#Abdallah ibn al-Fadl

[lionofchaeronea]

A mad dog bites a man. Miniature (gouache, ink, and gold on paper) from an Arabic translation of Dioscorides' Materia Medica, with calligraphy by Abdallah ibn al-Fadl; written in 1224. Now in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

[rawen99]

The Great Mosque or Mosque of Al-Qasr is one of the main and most famous islamic monuments of Tunisia and altought there is no date concerning its foundation , it seems that it was immediately built after the Arabs conquest of the city of Tozeur at the end of seventh century of our era.

This monuments draws its reputaton from its educational role and its architectural importance. Indeed it played during its history a large scientific role because it took a large number of local renowned scholars such as Abu Zakaria Shaqratsi , Abdallah Abou Al-Fadl al-Nahwi and Ibn Shabbat...

Architecturally , this mosque is characterized by the diversity of its infulences as it belongs due to its structure and its set to mosques influenced by the Great Mosque of Kairouan , but it also includes multiple local features that appear particularly in building materials and shape of the minaret crowned by four small domes , built between 1027 and 1031 , in addition to the influences of Andalusian art of its mihrab that dates back to the year 1193-1194.

The mosque was constructed with stones and mud . Its walls were covered inside and outside, its floor was traditional brick and its ceilings were built of palm wood and contains about 43 columns built of traditional brick .

The Great Mosque of the Bled El Hadhar is the oldest historical landmark in the region of ​​El-Djerid (South Tunisia) , it was built on the ruins of a Roman Church.

[followahlulbayt]

[The Whole Earth belongs to the Imam (a.s.)] 1)Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from ibn Mahbub from Hisham ibn Salim from abu Khalid al-Kabuli from abu Ja‘far (a.s.) who has said the following. "We found in the book of Amir al-Mu’minin (a.s.) this. "The earth belongs to Allah and He gives it in inheritance to whoever of His servants that He wishes. The good end is for those who are pious before Allah’, I and my Ahl al-Bayt are the people to whom Allah has given the earth in inheritance and we are the ones who are pious before Allah. The whole earth belongs to us. Thus, whoever of the Muslims would revive a land, he must establish it, pay taxes to the Imam from my Ahl al-Bayt. Whatever he has used would be his. If he would abandon or allow to become barren and another Muslim would revive and re establish it he will have more right to it than the one who have abandoned. This person will now pay the taxes to the Imam from my Ahl al-Bayt and whatever he would use thereafter is his until AlQa’im from my Ahl al-Bayt will rise with Divine Authority and with the sword. He will control and protect them and will remove from them just as the Messenger of Allah had controlled and protected it, except, however, for what would be in the hands of our followers.He will form a contract with them and will leave the land to them." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 1] 2)Muhammad ibn ‘Abdallah from his narrator (one of the Imams (a.s.)) reported to me the following. "The world and all that is therein belong to Allah, the Most Holy, the Most High, His Messenger and to us. If one would control a part of it he must maintain piety before Allah. He must pay the share of Allah, the Most Holy, the Most High, be generous to his brethren, otherwise, Allah, the Messenger of Allah and we will bear no responsibility torwards him." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 2] 3)Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ibn Mahbub from ‘Umar ibn Yazid who has said the following. "I saw Masma‘ in Madina. In that year he had tried to deliver a certain amount of property to abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) that he returned to him. I asked him about the reason for the return.. The narrator has said that he said to me, "When I took the property to him I said, ‘ I had become the in charge of the pearls in Bahrayn and I have made four hundred thousand Dirham profit. I have brought eighty thousand Dinar as your share. I did not like to keep your share and disregard what Allah, the Most Holy, the Most High, has decreed to be for you in our properties." Is there no more from earth and what Allah takes out of it besides one fifth for us, O abu Sayyar?" The whole earth belongs to us.Whatever Allah causes to come out therefrom it belongs to us." I then said, "I will bring all the property to you." He said, "O abu Sayyar, we have made it a gift for you and made it lawful for you. Take your property with you. Whatever land is in the hands of our Shi‘a it is lawful for them until Al-Qa’im will rise with Divine Authority. He will make an agreement with them about whatever land is in their hands and will give them permission to use.Whatever land is in the hands of others their earning from it is not lawful until Al-Qa’im will rise with Divine Authority. He will take such lands away from them and will remove them humiliate‘Umar ibn Yazid has said, "Abu Sayyar said to me, ‘ I do not find anyone doing business oor those in charge of certain tasks who would earn their living lawfully except my self and those for whom they have made it lawful." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 3] 4)Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from abu ‘Abdallah al-Razi from al-Hassan ibn Ali ibn abu Hamza from his father from abu Basir who has said the following. "Once I asked abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.), ‘Is there any Zakat on Imam?’" He said, "O abu Muhammad, you have spoken an impossible word. Do you not know that both this and the next world belong to the Imam? He can place them as he may want or give them to whoever he may want. It is permissible for him from Allah. The Imam said, O abu Muhammad, the Imam never spends a night without Allah‘s right on him for which He would not ask him." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 4] 5)Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad from ‘Abdallah ibn Ahmad from Ali ibn al-Ni‘man from Salih ibn Hamza from Aban ibn Mus‘ab from Yunus ibn Zabyan or al-Mu‘alla ibn al-Khnith who has said the following. "I asked abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.), ‘What is for you from this earth?" He smiled and then said, "Allah, the Most Holy, the Most High,sent Jibril and commanded him to dig with his toe eight rivers on earth. Of these are the River Sayhan and Jayhan which is the River in Balkh (central Asia) the River al-Khshu‘ which is the River al-Shash, river Mihran which is India, River Nile in Egypt, Tigris and Euphrates.All that these rivers provide water or all that take water from them belong to us and whatever is for us is for our Shi‘a. There is nothing for our enemies except what they have usurped. Our friends and supporters in an place bigger than this and this, the sky and earth. The Imam (a.s.)then recited the words of Allah. "They are made for the believers in this world (but others have usurped it from them) and are exclusively for them in the life hereafter (no one would usurp from them)." (7:32) [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 5] 6)Ali ibn Muhammad has narrated from Sahl ibn Ziyad from Muhammad ibn ‘Isa from Muhammad ibn al-Rayyan who has said the following. "I wrote to abu Muhammad, alHassan, al-‘Askari (a.s.), May Allah take my soul in service for your cause, it is narrated to us that nothing else from this world belongs to the Messenger of Allah except one fifth of net income." The answer that came said, "Certainly, the world and all that is in it belong to the Messenger of Allah." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 6] 7)Muhammad ibn Yahya has narrated from Ahmad ibn Muhammad who has narrated it in a marfu‘ manner from ‘Amr ibn Shimr from Jabir from abu Ja‘far (a.s.) who has said the following. "the Messenger of Allah has said, "Allah created Adam and granted the world to him. Whatever belonged to Adam belongs to the Messenger of Allah and whatever belonged to the Messenger of Allah it belongs to the Imams from Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad (s.a)." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 7] 8 ) Muhammad ibn ’Isma‘il has narrated from al-Fadl ibn Shadhan and Ali ibn Ibrahim from his father all from ibn abu ‘Umayr from Hafs ibn al-Bakhtari from abu ‘Abdallah (a.s.) who has said the following. "Jibril dug with his foot five rivers and the flank of water would follow his foot. These rivers were, Euphrates, Tigris, Nile, Mihran and the River of Balkh. Whatever these rivers provide water or whatever that takes water from them are the property of the Imam. The ocean that has circled the land belongs to the (Imam).Ali ibn Ibrahim has narrated from al-Sarriy ibn al-Rabi‘ who has said the following. "Ibn abu’Umayr would not consider anyone a match of Hisham ibn al-Hakam in anything. He would not miss meeting him. However, their relations at a time stood at a distance. The reason for this was the emrgence of diffirences between ibn abu ‘Umayr and and abu Malik al-Hadrami,a friend of Hisham, over the issue of Imamat. Ibn abu ‘Umayr had said that the whole world belongs to the Imam in the form of property and ownership and that he has more authority over it than those who have certain parts of it in their possession. Abu Malik had said that it is not as such. The peoples properties belong to them except what Allah has given to the Imam in the form of windfall profits and one fifth taxes or interests. Such properties belong to the Imam and Allah has instructed him how to spent them and what to do with them. They agreed to ask Hisham to settle the differences. They went to Hisham but he supported the idea of abu Malik. Ibn abu ‘Umayr became angry and distanced himself from Hisham thereafter." [Al-KafiH , Ch. 105, h 8]

[heaveninawildflower]

Folio from an Arabic translation of the 'De Materia Medica' by Dioscorides (circa. 40-90 C.E. Abbasid period). Ink and watercolour by Abdallah ibn al-Fadl, Pedanius Dioscorides.

Image and text courtesy Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.