CE, independent and in parallel to formation of Hindustani as a language (7th to 13th century CE). How can a language be a dialect of another language if their histories, linguistic progression, and demographics are all different? Well, if you never acknowledge that it was dialects of Prakrit that Indic languages come from and not Sanskrit, then you may be more successful in enforcing cultural homogeneity instead of retention of indigenous diversity. One could argue that this map may be an isolated case of the issue but the fact that linguistic diversity of culturally northern states is erased when speaking about establishment of an ideal national identity modelled after the strawman people of the Ganges-Yamuna region (The 'Hindi Belt') is a mark of settler erasure to ensure a united front for the nation state of India.

Homogeneity is easy to control/unite. A religious ethnostate is one way to get that homogeneity but sovereign governance for indigenous groups isn't something the center or the left is keen on either, and it won't ever be on the national agenda because it shakes the very foundation of a united Indian nation state. Indian nationalist propaganda relabels and creates a strawman/ideal 'Indian' identity (uniformity in religion, language, looks, etc). Language in particular is an interesting case of this and even the so called 'Hindi belt' is not homogenous and the languages in the said Hindi belt are barely even recognized in the constitution. No recognition of official languages means there will be no official records or means of propagating the language beyond informal familial and community structure which eventually erodes linguistic diversity, a phenomena that has already started happening in cities in particularly upper and upper middle class urban families, who are leading this change by either only teaching their children English in the name of 'progression' or only Hindi for assimilation. The elite, classist left will not suddenly abandon English and the right wing will take up Sanskrit or Hindi as opposed to their ethnicities' native languages. Mockery, microaggression, exoticism of different ethnicities and indigenous groups is also going to stay and any movement for claims of landback will be subject to allegations of dwindling patriotism at best and militancy at worst. Even if a Hindu nationalist sentiment is eradicated, settler colonialism will continue in India for the foreseeable future.

I hope this was somewhat coherent and apologies again for it being so long....

[usafphantom2]

BAE Systems will improve GPS technology in the Eurofighter Typhoon

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 11/17/2023 - 14:00 in Military

After successful activities to demonstrate functional compatibility and feasibility of physical installation, BAE Systems' Digital Anti-jam GPS Receiver (DIGAR) was selected to continue in the next phase of the Phase 4 Improvements (P4E) capability program on the Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft.

DIGAR will increase the protection of the aircraft against GPS signal interference, falsification and radio frequency (RF) interference, so that pilots can perform their missions in the most contested RF environments.

DIGAR uses advanced electronic antenna, high-performance signal processing and digital beam formation for significantly improved GPS signal reception and superior interference immunity. These capabilities considerably increase the level of protection against GPS interference and are critical for combat aircraft while maneuvering in a contested battle space.

The fighter will also receive the new GEMVII-6 airborne digital GPS receiver from BAE Systems which, when coupled to the electronic unit of the DIGAR antenna, allows the platform to conduct high-capacity digital beam formation anti-jamming.

“Modern fighters require accurate positioning and navigation data for mission success in GPS-contested environments,” said Luke Bishop, director of Navigation Systems and Sensors at BAE Systems. "Our DIGAR antenna electronic components and GEM VII GPS receivers are reliable to protect these vital platforms in GPS-challenged environments to support mission success."

The Eurofighter Typhoon is the backbone of the combat to air defense of the United Kingdom and several of its main European and international allies. Serving nine nations, it provides 24/7 air security, 365 days a year and is in frontline operations, including NATO's ongoing air policing throughout Eastern Europe.

BAE Systems, as part of the Eurofighter consortium of four countries behind the aircraft, is continuously investing in the Typhoon jet to maintain its cutting-edge military capability.

In addition to the Typhoon, DIGAR is also installed on the F-16, F-15 and other special-purpose aircraft in the U.S., such as air interdiction and force protection platforms, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Leveraging more than 40 years of GPS experience, BAE Systems' GPS product family offers suitable size, weight and power characteristics for a variety of applications, including portable electronics, precision guided ammunition, unmanned aerial vehicles, vehicles and aircraft.

The work at DIGAR and GEMVII takes place at BAE Systems' facilities in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where the company invested in a state-of-the-art engineering and production center with 25,800 square meters.

Tags: Military AviationBAE SystemsEurofighter TyphoonGPS

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Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has work published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. Uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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[classicquid]

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[bopinion]

2024 / 18

Aperçu of the Week

"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."

(Mahatma Gandhi)

Bad News of the Week

It was Earth Overshoot Day for Germany. This means that on May 2, we have already used up our national share of global natural resources for the whole of 2024. In other words, we would need three Earths to maintain our current lifestyle. And we are not even the biggest "consumers" - in the USA, for example, Earth Overshoot Day was already on March 14 this year, according to figures from the Global Footprint Network.

So humanity is living off the land. Which, logically, cannot go on for long. What's more, we haven't just been doing this since yesterday and every reserve is limited. This is simply madness. The whole thing has hardly anything to do with climate change, but it all goes back to the same basic problem: "man-made". For the first time in the history of the earth, a species is not adapting to environmental conditions, but wants to adapt them to itself. But nature will not go along with this. It has lost its balance, so the imminent tipping points can be taken quite literally.

It is not yet too late. Humanity just needs to realize that it has to fundamentally change its way of life. From parasitism to symbiosis. A simple and simplified example: humans need oxygen to survive. Which they convert into carbon dioxide. The tree needs carbon dioxide to survive. Which it converts into oxygen. So it works perfectly well in a peaceful coexistence. However, if humans kill the tree by cutting it down, burning it or draining its water, they are depriving themselves of the basis of life. Pretty stupid, actually. And actually pretty easy to understand.

Good News of the Week

Preparations have begun in the UK for the controversial deportations to Rwanda. The police have arrested several people who entered the country illegally. Nationwide operations are underway, according to the Home Office. The first deportation flights are due to take place in July. The relevant law allows the deportation of asylum seekers to the East African country if they have arrived in the UK without permission. The origin of the migrants is irrelevant. The deportations can take place without the asylum applications even being examined in the UK.

Is this supposed to be worthy of a democracy and in line with European values? Certainly not. It is therefore not surprising that the High Court in London has declared the plans unlawful. The judges have doubts that the people in Rwanda will receive a fair asylum procedure. No wonder, because according to Amnesty International, the country has enormous deficits in practically all human rights. And in this ailing state, which is barely larger than Wales, the United Kingdom wants to set up a final dump for asylum seekers. A bad joke.

This joke fits in seamlessly with the Tories' government actions, which since Boris Johnson can only be described as a bad joke in general. They have now been punished for this and more in the local elections. And it is so severe that there is already talk of a "Conservative collapse". And Prime Minister Rishi Sunak may even have to face a vote of no confidence. The loss of half (!) of the seats that the Conservatives had to defend shows crystal clear that the party's shift to the right is not convincing voters either. Nigel Farage's right-wing populist Reform UK is now the real winner in third place.

And the outlook also looks bleak. According to a nationwide survey by the opinion research institute Yougov, only 18% want to vote for Tory in the general election at the beginning of next year. And 44% Labour. The Labour Party, which was significantly realigned by former Prime Minister Tony Blair at the turn of the millennium (catchwords "New Labour", "modern social democracy" and "third way"), have positioned themselves as social democrats with moderation and a middle ground. With Labor, the inhumane Rwanda deal would not have happened. Nor the protection of the rich elite. And no Brexit either. I look forward to the UK showing a human face again soon.

I couldn't care less...

...that Donald Jessica Trump continues to languish in court instead of running a classic election campaign. Even though both actually look the same: he knows everything better, he has never done anything wrong in his life, he is unstoppable, his persecution is politically motivated, unjust and the biggest scandal in history. Give me a break.

It's fine with me...

...that Venice's lagoon Disneyland now charges admission to day tourists when they are already flooding the city. Because when I'm there, I'm firstly an overnight guest who explores the city when the day tourists have gone. And secondly, I'm there for the contemporary art (Biennale di Venezia) and am not queuing in front of the Dojen Palace. And thirdly, the city needs the money to preserve its historical status. After all, if an ice cream parlor sells overpriced bad goods, hardly anything will stick for the community.

As I write this...

...it has come true: there is no longer an "imminent famine" in Gaza. Because, according to UNICEF, the "imminent" must now unfortunately be deleted. And once again, the victims are almost exclusively civilians, more than half of them children. I can't remember the concept of self-defense ever being so strained.

Post Scriptum

Freedom of the press, or rather freedom of the media, is a very valuable asset for me. Because only unhindered access to neutral information can form the basis of a sound opinion. In addition, journalism also assumes a certain control function when it observes carefully, analyzes profoundly and argues logically. It is not for nothing that many call the (reputable) media the "fourth power in the state" alongside the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Therefore, for me, an attack on media freedom is an attack on democracy.

According to Reporters Without Borders on World Press Freedom Day last Friday, 36 countries will be in the category of lowest (or non-existent) press freedom in 2023. There haven't been that many in 10 years, including, unsurprisingly, Eritrea, Syria and Afghanistan. Germany is in 10th place behind the Scandinavian countries, as there were 41 verified attacks on journalists. They tend to be associated with conspiracy theorists and the extreme right. Of course, because after all, they think the least of media freedom.

[horizon-verizon]

Martell’s stans pretending that they’re representatives of Global South in ASOIAF where instead they’re a region who’s constantly in clash with their neighbours cause they can’t stop looting and raiding the Stormlands and the Reach.

*EDITED* (11/5/23)

I haven't come across a Martell stan yet, in all my 7-month life here on Tumblr. But I already wrote a post on why the Martells aren't exactly PoCs (because race, as Americans and modern peoples know the thing, doesn't exist in this fictional universe) so much as "Others" are seen as ethnically different but not enough for there to be concern over "miscegenation" or "dirtying the blood" or losing actual social privileges the Martells still had like other "white", nonDornish nobles.

Ethnicity doesn't equal race, and "people of color" denotes "non-white" people, and "white"/"PoC" are racial terms.

Nationality also does not equal race, nor does it equal ethnicity, though in some racial hierarchies it def gives whatever racial meaning of black/poc the society in question has. "Race"--as in just the practical applications of their real modern realities and economic and social structures as a result--is not accurate or a paltry thing the further you go back in time. There were definitely racializations, racial & ethnic biases, and ethnic & racial tensions/violence, but religion and/or language more often defined a person's belonging and identity within a different hegemony until maybe the late 14th to 15th centuries.

The Rhoynish would definitely be considered PoC in our modern American & British racial categorization; in the world itself, yes they were a "foreign" and literally foreign people and a different ethnicity from First Men and Andal.

However, ONE -- Dorne is not progressive in terms of class, not at all, and TWO -- these two are both Essosi in origin while several of their original cultural aspects [the Faith, the symbols, chivalry, court culture, oaths, the kin slaying taboo, the importance placed on swords, guest rights, etc.] still exist in the main events of ASoIaF right now. These didn't change or get lost upon their arrival to the Westerosi continent.

Dorne, by virtue of the fact that their succession customs are equal gender, will inevitably be Othered and thus they have that sense of "not white-ness" but this doesn't really pin them down as "PoC" bc the emphasis of why the Dornish are Othered is much more about there being less misogyny than religion, region, etc. and the Martells still independently/non-coercively share Andal cultural aspects then they do Rhoynish. Because, how can the whites (nonDornishmen) racialize a region based on skin color or principles of "purity" seen through the outside (as this has been used to create current racial categories) with people with different skin colors?

The First Men are not Andals, the Andals and FM fought several times in past history, come from different regions of Essos, have different religions and both typically have paler skin. Both have misogynist practices and are more stringent about male primogeniture and able-bodiedness mattering to leadership.

The "salty" Martells and other Dornish--even those who are "sandy" or "stony" as Daeron I categorized them--are more analogues of both Welsh vs. the Anglo-Saxons or Normans (all "racially white" ) because of their constant wars with Reach people and Stormlanders. AND Spaniards (European people, so racially white) because Spain has a history of Moor, Hebrew/Jew, and pre-Moor Spaniards having intermarriages and other types of exchange or interaction LONG before King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella expelled the Jewish and Muslim peoples. Even then, she and her King husband were not at first the rulers of all of "Spain", but of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile freshly uniting these to develop and become what we know as "Spain". Like how England used to be Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, Wessex, the Welsh peoples (a Celtic people) before the Normans arrived (Northmen/Scandinavian/Swedish/Danish/Viking originated) and conquered the English islands.

Once again, do we consider Spain a "white" country, or not?

[paydayquid]

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[generoustriumphinternet]

[hariganesh858]

Power Transmission Transformer Market

Power Transformer Market Size, Share, Trends: ABB Ltd. Leads

Integration of Renewable Energy Driving Market Growth

Market Overview:

The global Power Transformer Market is expected to be worth USD 22.83 billion in 2023, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1% from 2024 to 2031. Rising infrastructure investment and rising electricity consumption in developed and emerging economies are expected to be the primary drivers of market growth during the forecast period. Smart meters are a result of high demand and pro-smart grid projects, which should help the expansion of the power transformer business over the next few years. Moreover, several government initiatives are meant to modernize current power systems and install innovative power transformers to increase energy efficiency and lower losses.

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Market Trends:

Driven by technology developments, governmental initiatives, and mounting environmental concerns, the integration of renewable energy sources—especially wind and solar power—into worldwide electricity systems is fast accelerating. With forecasts showing that this percentage must increase to 57–78% by 2030 to keep a path to net-zero emissions, wind and solar power together accounted for 12% of worldwide electricity output in 2022. Significant investments in big projects like the Hornsea wind farm in the United Kingdom and the Noor Abu Dhabi Solar Plant in the United Arab Emirates as well as the development of new power transformer technologies able of managing variable renewable outputs support this trend.

Market Segmentation:

Three voltage levels define the market: low voltage transformers (for local distribution up to 1 kV), medium voltage transformers (for substation applications 1 kV to 69 kV), and high voltage transformers (for power transmission above 69 kV). Three types of cooling transformers are used: air-cooled transformers, which are fit for lower power applications; dry-type transformers, which are perfect for indoor use and have solid insulation; and oil-immersed transformers, which are generally used for high voltage and high power applications.

Market Key Players:

The power transformer market is highly competitive, with many prominent players vying for market supremacy through product innovation, strategic partnerships, and geographic growth. Key companies such as ABB Ltd., Siemens AG, General Electric, Schneider Electric, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, Hitachi Ltd., Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Hyundai Electric & Energy Systems Co., Ltd., and CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited dominate the market.

Contact Us:

Name: Hari Krishna

Email us: hari.krishna@aurorawaveintellects.com

Website: https://aurorawaveintellects.com/

[writtenbygracewilliams]

Peerages & Titles: how Royal titles work

[Full list of disclaimers is in the master post but tl;dr is that sources for this information are not consistent, sources may be modern, and this may be edited/expanded at anytime as my research continues.]

The full style of the monarch is Charles the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith [Queen Elizabeth II used the same].

The full styles of King George III were George the Third, by the Grace of God King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg from 1760–1801; George the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg from 1801–1814; George the Third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, King of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg from 1814–1820.

Full list of the styles of English monarchs can be found here.

Monarchs always also hold the Duchy of Lancaster, Duchy of Normandy [used when on the Channel Islands] and Lord of Mann [used when on the Isle of Man, only from 1765 when it was purchased by King George III].

On Lord of Mann; Queen Elizabeth II was referred to as Lord of Mann however Queen Victoria was Lady of Mann. I imagine it is personal preference, somewhat influenced by public perception/opinion at the time.

The monarch, man or woman, is referred to as the Duke of Lancaster and Duke of Normandy. Despite their difference in regards to Lord/Lady of Mann, both Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Victoria were referred to as Duke’s.

If a peer succeeds to the throne, the peerage merges with the crown and ceases to exist.

A fount of honour is someone with exclusive right to grant titles of nobility and orders of chivalry. In the United Kingdom, it is the monarch. [The concept is older, but the specific term dates back to late feudalism around the 15th century. It is appropriate in your fics.]

A Queen Regnant is a queen ruling in her own right.

A Queen Consort is the wife of a king.

A Dowager Queen is the widow of a former king.

Queen Mother refers to a dowager queen of a queen regnant, but is rarely used as a formal title.

A Queen Regnant’s husband is never the king consort, as a king will always outrank a queen, but they are still a royal consort. They are whatever other title(s) they may hold. They are not automatically a prince. Queen Elizabeth II made her husband Prince Philip in order to elevate his title and status to be in line with that of their children, otherwise he would have remained only The Duke of Edinburgh. The only man to hold the official title of Prince Consort was Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who held no other peerages or titles.

The Prince of Wales belongs to the heir apparent of the Crown, an heir presumptive does not hold the title. Therefore, the Princess of Wales is/was only a title for the wife of the Prince of Wales. [Given the abolition of male inheritance primogeniture for royals in 2012, it is unclear whether this would change in modern/future applications. It is entirely possible, given girls can now be heir apparent, that a girl may one day hold the title of Princess of Wales in her own right].

The heir apparent also holds the Duchy of Cornwall.

The Princess Royal is the oldest daughter of the monarch, and the highest title for a female member of the royal family (other than queen). Queen Elizabeth II was never The Princess Royal, as there can only ever be one at a time and her aunt Princess Mary of York already held the title when Elizabeth became eligible.

All people in the below tables are real British royals from the 19th–21st centuries.

Link to the master post with other forms of address, drop any questions in my ask :)

–GW xo

[hhvltd]

The Environmental Impact of Reactive Ion Etching Systems & Sustainable Alternatives

Reactive Ion Etching Systems (RIE) are vital tools in modern manufacturing, particularly in Advanced Thin Film Technology. They play a crucial role in industries like electronics, optics, and semiconductors, enabling precise patterning and material removal on microscopic scales. However, as industries increasingly focus on sustainability, the environmental footprint of these systems has come under scrutiny.

Environmental Challenges of Reactive Ion Etching Systems

RIE systems operate by creating a plasma of reactive gases that etch materials through ion bombardment. While highly effective, this process poses significant environmental challenges:

Energy Consumption: RIE systems demand considerable electrical energy to generate plasma, contributing to high operational costs and increased carbon emissions.

Toxic Gas Emissions: The reactive gases used in RIE, such as fluorinated compounds, often have high global warming potentials (GWPs). Improper handling or leakage can lead to harmful environmental impacts.

Material Waste: The by-products of the etching process, including chemical residues, need careful disposal to prevent environmental contamination.

Equipment Longevity: The intensive processes involved in RIE can reduce the lifespan of equipment, contributing to electronic waste if systems are not maintained or recycled effectively.

Sustainable Alternatives in Thin Film Manufacturing

To address these environmental concerns, companies like HHV Ltd are pioneering sustainable practices and exploring innovative alternatives. HHV Ltd is a leading force in thin film and vacuum technology with a strong commitment to reducing environmental impacts. Here are some promising approaches:

Dry Etching with Green Plasma Technologies: Advancements in plasma generation now allow for more energy-efficient etching processes that use gases with lower GWPs. These methods not only minimize emissions but also reduce operational costs.

Enhanced Recycling Systems: Modern RIE systems incorporate advanced gas recovery and recycling mechanisms. By capturing and reusing etchant gases, manufacturers can reduce waste and improve efficiency.

Transition to Eco-Friendly Materials: Research into alternative etching gases, such as oxygen and argon-based mixtures, aims to replace harmful fluorinated compounds.

Energy-Efficient Equipment Design: Manufacturers like HHV Ltd are designing systems that optimize power consumption. HHV’s expertise in Advanced Thin Film Technology allows them to create equipment that combines precision with reduced environmental impact.

HHV Ltd: A Leader in Sustainable Innovation

As part of the HHV Group, HHV Ltd has over 50 years of expertise in vacuum technology and thin film solutions. Their Thin Film and Optics division stands out as a pioneer in sustainable manufacturing. HHV offers a comprehensive suite of services, including custom designs and high-precision optical components like laser filters, periscope prisms, and infrared optics.

The company's cutting-edge facilities emphasize eco-conscious production practices, ensuring that their solutions align with the industry's sustainability goals. HHV is actively contributing to the shift towards greener manufacturing by offering robust solutions for thin film coatings and vacuum systems.

Conclusion

The environmental impact of Reactive Ion Etching Systems underscores the need for sustainable manufacturing practices. Companies like HHV Ltd are leading this change by adopting innovative solutions that prioritize energy efficiency and eco-friendly processes. With ongoing advancements in Advanced Thin Film Technology, the future holds promise for greener, more sustainable industrial applications.

For more information, visit the website https://hhvltd.com/

Contact Us

Unit 14 Lloyds Court, Manor Royal Crawley, West Sussex, RH10 9QX, United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0)1293 611898

Fax: +44 (0) 1293 512277

E-mail: info@hhvltd.com

[newsmarketreports]

General Dynamics Land Systems Competitors: A Competitive Landscape in Defense and Combat Vehicles

General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) is a major player in the global defense industry, renowned for its design and manufacture of combat vehicles, including the iconic M1 Abrams tank. As a key segment of General Dynamics Corporation, GDLS operates in a competitive environment with several formidable rivals specializing in defense technology, combat systems, and vehicle production.

Here’s an analysis of the key competitors challenging GDLS in the global defense market.

1. BAE Systems

Headquarters: Farnborough, United Kingdom

BAE Systems is a leading defense contractor and one of GDLS’s top competitors. It specializes in producing armored vehicles, artillery systems, and military support vehicles. Notable offerings include the CV90 infantry fighting vehicle and the M109 self-propelled howitzer.

BAE Systems distinguishes itself with a strong focus on innovation and modularity, enabling customization for various military needs. The company's global reach and partnerships with governments worldwide have solidified its position as a direct rival to GDLS in the armored vehicle market.

2. Rheinmetall Defence

Headquarters: Düsseldorf, Germany

Rheinmetall is a prominent European defense contractor with expertise in military vehicles and weapon systems. Its flagship products, such as the Lynx infantry fighting vehicle and the Leopard tank (produced in partnership with Krauss-Maffei Wegmann), make it a significant competitor to GDLS.

Rheinmetall's strong engineering capabilities and focus on advanced technologies, such as active protection systems and autonomous vehicle solutions, position it as a formidable rival in the combat vehicle segment.

3. Oshkosh Defense

Headquarters: Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA

Oshkosh Defense specializes in tactical wheeled vehicles for military applications, including the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), which is a direct competitor to GDLS’s lighter combat vehicle offerings.

Oshkosh is known for its durability-focused designs and proprietary technologies like TAK-4® independent suspension systems. Its expertise in lightweight and highly mobile platforms gives it an edge in areas where agility and speed are critical.

4. Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW)

Headquarters: Munich, Germany

KMW, often working in collaboration with Rheinmetall, is a leader in producing heavy military vehicles such as tanks and self-propelled artillery. The Leopard 2 tank, one of the most advanced main battle tanks globally, competes directly with GDLS’s M1 Abrams.

KMW's focus on integrating cutting-edge technologies, including advanced optics and fire-control systems, makes it a preferred supplier for many European nations.

5. Lockheed Martin

Headquarters: Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Although primarily known for its aerospace capabilities, Lockheed Martin competes with GDLS in specific land systems through programs like its modernized ground combat vehicles and unmanned ground systems.

Lockheed Martin leverages its expertise in integrated systems and defense electronics to provide versatile land platforms. Its ability to integrate advanced sensors and AI technologies into combat vehicles positions it as a competitor in areas where GDLS is also innovating.

6. Leonardo S.p.A.

Headquarters: Rome, Italy

Leonardo is a global defense company offering a range of land vehicles, including armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. Its Freccia and Centauro vehicles are widely used in Europe and other regions, competing with GDLS’s mid-range combat platforms.

Leonardo's focus on collaboration and its ability to provide end-to-end solutions, including weapon systems and electronic warfare technologies, make it a noteworthy competitor in the land systems market.

7. Hyundai Rotem

Headquarters: Seoul, South Korea

Hyundai Rotem is a growing competitor in the armored vehicle market, particularly in Asia. Its K2 Black Panther main battle tank is a rival to GDLS’s M1 Abrams and has garnered attention for its advanced mobility and protection features.

Hyundai Rotem’s focus on innovation and its growing exports to global markets make it a rising competitor to watch in the combat vehicle sector.

Conclusion

The competitive landscape for General Dynamics Land Systems is marked by the presence of well-established global players with distinct strengths. While GDLS remains a leader with its proven platforms like the M1 Abrams and Stryker vehicles, rivals such as BAE Systems, Rheinmetall, and Oshkosh Defense continue to challenge its dominance through innovation, regional influence, and tailored offerings.

As the defense industry evolves, GDLS must continue to focus on technological advancements, strategic partnerships, and cost-effective solutions to maintain its competitive edge in the global market.

[edulink012]

Is Malaysia a suitable destination for pursuing engineering studies?

Malaysia has emerged as an increasingly attractive destination for international students seeking quality engineering education. With its strategic location in Southeast Asia, competitive costs, and robust academic infrastructure, the country offers numerous advantages for aspiring engineers. Let's explore the key factors that make Malaysia a compelling choice for engineering studies.

Study in Malaysia

Academic Excellence and Recognition

Malaysian universities have made significant strides in engineering education, with several institutions achieving high rankings in global university assessments. The country's engineering programs are accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Council (EAC) and recognized by professional bodies worldwide, including the Washington Accord. This international recognition ensures that engineering degrees from Malaysian universities are valued globally, providing graduates with enhanced career mobility.

Notable universities like University Malaya (UM), University Technology Malaysia (UTM), and University Saints Malaysia (USM) have established themselves as centers of engineering excellence. These institutions offer comprehensive programs across various engineering disciplines, including mechanical, electrical, chemical, civil, and software engineering.

Cost-Effective Education

One of Malaysia's most compelling advantages is its affordability compared to traditional engineering education destinations like the United States, United Kingdom, or Australia. Tuition fees are significantly lower, while maintaining high educational standards. Living expenses, including accommodation, food, and transportation, are also reasonably priced, making it possible for students to pursue quality engineering education without incurring substantial debt.

The Malaysian government actively promotes education tourism, offering various scholarships and financial aid options for international students. This commitment to making education accessible has contributed to the country's growing popularity as an educational hub.

Modern Infrastructure and Industry Connections

Malaysian universities boast state-of-the-art facilities and laboratories equipped with modern technology and equipment. These resources provide students with hands-on experience and practical skills essential for their future careers. Many institutions maintain strong partnerships with industry leaders, offering internship opportunities and collaborative research projects.

The countries rapidly developing industrial sector, particularly in areas like electronics, manufacturing, and telecommunications, provides students with excellent exposure to real-world engineering applications. This industrial ecosystem creates valuable networking opportunities and potential employment prospects for graduates.

Study in Malaysia

Multicultural Learning Environment

Malaysia's diverse cultural landscape offers an enriching educational experience. Students can interact with peers from various cultural backgrounds, fostering global perspectives and cross-cultural communication skills. This multicultural environment prepares graduates for the increasingly globalized engineering profession.

English is widely used as the medium of instruction in engineering programs, making it easier for international students to adapt. Additionally, exposure to the local culture and languages can be a valuable asset for those interested in working in the Asian market.

Research and Innovation Opportunities

Malaysian universities are increasingly focusing on research and innovation, with substantial investments in research facilities and programs. Engineering students have opportunities to participate in cutting-edge research projects, particularly in areas like sustainable technology, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence.

The government's emphasis on transforming Malaysia into a knowledge-based economy has led to increased funding for research and development. This commitment creates an environment conducive to academic exploration and innovation in engineering fields.

Quality of Life and Safety

Malaysia offers a high quality of life with modern amenities, efficient public transportation, and a relatively safe environment. The country's tropical climate, rich cultural heritage, and natural attractions provide a balanced lifestyle for students. Major cities like Kuala Lumpur and Penang offer vibrant urban experiences while maintaining reasonable living costs.

Challenges and Considerations

While Malaysia presents numerous advantages, prospective students should consider certain challenges. The tropical climate might require adjustment for those from different weather conditions. Additionally, while English is widely used in academic settings, some knowledge of basic Malay can be helpful for daily life interactions.

Students should also carefully research specific universities and programs, as quality can vary between institutions. It's important to verify accreditation status and review course curricula to ensure alignment with career goals.

Future Prospects

Engineering graduates from Malaysian universities are well-positioned for career opportunities both locally and internationally. The country's growing economy and strategic location in Southeast Asia offer excellent prospects for professional development. Many multinational companies have established operations in Malaysia, creating diverse employment opportunities for engineering graduates.

Study in Malaysia

Conclusion

Malaysia presents a compelling case as a destination for engineering studies, offering a balanced combination of academic excellence, affordability, and practical experience. The country's commitment to educational quality, coupled with its modern infrastructure and multicultural environment, makes it an attractive choice for international students pursuing engineering degrees.

For those considering engineering studies abroad, Malaysia deserves serious consideration. The combination of recognized qualifications, practical industry exposure, and reasonable costs provides a strong foundation for a successful engineering career. However, prospective students should conduct thorough research to select the right institution and program that aligns with their academic and career aspirations.

[mrfr1234]

Agricultural Equipment Industry to Hit USD 171.4 Million by 2033

The agricultural equipment market is forecast to experience a growth of 4.2% CAGR over the estimated period, as per FMI’s analysis. The industry’s size is predicted to reach a market value of USD 171.4 million in 2033.

The agriculture industry is expanding fast in the upcoming years, driven by the surging global population, which is expected to keep the demand for food high. As a result, agricultural manufacturers and farmers are selecting the Internet of Things (IoT) for improved yield from agriculture, propelling the worldwide economy.

The United States Organization reported that the world’s population is expected to attain 9.7 billion by 2050. Thus, global agricultural production is expected to expand by about 69% from 2010 to 2050.

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The market is further catalyzed by the shortage of human workforce and surging expenses on the maintenance of cattle on job sites in several countries. This has motivated customers to take advantage of modernized equipment in farming applications.

Farmers have commenced installing high-tech agricultural and farming technologies to boost efficiency and productivity in their fields. For example, several farmland operators have begun using equipment outfitted with sensors that catch topography data via maps of resources and attaining soil nutrient measuring variables like the temperature of the acidity and soil. This feature of Industry 4.0 assists farmers in decoding the crop yield and overall farm productivity by farming the right crop appropriate with weather and soil nutrients.

Top Highlights from the FMI’s Analysis of the Agricultural Equipment Market:

The United States agricultural equipment industry is expected to devote 26.3% to the global market in 2023. The growth rate of agricultural equipment businesses is expected to move upward due to the large volume of farming in the country. This propels farmers to seek equipment to expedite the farming process.

German market is always a step ahead in innovation. Research and development efforts and government support for agricultural activities are expected to fuel the country’s growth. In 2023, FMI estimates that the German market is projected to gain 11.2% value share.

Japan is expected to acquire a 7.5% market share in 2023. One of the striking features of Japan’s farmland is its scarcity, which is a by-product of its unique geology and geography. As a result, Japanese farmers require advanced agricultural equipment. Recently, a trend toward automated operation has been pushing the sales of smart farm equipment.

Australia is expected to gain a 2.4% market share in 2023, suggesting manufacturers' growing interest in exploring the country's budding market.

In the Asia Pacific region, China is assessed to register a CAGR of 4.2%, while India is expected to expand at a 4.1% CAGR.

FMI speculates that the United Kingdom is anticipated to record a CAGR of 4% over the estimated period.

Under the tempering technology category, the chemical treatment segment is expected to hold 45.2% in 2023.

Based on end use, the solar application segment is projected to gain 18.8% market share in 2023.

Key Developments in the Market

Yanmar America, a leading provider of compact and subcompact tractors, joined forces with Tarter Farm and Ranch Equipment in April 2023. This synergy aims to widen the scope of products by coupling it with an extensive range of high-quality tractor implements.

Earlier in 2023, a Tennessee Dept of Agriculture representative introduced a tax waiver program for farm machinery to boost the accessibility of affordable and mechanized equipment for farmers.

John Deere came into a joint venture with SurePointAg Systems manufacturer in March 2022. The latter company is expected to have access to Deere technologies to boost productivity throughout its product range.

John Deere launched a new machinery, 6155MH Tractor, in August 2021. This product is expected to deliver all the field-proven reliability and performance of other M Series.

New Holland Agriculture partnered strategically with the Agricultural Division of Alamo Group in April 2021. The latter company provides attachments and implements compatible with New Holland’s mid-range and compact tractors lineup.

Key Companies

Bucher Industries AG

AGCO Corp.

Deere & Company

EXEL Industries

CLAAS KGaA mbH

ISEKI & CO. LTD.

CNH Industrial N.V.

Krone UK Group

Kubota Corporation

LEMKEN GmbH & Co. KG

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.

Mitsubishi Mahindra Agricultural Machinery Co. Ltd

SDF S.p.A.

Tractor and Farm Equipment Limited (TAFE)

Key Segments 

By Product Type:

Tractors

Rotavators

Wheel Type

Crawler Type

Threshers & Dehuskers

Wheel Type

Crawler Type

Power Tillers

Wheel Type

Crawler Type

Power Weeder

Wheel Type

Crawler Type

Plough

Baler

Seed Drill

By Category:

Tractor Pulled / Attachment

Self-Propelled

By Ownership:

Individual

Rental

By Region:

North America

Latin America

Europe

East Asia

South Asia & Pacific

Middle East & Africa