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edgarhamas · 5 years ago

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Mentadabburi Sang Fatahillah

@edgarhama

#TodayInHistory situs islamstory.com yang diasuh langsung oleh Dr Raghib Sirjani hari ini memberikan satu informasi penting dalam rubrik "Hadatsa fii Mitsli Hadzal Yaum" (Hari ini dalam sejarah). Peristiwa itu terjadi tepat pada 22 Juni 492 tahun yang lalu. Hari dimana seorang mujahid yang ulama, pemimpin yang faqih agamanya bernama Fatahillah membebaskan Sunda Kelapa dari Portugis lalu menamakan kota itu dengan Jayakarta, "Madinatun Nashr", Kota Kemenangan.

Sejarawan Arab banyak yang mengagumi Fatahillah dan aksi heroiknya membebaskan kota yang kelak akan menjadi ibukota Indonesia itu. Sampai-sampai Wikipedia Arab pun mengabadikan tanggal 22 Juni dengan catatan kemenangan Fatahillah.

"1527 - فتح الله طرد البرتغاليين من ميناء سوندا كيلابا(جاكرتا الآن)، الذي يحتفل به الآن كذكرى انشاء المدينة"

(1527 - Fatahillah mengusir penjajah Portugis dari pelabuhan Sunda Kelapa —sekarang Jakarta— yang diperingati sekarang sebagai hari jadi kota tersebut)

Pertanyaan yang masih sering diteliti jawabannya oleh para sejarawan adalah; Siapakah Fatahillah sebenarnya? Karena riwayat tentangnya berjubel dengan kisah-kisahnya yang berbeda. Ada yang bilang beliau adalah Sunan Gunung Jati, ada juga yang bilang —dan ini dianggap paling benar— bahwa Sunan Gunung Jati dan Fatahillah adalah orang yang berbeda, namun keduanya ada hubungan kekeluargaan.

Ada yang bilang bahwa beliau asli orang Pasai, kemudian Portugis menjajah negerinya sehingga ia hijrah ke Makkah. Dari Makkah beliau menimba ilmu lalu kembali lagi ke Jawa menuju Demak. Lalu ada juga yang bilang bahwa Fatahillah adalah putra Sultan Syarif Abdullah Maulana Huda, pembesar Mesir keturunan Bani Hasyim dari Palestina, dengan Nyai Rara Santang, putri dari raja Pajajaran, Raden Manah Rasa.

Namun yang disepakati oleh semuanya adalah, bahwa Fatahillah merupakan seorang Ulama yang Umara, seorang pemimpin militer yang juga dalam pemahamannya tentang Islam. Ketika ia tahu Portugis menjajah Sunda Kelapa atas persetujuan Kerajaan Padjajaran, beliau sadar bahwa akibatnya akan sangat parah bagi eksistensi penduduk Nusantara.

Itulah yang membuat beliau berangkat dari Demak atas perintah Sultan Trenggono bersama 1500 mujahid dengan 20 kapal perang Jawa. Di saat yang sama, di Sunda Kelapa Alfonso de Albuquerque telah mengirimkan pasukan di bawah komando Francisco de Sa. Portugis hanya menyiapkan 6 kapal tempur, namun jenis kapal mereka yang merupakan Galleon masing-masingnya berbobot 800 ton dengan 21-24 pucuk meriam, lengkap dengan 600 awal profesional.

Pertarungan sengit antara Fatahillah versus armada laut Portugis yang juga didukung angkatan bersenjata Kerajaan Padjajaran membuat langit Sunda Kelapa penuh kelabu. Pada akhirnya atas izin Allah, Fatahillah dan mujahid Demak juga Banten berhasil menumpas armada Portugis. Hari itu adalah 22 Juni 1527.

Kemenangan di Sunda Kelapa membuat Fatahillah dipercaya sebagai gubernur di sana dan digantilah kota itu dengan nama Jayakarta. Sejak awalnya Jakarta memang sudah erat kaitannya dengan perjuangan dan deras arus islami yang membuka kota itu dari penjajahan.

Sosok seperti Fatahillah mengingatkan kita dengan pahlawan-pahlawan kita yang senarasi dan sefrekuensi dengannya seperti Pangeran Diponegoro, Tuanku Imam Bonjol dan Sultan Hasanuddin. Heroisme di medan tempur, kecerdasan memanajemen manusia dan faqih dalam agamanya ternyata bukanlah ilusi. Negeri kita pernah melahirkan manusia-manusia hebat itu dan akan selalu mampu menciptakan yang lebih besar.

Kelak di masa depan, barangkali gelombang perubahan zaman akan menuntut lagi lahirnya Fatahillah Fatahillah baru yang akan memecah kesunyian, di saat Umat menunggu sang Fajar dan tersudutkan. Atau barangkali, Fatahillah itu sudah ada; kamu. Tinggal sedikit polesan saja hingga kamu siap menciptakan arus perubahan.

#catatan #renungan #kontemplasi #islamic #islamicquotes #daily reminder #inspirasi #quotation #tadabbur #sejarahislam #generasiqurani #sejarah #2019 resolutions #sahabathijrah #hijrah #motivasionline #30haribercerita #ntms

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aamaely-blog · 7 years ago

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A Historical Places in the Philippines

For this blog, I chose to write about the historical places here in the Philippines. I chose to visit one of the most popular historical place here in manila, the Fort Santiago and other historical sites around Fort Santiago.

“Fort Santiago”

The Fort Santiago is one of the most important historical sites in Manila. Fort Santiago is one of the oldest rampart in Manila. It was built in 1571, on the site of the native settlement of Raja Soliman. The original Fort was fenced with a structure of logs and earth during it’s early construction but Chinese pirate Limahong attacked and destroyed the Fort sometime in 1574. The fort was re-constructed and reinforced with the use of carved stones and mud cement between 1589 and 1592. Great earthquake destroyed most of the edifice in 1645, but the Spaniards again repaired and restored the Fort in 1658 to 1663. In 1762 to 1764, during the British occupation of the country, Fort Santiago was used as their headquarters. In 1778 when the Americans conquered the City, they renovated Fort Santiago where it was converted as the U.S. Army Philippine Division Command Center. In 1942, when Japan occupied the Philippines, during World War 2, the Japanese Military used the Fort as their base where they imprisoned, tortured and executed hundreds of Filipino civilians and guerrillas. In 1945, the U.S. Liberation Forces came to Manila and battled the Japanese, damaging the Fort severely.

In 1946, it was used as depot of the US Transportation Corps before turnover to the Philippine Government. In 1950, the Philippine government formally declared the entire structure as a Shrine of Freedom. In 1951, the commissioned National Park Development Committee restored the Fort. Finally, in 1992 the National Park Development Committee effected turn over of the Fort to the newly established Intramuros Administration.

"Rajah Sulayman Theater"

Rajah Sulayman Theater (Dulaang Rajah Sulayman), is an open air theater under the grounds of Fort Santiago which was ruins of a former Spanish military barracks. It had served as a highly atmospheric setting for contemporary theater-in-the-round productions by PETA (Philippine Educational Theater Association). It was designed and conceptualized by Guidote. It was named Rajah Sulayman in honor of the leader of the Mohammedan Malays who first inhabited the area.

"The Dungeons"

This dungeon was used by the Japanese occupation force to imprison Allied POW's, resistance fighters and political prisoners. Many died during the occupation. The dungeons used to be the storage vaults and powder magazine of the Baluarte De Santa Barbara. In 1715, because of dampness called by the humid weather and the nearness of the vaults to the Pasig River, the Spaniards decided to build a new powder magazine on top of the Baluarte. In 1718, the vaults were converted into prison cells and storerooms when the Casella del Castellano (Fort Commander's residence) was built.

“Dr. Jose Rizal’s Last Walk to Martyrdom”

Dr. José Rizal, the Philippine's national hero, was imprisoned in the fort before his execution in 1896; the site features, embedded onto the ground in bronze, his final footsteps representing the walk from his cell to the location of the actual execution.

To commemmorate the centenniel of Dr. Jose Rizal’s martyrdom, the National Centenniel Commission and the Departmenr of Tourisim have introduced Rizal’s shoeprints embedded in the pavement and placed markers in areas where he passed on his way to Bagumbayan from his cell in Fort Santiago. Marking his lastwalk to martyrdom, this centennial freedom trail memorialized his brave path to martyrdom in the early hours of December 30, 1896 and symbolizes the birth of the Filipino nation.

This Historic marker was unveiled on the twenty seventh day of December in the year of the Lord nineteen hundred ninety six during the incumbency of HIS EXCELLENCY PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS as a fitting tribute to the Filipino’s yearning for freedom.

“Baluarte de Santa Barbara”

Named after the patron saint of artillerymen. Built in 1592 to protect the entrance to the Pasig River. Vaults and powder magazine added in 1599. Quarters of the artillerymen and the house of the commandant (Casa del Castellano) built in 1609. Renovation and reconstruction from 1729-1745, including building of the semi-circular platform (media naranja).

The citadel of Santa Barbara is one of the original buildings of Fuerza de Santiago (Fort Santiago). It faces the infamous Pasig River and the rest of Manila. What amazed me with this building is that it was once a dungeon from the late 15th century to World War II. Below the railings are chambers with one common entrance. Coins are cluttered on the floor thrown by tourists for reasons that I'm not quite sure. It is currently under restoration so no one had the chance to see the interior. I doubt this is one of the despicable prisons in Philippine history, ceilings are low, no ventilation & of course the stone-cold accomodation for the inmates.

“Shrine of Freedom”

This memorial cross known as the Shrine of Freedom marks the common grave of approximately 600 bodies of guerrillas and civilians found inside the powder magazine of Baluarte de Sta. Barbara.

“Almacenes Reales”

This is the ruin of the Almacenes Reales or Royal Warehouse in the old walled city of Manila. It was built in the 1500's and was used to store goods that were unloaded from galleons on the Pasig River which runs right past Fort Santiago.

“Manila Cathedral”

The Manila Cathedral is the eight structure to rise on this site, the earlier ones having been destroyed by earthquake, fire, or war (including an almost compete destruction during the Second World War).

In its first years (1571-1579), the site of the present-day Manila Cathedral was a parish church known as the Church of Manila and it was governed by the diocese of Mexico. In 1581 the first Manila Cathedral was built and consecrated on the site of the former Church of Manila. The materials used were nipa (palm used as thatch), wood and bamboo – readily available materials that were used in building houses at this time. In 1582, this cathedral was damaged by a typhoon and in 1583 this cathedral was destroyed by fire just two years later. The fire began during the funeral mass for a Governor General in the nearby San Agustin Church. The fire burnt that church, and later the Manila Cathedral, the bishop's residence, and many other buildings in Manila.

In 1591-1592 the second cathedral was then built on this site – this time of stone, but it too only lasted a few years when it was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.

The third cathedral was then built. Construction (again in stone), was finally finished in 1614 (complete with three naves, seven chapels, and ten altars) but it was damaged and its structures weakened in an earthquake in 1621. Then the entire cathedral was destroyed in two massive earthquakes in late 1645.

A fourth cathedral was now built. Construction began in 1654 under Archbishop de Poblete and work continued until 1751. By the early 1700s the Cathedral fell into a dilapidated state (the hardwood flooring, wood arched ceiling, the roof, the retablos, the choir area, in fact everything except the walls were in a deplorable and often in a frankly dangerous condition) and it was decided that a complete restoration was required. Juan de Uguccioni , a Florentine architect and engineer, was engaged to partly demolish and then reconstruct the fifth Manila Cathedral. The British invasion of 1762 saw the looting of the gold and jewels kept in the Cathedral but the building itself suffered no damage. The earthquake of 1862 caused quite of damage, including to the front facade.

Sixth Cathedral (1858-63) Restoration of the Cathedral was undertaken, with the Baroque facade of Juan de Uguccioni being replaced by a Neoclassical facade. Seventh Cathedral (1879-1945) Huge earthquake of 1863 destroyed the Cathedral - also destroyed the nearby Ayuntamiento (City Hall), and the Palacio del Gobernador (Governor General’s Palace). New Manila Cathedral and finally inaugurated 16 years later in 1879. Architect: Serano. Earthquake of 1880 - bell tower lost. Eighth Cathedral (1945-Present Day) Cathedral destroyed in heavy bombings during Battle of Manila in 1945. New Cathedral designed by Ocampo. Style, materials: (incl Carrara marble). Constructed in the period 1954-58. Inaugurated in 1958. Events: First Filipino cardinal Pope Paul VI Cardinal Sin Quadricentennial Pope John Paul II; Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz

“Baluarte De San Diego”

From 1586 to 1587, baluarte was built and designed by Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeñiom. It is one of the oldest stone rampart in Intramuros. Began as a circular fort called Nuestra Señora de Guia, renovated in 1593 to join the wall of the city. Fort fell in disrepair. Between 1653 and 1663, new Baluarte was completed. Resembling an ace of spades,it housed a foundry during the 18th century. In 1762, Breach by British forces with cannon fire. Baluarte was restored after the British colonization, but damaged during the earthquake of 1863. In 1945, it was then condemned during the Battle of Manila. Finally, the baluarte was restored from 1979 to 1992.

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decaffeinatedlightluminary-blog · 7 years ago

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A Complete Understanding of Rolex Submariner

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A Complete Understanding of Rolex Submariner

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Submariner: the first and second generations

In 1953, Rolex decided to produce a professional diving watch: Submariner. This idea came from the design department. The main designer, Jacques Cousteau, served in the Navy in the past and was also a diving enthusiast. He had been to the deep sea and knew what features were the most important for a realiable diving watch. So Submariner must meet the following requirements:

1, Good visibility in the deep sea, high contrast ratio black dial & big luminous hands.

2, Good antimagnetic, waterproof and anticollision structure.

3, Good corrosion resistance and be resistant to intense temperature difference.

As the first generation Submariner, Ref. 6204(1953-1956) was different from 6202, Ref. 6204 was water resistant to 100m. In the appearance, the hand was changed, simple straight tip hand replaced the “Mercedes-Benz” hand. To be convenient to identify, the header of the second hand was round luminous dot, not biting.

During the same period, Rolex produced the Ref. 6205(1954-1956), compared with 6204, not only 6205 had the “SUBMARINER” words, but it also marked 100M=330FT waterproof depth on the dial, 6205 still used A260 movement. Ref. 6200(1954-1957) was a special edition of Submariner. The difference between it and other ordinary Submariner featured Roman numeral hour markers at 3, 6 and 9. In my opinion, I didn’t think these numerals had a higher recognition than the common sticks at 3, 6 and 9, but rarity enhanced value. 6200 was equipped with A296 movement, in addition, between 0 and 10 minutes on the bezel, there was no minutes scales that could be found on other Submariners.

From Ref. 6538(1956-1964), Submariner came to the second generation. The same as the earliest 6202, this generation Submariner also had the iconic “Mercedes-Benz” hand. 6538’s case diameter was increased to 38mm, the watch used Cal. 1030 Butterfly Rotor movment, the best movement at that time and had passed the COSC test. Below the “Crown” logo on the crown, “+” was changed into “BREVET” words. The more important thing was 6538 could be water resistant to 200M, it created a new waterproof record. Ref. 6536(1956-1964) was 6538’s cheaper no COSC version, although it also used Cal. 1030 movement, 6536 didn’t have COSC, featured 37mm case diameter, water resistant to 100M and much cheaper than the 6538.

Reviews

In 1953, Auguste and Jean Piccard dived to 3,150 meters in the sea and created a new submarine diving record. At the same time, a super star was born in the watch world: Rolex Submariner, because this deep sea diving watch that was just developed by Rolex in that year was attached on the surface outside the submarine, and dived to 600 metres. This marked the success of the second cruel experiment after the crossing of the English Channel in 1927.

October 21, 1954, CBS broadcasted the black and white movie – Casino Royale(Barry Nelson acted), this was the first time that 007 appeared on the screen, what he wore was exactly the Rolex Submariner, which was just released in previous year. After, Dr. No, in the film, Sean Connery was still wearing a Submariner watch. But ROLEX didn’t want to sponsor a Submariner to Sean Connery, so the director had to lend its own NATO Strap Submariner to Sean Connery. Because of this story, today some watch fans also change their own SUBMARINER��s original Oyster bracelet into a NATO cloth strap.

Submariner: the third and fourth generations

The third generation Submariner was ref. 5508(1958-1965), it used the Cal. 1530, case diameter is 37mm, water resistant to 100M. To view from its whole features, 5508 was already mature. Attention, the “SUBMARINER” words on the dial had the red version and the price was also higher. Besides, the “SWISS” logo at 6 was changed into “T<25″. Because the change of luminescent material, the radioactivity increased. The subsequent ref. 5510(1958-1960) was only produced for two years, but 5510 was water resistant to 200M.

The ref. 5512(1959-1977) was an epoch-making product, from this time, Submariner entered the fourth generation, the following was its difference between it and the previous versions.

1, The material of the bezel was changed from mixed rubber to steel.

2, The flutings of the bezel were widened and much bigger.

3, Because of a submarine accident in the late 50’s, the crown of a Submariner watch was smashed, so 5515 added guards on both sides of the crown, this feature was still in use.

4, Added a waterproof apron on the tube.

5, Below the “Crown” logo on the crown, there were three round points to be used as the sign of the sports models.

6, Bracelet was obviously improved.

7, The case diameter was modified into the real sports watches’ size: 39.5MM Note: 5512 used COSC level Cal. 1570. This movment was Rolex’s most advanced product at that time. Whether accuracy or durability, it still had a good reputation until now.

Ref. 5513(1964-1985) was the cheap version of 5512. it had a quite long lifeline, the production was also very large. The early luminous hour markers didn’t have frames, later they had but not the metal frames. 5513 was equipped with 1530, after several years, it used the famous 1520 movement, on the balance wheel’s beam of this movement, there were two weights. Ref. 5517 was 5513’s military version, it was very expensive, used the much stronger sword hands and was equipped with the canvas military strap. It is worth noting that, during the long production of 5513, International Organization for Standardization made detailed requirements on diving watch’s specifications, the following is its details(July 1, 1981):

1, Readability: in the dark, distance of 25cm from the watch, can still identify the time, the time span on the bezel and the watch’s working statement.

2, Anti-magnetic: must have a DC anti-magnetic capacity of more than 60 Gauss.

3, Crashworthiness: no damage to fall from 1 meter height to a hard wood.

4, Attachment’s resistance to external force: plus 20 kg force, test the attachment.

5, Resistance to salt solution: under 23℃, immerse the watch in 3% salt wate for 24 hours, the watch’s case and other attachments must retain the former state, the operational parts can work properly.

6, Resistance to heat shocks: must be able to withstand the 40℃-5℃-40℃ intense temperature change cycle.

7, Waterproof, water pressure: 100M waterproof specification requires the watch under 125M depth of water for one hour, then places it in a pressure equivalent to 300M depth for one hour. Plus 2 atmospheric air pressure and test the amount of air inside the case, check the case’s long-term waterproof performance.

8, The 1 graduation and 5 graduation on the bezel must be clear.

9, Operation in water: can act freely under 30cm depth of water.

10, Stability: plus 12.5 atmospheric air pressure in the water, test for 20 minutes.

11, For the diving watches that added helium, must pay attention to their normal timing damage risk.

The timepiece that meets the above requirements is the real diving watch, but the diving watches, like the Submariner for professional divers, are rare.

Ref. 1680 was the earliest Submariner model that had the date function, it was the fist generation Submariner Date. Its production was from 1965 to 1980. 1680 used Cal. 1570 movement, COSC, water resistant to 200M. Acrylic glass with large bubble special for Rolex, Case size was 39.5*14MM. 1680 also had another version, it was the famous “Red Sub’. Its origin was the “SUBMARINER” words on the dial were red, this version was the hot model that was speculated worldwide, and was also rushed by all the Submariner watch fans.

The subsequent ref. 16800(1979-1989) used sapphire crystal, the water resistance was increased from 200M to 300M. Case size was 40*13.5MM, it was equipped with the famous 3035 movement, the balance frequence was up to 28800, more accurate and stable, the balance wheel had four micro-adjusting screws, the rotor added a blue adjustable screw, the whole movement looked like more advanced. In 1989, there also produced a model called the 168000, its lifeline was very short and was replaced with 16610 immediately.

Reviews

Submariner was born corresponded to the development of ocean and the exploration business, they all have superior capabilities to meet the requirements of the times. Although Submariner was not as gorgeous as the Daytona, also had not many functions, Submariner was a hidden paradise for adventurers. As a tool, it also had a powerful practical value.

1, The Ads in 1973: the cultural anthropologists took a reed boat “Ra II”, after 57 days and nights, finally conquered the Atlantic. During the voyage, on which they relied, was the Submariner. In addition, each country’s Navy also used Submariner.

2, Harbour Village theme ads: in order to explore the sea, Marine Science and Technology Center conducted large-scale undersea living experiments during 1972 to 1975, this was called the Harbour Village plan. What the divers wore while working in the sea were exactly the Submariner diving watches.

3, The ads about Luis Marden diver who discoverd the HMS Bounty, which sinked in 1790. In the seabed of the Pitcairn Islands, which was 1300 miles south of Tahiti in Oceania, where the Luis Marden discoverd the Bounty wreck remains and he was very fond of Rolex watch.

4, Marine archaeologist theme ads: he went to the sea to search for the Spanish and British galleons that sinked between the fifteenth century and the seventeenth century. He often used Rolex while working in the sea.

These ads all indicated that: Submariner was an essential equipment when operating under the sea.

Submariner: the fifth generation

In 1989, 5513 was discontinued, a new Submariner, ref. 14060(1989-2001), emerged, it was the modern Submariner. Compared with 5513, this Submariner used sapphire crystal, this glass can prevent scratches that was caused by sports. But its hard brittle characteristic was not good to prevent collision. So there existed arguments in the watch industry. The waterproof depth of 14060 reached a new height: 300M, the movement was 3000. Note: before 1966, the six o’clock position was still the luminous radiation logo “T<25″, between 1966 and 1999, it was changed into “SWISS”, from 1999 till now, the logo has been alway the “SWISS MADE”. In 2001, Rolex’s new no date mechanism movement Cal. 3130 was released, it replaced the ordinary 3000, and 14060 was also renamed 14060M(2001-now). The present 14060M, at 6 o’clock, there was a laser engraved “Crown” anti-fake label, it was the most advanced Submariner, although had no COSC, 14060M has been tested in five positions at three different temperatures, no doubt about the accuracy and durability.

Ref. 16610(1989-now), this was the newest Submariner Date, 300M waterproof, sapphire crystal, but it used Rolex’s newest 3135 movement. Case size was 40*13MM. Note: before 2000, the words below the 6 o’clock position were labeled as “SWISS T<25”, after 2000, the words were “SWISS MADE”. In 2000, some details of the buckle also had small changes, the new bracelet was more comfortable. 2003 was Submariner’s 50th anniversary, Rolex published the 16610LV(green bezel) as the Submariner 50th anniversary edition. Submariner has experienced 50 years of rises and falls, experienced Swiss mechanical watches’ glory, failure to re-revival. Submariner’s success would be forever engraved on the milestone of Rolex.

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decaffeinatedlightluminary-blog · 7 years ago

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A Complete Understanding of Rolex Submariner

New Post has been published on http://rolexsubmariner.shop/a-complete-understanding-of-rolex-submariner-2/

A Complete Understanding of Rolex Submariner

(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push();

Submariner: the first and second generations

1, Good visibility in the deep sea, high contrast ratio black dial & big luminous hands.

2, Good antimagnetic, waterproof and anticollision structure.

3, Good corrosion resistance and be resistant to intense temperature difference.

Reviews

October 21, 1954, CBS broadcasted the black and white movie – Casino Royale(Barry Nelson acted), this was the first time that 007 appeared on the screen, what he wore was exactly the Rolex Submariner, which was just released in previous year. After, Dr. No, in the film, Sean Connery was still wearing a Submariner watch. But ROLEX didn’t want to sponsor a Submariner to Sean Connery, so the director had to lend its own NATO Strap Submariner to Sean Connery. Because of this story, today some watch fans also change their own SUBMARINER’s original Oyster bracelet into a NATO cloth strap.