#4.6.1

[dolphin1812]

The Thénardiers are awful and it’s horrible that they cared so little about their sons, but M Thénardier using Rousseau’s treatment of his children as a justification may be the most darkly funny thing he’s said.

The entire situation does have a dark comedic element, probably because the one being lied to is Gillenormand and because the youngest sons are treated well. Aside from the heartbreaking fact that the Thénardier children were too consumed by poverty to notice their siblings, the arrangement isn’t as bad as it could be? 

It’s tragic in that they mean more as a basis of material earnings than as people, though, even to the kinder Magnon. Their parents are the first to not care, but institutions are equally cold. Thénardier is, unfortunately, right that no one’s going to look into the situation when the children are poor. That the deaths of Magnon’s actual children were only noted by her (and indirectly by her associates) is a terrible sign of how little society valued the children of the poor and of how dangerous early childhood was (an epidemic taking both of them in a day).

Worse still, they have become more of Javert’s victims, the arrests following the Gorbeau raid taking away their mother figure. It’s so sad to watch the eldest lose the note because his fingers are too cold to hold it.

[cliozaur]

What the Thénardiers really needed was contraception! There are so many various themes raised in this chapter, but I will be focusing on the topic of young children because it evokes strong emotions in me. Losing children due to epidemics, selling and buying them, children losing their home and caregivers… it’s all so heartbreaking! And it’s also disheartening that this chapter primarily highlights the cynicism of the adults involved in these transactions, rather than the cruel fate of young children.

Paradoxically, being sold to Magnon turned out to be the best thing that has happened to the two little Thénardiers: they were taken care of, and “they were treated almost like “little gentlemen,”—better by their false mother than by their real one.” It seems that buying children from the Thénardiers is a good thing, after all, especially considering that Cosette, in a sense, was also “purchased” by Jean Valjean. It’s such a dubious moral situation, as it is often the case with situations involving M Thénardier! And the Thénardiers have the audacity to compare themselves to Rousseau. Well, of course, he might have been the worst father ever, but at least he did some good things in his life, unlike the Thénardiers.

After Magnon, her roommate Mamselle Miss, and other residents are arrested by the police, no one seems to care about what will happen to children left behind. At least, Magnon, anticipating such a situation, left an address where the boys could seek help (who is M. Barge? Why not M. Gillenormand?), but the cobbler who handed the boys the paper with the address did not seem to care enough to take them there. And, of course, they lost the piece of paper: “his benumbed little fingers could not close very firmly, and they did not keep a very good hold on the paper.” I just can’t… I am not even sure that the boys were able to read what was written on it. It brings us back to the theme from the gamin digression—how poor children are often seen as dispensable.

[2channelmatomeantenna]

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[testbank-zone]

Solution Manuals For Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits 2nd Edition By Larry A. Coldren

Solution Manuals For Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits 2nd Edition By Larry A. Coldren

TABLE OF CONTENTS   Preface xvii   Acknowledgments xxi   List of Fundamental Constants xxiii   1 Ingredients 1   1.1 Introduction 1   1.2 Energy Levels and Bands in Solids 5   1.3 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions: The Creation of Light 7   1.4 Transverse Confinement of Carriers and Photons in Diode Lasers: The Double Heterostructure 10   1.5 Semiconductor Materials for Diode Lasers 13   1.6 Epitaxial Growth Technology 20   1.7 Lateral Confinement of Current, Carriers, and Photons for Practical Lasers 24   1.8 Practical Laser Examples 31   References 39   Reading List 40   Problems 40   2 A Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers 45   2.1 Introduction 45   2.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination in Active Regions 46   2.3 Spontaneous Photon Generation and LEDs 49   2.4 Photon Generation and Loss in Laser Cavities 52   2.5 Threshold or Steady-State Gain in Lasers 55   2.6 Threshold Current and Power Out Versus Current 60   2.6.1 Basic P–I Characteristics 60   2.6.2 Gain Models and Their Use in Designing Lasers 64   2.7 Relaxation Resonance and Frequency Response 70   2.8 Characterizing Real Diode Lasers 74   2.8.1 Internal Parameters for In-Plane Lasers: ‹αi›, ηi , and g versus J 75   2.8.2 Internal Parameters for VCSELs: ηi and g versus J, ‹αi›, and αm 78   2.8.3 Efficiency and Heat Flow 79   2.8.4 Temperature Dependence of Drive Current 80   2.8.5 Derivative Analysis 84   References 86   Reading List 87   Problems 87   3 Mirrors and Resonators for Diode Lasers 91   3.1 Introduction 91   3.2 Scattering Theory 92   3.3 S and T Matrices for Some Common Elements 95   3.3.1 The Dielectric Interface 96   3.3.2 Transmission Line with No Discontinuities 98   3.3.3 Dielectric Segment and the Fabry–Perot Etalon 100   3.3.4 S-Parameter Computation Using Mason’s Rule 104   3.3.5 Fabry–Perot Laser 105   3.4 Three- and Four-Mirror Laser Cavities 107   3.4.1 Three-Mirror Lasers 107   3.4.2 Four-Mirror Lasers 111   3.5 Gratings 113   3.5.1 Introduction 113   3.5.2 Transmission Matrix Theory of Gratings 115   3.5.3 Effective Mirror Model for Gratings 121   3.6 Lasers Based on DBR Mirrors 123   3.6.1 Introduction 123   3.6.2 Threshold Gain and Power Out 124   3.6.3 Mode Selection in DBR-Based Lasers 127   3.6.4 VCSEL Design 128   3.6.5 In-Plane DBR Lasers and Tunability 135   3.6.6 Mode Suppression Ratio in DBR Laser 139   3.7 DFB Lasers 141   3.7.1 Introduction 141   3.7.2 Calculation of the Threshold Gains and Wavelengths 143   3.7.3 On Mode Suppression in DFB Lasers 149   References 151   Reading List 151   Problems 151 4 Gain and Current Relations 157   4.1 Introduction 157   4.2 Radiative Transitions 158   4.2.1 Basic Definitions and Fundamental Relationships 158   4.2.2 Fundamental Description of the Radiative Transition Rate 162   4.2.3 Transition Matrix Element 165   4.2.4 Reduced Density of States 170   4.2.5 Correspondence with Einstein’s Stimulated Rate Constant 174   4.3 Optical Gain 174   4.3.1 General Expression for Gain 174   4.3.2 Lineshape Broadening 181   4.3.3 General Features of the Gain Spectrum 185   4.3.4 Many-Body Effects 187   4.3.5 Polarization and Piezoelectricity 190   4.4 Spontaneous Emission 192   4.4.1 Single-Mode Spontaneous Emission Rate 192   4.4.2 Total Spontaneous Emission Rate 193   4.4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor 198   4.4.4 Purcell Effect 198   4.5 Nonradiative Transitions 199   4.5.1 Defect and Impurity Recombination 199   4.5.2 Surface and Interface Recombination 202   4.5.3 Auger Recombination 211   4.6 Active Materials and Their Characteristics 218   4.6.1 Strained Materials and Doped Materials 218   4.6.2 Gain Spectra of Common Active Materials 220   4.6.3 Gain versus Carrier Density 223   4.6.4 Spontaneous Emission Spectra and Current versus Carrier Density 227   4.6.5 Gain versus Current Density 229   4.6.6 Experimental Gain Curves 233   4.6.7 Dependence on Well Width, Doping, and Temperature 234   References 238   Reading List 240   Problems 240   5 Dynamic Effects 247   5.1 Introduction 247   5.2 Review of Chapter 2 248   5.2.1 The Rate Equations 249   5.2.2 Steady-State Solutions 250   Case (i): Well Below Threshold 251   Case (ii): Above Threshold 252   Case (iii): Below and Above Threshold 253   5.2.3 Steady-State Multimode Solutions 255   5.3 Differential Analysis of the Rate Equations 257   5.3.1 Small-Signal Frequency Response 261   5.3.2 Small-Signal Transient Response 266   5.3.3 Small-Signal FM Response or Frequency Chirping 270   5.4 Large-Signal Analysis 276   5.4.1 Large-Signal Modulation: Numerical Analysis of the Multimode Rate Equations 277   5.4.2 Mode Locking 279   5.4.3 Turn-On Delay 283   5.4.4 Large-Signal Frequency Chirping 286   5.5 Relative Intensity Noise and Linewidth 288   5.5.1 General Definition of RIN and the Spectral Density Function 288   5.5.2 The Schawlow–Townes Linewidth 292   5.5.3 The Langevin Approach 294   5.5.4 Langevin Noise Spectral Densities and RIN 295   5.5.5 Frequency Noise 301   5.5.6 Linewidth 303   5.6 Carrier Transport Effects 308   5.7 Feedback Effects and Injection Locking 311   5.7.1 Optical Feedback Effects—Static Characteristics 311   5.7.2 Injection Locking—Static Characteristics 317   5.7.3 Injection and Feedback Dynamic Characteristics and Stability 320   5.7.4 Feedback Effects on Laser Linewidth 321   References 328   Reading List 329   Problems 329 6 Perturbation, Coupled-Mode Theory, Modal Excitations, and Applications 335   6.1 Introduction 335   6.2 Guided-Mode Power and Effective Width 336   6.3 Perturbation Theory 339   6.4 Coupled-Mode Theory: Two-Mode Coupling 342   6.4.1 Contradirectional Coupling: Gratings 342   6.4.2 DFB Lasers 353   6.4.3 Codirectional Coupling: Directional Couplers 356   6.4.4 Codirectional Coupler Filters and Electro-optic Switches 370   6.5 Modal Excitation 376   6.6 Two Mode Interference and Multimode Interference 378   6.7 Star Couplers 381   6.8 Photonic Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Routers 382   6.8.1 Arrayed Waveguide Grating De/Multiplexers and Routers 383   6.8.2 Echelle Grating based De/Multiplexers and Routers 389   6.9 Conclusions 390   References 390   Reading List 391   Problems 391   7 Dielectric Waveguides 395   7.1 Introduction 395   7.2 Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Dielectric Boundary 396   7.3 Dielectric Waveguide Analysis Techniques 400   7.3.1 Standing Wave Technique 400   7.3.2 Transverse Resonance 403   7.3.3 WKB Method for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles 410   7.3.4 2-D Effective Index Technique for Buried Rib Waveguides 418   7.3.5 Analysis of Curved Optical Waveguides using Conformal Mapping 421   7.3.6 Numerical Mode Solving Methods for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles 424   7.4 Numerical Techniques for Analyzing PICs 427   7.4.1 Introduction 427   7.4.2 Implicit Finite-Difference Beam-Propagation Method 429   7.4.3 Calculation of Propagation Constants in a z–invariant Waveguide from a Beam Propagation Solution 432   7.4.4 Calculation of Eigenmode Profile from a Beam Propagation Solution 434   7.5 Goos–Hanchen Effect and Total Internal Reflection Components 434   7.5.1 Total Internal Reflection Mirrors 435   7.6 Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437   7.6.1 Absorption Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437   7.6.2 Scattering Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 438   7.6.3 Radiation Losses for Nominally Guided Modes 438   References 445   Reading List 446   Problems 446   8 Photonic Integrated Circuits 451   8.1 Introduction 451   8.2 Tunable, Widely Tunable, and Externally Modulated Lasers 452   8.2.1 Two- and Three-Section In-plane DBR Lasers 452   8.2.2 Widely Tunable Diode Lasers 458   8.2.3 Other Extended Tuning Range Diode Laser Implementations 463   8.2.4 Externally Modulated Lasers 474   8.2.5 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 481   8.2.6 Transmitter Arrays 484   8.3 Advanced PICs 484   8.3.1 Waveguide Photodetectors 485   8.3.2 Transceivers/Wavelength Converters and Triplexers 488   8.4 PICs for Coherent Optical Communications 491   8.4.1 Coherent Optical Communications Primer 492   8.4.2 Coherent Detection 495   8.4.3 Coherent Receiver Implementations 495   8.4.4 Vector Transmitters 498   References 499   Reading List 503   Problems 503 Appendices   1 Review of Elementary Solid-State Physics 509   A1.1 A Quantum Mechanics Primer 509   A1.1.1 Introduction 509   A1.1.2 Potential Wells and Bound Electrons 511   A1.2 Elements of Solid-State Physics 516   A1.2.1 Electrons in Crystals and Energy Bands 516   A1.2.2 Effective Mass 520   A1.2.3 Density of States Using a Free-Electron (Effective Mass) Theory 522   References 527   Reading List 527   2 Relationships between Fermi Energy and Carrier Density and Leakage 529   A2.1 General Relationships 529   A2.2 Approximations for Bulk Materials 532   A2.3 Carrier Leakage Over Heterobarriers 537   A2.4 Internal Quantum Efficiency 542   References 544   Reading List 544   3 Introduction to Optical Waveguiding in Simple Double-Heterostructures 545   A3.1 Introduction 545   A3.2 Three-Layer Slab Dielectric Waveguide 546   A3.2.1 Symmetric Slab Case 547   A3.2.2 General Asymmetric Slab Case 548   A3.2.3 Transverse Confinement Factor, Γx 550   A3.3 Effective Index Technique for Two-Dimensional Waveguides 551   A3.4 Far Fields 555   References 557   Reading List 557   4 Density of Optical Modes, Blackbody Radiation, and Spontaneous Emission Factor 559   A4.1 Optical Cavity Modes 559   A4.2 Blackbody Radiation 561   A4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor, βsp 562   Reading List 563   5 Modal Gain, Modal Loss, and Confinement Factors 565   A5.1 Introduction 565   A5.2 Classical Definition of Modal Gain 566   A5.3 Modal Gain and Confinement Factors 568   A5.4 Internal Modal Loss 570   A5.5 More Exact Analysis of the Active/Passive Section Cavity 571   A5.5.1 Axial Confinement Factor 572   A5.5.2 Threshold Condition and Differential Efficiency 573   A5.6 Effects of Dispersion on Modal Gain 576   6 Einstein’s Approach to Gain and Spontaneous Emission 579   A6.1 Introduction 579   A6.2 Einstein A and B Coefficients 582   A6.3 Thermal Equilibrium 584   A6.4 Calculation of Gain 585   A6.5 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate 589   Reading List 592   7 Periodic Structures and the Transmission Matrix 593   A7.1 Introduction 593   A7.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 593   A7.3 Application to Dielectric Stacks at the Bragg Condition 595   A7.4 Application to Dielectric Stacks Away from the Bragg Condition 597   A7.5 Correspondence with Approximate Techniques 600   A7.5.1 Fourier Limit 601   A7.5.2 Coupled-Mode Limit 602   A7.6 Generalized Reflectivity at the Bragg Condition 603   Reading List 605   Problems 605   8 Electronic States in Semiconductors 609   A8.1 Introduction 609   A8.2 General Description of Electronic States 609   A8.3 Bloch Functions and the Momentum Matrix Element 611   A8.4 Band Structure in Quantum Wells 615   A8.4.1 Conduction Band 615   A8.4.2 Valence Band 616   A8.4.3 Strained Quantum Wells 623   References 627   Reading List 628   9 Fermi’s Golden Rule 629   A9.1 Introduction 629   A9.2 Semiclassical Derivation of the Transition Rate 630   A9.2.1 Case I: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Constant 632   A9.2.2 Case II: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Delta Function 635   A9.2.3 Case III: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Lorentzian 636   Reading List 637   Problems 638   10 Transition Matrix Element 639   A10.1 General Derivation 639   A10.2 Polarization-Dependent Effects 641   A10.3 Inclusion of Envelope Functions in Quantum Wells 645   Reading List 646   11 Strained Bandgaps 647   A11.1 General Definitions of Stress and Strain 647   A11.2 Relationship Between Strain and Bandgap 650   A11.3 Relationship Between Strain and Band Structure 655   References 656   12 Threshold Energy for Auger Processes 657   A12.1 CCCH Process 657   A12.2 CHHS and CHHL Processes 659   13 Langevin Noise 661   A13.1 Properties of Langevin Noise Sources 661   A13.1.1 Correlation Functions and Spectral Densities 661   A13.1.2 Evaluation of Langevin Noise Correlation Strengths 664   A13.2 Specific Langevin Noise Correlations 665   A13.2.1 Photon Density and Carrier Density Langevin Noise Correlations 665   A13.2.2 Photon Density and Output Power Langevin Noise Correlations 666   A13.2.3 Photon Density and Phase Langevin Noise Correlations 667   A13.3 Evaluation of Noise Spectral Densities 669   A13.3.1 Photon Noise Spectral Density 669   A13.3.2 Output Power Noise Spectral Density 670   A13.3.3 Carrier Noise Spectral Density 671   References 672   Problems 672   14 Derivation Details for Perturbation Formulas 675   Reading List 676   15 Multimode Interference 677   A15.1 Multimode Interference-Based Couplers 677   A15.2 Guided-Mode Propagation Analysis 678   A15.2.1 General Interference 679   A15.2.2 Restricted Multimode Interference 681   A15.3 MMI Physical Properties 682   A15.3.1 Fabrication 682   A15.3.2 Imaging Quality 682   A15.3.3 Inherent Loss and Optical Bandwidth 682   A15.3.4 Polarization Dependence 683   A15.3.5 Reflection Properties 683   Reference 683   16 The Electro-Optic Effect 685   References 692   Reading List 692   17 Solution of Finite Difference Problems 693   A17.1 Matrix Formalism 693   A17.2 One-Dimensional Dielectric Slab Example 695   Reading List 696   Index 697               Read the full article

[magisnef]

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[myprogrammingsolver]

Problems from the main text

Problems from the main text : 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7.1, 4.7.2

[wamatechblog]

Flutter State Management Using GetX

flutter State Management Using GetX: Simplifying Flutter App Development

Introduction

In the world of mobile app development, Flutter has been making waves for its versatility and ease of use. Its popularity continues to soar, especially in the United States, where businesses are constantly seeking top-notch Flutter app development services. One key factor contributing to the success of Flutter app development is efficient state management, and in this blog, we'll explore how GetX can simplify and enhance the process. Whether you're a Flutter app development company or an aspiring Flutter app developer, understanding state management using GetX is crucial for building robust applications.

Chapter 1: Flutter App Development in USA

Before diving into the specifics of state management with GetX, let's take a moment to understand the significance of Flutter app development in the USA.

The Rise of Flutter

Flutter, developed by Google, has gained significant traction in the USA due to its impressive features. It allows developers to build natively compiled applications for mobile, web, and desktop from a single codebase, resulting in time and cost savings.

Demand for Flutter App Developers

The demand for skilled Flutter app developers is on the rise. Companies are eager to collaborate with a Flutter app development company in the USA to harness the potential of this powerful framework.

Chapter 2: The Importance of State Management

Effective state management is crucial for building responsive and performant Flutter applications. Without proper state management, apps can become buggy and difficult to maintain.

The State Management Challenge

Managing the state in a Flutter app can be challenging, especially as the app grows in complexity. Flutter provides various solutions for state management, and one of the most popular and effective options is GetX.

Chapter 3: Introducing GetX

GetX is an open-source Flutter package that simplifies state management, navigation, and dependency injection. It offers a wide range of functionalities, making it a go-to choice for Flutter app developers.

Key Features of GetX

Reactive State Management: GetX enables reactive programming, allowing developers to update the UI whenever the underlying data changes.

Route Management: It simplifies navigation between different screens, making it easier to handle complex navigation flows.

Dependency Injection: GetX provides a lightweight and easy-to-use dependency injection system, reducing boilerplate code.

Chapter 4: Implementing GetX for State Management

Now, let's dive into the practical aspects of using GetX for state management in Flutter app development.

Getting Started with GetX

To begin using GetX, you need to add the package to your Flutter project. You can do this by adding the following line to your pubspec.yaml file:

yaml

Copy code

dependencies:

  get: ^4.6.1

After adding the dependency, run flutter pub get to install it.

Reactive State Management

GetX provides a simple and intuitive way to manage application state reactively. You can define your controllers and use them to update the UI whenever the state changes.

Navigation with GetX

Navigating between screens in a Flutter app is a breeze with GetX. It offers a concise and expressive syntax for routing, making it easy to create complex navigation flows.

Dependency Injection in GetX

GetX's built-in dependency injection system simplifies the management of dependencies within your Flutter app. You can effortlessly inject dependencies into your controllers, making your code more modular and testable.

Chapter 5: Best Practices for Using GetX

To make the most of GetX in your Flutter app development projects, it's essential to follow best practices. Here are some tips to keep in mind:

Separate Logic from UI: Keep your business logic separate from your UI code by using GetX controllers.

Reactive Updates: Utilize GetX's reactivity to update the UI automatically when the state changes.

Optimize Navigation: Plan your app's navigation structure carefully to ensure a smooth user experience.

Testing: Take advantage of GetX's simplicity to write unit tests for your code.

Chapter 6: Real-World Examples

To better understand how GetX can be used in practical scenarios, let's explore a couple of real-world examples:

Example 1: To-Do List App

We'll create a simple to-do list app using GetX to manage the state of tasks and navigate between different screens.

Example 2: Weather App

In this example, we'll build a weather app that fetches data from an API and uses GetX for state management and navigation.

Chapter 7: Conclusion

Flutter app development in  USA is flourishing, and mastering state management with GetX can set you on the path to success. Whether you're a Flutter app development company or an individual developer, GetX simplifies the development process, making your apps more efficient and user-friendly. By following best practices and exploring real-world examples, you can unlock the full potential of Flutter and GetX for your projects.

In conclusion, state management using GetX is a game-changer for Flutter app development in 2023. Embrace this powerful package and take your Flutter apps to new heights in the competitive landscape of mobile app development.

Remember, the key to success lies in continuous learning and hands-on experience. So, start experimenting with GetX in your Flutter projects today and witness the difference it can make!

[programmingsolver]

Problems from the main text

  Problems from the main text :   4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.3, 4.7.1, 4.7.2

[infogeek]

Tweeted

تحميل NET Framework 4.6.1 كامل تثبيت بدون انترنت https://t.co/pisPleeL59

— in for geek (@sopernet12) Dec 27, 2022

[garbagecann24601]

The Malicious Playfulness of the Wind

The Thenardiers had five children in total: two girls and three boys. Madame Thenardier only cared about the girls, and she got rid of the younger two boys when they were still small. 

A woman named Magnon, who was scamming Gillenormand, lost her two sons in an epidemic. She needed the income the two boys brought in, and Thenardier had two boys that she didn’t want. Gillenormand didn’t notice that these boys were different from his “sons,” and he continued to pay Magnon. 

One day, while the boys are out playing, Magnon is arrested. When the boys return home, a neighbor gives them a piece of paper with an address written on it and tells them to go there. As they are walking, the paper blows out of their hands and is lost.

[akallabeth-joie]

Brickclub 4.6.1

“...dans des enfants qui n'ont pas le sou, nul n'a intérêt à y regarder de près.”

“...no one has any interest in looking closely after children who have not a sou."

Thenardier just gave us a, if not the, thesis of the book, and its most frequently recurring motif. How many plot-lines go back to poor children left alone? Fantine’s, Cosette’s (solved), Gavroche’s, Eponine’s... Jean Valjean’s first crime arose because he cared when no one else did; Feuilly’s backstory/symbolism is built around being orphaned; even Javert’s motivations go back to a poor child outside of society. 

What is to be done? We see the criminal Thenardiers and Magnons exploiting the status quo. We see Jean Valjean, the every man and any man, who fell into crime through caring for poor children, and whose redemption centered on caring for another poor orphan. We see Gavroche, who learned to care for himself, and extended his help to even younger and more bewildered kids.  Philosophy (Combeferre) studies this problem and reminds us of our particular obligations; Romanticism and social conscience (Prouvaire) weeps for it.

[centrifuge-politics]

Brick Club 4.6.1, 4.6.2

Mme. Thenardier “had disembarrassed herself” of her two youngest boys, which is a fancy way of saying ‘got rid of.’ “Her hatred of the human race began with her boys.” I’d say it’s more like she hates her husband which becomes a hatred of anything that reminds her of him. Her daughters are distanced by merit of gender, but her sons are not so lucky. It’s twisted, but I can understand the psychology that led her to this. Now I’m spinning an entire alternate story where Cosette was born a boy and what that might look like. I have no doubt Fantine wouldn’t act differently either way, but so much of Cosette’s story relies heavily on her characterization as a sweet, innocent young girl.

Magnon pops back up again, she’s an underrated recurring character. She loses her two boys, which is a shame because “these children were precious to their mother; they represented eighty francs a month…the children dead, the income was buried.” Luckily, it really is a buyers market on children in early 19th century France, and the Thenardiers are like 3/4ths of that market.

“At a certain depth of misery, men are possessed by a sort of spectral indifference.” Pssst, it’s alienation. You already know it. Gotta rep my brand.

Another utterly gorgeous illustration paired with a mind-bogglingly bad chapter title translation. I’ve got “In Which Little Gavroche Takes Advantage of Napoleon the Great.” Please, Wraxall, why are you doing this?

People are, wow, consistently really awful to children in clear and desperate need in this book. It falls to Gavroche to be the only helpful adult adjacent figure in all of Paris, “and the two children followed him as they would have followed an archbishop.” Some highlights from the Gavroche variety show:

“The bureau is closed, I receive no more complaints.”

“It rains again! Good God, if this continues, I withdraw my subscription.”

“Ah! we have lost our authors. We don’t know now what we have done with them.”

I really like the translation conundrum of Gavroche’s text-language speech. Wilbour translates “Keksekça?” as “Whossachuav?” whereas Hapgood and Wraxall don’t bother to translate it at all. Leaving the original text is probably the right call but I enjoy the linguistic gymnastics of trying to translate and also explain the joke. Weirdly, Hapgood translates all the argot to English while Wilbour leaves it in French.

“All three placed end to end would hardly have made a fathom.” God, that’s kind of the most adorable thing ever. Please someone draw the three Thenardier boys stacked on top of each other wearing a trench coat and still being comically shorter than Montparnasse.

Gavorche and Montparnasse conduct quite the amiable conversation. Their dynamic is pretty interesting, and not what I would expect just from knowing their characters. Montparnasse seems to take Gavroche quite seriously and might even be impressed at some of his remarks. We know Gavroche isn’t so endeared with Montparnasse as to not rob him, and that he’s comfortable enough with the murderer to insult his vanity.

Ok, I want to talk about the elephant, which is a goldmine of symbolism, both for Hugo writing and for us reading. On the first level, the elephant is emblematic of the crumbling of Napoleon’s empire, left to be forgotten and eroded away over time, rats swarming all through the inner workings. “It partook, to some extent of a filth soon to be swept away, and, to some extent, of a majesty soon to be decapitated.” It also represents the transition from empire to, if not a republic, something more domestic, “leaving a peaceable reign to the kind of gigantic stove, adorned with its stove-pipe, which has taken the place of the forbidding nine-towered fortress.” This replacement, and the replacing of feudalist lords with the bourgeoisie is framed as the violent and barbarous past softening into a more civilized society. Although, there is still discontent running fiercely below the domestic facade, “an epoch of which a tea-kettle contains the power.” There is underestimated power in what seems unremarkable. Gavroche uses the elephant to save these two lost boys, when no one else would even let them in their shop.

This takes us neatly into the next layer of symbolism, the disparate utility of the elephant. The elephant is isolated, an eyesore, disdained by the bourgeoisie for being useless. But by falling to this ruin, this “colossal beggar…had taken pity itself on this other beggar, the poor pigmy.” The elephant finds itself on the level of the poor and, in turn, provides for them, just as Gavroche, despite having nothing, provides for those he comes across. Napoleon sought to immortalize his greatness, “he desired to incarnate the people. God had done a grander thing with it, he lodged a child.” This calls all the way back to literally 1.1.1 when Bienvenu tells Napoleon, “You behold a good man, and I a great man.” The bourgeoisie have no use for goodness, they can no longer comprehend the utility of the most basic needs, they only think about usefulness in terms of abstract ideas of greatness. For the gamin who doesn’t have a home or food, the world looks very different; Gavroche doesn’t care about the symbolic might of Napoleon, he cares that the elephant has a roof.

Having said this, I want to take care not to deify the idea of the elephant. It’s easy to get caught up in Hugo’s words here, “This idea of Napoleon…had been taken up by God,” but this is like those “heartwarming” news stories in which a kid sells lemonade to pay for their parent’s medical procedures. Our ire shouldn’t be that the bourgeoisie are so ignorant as to find the elephant useless, it should be that the gamins are in such a desperate situation that they look at a rotting frame of plaster and wood and think “home.”

Related, this is probably why Gavroche is so tough on these kids, while also being incredibly generous. He knows it’s best to get them to adjust quickly to this life, but that doesn’t mean throwing them to the wolves. It’s really painful to watch him have to do this.

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Deep Town: Mining Factory Mod 4.6.1 Apk [Unlimited Money]

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Brickclub 4.6.1, “The Wind’s Mischief”

The Maréchal de la Mothe-Houdancourt, to whom Mme. Thénardier is likened in being “a mother only to her daughters,” had only daughters--she was governess to the children of Louis XIV and of the Grand and Petit Dauphin. The boys in her charge were her wards, not her children. Not that that excuses any ill treatment--still, it’s in marked contrast to La Magnon, who seems to have raised the little Thénardier boys as her own and treated them well--even avoiding speaking argot in front of them. Though, as it turns out, it might have been better for the boys to have been raised a little more streetwise.

@everyonewasabird points out how consistently Thénardier is associated with the buying and selling of children. (Including his daughters, who are heavily implied to be unregistered sex workers.) His answer to his wife’s scruple--real or pretended--over selling or at least permanently renting their youngest sons to Magnon is“Jean-Jacques Rousseau went further!” The NIII surrogate casually invokes Romantic and Revolutionary thinkers, out of context, to justify whatever he wants to do. (And Rousseau, the text establishes, continues to be a dick for abandoning his children; this is a timely reminder of the start of Enjolras’s arc.)

I wonder how much Marius was aware of the existence of, as far as the Gillenormand household was concerned, his two younger half-uncles. He’d have still been living at home when Magnon presented them.

[everyonewasabird]

Brickclub 4.6.1 ‘A Malevolent Trick of the Wind’

Everything is connected, and in the world that exists just underground from respectable society, it’s even more so.

The Gorbeau raid might be the closest thing we get in this book to the police acting “justly.” The crime was real and serious, the perpetrators had committed many such crimes before, and the “correct” people were put in jail.

And even then, no good came of it. Men who were experienced criminals continued on as they were, while women and children suffered. Madame Thenardier will die, Eponine looks newly ghastly and haunted, who knows how Azelma is doing but I’m going to guess “not well”, and Mamzelle Miss and Magnon, who weren’t even there, are in jail and their young children are lost on the streets.

No matter what kind of harm is done, this book says, the people who are made to suffer most from it will be the people who always suffer most.

I don’t know what to do with this thought, but Hugo keeps repeatedly connecting Thenardier to the buying and selling of children. Thenardier is renting a child in the first half of this book, he’s renting out children now--Hugo is leaving a particular kind of evil at his door specifically. And also, Hugo is pulling his punches with what that entails--whatever small children might have been bought and sold for in 1820s Paris, a victimless grift where they’re treated well and (if all had gone well) receive an education in the bargain is a spectacularly least-worst option.

Of course, the novel ends with Thenardier massively upgrading the scope of who he gets to buy and sell.

As many others have pointed out, Magnon is another Theodule, mysteriously hated by the narrator who doesn’t really give us much reason to agree. Maybe she’s not a selfless altruist, but she treated the kids well, and she cared enough to use the time when she was being arrested to make sure they got somewhere safe. That’s a big deal in this book!

I’m also fascinated by the ten pounds a month she payed Thenardier for the privilege of keeping them. Thenardier was at one time receiving money for holding onto a child, and now he’s receiving money for giving children up. He’s very good at finding ways to twist petty profits out of things--and, as we get further confirmation of this chapter, he’s very bad at actually turning any kind of profit overall.

But I’m also interested in the fact that this went on for years and the sum stayed ten pounds, when with Fantine he raised it as often as he could. But Magnon is well-connected within criminal Paris (and also to at least some extent within respectable Paris), and she’s savvy, and she must have the wherewithal not to let him get away with upping the price.

Poor Fantine. Poor mômes.

Poor Magnon, too--however indifferent the narrator thinks her, she lost four children this chapter.