#8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller

[egns2fern]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--microcontrollers--8-bit/pic16c73b-20i-sp-microchip-1279256

Programmable microcontrollers, embedded microcontroller, Pic microcontrollers

PIC16 Series 192 B RAM 4 K x 14 Bit EPROM 8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller - SPDIP-28

[tmslsburr]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--microcontrollers--8-bit/pic16c73b-04-sp-microchip-1274299

Microcontrollers, 8 bit, PIC16C73B-04/SP, Microchip

PIC16 Series 192 B RAM 4 K x 14 Bit EPROM 8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller - SPDIP-28

[vess-electronics]

The ATmega8A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller MCU AVR 8KB, 512B EE 16MHz 1KB SRAM Low-Power.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8A achieves throughputs close to 1 MIPS per MHz. 

[rndy2prkr]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--microcontrollers--8-bit/pic16c73b-04i-so-microchip-9673831

lcd microcontrollers, Microcontrollers software, Wireless microcontroller

PIC16 Series 192 B RAM 4 K x 14 Bit EPROM 8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller - SPDIP-28

[vict2leelso]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--microcontrollers--8-bit/pic16c73b-20i-so-microchip-8276131

8 bit Embedded microcontrollers, 8 bit Wireless microcontrollers, programming

PIC16 Series 192 B RAM 4 K x 14 Bit EPROM 8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller - SPDIP-28

[wliw2rork]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--microcontrollers--8-bit/pic16c73b-04-sp-microchip-1274299

Microcontroller 8 bit controller, lcd microcontrollers, Pic microcontrollers

PIC16 Series 192 B RAM 4 K x 14 Bit EPROM 8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller - SPDIP-28

[quartz-components]

PIC16F676 Microcontroller

PIC16F676 is microcontroller from ‘PIC16F’ family and is made by MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY. It is an 8-Bit CMOS Microcontroller and is very popular among hobbyists and engineers due its features, cost and small size.

[zanycollectorgoateethings-blog]

Take a look at the amazing options of Arduino

Many of us are aware of the phrase "Robot." At least with this age, children know what a robot is. Not only that, toys of today's students are also a robot. A robotic can be a mechanical system, that is a synthetic function. The phrase robot originated in the Czech word "Robota" which means "forced labor". This machine is using people being a complementary one. Currently the question is, what's the relation of the robot with Arduino? Did the question arise? Arduino can be a computer programs and hardware company or community that designs and manufactures microcontroller and microcontroller kits for robots as well as other digital devices.

The name "Arduino" originated in the naming of a bar of Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project employed to meet. Nowadays this it's the absolute favorites tool of recent roboticists. Before commencing by having an Arduino microcontroller, you need to understand the variety of the Arduinos. Some entry level Arduinos are: UNO LEONARDO 101 ROBOT ESPLORA MICRO NANO MINI MKR2UNO ADAPTER Basic starter kit BASIC KIT LCD SCREEN These Arduinos are simple to use and capable to power one's first robot. These boards work most effectively to start out learning and to code your bots from the microcontrollers. We were holding regarding the hardware. Now let's arrived at the Arduino software. These boards is programmable with the Arduino IDE. This is a cross-platform application designed in the programming language, Java. C and C++ will also be supported with this IDE with special rules. A course developed in Arduino IDE is known as a sketch. These sketches are saved since the text files with all the file extensions .ino and .pde. The lowest Arduino sketch is made up of two functions. These are: setup(), loop(). Now I will tell you concerning the most interesting Arduino, which is Arduino ROBOT. Arduino ROBOT will be the first Arduino on wheels. It includes two boards every with the boards has a microcontroller. This means in ROBOT, there's a total of two microcontrollers. One too could be the motor board, which controls the motors and yet another the first is the control board, which controls the sensors and decides the operations. It is also programmable with Arduino IDE. Both the microcontroller boards provide ATmega32u4 which is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. The ROBOT is just like the LEONARDO. To get more information about ban arduino site: look at this.

[adatronixpvtltd]

PIC12F615T-I/SN

PIC12F615T-I/SN Microchip 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers

For more details visit www.adatronix.com

[jisebiokipxyme]

5pcs/lot New 16F74 PIC16F74-I/P PIC16F74 DIP-40 8-bit CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers chip

5pcs/lot New 16F74 PIC16F74-I/P PIC16F74 DIP-40 8-bit CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers chip

5pcs/lot New 16F74 PIC16F74-I/P PIC16F74 DIP-40 8-bit CMOS FLASH Microcontrollers chip

Price

5 Catch me HERE

[shunlongwei]

STM32F103CBU6 ST #electronic #ic Https://www.slw-ele.com; Email: sales@shunlongwei.com

#STM32F103CBU6 ST STM32F103CBU6 New Mainstream Performance line ARM Cortex-M3 MCU with 128 Kbytes Flash 72 MHz CPU motor control USB and CAN, STM32F103CBU6 pictures, STM32F103CBU6 price, #STM32F103CBU6 supplier ------------------------------------------------------------------- Email: sales@shunlongwei.com

https://www.slw-ele.com/stm32f103cbu6.html

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Manufacturer Part Number: STM32F103CBU6 Brand Name: STMicroelectronics Part Life Cycle Code: Active Ihs Manufacturer: STMICROELECTRONICS Part Package Code: QFP Pin Count: 48 Manufacturer: STMicroelectronics Risk Rank: 1.5 Bit Size: 32 CPU Family: CORTEX-M3 JESD-30 Code: S-PQCC-N48 JESD-609 Code: e3 Moisture Sensitivity Level: 3 Number of Terminals: 48 On Chip Program ROM Width: 8 Operating Temperature-Max: 85 °C Operating Temperature-Min: -40 °C Package Body Material: PLASTIC/EPOXY Package Code: QCCN Package Equivalence Code: LCC48,.27SQ,20 Package Shape: SQUARE Package Style: CHIP CARRIER Power Supplies: 2.5/3.3 V Qualification Status: Not Qualified RAM (bytes): 20480 ROM (words): 131072 ROM Programmability: FLASH Speed: 72 MHz Subcategory: Microcontrollers Supply Current-Max: 50 mA Surface Mount: YES Technology: CMOS Temperature Grade: INDUSTRIAL Terminal Finish: Matte Tin (Sn) - annealed Terminal Form: NO LEAD Terminal Pitch: 0.5 mm Terminal Position: QUAD Mainstream Performance line ARM Cortex-M3 MCU with 128 Kbytes Flash 72 MHz CPU motor control USB and CAN

[industrialstorebdaug-blog]

Popular Microcontrollers

The microcontroller is a phenomenal kind of microchip. Moreover, and it joins the bits of the chip in single-chip which collects a solitary invigorated circuit. It contains the processor composes, input/yield edges and these microcontrollers need the widgets to accumulate the information from inputs. The microcontroller can be without a doubt named three sorts as 8-piece, 16-piece, and 32-piece microcontroller.

Details of Microcontroller:

1. Meddles:

Square utilized in the microcontroller is used to mix the gadget from a low force rest mode. And, these intrude with sources are contraption subordinate.

2. Programming:

Considering, unmistakable little growth regulators were adjusted remarkably in low-level choosing make, at any rate. However, these days magnificent basic level programming vernaculars can likewise be utilized for programming of microcontroller. As needs are, the exercises of microcontroller ought to be fit in the available on-chip program memory. So, the memory might be investigated just memory or read-only burst memory. In microcontroller to change over the raised level and confining administrator language codes into machine language. Also, building specialists and compilers are utilized.

3. Highlights:

1. Conventionally microcontroller merges a CPU, ROM, RAM, and tickers.

2. A microcontroller is self-controlling and free.

3. It is proposed for a particular undertaking to control the specific framework.

4. It ordinarily arranges to utilize CMOS.

4. Occupations of Microcontroller:

1. Platelet recorder cum analyzer, ECG show cum recorder and patient checking structure.

2. Some of the correspondence structures like PDAs, satellite TV, and FAX machines.

3. Fringe contraptions of a PC like LAN Controller, DRAM Controller, laser printer Controller.

4. It is other than utilized in-vehicle applications like breaking structure, and imperative ride control.

5. CRT show regulator, a range analyzer, go over-analyzer, etc.

[planetarduino]

Machine vision with low cost camera modules

If you’re interested in embedded machine learning (TinyML) on the Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense, you’ll have found a ton of on-board sensors — digital microphone, accelerometer, gyro, magnetometer, light, proximity, temperature, humidity and color — but realized that for vision you need to attach an external camera.

In this article, we will show you how to get image data from a low-cost VGA camera module. We’ll be using the Arduino_OVD767x library to make the software side of things simpler.

Hardware setup

To get started, you will need:

Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with headers

OV7670 CMOS VGA Camera Module

16x female to female jumper wires

A microUSB cable to connect to your Arduino

You can of course get a board without headers and solder instead, if that’s your preference.

The one downside to this setup is that (in module form) there are a lot of jumpers to connect. It’s not hard but you need to take care to connect the right cables at either end. You can use tape to secure the wires once things are done, lest one comes loose.

You need to connect the wires as follows:

Software setup

First, install the Arduino IDE or register for Arduino Create tools. Once you install and open your environment, the camera library is available in the library manager.

Install the Arduino IDE or register for Arduino Create

Tools > Manage Libraries and search for the OV767 library

Press the Install button

Now, we will use the example sketch to test the cables are connected correctly:

Examples > Arduino_OV767X > CameraCaptureRawBytes

Uncomment line 48 to display a test pattern –  Camera.testPattern();

Compiler and upload to your board

Your Arduino is now outputting raw image binary over serial. You cannot view the image using the Arduino Serial Monitor; instead, we’ve included a special application to view the image output from the camera using Processing.

Processing is a simple programming environment that was created by graduate students at MIT Media Lab to make it easier to develop visually oriented applications with an emphasis on animation and providing users with instant feedback through interaction.

To run the Arduino_OV767X camera viewer:

Install Processing 

Open Examples > Arduino_OV767X > extras > CameraVisualizerRawBytes

Copy the CameraVisualizerRawBytes code 

Paste the code into the empty sketch in Processing 

Edit line 35-37 to match the machine and serial port your Arduino is connected to

Hit the play button in Processing and you should see a test pattern (image update takes a couple of seconds):

If all goes well, you should see the striped test pattern above! To see a live image from the camera in the Processing viewer: 

If you now comment out line 48 of the Arduino sketch

Compile and upload to the board

Once the sketch is uploaded hit the play button in Processing again

After a few seconds you should now have a live image:

Considerations for TinyML

The full VGA (640×480 resolution) output from our little camera is way too big for current TinyML applications. uTensor runs handwriting detection with MNIST that uses 28×28 images. The person detection example in the TensorFlow Lite for Microcontrollers example uses 96×96 which is more than enough. Even state-of-the-art ‘Big ML’ applications often only use 320×320 images (see the TinyML book). Also consider an 8-bit grayscale VGA image occupies 300KB uncompressed and the Nano 33 BLE Sense has 256KB of RAM. We have to do something to reduce the image size! 

Camera format options

The OV7670 module supports lower resolutions through configuration options. The options modify the image data before it reaches the Arduino. The configurations currently available via the library today are:

VGA – 640 x 480

CIF – 352 x 240

QVGA – 320 x 240

QCIF – 176 x 144

This is a good start as it reduces the amount of time it takes to send an image from the camera to the Arduino. It reduces the size of the image data array required in your Arduino sketch as well. You select the resolution by changing the value in Camera.begin. Don’t forget to change the size of your array too.

Camera.begin(QVGA, RGB565, 1)

The camera library also offers different color formats: YUV422, RGB444 and RGB565. These define how the color values are encoded and all occupy 2 bytes per pixel in our image data. We’re using the RGB565 format which has 5 bits for red, 6 bits for green, and 5 bits for blue:

Converting the 2-byte RGB565 pixel to individual red, green, and blue values in your sketch can be accomplished as follows:

// Convert from RGB565 to 24-bit RGB uint16_t pixel = (high << 8) | low; int red = ((pixel >> 11) & 0x1f) << 3; int green = ((pixel >> 5) & 0x3f) << 2; int blue = ((pixel >> 0) & 0x1f) << 3;

Resizing the image on the Arduino

Once we get our image data onto the Arduino, we can then reduce the size of the image further. Just removing pixels will give us a jagged (aliased) image. To do this more smoothly, we need a downsampling algorithm that can interpolate pixel values and use them to create a smaller image.

The techniques used to resample images is an interesting topic in itself. We found the simple downsampling example from Eloquent Arduino works with fine the Arduino_OV767X camera library output (see animated GIF above).

Applications like the TensorFlow Lite Micro Person Detection example that use CNN based models on Arduino for machine vision may not need any further preprocessing of the image — other than averaging the RGB values in order to remove color for 8-bit grayscale data per pixel.

However, if you do want to perform normalization, iterating across pixels using the Arduino max and min functions is a convenient way to obtain the upper and lower bounds of input pixel values. You can then use map to scale the output pixel values to a 0-255 range.

byte pixelOut = map(input[y][x][c], lower, upper, 0, 255);

Conclusion

This was an introduction to how to connect an OV7670 camera module to the Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense and some considerations for obtaining data from the camera for TinyML applications. There’s a lot more to explore on the topic of machine vision on Arduino — this is just a start!

Machine vision with low cost camera modules was originally published on PlanetArduino

[quartz-components]

AT89S52 8-bit Microcontroller

The AT89S52 comes from the popular 8051 family of Atmel Microcontrollers. It is an 8-bit CMOS microcontroller with 8K as Flash memory and 256 bytes of RAM. Since it is similar to the trust worthy 8051 architecture these microcontrollers are as per industry standard. It has 32 I/O pins comprising of three 16-bit timers, external interrupts, full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

Learn more about AT89S52 microcontroller: https://components101.com/microcontrollers/at89s52-microcontroller-pinout-features-datasheet

[embeddedinstitutebangalore]

Professional Training Institute (PTI) is a Training organization, which is well known for providing quality education in advance fields such as Embedded System, C, Linux, CAN, Basic electronics, digital electronics, presently these are the hottest and best job-providing sectors. As the world changing fast, the technologies also changing day by day, we at Professional Training Instituteupdate our syllabus after every six months, we train the students according to the present using technologies in the industries. We at Professional Training Institute train our student such a way that, it’s easy for them to work in industries as they will have good practical knowledge. We at Professional Training Institute provide practical training such a way that our student getting an edge over others. Our main motto is to focus on practical and hands-on training to the student so that they are able to face any kind of interview in the embedded domain.

The Syllabus is Followed by Embedded Training Institute in Bangalore

This is a 4-5 month course for B.E/B. Tech/MTech/ ME/ MCA/M. Sc Candidates Pre-final & Final Year with a background preferably Electronics, Electrical, Instrumentation or Computer science.

1. With this students will be handling their Mini & Final year project by themselves independently. If already completed engineering then this course will help to get the job. 2. Our embedded training institute in Bangalore will provide 100% job assistance to our students. We give our full effort to get a job/place. We are having a dedicated team how is working with the placements. 3. Course Code: PTIESD0a – Comprehensive Embedded Systems Design Course is divided into following Major headings.

a) Basic Electronics and Digital Electronics. b) Basic C. c) Tools including S/W and H/W. d) Basic of Hardware Concepts. e) Basic Embedded. f) Advance C. g) Advance Embedded. h) Basic Linux. i) RTOS concepts. j) Linux Internal and Linux Device Drivers.

Details Description of Syllabus of Embedded Systems Courses in Bangalore

Basics of Electronics and Digital Electronic

Basic Electronics

Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors.

PN-Junction.

Diodes.

Transistor.

MOSFET/CMOS.

Interpretation Data Sheet.

Half-Wave Rectifiers/ Full-Wave Rectifier.

Power Supply 3.3V,5.0V,12.0V, Voltage Regulators.

Crystals

Switches, Relays.

7-Segment

555 Timers in AS/MS/BS

Digital Electronics

Number System – Binary, Hex, Decimal,BCD System.

Addition/Subtraction of binary, 2’s complements.

Interconversion of number system.

Logic Gates – AND/OR/NOR/EXOR.

Filip-flop, Memory element.

Mux- De-Mux, Decoders.

Shift Registers.

Counters.

Basics C

CHAPTER 1: GETTING STARTED

What is C?

Data Types

Variables

Naming Conventions for C Variables

Printing and Initializing Variables

CHAPTER 2: SCOPE OF VARIABLES

Block Scope

Function Scope

File Scope

Program Scope

The auto Specifier

The static Specifier

The register Specifier

The extern Specifier

The register Specifier

The extern Specifier

CHAPTER 3: CONTROL FLOW CONSTRUCTS

if

if else

while

for

Endless Loops

do while

break and continue

switch

else if

CHAPTER 4: THE C PREPROCESSOR

#define

Macros

#include

Conditional Compilation

#ifdef

#ifndef

CHAPTER 5: MORE ON FUNCTIONS

Function Declarations

Function Prototypes

Returning a Value or Not

Arguments and Parameters

Organization of C Source Files

Extended Example

CHAPTER 6: BIT MANIPULATION

Defining the Problem Space

A Programming Example

Bit Wise Operators

Bit Manipulation Functions

Circular Shifts

CHAPTER 7: STRINGS & ARRAY

Fundamental Concepts

Aggregate Operations

String Functions

Array Dimensions

An Array as an Argument to a Function

String Arrays

Example Programs

CHAPTER 8: POINTERS (PART 1)

Fundamental Concepts

Pointer Operators and Operations

Changing an Argument with a Function

call

Pointer Arithmetic

String Functions with Pointers

Pointer Difference

Prototypes for String Parameters

Relationship Between an Array and a Pointer

The Pointer Notation *p++

CHAPTER 9: STRUCTURES

Fundamental Concepts

Describing a Structure

Creating Structures

Operations on Structures

Functions Returning Structures

Passing Structures to Functions

Pointers to Structures

Array of Structures

Functions Returning a Pointer to a Structure

Structure Padding

CHAPTER 9: STRUCTURES

typedef – New Name for an Existing Type

Bit Fields

unions

Non-Homogeneous Arrays

Enumerations

Tools Including S/W and H/W for Embedded Systems Training

KEIL

Making project in Keil.

Keil features/ tabs

Memory models in Keil.

Debugger setting in Keil.

Linker settings in Keil.

Multimeter

Measuring Voltage/Current/Registers

Measuring continuity

Introducing BBT – Baring Board Test.

CRO

Use of CRO.

What is Trigger?

How to do setting in CRO.

Measuring Voltage/current from CRO

Logic Analyzer

What is Logic Analyzer

How to use Logic Analyzer

What is the use of a logic analyzer

For which protocol we can use a logic analyzer.

Soldering Iron/Heat GUN/

How to use Soldering Iron.

Precaution needs to take.

Basic Hardware Concepts of Professional Training Institute

Designing Power supply

Design of power supply 5V.

Designing of 7 Segment Display Hardware

Study of 7 segment components

Designing Schematics of hardware implementation.

Hardware Design guidelines.

Important concepts during hardware Schematics design

Important concepts during hardware PCB lay-outing.

Active High/Active Low

Description of Active high and Active Low

EMI/EMC consideration

Use of Ground Plan

Use of De-coupling capacitor

Use of TVS Diode

Components Torrance and Data sheet study

Component Torrance study.

Consideration during designing.

Certification/Standard

CE/TUV/IC/ISI/IS/ISO

Basics of Embedded Systems

Microprocessor/Microcontroller

Basic Concepts and Review

Definition

Nomenclature

Buses – Address, Data, and Control

Architecture

Interfacing memory & I/O devices

Programming ( Assembly)

Monitor program

Micro-controller

Microcontroller Basic Concepts and Review

Architecture

Interfacing memory & I/O devices

Programming ( Assembly)

Assignments

Assembly Programming

Addition of two number.

Toggling Port with delay

Toggling Port with a timer.

Introduction of Interrupt.

Comparison interrupt and polling.

Communication with loopback.

Keyboard interface.

Controlling LED with Switches.

Embedded C

Embedded C & Integrated Development Environment

Embedded C Programming

Data types

Pointers

Arrays

Pointer functions

Loops

Introducing ARM Architecture

Induction of ARM Architecture

ARM7TDMI

Difference between ARM9/ARM11

Different ARM concepts

The advantage of ARM.

Advance C

Structure and union

Combination of Structure and union.

Bit fields in Structure.

Pointers to structure and union.

The advantage of Structure and union

Function Pointers

Microcontroller Basic Concepts and Review

Function pointers.

Callbacks

Advantage/use of functions pointers.

Dynamic memory allocation

Malloc

Calloc

free

re-alloc

File operations

Opening A file

Closing a file

Writing some data in a file and reading back and printing.

The different mode in which file can be open and write.

String operation

Srtcpy

strcmp

strcat

strlen

strstr

Pre-requisites for the Embedded Training in Bangalore:

1. B.E/B. Tech/MTech/ ME/ MCA/M.Sc Candidates Pre-final & Final Year with a background preferably Electronics, Electrical, Instrumentation or Computer science.

Professional Training Institute – Embedded Systems Training Institute in Bangalore

Our training method is different, our students get hands-on experience, they do experiments individually, which helps them to understand each part clearly like for example in embedded part we train them on UART protocol, we make them think and write a program for UART protocol, and we let them do communication between two devices using the UART protocol, by all these they will have good understanding of the UART protocol and they can easily use UART anytime in future. In this way, they get more interest to know about different technologies and we make them work and think.

We start our embedded system training from basic electronics, we teach the importance of electronics components, circuit design and we train them to design a power supply for different voltages. During c-programming classes we make our student think of the logic of each programmer, we never help them for write program, instead we help them to think and solve, this help them develop their logical skills and they can able to write any different programs.

We make student to discuss in class, and to give a seminar, which helps our students to develop the communication skills.

Learn More

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