#68030 processor

[techav]

On Multitasking

Sharing a Computer with Friends

The Motorola 68030 was a decently powerful microprocessor for its day. It is a fully 32-bit processor with 16 general-purpose registers, separate instruction & data caches, memory management unit, 18 addressing modes, over 100 instructions, pipelined architecture, and was available rated up to 50MHz. It was used in computers by Apple, Amiga, NeXT, Sun, Atari, and saw further life embedded in devices such as printers, oscilloscopes, and network switches. It was the kind of microprocessor used for desktop publishing, 3D CAD & animation, photo & video editing, etc.

In short, the 68030 is a microprocessor that can do some serious work. That's part of why I like it so much. It's a real workhorse chip but as far as 32-bit microprocessors go, it's dead simple to build with.

But running a single quick & simple BASIC program hardly seems like an adequate exercise for such a capable chip.

There is a prevailing claim that the 68000 architecture was heavily inspired by that of the PDP-11 or VAX minicomputers — powerhouses of the previous generation of computing. These machines ran entire businesses, at times servicing many simultaneous users. Surely the 68030 with similar capabilities but significantly faster instruction throughput than the decade-older machines would be more than capable of handling such a workload.

As I've mentioned before, one of my end goals for my 68030 projects is to run a proper operating system. Something like System V, BSD, or Linux; a true multi-user system befitting of the 68k's architectural heritage. My programming skills are limited, and getting such a complex project running is still outside my reach. But I am learning, and slowly inching myself closer to that goal.

Recently I built an expansion card for my Wrap030 project to add another four serial ports to it. In the context of the old minicomputers, another serial port means another terminal, which means the ability to serve one more user. My new 4-port serial card should give me the ability to add four new user terminals.

If only I had software capable of doing so.

Excluding symmetric multiprocessing and today's multi-core behemoths, supporting multiple user processes on a single computer processor means dividing time between them. The computer will run one user's program for a little while, then stop and run another user's program for a little while. Do this fast enough and neither user might ever notice that the computer is paying attention to someone else — especially since the computer spends much of its time just waiting for user input.

There are a few ways to accomplish this, but the simplest is to just make sure that every user program is written to cooperate with the others and periodically yield to the next user program ("Cooperative Multitasking"). A good time to do this is whenever the program needs to wait for input from the user or wait for a device to be ready to accept output.

Enhanced BASIC (68k EhBASIC), which I have been running on all of my 68k computer builds, was written in such a way that lends itself well to this sort of cooperative multitasking. It runs a tight loop when waiting for input or output, and while running a BASIC program, it stops at the end of each line to see if the user has pressed Ctrl-C to stop the program. This means that EhBASIC never goes too long without needing to check in with slow I/O devices. All that would needed is a simple kernel to set things up and switch to another user's processes whenever each time one of them is waiting for I/O.

So I set about creating such a minimal multi-user kernel. On startup, it initializes hardware, sets up some data tables for keeping track of what each user program is doing, loads BASIC into RAM, then starts running BASIC for that first user. Whenever a user process needs to read data from or write data to its terminal, it asks the kernel to handle that I/O task for it. The kernel will save the state of the user program to the data table it set up in the beginning, then switch to the next user to let it run until it too asks for assistance with an I/O task.

The kernel works through all user processes round-robin until it loops back around to the first user. After restoring the state of the user's process the kernel will service the I/O task that user process had originally requested, and return to let that user process run for a little while again. So all of the other user processes get their chance to run while one is waiting on data, and each process makes sure to allow the others a chance to run for a while when they are in the middle of running their own program.

I was able to throw together a quick proof of concept using the EASy68K simulator. What followed was days of catching all of the tiny mistakes I made, such as saving register A0 to the memory location reserved for register A1, overwriting the value previously saved for A1 and effectively losing both in the process — an error which resulted in BASIC printing only the first three characters of its startup header followed by a long string of null characters.

Debugging was tricky. I was starting from the bottom. No standard library, no existing structure or frameworks to rely on. The kernel process relied on the very same registers the user programs were using. Any changes to register contents by the kernel would affect the user processes. I ended up adding assembly macros to print short statements and register contents to the kernel console to try to get some insight into what was happening. I was able to track when registers came out of the user context save/restore process different than when they went in to find where I had bugs in that process.

This was a challenging project resulting in nearly a thousand lines of very low-level 68k assembly code, all of which I wrote and rewrote multiple times before figuring everything out. I've written small pieces of assembly code over the years, but none which required such deep dives into the CPU documentation to discern fine details of how the chip operates. I got there eventually though and now I have an 8MHz 68030 homebrew computer with 2MB of RAM that can run four BASIC programs simultaneously.

I'm going to need more terminals.

[justforbooks]

The Macintosh Plus computer is the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced on January 16, 1986, two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K, with a price tag of US$2599. As an evolutionary improvement over the 512K, it shipped with 1 MB of RAM standard, expandable to 4 MB, and an external SCSI peripheral bus, among smaller improvements. It originally had the same generally beige-colored case as the original Macintosh ("Pantone 453"), however in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived, warm gray "Platinum" color. It is the earliest Macintosh model able to run System 7 OS.

Bruce Webster of BYTE reported a rumor in December 1985: "Supposedly, Apple will be releasing a Big Mac by the time this column sees print: said Mac will reportedly come with 1 megabyte of RAM ... the new 128K-byte ROM ... and a double-sided (800K bytes) disk drive, all in the standard Mac box". Introduced as the Macintosh Plus, it was the first Macintosh model to include a SCSI port, which launched the popularity of external SCSI devices for Macs, including hard disks, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, Zip Drives, and even monitors. The SCSI implementation of the Plus was engineered shortly before the initial SCSI spec was finalized and, as such, is not 100% SCSI-compliant. SCSI ports remained standard equipment for all Macs until the introduction of the iMac in 1998, which replaced most of Apple's "legacy ports" with USB.

The Macintosh Plus was the last classic Mac to have a phone cord-like port on the front of the unit for the keyboard, as well as the DE-9 connector for the mouse; models released after the Macintosh Plus would use ADB ports.

The Mac Plus was the first Apple computer to utilize user-upgradable SIMM memory modules instead of single DIP DRAM chips. Four SIMM slots were provided and the computer shipped with four 256K SIMMs, for 1MB total RAM. By replacing them with 1MB SIMMs, it was possible to have 4MB of RAM. (Although 30-pin SIMMs could support up to 16MB total RAM, the Mac Plus motherboard had only 22 address lines connected, for a 4MB maximum.)

It has what was then a new ​3 1⁄2-inch double-sided 800 KB floppy drive, offering double the capacity of floppy disks from previous Macs, along with backward compatibility. The then-new drive is controlled by the same IWM chip as in previous models, implementing variable speed GCR. The drive was still completely incompatible with PC drives. The 800 KB drive has two read/write heads, enabling it to simultaneously use both sides of the floppy disk and thereby double storage capacity. Like the 400 KB drive before it, a companion Macintosh 800K External Drive was an available option. However, with the increased disk storage capacity combined with 2-4x the available RAM, the external drive was less of a necessity than it had been with the 128K and 512K.

The Mac Plus has 128 KB of ROM on the motherboard, which is double the amount of ROM in previous Macs; the ROMs included software to support SCSI, the then-new 800 KB floppy drive, and the Hierarchical File System (HFS), which uses a true directory structure on disks (as opposed to the earlier MFS, Macintosh File System in which all files were stored in a single directory, with one level of pseudo-folders overlaid on them). For programmers, the fourth Inside Macintosh volume details how to use HFS and the rest of the Mac Plus's new system software. The Plus still did not include provision for an internal hard drive and it would be over nine months before Apple would offer a SCSI drive replacement for the slow Hard Disk 20. It would be well over a year before Apple would offer the first internal hard disk drive in any Macintosh.

A compact Mac, the Plus has a 9-inch (23 cm) 512 × 342 pixel monochrome display with a resolution of 72 PPI, identical to that of previous Macintosh models. Unlike earlier Macs, the Mac Plus's keyboard includes a numeric keypad and directional arrow keys and, as with previous Macs, it has a one-button mouse and no fan, making it extremely quiet in operation. The lack of a cooling fan in the Mac Plus led to frequent problems with overheating and hardware malfunctions.

The applications MacPaint and MacWrite were bundled with the Mac Plus. After August 1987, HyperCard and MultiFinder were also bundled. Third-party software applications available included MacDraw, Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, as well as Aldus PageMaker. Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint (originally by Forethought) were actually developed and released first for the Macintosh, and similarly Microsoft Word 1 for Macintosh was the first time a GUI version of that software was introduced on any personal computer platform. For a time, the exclusive availability of Excel and PageMaker on the Macintosh were noticeable drivers of sales for the platform.

The case design is essentially identical to the original Macintosh. It debuted in beige and was labeled Macintosh Plus on the front, but Macintosh Plus 1 MB on the back, to denote the 1 MB RAM configuration with which it shipped. In January 1987 it transitioned to Apple's long-lived platinum-gray color with the rest of the Apple product line, and the keyboard's keycaps changed from brown to gray. In January 1988, with reduced RAM prices, Apple began shipping 2- and 4- MB configurations and rebranded it simply as "Macintosh Plus." Among other design changes, it included the same trademarked inlaid Apple logo and recessed port icons as the Apple IIc and IIGS before it, but it essentially retained the original design.

An upgrade kit was offered for the earlier Macintosh 128K and Macintosh 512K/enhanced, which includes a new motherboard, floppy disk drive and rear case. The owner retained the front case, monitor and analog board. Because of this, there is no "Macintosh Plus" on the front of upgraded units, and the Apple logo is recessed and in the bottom left hand corner of the front case. However, the label on the back of the case reads "Macintosh Plus 1MB". The new extended Plus keyboard could also be purchased. Unfortunately, this upgrade cost almost as much as a new machine.

The Mac Plus itself can be upgraded further with the use of third-party accelerators. When these are clipped or soldered onto the 68000 processor, a 32 MHz 68030 processor can be used, and up to 16 MB RAM. This allows it to run Mac OS 7.6.1.

There is a program available called Mini vMac that can emulate a Mac Plus on a variety of platforms, including Unix, Windows, DOS, classic Mac OS, macOS, Pocket PC, iOS and even Nintendo DS.

Although the Macintosh Plus would become overshadowed by two new Macintoshes, the Macintosh SE and the Macintosh II in March 1987, it remained in production as a cheaper alternative until the introduction of the Macintosh Classic on October 15, 1990. This made the Macintosh Plus the longest-produced Macintosh ever, having been on sale unchanged for 1,734 days, until the 2nd generation Mac Pro, introduced on December 19, 2013, surpassed the record on September 18, 2018. (it would ultimately last for 2,182 days before being discontinued on December 10, 2019) It continued to be supported by versions of the classic Mac OS up to version 7.5.5, released in 1996. Additionally, during its period of general market relevance, it was heavily discounted like the 512K/512Ke before it and offered to the educational market badged as the "Macintosh Plus ED". Due to its popularity, long life and its introduction of many features that would become mainstays of the Macintosh platform for years, the Plus was a common "base model" for many software and hardware products.

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at http://justforbooks.tumblr.com

[sub-media]

Amiga 3000 built on the success of A2000 but was entirely reworked and rethought as a high-end workstation. It used the new Motorola 32-bit 68030 CPU, 68882 math co-processor, and 32-bit system memory. A3000 marked the apex of classy design and outstanding build quality. https://ift.tt/2MNo6Pt

[linuxlife]

Linux Life Episode 47

Hello once again and welcome back to Linux Life. Well since our last episode I have upgraded the graphics card in the i7 desktop from the GT 630 that was in there to a more modern GTX 1030 although both have 2GB texture memory the 1030 has GDDR5 and many more graphic units the 630 had 64 the 1030 has 512 so a much faster card overall.

The reason I got the GTX 1030 was it was capable of Vulkan as it’s a DX12 compatible card which the GT 630 wasn’t.  So many more games are playable now.  Not that I am a huge games player but I do like to have an odd game or two now and again.

So major graphics upgrade meant I tried a few games obviously I tried a few of the native Steam games and sure enough they work fine.  Things look good in things like Castlevania Lords of Shadow.

OK on to more daring moves.  I used to play Unreal Tournament 2004 a lot in the olden days when I used to play regularly.  I was never good at FPS games but an occasional blast is fun.  So I know Unreal Tournament 4 is free to download but obviously it uses the Epic Launcher which is Windows and Mac only at the moment.

Tried running it with Wine it failed to install.  So off I went looking around the net apparently UT4 has a Linux test application which is 10GB of download.  So I downloaded it read the thread on how to install it and run it.

Sure enough I now can play Unreal Tournament 4 on Antergos.  I have yet to play it online but I am sure having fun getting my skills back with the bots.  

With that under my belt I went one step further... As I mentioned earlier this new card has Vulkan capability.  So I downloaded Lutris and decided to try Path of Exile.  I am a sucker for a good Diablo-style game.  I spent hours with Diablo, Diablo II, Torchlight and Torchlight 2.

Now I tried PoE in its early days in Windows and it was quite fun but got sidetracked and never played it again.  It has vastly improved since I last played it.

I also had to install DXVK which is a tool which converts Direct X calls into Vulkan instructions so Linux can run these games.

So I download the script, install the game using it and set it to go.  I wish I had checked the script as it set the desktop on PoE to 1920x1024 and it was off the edge of my screen.

A few tweaks later I have it running full screen at 1280x960 and I can now see all of the screen.  I also turned off the FPS counter as to be honest I don’t really care.

However the mouse on the menu I have to move under the item I want by quite a bit to select it which is odd.  I get the game going and the mouse is fine in game until I open my inventory screen.  Once again the mouse pointer is out of sync regarding objects.

It seemed it was am issue as the game was not running in full screen.  It still has issues but I can at least correct it.  Bit fiddly but it can be done.  Not ideal but playable once it is sorted.

Moving away from games I have been playing with the Hatari emulator.  I admit, I never owned an Atari machine of any era.  Not at all.  I have used many of them due to other people owning them but I myself have never actually had any.

Now Hatari is an ST/TT/Falcon emulator.   So I managed to get the basic ST setup and games running which is pretty standard and easy to do.  However I decided to attempt running a Falcon Demo.

Having never used a Falcon or a TT but a bit of a read through the manual I tried to run a 68060 demo which I did not get manage to get it working.  However I did manage to get a 68030 demo running.

I have an i7 3770K with 24GB of memory and it struggled to run the demo without frame skipping.

What is odd is I can run an Amiga emulator such as FS-UAE, as a 68030 with no major performance hit so why does Hatari struggle.  Especially since I believe both FS-UAE and Hatari use the UAE core base for their 68K series emulation.  So they should be comparative but not the case.

However I do admit I think the major slowdown factor was having to emulate the Falcon DSP sound processing as opposed to the issue of the processor emulation.  Sound emulation is always a headache in any major project involving emulators and is always one of the last things implemented as it takes a lot of work to get right.

So I may be able to forgive Hatari in that respect as in time someone will figure out the DSP stuff to be optimized.

Well I think that’s enough for this episode.  So until next time... Take care.

[nahasdj]

2004 imac operating system

2004 IMAC OPERATING SYSTEM FOR MAC

2004 IMAC OPERATING SYSTEM MAC OS X

2004 IMAC OPERATING SYSTEM MANUALS

AppleScript is part of today’s Automator and offers a way to automate operating system and app functions.Ībout this time, Apple started using PowerPC processors in the Mac line. It was a big improvement over earlier versions, offering more stability, virtual memory support, cooperative multitasking through MultiFinder, and the AppleScript scripting language. Of all of the original System releases, I remember System 7 as being the most long-lived. System 6 also brought support for the Motorola 68030 CPU and the 1.44MB SuperDrive floppy. That bootable diskette was a direct ancestor of the Disk Utility we still use today. One of these diskettes, “Disk Utilities 1”, came with Disk First Aid and HD SC Setup.

2004 IMAC OPERATING SYSTEM MANUALS

For $49, users got three manuals and four diskettes. System 5 and 6Īpple began charging for operating system upgrades with System 5. ADB also worked with adapters to connect Macs to AppleTalk networks. It also supported Apple Desktop Bus, used for many years to connect keyboards, mice, and other devices. System 4.1 was notable in that it supported the Motorola 68020 CPU, expansion slots, and color display of the Macintosh II. System 3 brought 800K startup drives, SCSI for connectivity to scanners, printers, and storage, AppleShare (early networking and file sharing). For example, System 2 brought multiple folders and screenshots (Command – Shift – 3), while System 2.1 added support for the Apple Hard Disk 20 (that’s 20MB, not GB…). System 1 through System 4 (1987) offered a few enhancements along the way. Overlapping, resizable windows the Finder, folders, a mouse-controlled pointer, the Trash can, and the top menu bar anchored by the Apple icon. In the two years that the Lisa was on the market, it sold only 10,000 units.Īs crude as the System 1 desktop looks in the screenshot above, it introduced many concepts that still exist in macOS today. Apple had released the Lisa with a GUI in 1983, but it was ridiculously expensive ($9,995, equivalent to almost $26,000 in 2020 dollars), slow, and used unreliable floppy disks coupled with a 5 MB hard disk drive. It was the first popular consumer OS to use a graphical user interface. For those of us who were around at the time the first Mac was released, System 1 was a revolutionary operating system.

2004 IMAC OPERATING SYSTEM MAC OS X

On that day, twenty years ago, Apple introduced the next generation of the Mac operating system – Mac OS X 10.0 “Cheetah.” The introduction was no small matter, as it marked a change in how Macs work that remains up to this day with macOS 11 “Big Sur.” Let’s take a look at the history of Mac operating systems from 1984 until now, starting with the “Classic” operating system introduced in 1984 and ending with Big Sur.Īt the beginning (1984), there was System 1.

2004 IMAC OPERATING SYSTEM FOR MAC

March 24, 2001, was a banner day for Mac users.

[computationltd]

Well it’s not going to win any beauty pageants but the #MacIntosh IIci deserves a little love for being the long-lived business workhorse of the Macintosh line. Manufactured by #Apple Computers from 1989 to 1993 and retailing for a substantial $8,798 USD ($18,793 today) the #IIci was powered by the #Motorola 68030 processor, 40-80 MB #HDD and 1-4 MB (up to 128 MB) of RAM. The IIci #ROM also has an interesting #easteregg where if you set the date to September 20, 1989 (it’s release date) and hold down the Command+Option+C+I keys during boot time an image of the development team will be displayed! To find out more about our services please visit www.computation.ca, contact us at service@computation.ca or give us a call at 416-913-3443. #computation #toronto #computationrecycling #electronicsrecycling #computerrecycling #ewasterecycling #computerrepair #laptoprepair #applecomputer #macintoshIIci #classicapple #classicmac #retroapple #retromac #retrocomputer #retrotech #vintagecomputer #vintagemac #vintageapple #dontdespairwerepair (at Computation Ltd.) https://www.instagram.com/p/CKj1wEZBP2i/?igshid=bmc35zmptpaa

[zerohour1974]

Day 13 : Apple Macintosh machines I would like to own...

Hello ladies and gentlemen, here we are at Day 13 of the daily blog challenge which is ongoing through the month of January.

As the topic says I am looking at Apple machines I would like to own.  I have never been a large collector of Apple products but I do own three Macs currently.  I own an Indigo iMac G3, a Powerbook 1400 CS and a 2006 Mac Pro (upgraded to X5355 Quad Core Xeons).

However there is various machines I would like to get hold of ...

1. Apple Mac G4 Cube

I used to own a 2002 Quicksilver G4 Mac and I admit I have always found the G4 machines to be far more useful than the G3.

They also are less power hungry than the G5 and far more reliable than those evil machines.  I really never want another G5 as long as I live.  Anyway I'm drifting off course.

I remember seeing the G4 Cube in a computer store in Tottenham Court Road, London.  It looked so cool.  I remember thinking it was a great aesthetically looking machine.  I think it also included the Harman Kardon speaker set with it which added further elements of style.

The G4 Cube is definitely not a fast machine if I remember.  If you want a decent G4 go for the Mac Mini or MDD models.

2. Mac Classic

I have always wanted a Mac Classic but I refuse to pay the silly prices they now go for.

There is something about having the original 1984 Mac which started Apple onto the main road.

Normally these machines need a lot of work to get them working and probably require constant maintenance to keep them running.

The design is an absolute Classic and even though the 9" screen is black and white only and the 4MB is your absolute limit when it comes to memory.  Not forgetting it's a 68000 running at 8Mhz.

I would probably just use it as word processor but thats because I'm weird.  

It's just something I would love to own as I consider it a piece of computing history.

3.  Color Classic (Mystic upgraded)

Moving on from the original Classic to probably one of my favourite macs when it came out.

It was like most of the Apple products far out of my price range.

Now the Color Classic is one machine I have actually used due to setting one up for display for the Museum of Computing, in Swindon.

The machine has a crisp 10" Colour Sony Trinitron display and is really quite a nice machine to use. The machine comes with a 68030 processor and maxes out at 10MB of RAM.

However to get the best out of the Color Classic it is recommended to do the "Mystic" upgrade.  Basically you take the motherboard  from a LC 575 machine modify it slightly to sort out graphic compatability.  I believe that's done by adding or removing certain resistors.

Then the machine is upgraded to 68LC040 running at 33Mhz and can take up to 36MB of RAM.  It is even better if you can update the LC to a full 68040 as I believe you can get it up 66Mhz that way.

This increases the machine speed by multiple times (some say upto 5x)so it's definitely worth doing.  However I do believe LC 575 boards are getting harder to come by.

Color Classics are equally not the easiest machines to find outside the US as they were not huge selling machines in the rest of the world.

4.  MacBook Pro 15" i7 laptop

I really have a soft spot for Intel i7 machines.  I own an i7 3700K desktop machine.  I own a Dell M6800 laptop with an i7 4310QM and my previous laptop was a Samsung i7 3530QM machine.

So actually finding an Apple Macbook Pro with an i7 processor would just be ideal for me.

However I don't believe they made many of the i7 models.  Apple primarily sold most of their MacBook range with i5 processors.

I have no idea why they did that, maybe they got a batch lot from Intel.  

Admittedly I think most of the Apple Macbook Pro range use Intel graphics cards but people have managed to use them for video editing so they can't be that bad.

Apple no longer produce Intel laptops and even the refurbished models are going from between £1200+.

Which means it's not something I will invest in lightly.

So those are the Macs that I would like to own but more than likely never will.

I hope that’s been enlightening to someone out there...

[hypertrace]

TRANSVERSAL TRACE

Intelity: #14, C-type matte photograph by Maximilian Tomozei (2015), showing a closeup view of a scratched and degraded electronic security chip. The piece highlights a transversal site between a physical trace and the trace of digital identity as stored in or via the chip. http://www.tomozei.com/intelity/

0h!m1gas, an audiovisual installation with a plexibox housed ant colony, turntables, audio, camera, monitor, variable dimensions, by Kuai Shen (2012). The work shows an example of transversal media practice as something more than ‘multi,’ ‘convergent’ or ‘mixed’ media in that new, bizarre or experimental channels of signal feedback between disparate spheres of communication are facilitated for new knowledge. In this case, nature and technology are ‘connected’ allowing feedback between ant colonies and a media artefact (turntable). http://kuaishen.tv/0hm1gas/

Computerwelt: MOTOROLA 68030, analogue 8x10 format film scan photograph by Christoph Morlinghaus (2015), showing an extreme close-up and long exposure of a Motorola 68030 microprocessor. The image production relies on an analogue photographic process to capture the physical intricacies of a digital signal processor. https://www.wired.com/2016/08/extreme-closeup-computer-hardware-looks-like-tiny-cities/

[techav]

Building a Faster SE

The Macintosh SE was the first Mac model to support internal expansion cards, by way of its Processor Direct Slot. As the name implies, the PDS connector exposes most of the 68000 processor signals. This makes it an ideal candidate for a CPU upgrade card. Many such products were available in the early 1990s, offering faster and newer processors, cache, additional memory etc.

The Motorola 68030 is a great option for accelerating an existing 68k system. It has the same instruction set, with a few additions, so all the same code will run. It also supports dynamic bus sizing, so it can easily interface with 8-, 16-, and 32-bit peripherals. And it supported clock speeds up to 50MHz. All around, it's a fairly easy 32-bit processor to start with, and it can be adapted to the 68000 bus with minimal additional logic.

So I tried my hand at making a 68030 accelerator card for the Mac SE. It has a 68030 CPU & 68882 FPU, and uses an Atmel ATF1504 CPLD & some 74'245 buffers as glue logic adapting the 32-bit bus of the 68030 to the 16-bit bus of the 68000 and SE.

I've not added any cache or extra RAM. I thought it best to start small and get the basic bus translation working first. Ideally, this little card would be transparent to the OS, perhaps only needing a small init to enable the 68030 L1 cache or announce presence of the FPU.

If I can get this basic card to work, I might move on to adding L2 cache or 32-bit-wide RAM to help further accelerate the system.

[newseveryhourly]

In January of 1994, Connectix introduced RAM Doubler, an innovative utility that transparently appeared to double the amount of memory in most Macs (it requires a 68030 processor or higher) https://ift.tt/2lebHWB

[jamisonwieser]

Every so often I boot up my PowerBook 160, when was released in October 1992.

At the time it was mid-range Apple laptop, with a 25Mhz 68030 processor, 4 MB of memory, a display capable of 16 shades of gray, and an 80 MB SCSI hard drive. It can't hold a charge, there's no way to connect it to the Internet, so I can create documents, but can't send them anywhere.

I'll be sad when the day comes that drive fails.

[kalachand97-blog]

New Post has been published on Globeinfrom

New Post has been published on https://globeinform.com/just-what-turned-into-in-that-ios-gadget-update/

Just What Turned into in That iOS Gadget Update?

Q. While I get the notice of a software Replace for iOS, there’s typically a link to read about the safety content material of the Update. However, where does Apple officially let you know about all other things that trade in those improvements?

A. You may see a listing of the brand new capabilities, introduced apps, worm fixes and other tweaks Apple has made to each version of its iOS mobile running Gadget through visiting the iOS Downloads web page in the guide region of the business enterprise’s website. On the iOS Downloads web page, click on the hyperlink for the version of the Device you are the usage of on your iPhone, iPad or iPod Contact to peer the scope of the adjustments (like “new emoji” or “transit directions for Japan”) noted in a series of bullet points.

every model of the Gadget shown On the iOS Downloads web page have to additionally show that equal link to the Update’s protection-related facts which you see Whilst you operate the software program Replace putting for your iOS device. The Apple safety Updates page On the corporation’s website online has the one’s details, in conjunction with the documentation for all of Apple’s software merchandise like macOS and its various packages, equipment for developers and the running systems for the Apple Watch and Apple Tv.

Google posts facts approximately Android news and updates On the Android phase of its organization weblog and in its monthly Android protection Bulletins. Even as intended for app creators, the Android developer’s website online also outlines the brand new features of every new edition of the operating Gadget. Because the Android software program is extensively used by several hardware manufacturers and wireless carriers, those businesses may have their personal list of updates too.

Microsoft’s web page has a widespread guide to the new features the contemporary Home windows 10 mobile working Device, as well as ordinary blog posts. The mobile-devices help area of the website online lists the Update history for the numerous Lumia models that run the Home windows software for telephones.

At the same time as not legit sources of documentation, many blogs and on line boards committed to running systems additionally provide in-depth opinions of software program updates and regularly do a thorough activity of laying out the good, the terrible and the buggy modifications. Hyperlinks to an expansion of famous Apple-themed blogs can be determined here, But Android blogs and people dedicated to Microsoft’s services (like MSPoweruser, Windows Valuable, and Thurrott) have sections committed to Windows cellular subjects.

How Beneficial Is the In-Car Characteristic of IOS 7? Apple has popped out with its ultra-modern OS version, the iOS 7. This seems to be packed with plenty of latest capabilities and extra software that facilitates the user to function in a higher manner. But, there seems to be one such unique Function that has seems to have stuck the flamboyant of Car proprietors although the idea of getting an Apple package on your Automobile remains not clean. The Function of In-Car multimedia has been designed to facilitate better navigation and greater. Let us discover why it’s far of amazing gain to have iOS 7 in your Vehicle.

The future of cellular generation

iOS 7 inside the Automobile offers a brand new meaning to cellular generation. We already are conscious that maximum of the cars is prepared with iOS music controls. All this is viable with Bluetooth and USB. With the state-of-the-art Replace, plainly iOS might be displayed At the screen for your Vehicle.

You’ll be able to gain get entry to the content displayed consisting of your personal content material streaming At the display screen. the use of iMessages, Maps and Siri could come up with eyes-unfastened consolation. this is what iOS 7 will carry yours to your Vehicle.

What all can we anticipate?

In step with Apple, the iOS in-Car facility will no longer be to be had earlier than 12 months 2014. However, the good information is that many 9aaf3f374c58e8c9dcdd1ebf10256fa5 Car producers have supported Apple for this selection such as Ferrari, Honda, Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, Chevrolet, Volvo, Hyundai, Infiniti, Vauxhall/Opel and Kia. This listing does seem to be staggering as the majority of Vehicle producers appear to be supportive of the idea released with the aid of Apple. However, there’s but every other argument that just a few companies were capable of really implement the concept and created UI well matched with virtual gadgets. it is nonetheless questionable if this technology could be accomplished Simply the manner that Changed into envisioned by Apple.

Can it be incorporated within an Automobile?

Apple is way in advance in the era as we all understand but the concept of changing or reinventing the wheel seems farfetched. Additionally, this will mean more than one systems deployed inside your Automobile panel. It’d only complicate driving and studying those might seem tiring. other matters include troubles with non-public and social information. Having structures in each Vehicle would imply each producer could need to create emblem particular app. A unified app operating on every brand might be a simple answer then.

Aside from this if you already are an iOS person then you too might want iOS Machine included in automobiles too. different worries are related to driving force distraction and protection of the user Whilst using the software program.

In-Car UI

The functionality and the way it is supposed to be integrated into the Automobile nevertheless desires to be considered by using carmakers. Core structures want to be in the region for assisting it and be capable of pressure and manipulate the controls. evidently for those very reasons BMW has no longer yet given its consent or supported this idea by means of Apple.

As a senior tech aid engineer at Qresolve.Com Brandon Malcolm Smith has been supplying on line tech aid to global customers for troubles related to laptops, computer systems, Mac and devices including iPods, capsules, iPhones and extra. Moreover, he is an avid author of articles and blogs which might be aimed to assist Net customers. His regions of pastimes consist of pc guide, tech help, rising technology and cognizance on tech guide scams.

Resolving Cisco Inter-Community operating Gadget Problems Through Laptop assist

Cisco structures is the main pioneer in designing and growing networking, conversation, voice and client digital gadgets. Inter-Network operating Device (IOS) is a software package deal advanced with the aid of Cisco for its hardware structures. It performs telecommunication, switching, routing and networking features which might be intently included with a multi-threading operating Machine. Command line interface (CLI) is used for human system interaction. A fixed institution of a couple of phrase instructions, that’s decided by using the mode and consumer privilege is supplied by way of Cisco. It also presents extensive tech aid for IOS Troubles.

Microprocessors used by IOS maximum of the Cisco hardware systems use microprocessors of various performances and competencies relying on At the hardware platform. Orion R4600 and Motorola 68030 processors are the maxima broadly used ones. Making routing and bridging selections, keeping routing tables and coping with Device management capabilities are the principle responsibilities of IOS. To carry out a lot of these features, the microprocessor must have to get entry to the System reminiscence. Gadget reminiscence mapping must be carried out by using a skilled Laptop assist company.

memory Kinds Required For IOS

There are specifically four types of System memory utilized by IOS, particularly examine the simplest reminiscence, Random get admission to memory, Flash reminiscence, and Non-Risky Random access memory. each of these reminiscences is used for unique functions.

read the simplest reminiscence(ROM) ROM will be both embedded On the microprocessor itself or placed one at a time from the microprocessor At the motherboard. Because the call indicates, records could be most effective examine from this form of memory, no longer written to it. Stored in the ROM, IOS software program is invoked on every occasion the hardware is powered up. The scale of the ROM should be decided through a tech help provider based At the IOS model size.

Random access reminiscence(RAM) RAM is the type of memory which keeps the content material most effective Whilst it’s far powered up. the main objective of RAM is to save walking records, Non Volatileutilized by the utility software program. In Cisco hardware structures, RAM holds IOS System buffers and tables for operational garage necessities.

Flash memory The Single Inline memory Module(SIMM) carries the flash reminiscence. It could be elevated the use of a Laptop card. The most common use of Flash reminiscence is to store IOS software program photographs. Apart from that, it is also used to store System facts and configuration files. In a few excessive end Cisco hardware structures, bootstrap software program is Stored in flash memory. The extension of Flash reminiscence needs expertise which could be furnished via a veteran tech suppoNon-Volatile

ConfigurationRandom get right of entry to memory (NVRAM) NVRAM is typically employed to save begin up configuration. All through the booting process, IOS accesses the configuration settings of the document and performs the Device configuration. it’s far one of the quickest memories.

IOS Architecture Switching and routing are separate operations for all IOS variations. Routing, that’s the Core system of IOS, builds up the Routing statistics Base(RIB). data of the RIB is used to build the final IP Forwarding Table or Forwarding information Base(FIB). FIB is used by the router for shifting facts. in the routers, which rent software best Forwarding method, most of the traffic dealing with takes area at the Cisco Explicit Forwarding(CEF) or dispensed CEF interrupt degree. Because of this motive, IOS want no longer process a context transfer to rout a information packet. In routers, where hardware most effective Forwarding method is used, IOS bureaucracy the FIB in software and transfers it to the forwardiThe configurationof IOS should be finished very cautiously with the assist of an experienced tech assist issuer.

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New Post has been published on Weblistposting

New Post has been published on https://weblistposting.com/simply-what-was-in-that-ios-machine-replace/

Simply What Was in That iOS Machine Replace?

Q. When I get the attention of a software Replace for iOS, there’s normally a link to study approximately the security content material of the Update. However, where does Apple formally let you know about all other matters that change in these improvements?

A. You can see a listing of the new features, introduced apps, malicious program fixes and other tweaks Apple has made to each version of its iOS mobile operating Gadget by traveling the iOS Downloads web page in the help vicinity of the business enterprise’s web page. At the iOS Downloads web page, click the hyperlink for the version of the Gadget you’re the usage of on your iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch to look the scope of the changes (like “new emoji” or “transit guidelines for Japan”) referred to in a chain of bullet points.

each version of the Gadget shown At the iOS Downloads web page need to also show that same hyperlink to the Replace’s security-related facts that you see Whilst you use the software Replace putting for your iOS tool. The Apple safety Updates web page At the enterprise’s web site has the one’s information, together with the documentation for all of Apple’s software merchandise like MacOS and its various programs, equipment for builders and the operating structures for the Apple Watch and Apple Tv.

Google posts facts approximately Android information and updates At the Android phase of its organization weblog and in its month-to-month Android security Announcements. Whilst supposed for app creators, the Android developer’s web site additionally outlines the brand new features of each new version of the operating Gadget. As the Android software program is widely utilized by numerous hardware producers and wi-fi companies, those groups may additionally have their own list of updates too.

Microsoft’s web page has a well known manual to the brand new features in the state-of-the-art Home windows 10 cell working Gadget, as well as everyday weblog posts. The cell-gadgets support place of the web site lists the Update history for the diverse Lumia models that run the Windows software program for phones.

Even as not authentic assets of documentation, many blogs and on line boards devoted to working structures also provide in-intensity opinions of software program updates and frequently do a radical process of laying out the coolest, the horrific and the buggy adjustments. Links to a diffusion of popular Apple-themed blogs may be located right here, But Android blogs and those committed to Microsoft’s services (like MSPoweruser, Home windows Principal, and Thurrott) have sections dedicated to Windows mobile subjects.

How Beneficial Is the In-Vehicle Feature of IOS 7?

Apple has popped out with its latest OS version, the iOS 7. This appears to be filled with loads of recent capabilities and extra software program that enables the person to a characteristic in a better manner. However, there appears to be one such unique Characteristic that has seems to have stuck the flamboyant of Automobile owners even though the idea of getting an Apple kit for your Automobile is still now not clear. The Characteristic of In-Vehicle multimedia has been designed to facilitate better navigation and greater. Let us discover why it’s far of remarkable benefit to having iOS 7 on your Car.

The future of mobile era

iOS 7 within the Vehicle offers a brand new which means to the cellular era. We already are conscious that maximum of the cars is ready with iOS song controls. All that is viable with Bluetooth and USB. With the latest Replace, evidently, iOS could be displayed At the display in your Automobile.

You may be able to gain access to the content material displayed which include your own content material streaming At the screen. the usage of iMessages, Maps and Siri would give you eyes-free comfort. this is what iOS 7 will deliver yours for your Vehicle.

What all are we able to expect?

In keeping with Apple, the iOS in-Car facility will no longer be available earlier than the year 2014. But, the coolest news is that many 9aaf3f374c58e8c9dcdd1ebf10256fa5 Vehicle producers have supported Apple for this feature along with Ferrari, Honda, Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, Chevrolet, Volvo, Hyundai, Infiniti, Vauxhall/Opel and Kia. This list does appear to be brilliant as the majority of Vehicle producers seem to be supportive of the idea launched with the aid of Apple. But, there may be but every other argument that only a few agencies had been able to clearly put in force the concept and created UI well suited with virtual gadgets. it’s miles still questionable if this generation can be performed Just the manner that Became envisioned by way of Apple.

Can it be included inside an Automobile?

Apple is manner beforehand in technology as all of us recognize but the concept of changing or reinventing the wheel appears farfetched. Moreover, this would mean multiple systems deployed within your Automobile panel. It might only complicate driving and mastering these would appear tiring. different matters encompass troubles with private and social data. Having systems in each Automobile could mean every producer might want to create brand precise app. A unified app working on every emblem might be a easy solution then.

Other than this if, you already are an iOS consumer then you definitely too could want iOS Device integrated in automobiles too. different issues are associated with driver distraction and protection of the consumer At the same time as the use of the software program.

In-Automobile UI

The functionality and the way it’s far assume to be incorporated in the Vehicle nonetheless wishes to be taken into consideration with the aid of carmakers. Center structures need to be in region for supporting it and be able to pressure and manipulate the controls. plainly for those very motives BMW has now not but given its consent or supported this concept by means of Apple.

Resolving Cisco Inter-Community working Device Issues Via Computer help

Cisco structures is a main pioneer in designing and growing networking, communique, voice and purchase digital gadgets. Inter-Network operating Gadget (IOS) is a software package deal developed by using Cisco for its hardware systems. It plays telecommunication, switching, routing and networking capabilities which might be closely included with a multi-threading running Device. Command line interface (CLI) is used for human-machine interaction. A set organization of multiple word commands, which is determined via the mode and user privilege, is provided by means of Cisco. It additionally offers great tech aid for IOS Problems.

Microprocessors utilized by IOS maximum of the Cisco hardware systems use microprocessors of different performances and competencies relying On the hardware platform. Orion R4600 and Motorola 68030 processors are the maximum widely used ones. Making routing and bridging selections, preserving routing tables and dealing with Gadget control functions are the main tasks of IOS. To perform these kinds of functions, the microprocessor have to have get right of entry to to the Device memory. System memory mapping must be performed by means of an skilled Computer aid company.

reminiscence Sorts Required For IOS There are particularly four types of Device memory utilized by IOS, particularly study most effective memory, Random access reminiscence, Flash reminiscence and Non Unstable Random get entry to memory. every of these memories is used for exclusive purposes.

examine handiest reminiscence(ROM) ROM could be either embedded At the microprocessor itself or positioned one after the other from the microprocessor On the motherboard. As the call indicates, information will be only read from this kind of reminiscence, no longer written to it. Stored inside the ROM, IOS software program is invoked whenever the hardware is powered up. The size of the ROM ought to be decided with the aid of a tech guide company primarily based At the IOS version length.

Random access memory(RAM) RAM is the kind of reminiscence which keeps the content material handiest While it’s far powered up. the principle objective of RAM is to save strolling facts,used by the utility software program. In Cisco hardware structures, RAM holds IOS Device buffers and tables for operational storage necessities.

Flash reminiscence The Single Inline reminiscence Module(SIMM) carries the flash reminiscence. It can be accelerated using a Pc card. The maximum common use of Flash memory is to shop IOS software photos. Aside from that, it’s also used to store System facts and configuration files. In a few high quit Cisco hardware structures, bootstrap software program is Saved in flash memory. The extension of Flash reminiscence wishes know-how which could be supplied by using a veteran tech support issue.

Non Unstable Random get admission to reminiscence (NVRAM) NVRAM is usually employed to save startup configuration. For the duration of the booting method, IOS accesses the configuration settings of the file and plays the Machine configuration. it’s miles one of the fastest reminiscences.

IOS Architecture Switching and routing are separate operations for all IOS variations. Routing, that’s the Center procedure of IOS, builds up the Routing data Base(RIB). data of the RIB is used to build the last IP Forwarding Table or Forwarding data Base(FIB). FIB is utilized by the router for moving information. inside the routers, which rent software most effective Forwarding method, most of the site visitors managing takes place at the Cisco Explicit Forwarding(CEF) or distributed CEF interrupt stage. Due to this cause, IOS want no longer technique a context transfer to route a data packet. In routers, in which hardware most effective Forwarding method is used, IOS paperwork the FIB in software program and transfers it to the forwarding hardware. Configuration of IOS must be achieved very carefully with the help of an skilled tech support provider.

Laptop assist For IOS The logging,debugging,upgrading and reloading IOS want information and that is in which tech guide comes accessible. Cisco itself presents robust Pc guide for IOS Issues. Other than Cisco, many 0.33 celebration vendors,which include IBM help and Dell help carriers offer spherical the clock tech guide to clear up the interface Issues among router and the computer.

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New Post has been published on Myupdatestudio

New Post has been published on https://myupdatestudio.com/just-what-turned-into-in-that-ios-gadget-update/

Just What Turned into in That iOS Gadget Update?

Q. While I get the attention of a software program Replace for iOS, there’s usually a link to study approximately the safety content of the Replace. But in which does Apple formally inform you approximately all other things that exchange in these upgrades?

A. You may see a listing of the new features, delivered apps, computer virus fixes and different tweaks Apple has made to every model of its iOS cellular operating Machine by using journeying the iOS Downloads web page within the assisted place of the corporation’s web page. At the iOS Downloads webpage, click on the hyperlink for the model of the Machine you’re the usage of for your iPhone, iPad or iPod Contact to peer the scope of the modifications (like “new emoji” or “transit guidelines for Japan”) mentioned in a chain of bullet factors. each model of the Device shown At the iOS Downloads web page have to also show that equal hyperlink to the Replace’s protection-related information which you see While you operate the software Update placing on your iOS device. The Apple protection Updates web page On the agency’s site has that info, in conjunction with the documentation for all of Apple’s software program merchandise like MacOS and its diverse programs, tools for builders and the operating structures for the Apple Watch and Apple Tv.

Google posts information approximately Android information and updates On the Android phase of its corporation blog and in its month-to-month Android security Announcements. Whilst intended for app creators, the Android builders site additionally outlines the new features of every new edition of the running Machine. As the Android software is widely utilized by several hardware producers and wi-fi companies, the one’s companies may have their personal list of updates too.

Microsoft’s site has a general guide to the brand new capabilities within the modern day Windows 10 cellular working Gadget, as well as everyday weblog posts. The cellular-gadgets guide place of the website online lists the Update history for the diverse Lumia fashions that run the Windows software program for telephones.

Whilst not legit sources of documentation, many blogs and online forums dedicated to operating systems additionally provide in-depth critiques of software program updates and often do a thorough activity of laying out the coolest, the awful and the buggy changes. Hyperlinks to an expansion of popular Apple-themed blogs can be determined right here, But Android blogs and people dedicated to Microsoft’s services (like MSPoweruser, Home windows Primary and Thurrott) have sections devoted to Windows cell matters.

Resolving Cisco Inter-Network working Device Troubles Thru Pc help

Cisco systems is a leading pioneer in designing and growing networking, verbal exchange, voice and customer digital devices. Inter-Community running Gadget (IOS) is a software bundle developed by means of Cisco for its hardware structures. It plays telecommunication, switching, routing and networking capabilities that are intently incorporated with a multi-threading operating Device. Command line interface (CLI) is used for human system interaction. A hard and fast organization of more than one-word commands, that is determined via the mode and person privilege, is provided through Cisco. It additionally affords huge tech assist for IOS Issues.

Microprocessors utilized by IOS

Maximum of the Cisco hardware systems use microprocessors of different performances and competencies relying On the hardware platform. Orion R4600 and Motorola 68030 processors are the Most widely used ones. Making routing and bridging decisions, retaining routing tables and dealing with Machine management functions are the principle responsibilities of IOS. To carry out a lot of these capabilities, the microprocessor has to have access to the Device reminiscence. Machine memory mapping needs to be completed by a skilled Computer assist provider.

Memory Types Required For IOS

There are especially 4 kinds of Machine reminiscence used by IOS, particularly study Simplest reminiscence, Random get entry to memory, Flash reminiscence, and Non-Unstable Random get admission to reminiscence. each of those memories is used for exceptional functions.

Examine Handiest reminiscence(ROM)

ROM can be both embedded On the microprocessor itself or located one after the other from the microprocessor On the motherboard. As the call indicates, facts may be Only read from this sort of memory, no longer written to it. Stored in the ROM, IOS software program is invoked every time the hardware is powered up. The dimensions of the ROM must be decided by way of a tech help provider based totally At the IOS version length.

Random access memory(RAM)

RAM is the sort of memory which retains the content Only Whilst its miles powered up. the primary goal of RAM is to save going for walks facts, used by the application software program. In Cisco hardware structures, RAM holds IOS System buffers and tables for operational garage requirements.

Flash reminiscence The Single Inline reminiscence Module(SIMM) incorporates the flash reminiscence. It could be accelerated using a Computer card. The Maximum not unusual use of Flash memory is to save IOS software program snapshots. Apart from that, it is also used to shop Machine information and configuration files. In some excessive give up Cisco hardware systems, bootstrap software is Stored in flash memory. The extension of Flash reminiscence wishes expertise which will be furnished by a veteran tech help provider.

Non-Volatile Random get right of entry to reminiscence (NVRAM) NVRAM is generally hired to save startup configuration. In the course of the booting procedure, IOS accesses the configuration settings of the record and plays the Gadget configuration. it’s far one of the quickest recollections.

IOS Architecture Switching and routing are separate operations for all IOS versions. Routing, that is the core manner of IOS, builds up the Routing statistics Base(RIB). information of the RIB is used to construct the closing IP Forwarding Desk or Forwarding records Base(FIB). FIB is utilized by the router for shifting information. inside the routers, which employ software program Handiest Forwarding technique, Most of the traffic coping with takes area on the Cisco Express Forwarding(CEF) or distributed CEF interrupt level. Because of this motive, IOS need now not technique a context transfer to route a records packet. In routers, wherein hardware Handiest Forwarding approach is used, IOS bureaucracy the FIB in software program and transfers it to the forwarding hardware. Configuration of IOS ought to be performed very cautiously with the assist of an experienced tech support provider.

Pc assist For IOS

The logging ,debugging ,upgrading and reloading IOS want information and this is where tech help comes accessible. Cisco itself presents robust Laptop help for IOS Issues. Apart from Cisco, many 0.33 birthday celebration carriers , such as IBM aid and Dell assist providers offer spherical the clock tech guide to remedy the interface Issues among router and the computer.

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Just What Turned into in That iOS Gadget Replace?

New Post has been published on https://pressography.org/just-what-turned-into-in-that-ios-gadget-replace/

Just What Turned into in That iOS Gadget Replace?

Q. While I get the notice of a software Replace for iOS, there’s usually a hyperlink to read about the security content of the Update. But in which does Apple formally let you know approximately all other matters that exchange in these upgrades?

                                     IOS Gadget

IOS Definition

A. You could see a listing of the new functions, delivered apps, trojan horse fixes and other tweaks Apple has made to each version of its iOS cell working System with the aid of touring the iOS Downloads page inside the support vicinity of the enterprise’s website. On the iOS Downloads webpage, click the link for the model of the Device you’re the usage of on your iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch to see the scope of the adjustments (like “new emoji” or “transit guidelines for Japan”) referred to in a chain of bullet factors.

every version of the Machine shown At the iOS Downloads page must also display that same hyperlink to the Replace’s safety-associated information that you see When you operate the software Replace setting for your iOS tool. The Apple security Updates web page At the business enterprise’s website online has those information, alongside the documentation for all of Apple’s software program products like MacOS and its diverse packages, gear for developers and the running structures for the Apple Watch and Apple Television.

Google posts information approximately Android news and updates At the Android segment of its company weblog and in its month-to-month Android protection Bulletins. Even as intended for app creators, the Android builders website also outlines the new functions of every new edition of the running Device. As the Android software is widely used by several hardware producers and wi-fi providers, the ones organizations might also have their personal listing of updates too.

Microsoft’s web page has a fashionable manual to the new functions in the cutting-edge Home windows 10 cellular working Device, as well as ordinary blog posts. The mobile gadgets aid location of the website lists the Update records for the diverse Lumia models that run the Windows software program for phones.

At the same time as now not legit sources of documentation, many blogs and online boards devoted to working systems also provide in-intensity critiques of software updates and frequently do a radical job of laying out the best, the terrible and the buggy changes. Hyperlinks to a diffusion of famous Apple-themed blogs may be located right here, But Android blogs and people dedicated to Microsoft’s services (like MSPoweruser, Windows, Imperative and Thurrott) have sections devoted to Home windows mobile matters.

Resolving Cisco Inter

Cisco systems is a main pioneer in designing and growing networking, conversation, voice and patron electronic devices. Inter-Community running Device (IOS) is a software program package deal advanced by means of Cisco for its hardware structures. It performs telecommunication, switching, routing and networking features that are closely integrated with a multi-threading working Machine. Command line interface (CLI) is used for human gadget interplay. A fixed group of a couple of word commands, that’s determined by means of the mode and user privilege, is supplied via Cisco. It also offers huge tech assist for IOS Problems.

Microprocessors used by IOS Maximum of the Cisco hardware structures use microprocessors of various performances and abilities depending On the hardware platform. Orion R4600 and Motorola 68030 processors are the Maximum widely used ones. Making routing and bridging choices, maintaining routing tables and coping with Gadget control capabilities are the principle duties of IOS. To perform these types of features, the microprocessor must have to get right of entry to the Machine reminiscence. Machine memory mapping needs to be finished by using an experienced Pc assist company.

Desktop Gadgets

Memory Types Required For IOS There are mainly four styles of Device reminiscence utilized by IOS, particularly read Handiest reminiscence, Random access reminiscence, Flash reminiscence and Non-Volatile Random get entry to memory. each of those memories is used for different functions.

study Simplest memory(ROM) ROM might be either embedded On the microprocessor itself or placed one by one from the microprocessor On the motherboard. As the call shows, facts might be Most effective read from this sort of reminiscence, no longer written to it. Stored in the ROM, IOS software program is invoked every time the hardware is powered up. The scale of the ROM should be determined via a tech support issue based totally At the IOS model size.

Random get admission to reminiscence(RAM) RAM is the form of reminiscence which retains the content Simplest While it’s miles powered up. the principle goal of RAM is to store strolling information, used by the application software program. In Cisco hardware structures, RAM holds IOS Gadget buffers and tables for operational garage necessities.

Flash memory The Single Inline reminiscence Module(SIMM) includes the flash memory. It can be expanded the use of a Pc card. The Maximum not unusual use of Flash reminiscence is to shop IOS software program snapshots. Apart from that, it is also used to save Gadget statistics and configuration documents. In a few high quit Cisco hardware systems, bootstrap software is Stored in flash memory. The extension of Flash reminiscence desires know-how which might be furnished via a veteran tech guide issue.

NonRisky Random access reminiscence (NVRAM) NVRAM is normally employed to keep begin up configuration. In the course of the booting process, IOS accesses the configuration settings of the record and performs the Machine configuration. it is one of the fastest recollections.

IOS Structure Switching and routing are two separate operations for all IOS variations. Routing, that’s the middle process of IOS, builds up the Routing statistics Base(RIB). facts of the RIB is used to construct the closing IP Forwarding Table or Forwarding records Base(FIB). FIB is used by the router for shifting information. inside the routers, which hire software program Only Forwarding technique, Most of the site visitors managing takes region on the Cisco Explicit Forwarding(CEF) or distributed CEF interrupt level. Because of this reason, IOS want not method a context switch to rout a statistics packet. In routers, where hardware Simplest Forwarding method is used, IOS forms the FIB in software and transfers it to the forwarding hardware. The configuration of IOS should be carried out very carefully with the help of a skilled tech guide provider.

Pc assist For IOS

Replace Oracle

The logging,debugging, upgrading and reloading IOS want understanding and that is where tech support comes reachable. Cisco itself offers strong Pc guide for IOS Troubles. Other than Cisco, many 1/3 birthday party providers, including IBM assist and Dell assists providers to offer round the clock tech guide to clear up the interface Problems between the router and the computer.

[altrn8]

Upgrading a 16Mhz A3000 to 25Mhz

Procedure:                 (1)  First off, disconnect the power!     (2)  Remove the 68030 CPU.  This is definitely *NOT* an easy task!          You must carfully desolder all the pins.  (The 68030 is packaged          in a very fine-pitched 128 pin PQFP.)  Make sure you remove all          solder.  Don’t be messy.     (3)  Place a 25MHz 68030 CPU in the 16MHz CPU’s place.  You may wish          to use a socket so you don’t accidently damage the processor.            Soldering is a lot easier than desoldering, but if you don’t know          what you are doing, don’t atempt to do it.  Also, make sure you          don’t get an MMU-less CPU.    (4)  Remove the 68881 FPU.  Do this the same as in step 2.  The 68881           may not have as many pins, but it is still very difficult to remove.     (5)  Place a 25MHz 68882 ( NOT A 68881 ) FPU in the 16MHz FPU’s          position (just like in step #3).  You may wish to use a socket.          A 68882 FPU is electronically and pin compatable with the 68881,          except for a 50% increase in some calculations.     (6)  Now you must remove the 32MHz crystal and replace it with a          50MHz counterpart.  (32/2 = 16MHz ; 50/2 = 25MHz)     (7)  Next, ITS JUMPER TIME!! (Hurray!)              Jumper    Position   Function              ——-   ———  —————————-              J151      1-2        ROM Timing              J152      1-2        ROM Timing              J100      1-2        Quadrature Clock Phasing              J851      2-3        RAM Controller Speed Jumper          Please verify that these jumpers are in these positions          before continuing.     (8)  Verify all steps and turn on the power! Also:      Ramsey (the DRAM controller) is designed to work with 80ns              parts.  70ns parts will work, but don’t pay anymore for              higher speed parts.  You won’t see ANY increase in speed,              and there will not be an increase in introduced wait states.              There are no different speed Agnus.  All are rated at the              same speed.   The same Agnus is found in the 16MHz Amiga              as well as the 25Mhz Amiga.