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rankertopgoogle · 2 years ago

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contempoyanna · 4 years ago

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Poverty and Inequality: have we progressed from it?

(source: https://grpshorts.blogspot.com/2014/07/how-do-we-solve-philippines-squatter.html)

Before I start, I have a question. Have you ever been to the slums or the squatter areas in your country - like in the image above?

No matter how rich and developed your country may be, these areas exist and in them are people whom our parents usually use as examples of who not to be in the future.

People who have no educational attainment, considered poor because of the lack of financial resources, no access to healthcare and clean water - people who are in poverty. At the surface, we only know poverty as the poor or the needy people. Those who lack stable income to sustain or support themselves and, or, their families in terms of basic necessities - such as food, clothes, water and shelter. However, is this all that poverty is? How does inequality affect poverty? Is the capitalist system the cause or the solution? Would globalization effectively decrease and end poverty? Let me give you my opinion on these questions based on my own research (yes, I did my research) - will cite my sources at every section to prove it. Anyways, relax and grab a drink. I am quite the talker so this may take longer than it should.

What exactly is poverty?

For starters, poverty is a situation we all find complex and a controversy. As Heywood (2011) would say, poverty, at the face of it, is simply a state of being deprived of life’s necessities - which was considered an absolute standard.

Why was it an absolute standard? Having no necessities makes it difficult to sustain human life. This is what constitutes being in absolute poverty.

(source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html)

Absolute poverty is in accordance to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (see image above) - hence, is established on the idea of physiological needs. In Maslow’s hierarchy, physiological needs are basic and should be prioritized.

Absolute poverty makes sense, it is how poverty is usually explained to kids when they are young (e.g. mothers telling their children to study well in order not to be poor). However it does miss an important aspect of poverty.

Relative poverty, on the other hand, covers what absolute poverty missed - the human factor. Rather than an economic phenomenon, it sees poverty as a social phenomenon. Why? Because there are people who can afford the basic necessities but feel poor because they do not have what others have.

Simply put, relative poverty is when the people feel deprived in terms of their standards, conditions and pleasures that most in the environment they live in enjoy.

Pasha (2014) also considers relative poverty as a classification of poverty but with a different definition. Relative poverty, according to Pasha (2014), is considered when a household’s income level is below the standard of the average national income.

On the other hand extreme and moderate poverty are (in my opinion) subcategories of absolute poverty. Extreme poverty is when the household cannot meet the basic needs for life survival and Moderate poverty is when you can afford it but only the bare minimum of it.

Any key trends in poverty and inequality globally?

According to World Bank (2020), global extreme poverty has been constantly decreasing over the last 25 years in 145 of their client countries. From their findings, the global extreme poverty rate fell from 10.1% in 2015 to 9.2% in 2017 - which, apparently, is equal to 689 million of the world’s population to live with on less than $1.90/day.

(source: https://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/poverty-and-inequality/trends-and-future-projections-for-extreme-poverty-and-inequality/poverty-situation-and-trends/)

We could assume that the economic growth among many countries has helped reduce poverty; nevertheless, there are still what we call the poorest countries who have the poorest population in terms of income. In Rohwerder (2016)’s article, they presented World Bank’s graph in 2016 comparing which countries (in terms of income, again) housed the most poor. As you can see above, in the 1990s the low-income countries housed most of the poor; though, in 2012 it showed that lower-middle income countries housed the most poor.

This just shows that, yes, economic growth may have played a role in poverty reduction; however, in turn, this possibly increased inequality - in terms of absolute inequality.

According to the Danish professor, Prof. Finn Tarp (n.d.), global inequality has been declining relatively yet absolute inequality measures contrast this finding. In the period of 1975 - 2010, global inequality considerably rose and the income growth present in India and China had very little effect on this.

I do not want to get technical since my understanding may be incorrect; but reading the discussion in Prof. Tarp’s presentation, centrist inequality trends uncovers a certain peak around 2005 and has, since then, significantly diminished.

Capitalism to poverty: eliminate or reinforce?

(source: https://borgenproject.org/capitalism-is-helping-end-global-poverty/)

Ideally, capitalism was meant to provide equal profit and opportunities for the benefit of everyone in the world. It was supposed to be a structure (?) that will distribute wealth between people and countries fairly and, in turn, eliminate both poverty and inequalities.

However, in reality, capitalism has been the driving mechanism of inequality between the rich and the poor. It continues to widen the gap between the rich and the poor since the system makes the rich richer, and those in poverty becomes even more poor.

So... in my opinion?

Capitalism meant to eliminate poverty however because of different factors (and well human error if I may add) this capitalist society we live in reinforces poverty. Why? Simply because of income inequality.

As I have discussed in my previous vlog about Capitalism, profits are made by means of consumers and consumers do labor in order to have profits which will fund their spending capability. However, private entities and companies alike wanted to profit more without affecting the price of their product - so they chose to decrease salaries of their laborers while also (somewhat) demanding them to spend.

Globalization: Increase or decrease global poverty?

(source: https://littleusgoneglobal.wordpress.com/2015/03/13/globalization-and-its-impact-on-the-caribbean-the-poverty-and-inequality-suffered/)

Alright, for this section I will state that I am basing purely from Andrew Heywood’s book titled Global Politics since their view is what I understood the best (and it is simpler to understand).

Globalization has always been a topic of debate whether or not we (as in all of us) will actually benefit or will it only benefit the ones who are already on top? Supporters of this will say ,“It will benefit all of us in the long run.”, and conclude that it is the most possible way to eliminate and narrow down both poverty and inequality worldwide - hence globalization should decrease poverty.

In addition to this, if you do research on globalization and poverty, most statistics will present data that proves globalization did decrease poverty in the global sense.

However, from what I observe, globalization has so far increased global poverty because it created internalized inequality within the countries as it defeated the inequality between them.

Also, Heywood (2011) stated that the theory of ‘trickle down’ (from what I understand is an important theory for globalization), which declares that the poor and the rich will equally benefit from the free-market policies in time by means of economic growth and a general rise in living standards, was debunked almost everywhere in the world.

Conclusion?

Global poverty and inequality is present all over the world. There has been many campaigns and solutions proposed to eliminate both of them for the benefit of human development however none has been proven as effective as the present solutions (capitalism and globalization). Though, in my belief at least, capitalism and globalization are one of the driving factors that increase global poverty and inequalities whether it be between countries or within the country.

That’s the end of that. Re-blog or drop an ask so we can discuss - I want to know your opinions on this matter.

References

Heywood, A. (2011). Poverty and Development. In Global Politics (pp. 352–382). Palgrave Macmillan.

Pasha, M. K. (2014). How can we end poverty? In J. Edkins & M. Zehfuss (Eds.), Global Politics: A new introduction (2nd ed., pp. 429–471). Routledge.

Rohwerder, B. (2016). Poverty and Inequality: Topic guide. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.

Tarp, F. (n.d.). Global Inequality - Trends and Issues. United Nations University - UNU WIDER. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/Events/PDF/Presentation-slides-Global-inequality-Finn-Tarp.pdf

World Bank. (2020). Poverty. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview#:~:text=The global extreme poverty rate,%245.50 a day in 2017.

#GEWORLD #Poverty #Global Poverty #Globalization #Capitalism #Global Inequality

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cheivee8ai · 4 years ago

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Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses

Abstract

A direct approach to limit airborne viral transmissions is to inactivate them within a short time of their production. kryptolight, typically at 254 nm, is effective in this context but, used directly, can be a health hazard to skin and eyes. By contrast, far-UVC light (207–222 nm) efficiently kills pathogens potentially without harm to exposed human tissues. We previously demonstrated that 222-nm far-UVC light efficiently kills airborne influenza virus and we extend those studies to explore far-UVC efficacy against airborne human coronaviruses alpha HCoV-229E and beta HCoV-OC43. Low doses of 1.7 and 1.2 mJ/cm2 inactivated 99.9% of aerosolized coronavirus 229E and OC43, respectively. As all human coronaviruses have similar genomic sizes, far-UVC light would be expected to show similar inactivation efficiency against other human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on the beta-HCoV-OC43 results, continuous far-UVC exposure in occupied public locations at the current regulatory exposure limit (~3 mJ/cm2/hour) would result in ~90% viral inactivation in ~8 minutes, 95% in ~11 minutes, 99% in ~16 minutes and 99.9% inactivation in ~25 minutes. Thus while staying within current regulatory dose limits, low-dose-rate far-UVC exposure can potentially safely provide a major reduction in the ambient level of airborne coronaviruses in occupied public locations.

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in December 2019 and then characterized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Despite extensive efforts to contain the spread of the disease, it has spread worldwide with over 5.3 million confirmed cases and over 340,000 confirmed deaths as of May 25, 20201. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the beta coronavirus causing COVID-1, is believed to be both through direct contact and airborne routes, and studies of

SARS-CoV-2

stability have shown viability in aerosols for at least 3 hours2. Given the rapid spread of the disease, including through asymptomatic carriers3, it is of clear importance to explore practical mitigation technologies that can inactivate the airborne virus in public locations and thus limit airborne transmission.

Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is a direct antimicrobial approach4 and its effectiveness against different strains of airborne viruses has long been established5. The most commonly employed type of UV light for germicidal applications is a low pressure mercury-vapor arc lamp, emitting around 254 nm; more recently xenon lamp technology has been used, which emits broad UV spectrum6. However, while these lamps can be used to disinfect unoccupied spaces, direct exposure to conventional germicidal UV lamps in occupied public spaces is not possible since direct exposure to these germicidal lamp wavelengths can be a health hazard, both to the skin and eye7,8,9,10.

By contrast far-UVC light (207 to 222 nm) has been shown to be as efficient as conventional germicidal UV light in killing microorganisms11, but studies to date12,13,14,15 suggest that these wavelengths do not cause the human health issues associated with direct exposure to conventional germicidal UV light. In short (see below) the reason is that far-UVC light has a range in biological materials of less than a few micrometers, and thus it cannot reach living human cells in the skin or eyes, being absorbed in the skin stratum corneum or the ocular tear layer. But because viruses (and bacteria) are extremely small, far-UVC light can still penetrate and kill them. Thus far-UVC light potentially has about the same highly effective germicidal properties of UV light, but without the associated human health risks12,13,14,15. Several groups have thus proposed that far-UVC light (207 or 222 nm), which can be generated using inexpensive excimer lamps, is a potential safe and efficient anti-microbial technology12,13,14,15,16,17,18 which can be deployed in occupied public locations.

The biophysically-based mechanistic basis to this far-UVC approach12 is that light in this wavelength range has a very limited penetration depth. Specifically, far-UVC light (207–222 nm) is very strongly absorbed by proteins through the peptide bond, and other biomolecules19,20, so its ability to penetrate biological materials is very limited compared with, for example, 254 nm (or higher) conventional germicidal UV light21,22. This limited penetration is still much larger than the size of viruses and bacteria, so far-UVC light is as efficient in killing these pathogens as conventional germicidal UV light12,13,14. However, unlike germicidal UV light, far-UVC light cannot penetrate either the human stratum corneum (the outer dead-cell skin layer), nor the ocular tear layer, nor even the cytoplasm of individual human cells. Thus, far-UVC light cannot reach or damage living cells in the human skin or the human eye, in contrast to the conventional germicidal UV light which can reach these sensitive cells7,8,9,10.

In summary far-UVC light is anticipated to have about the same anti-microbial properties as conventional germicidal UV light, but without producing the corresponding health effects. Should this be the case, far-UVC light has the potential to be used in occupied public settings to prevent the airborne person-to-person transmission of pathogens such as coronaviruses.

We have previously shown that a very small dose (2 mJ/cm2) of far-UVC light at 222 nm was highly efficient in inactivating aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus23. In this work we explore the efficacy of 222 nm light against two airborne human coronaviruses: alpha HCoV-229E and beta HCoV-OC43. Both were isolated over 50 years ago and are endemic to the human population, causing 15–30% of respiratory tract infections each year24. Like SARS-CoV-2, the HCoV-OC43 virus is from the beta genus25.

Here we measured the efficiency with which far-UVC light inactivates these two human coronaviruses when exposed in aerosol droplets of sizes similar to those generated during sneezing and coughing26. As all coronaviruses have comparable physical and genomic size, a critical determinant of radiation response27, we hypothesized that both viruses would respond similarly to far-UVC light, and indeed that all coronaviruses will respond similarly.

Results

Inactivation of human coronaviruses after exposure to 222 nm light in aerosols infectivity assay

We used a standard approach to measure viral inactivation, assaying coronavirus infectivity in human host cells (normal lung cells), in this case after exposure in aerosols to different doses of far-UVC light. We quantified virus infectivity with the 50% tissue culture infectious dose TCID50 assay28, and estimated the corresponding plaque forming units (PFU)/ml using the conversion PFU/ml = 0.7 TCID50 29. Figure 1 shows the fractional survival of aerosolized coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 expressed as PFUUV/PFUcontrols as a function of the incident 222-nm dose. Robust linear regression (Table 1) using iterated reweighted least squares30 indicated that the survival of both genera alpha and beta is consistent with a classical exponential UV disinfection model (R2 = 0.86 for HCoV-229E and R2 = 0.78 for HCoV-OC43). For the alpha coronavirus HCoV-229E, the inactivation rate constant (susceptibility rate) was k = 4.1 cm2/mJ (95% confidence intervals (C.I.) 2.5–4.8) which corresponds to an inactivation cross-section (or the dose required to kill 90% of the exposed viruses) of D90 = 0.56 mJ/cm2. Similarly, the susceptibility rate for the beta coronavirus HCoV-OC43 was k = 5.9 cm2/mJ (95% C.I. 3.8–7.1) which corresponds to an inactivation cross section of D90 = 0.39 mJ/cm2.

Coronavirus survival as function of the dose of far-UVC light. Fractional survival, PFUUV / PFUcontrols, is plotted as a function of the 222-nm far-UVC dose. The results are reported as the estimate plaque forming units (PFU)/ml using the conversion PFU/ml = 0.7 TCID50 29 by applying the Poisson distribution. Values are reported as mean ± SEM from multiple experiments (n = 3 alpha HCoV-229E and n = 4 for beta HCoV-OC43); the lines represent the best-fit regressions to equation (1) (see text and Table 1).

Table 1 Linear regression parameters for normalized ln[S] [survival] values (equation 1) as the dependent variable and UV dose (D, mJ/cm2) as the independent variable. k is the UV inactivation rate constant or susceptibility factor (cm2/mJ). The linear regression was performed with the intercept term set to zero representing the definition of 100% relative survival at zero UV dose. The coronavirus inactivation cross section, D90 (the UV dose that inactivates 90% of the exposed virus) was calculated using D90 = − ln[1 − 0.90]/k.Full size table

Viral integration assay

We investigated integration of the coronavirus in human lung host cells, again after exposure in aerosols to different doses of far-UVC light. Figures 2 and 3 show representative fluorescent 10x images of human lung cells MRC-5 and WI-38 incubated, respectively, with HCoV-229E (Fig. 2) and HCoV-OC43 (Fig. 3), which had been exposed in aerosolized form to different far-UVC doses. The viral solution was collected from the BioSampler after running through the aerosol chamber while being exposed to 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light. Cells were incubated with the exposed virus for one hour, the medium was replaced with fresh infection medium, and immunofluorescence was performed 24 hours later. We assessed the human cell lines for expression of the viral spike glycoprotein, whose functional subunit S2 is highly conserved among coronaviruses31,32. In Figs. 2 and 3, green fluorescence (Alexa Fluor-488 used as secondary antibody against anti-human coronavirus spike glycoprotein antibody) qualitatively indicates infection of cells with live virus, while the nuclei were counterstained with DAPI appearing as blue fluorescence. For both alpha HCoV-229E and beta HCoV-OC43, exposure to 222-nm light reduced the expression of the viral spike glycoprotein as indicated by a reduction in green fluorescence.

Infection of human lung cells from irradiated aerosolized alpha HCoV-229E as function of dose of far-UVC light. Representative fluorescent images of MRC-5 normal human lung fibroblasts infected with human alphacoronavirus 229E exposed in aerosolized form. The viral solution was collected from the BioSampler after running through the aerosol chamber while being exposed to (a) 0, (b) 0.5, (c) 1 or (d) 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light. Green fluorescence qualitatively indicates infected cells (Green = Alexa Fluor-488 used as secondary antibody against anti-human coronavirus spike glycoprotein antibody; Blue = nuclear stain DAPI). Images were acquired with a 10× objective; the scale bar applies to all the panels in the figure.

Infection of human lung cells from irradiated aerosolized beta HCoV-OC43 as function of dose of far-UVC light. Representative fluorescent images of WI-38 normal human lung fibroblasts infected with human betacoronavirus OC43 exposed in aerosolized form. The viral solution was collected from the BioSampler after running through the aerosol chamber while being exposed to (a) 0, (b) 0.5, (c) 1 or (d) 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light. Green fluorescence qualitatively indicates infected cells (Green = Alexa Fluor-488 used as secondary antibody against anti-human coronavirus spike glycoprotein antibody; Blue = nuclear stain DAPI). Images were acquired with a 10× objective; the scale bar applies to all the panels in the figure.

Discussion

The severity of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic warrants the rapid development and deployment of effective countermeasures to reduce indoor person-to-person transmission. We have developed a promising approach using single-wavelength far-UVC light at 222 nm generated by filtered excimer lamps, which inactivates airborne viruses without inducing biological damage in exposed human cells and tissue11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. The approach is based on the biophysically-based principle that far-UVC light, because of its very limited penetration in biological materials, can traverse and kill viruses and bacteria which are typically micrometer dimensions or smaller, but it cannot penetrate even the outer dead-cell layers of human skin, nor the outer tear layer on the surface of the human eye12.

In this work we have used an aerosol irradiation chamber to test the efficacy of 222-nm far-UVC light to inactivate two aerosolized human coronaviruses, beta HCoV-OC43 and alpha HCoV-229E. As shown in Fig. 1, inactivation of the two human coronavirus by 222-nm light follows a typical exponential disinfection model, with an inactivation constant for HCoV-229E of k = 4.1 cm2/mJ (95% C.I. 2.5–4.8), and k = 5.9 cm2/mJ (95% C.I. 3.8–7.1) for HCoV-OC43. These values imply that 222 nm UV light doses of only 1.7 mJ/cm2 or 1.2 mJ/cm2 respectively produce 99.9% inactivation (3-log reduction) of aerosolized alpha HCoV-229E or beta HCoV-OC43. A summary of k values and the corresponding D90, D99, and D99.9 values we have obtained for coronaviruses is shown in Table 2, together with our earlier results for aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus23. The relatively small difference in influenza A (H1N1) and human coronaviruses sensitivity to 222-nm light is likely attributable to differences in structure, genome size, and nucleic acid configuration33. It is also important to note that the previous results with H1N1 virus utilized a fluorescent focus assay to assess virus survival23 in contrast to this work which used the TCID50 assay. While both assays are widely used to accurately determine viral infectivity34, the former employs immunofluorescence to detect a specific viral antigen, instead of depending on cytopathic effects as in the TCID50 assay. Because the assays differ in methods and principles, some variance is expected between these two techniques.

Table 2 Estimated k, D99, and D99.9 values for exposure to 222 nm far-UVC light for alphacoronavirus HCoV-229E, betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43, and influenza A (H1N1). The results suggest that both of the studied coronavirus strains have similar high sensitivity to far-UVC inactivation. Robust linear regression produced overlapping 95% confidence intervals for the inactivation rate constant, k, of 2.5 to 4.8 cm2/mJ and 3.8 to 7.1 cm2/mJ respectively for the 229E and OC43 strains. As all human coronaviruses have similar genomic sizes which is a primary determinant of UV sensitivity27, it is reasonable to expect that far-UVC light will show similar inactivation efficiency against all human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The data obtained here are consistent with this hypothesis.

It is useful to compare the performance of far-UVC light with conventional germicidal (peak 254 nm) UVC exposure. We are aware of only one such study35, which used an aerosolized murine beta coronavirus. The study reported a D88 of 0.599 mJ/cm2, which others4 have used to estimate the D90 for the virus with 254 nm light as 0.6 mJ/cm2. This value is similar to those estimated in the current work (see Table 2), suggesting similar inactivation efficiency of 222 nm far-UVC and conventional germicidal 254 nm UVC for aerosolized coronavirus, and providing further support for the suggestion that all coronaviruses have similar sensitivities to UV light.

The sensitivity of the coronaviruses to far-UVC light, together with extensive safety data even at much higher far-UVC exposures12,13,14,15,16,17,18, suggests that it may be feasible and safe to have the lamps providing continuous low-dose far-UVC exposure in public places – potentially reducing the probability of person-to-person transmission of coronavirus as well as other seasonal viruses such as influenza. In fact there is a regulatory limit as to the amount of 222 nm light to which the public can be exposed, which is 23 mJ/cm2 per 8-hour exposure36,37. Based on our results here for the beta HCoV-OC43 coronavirus, continuous far-UVC exposure at this regulatory limit would result in 90% viral inactivation in approximately 8 minutes, 95% viral inactivation in approximately 11 minutes, 99% inactivation in approximately 16 minutes and 99.9% inactivation in approximately 25 minutes. Thus continuous airborne disinfection with far-UVC light at the currently regulatory limit would provide a major reduction in the ambient level of airborne virus in occupied indoor environments.

In conclusion, we have shown that very low doses of far-UVC light efficiently kill airborne human coronaviruses carried by aerosols. A dose as low as 1.2 to 1.7 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivates 99.9% of the airborne human coronavirus tested from both genera beta and alpha, respectively. As all human coronaviruses have similar genomic size, a key determinant of radiation sensitivity27, it is likely that far-UVC light will show comparable inactivation efficiency against other human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.

Together with previous safety studies12,13,14,15,16,17,18 and our earlier studies with aerosolized influenza A (H1N1)23, these results suggest the utility of continuous low-dose-rate far-UVC light in occupied indoor public locations such as hospitals, transportation vehicles, restaurants, airports and schools, potentially representing a safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated viruses. While staying within the current regulatory dose limits, low-dose-rate far-UVC exposure can potentially safely provide a major reduction in the ambient level of airborne coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2.

Methods Viral strains

HCoV-229E (VR-740) and HCoV-OC43 (VR-1558) were propagated in human diploid lung MRC-5 fibroblasts (CCL-171) and WI-38 (CCL-75), respectively (all from ATCC, Manassas, VA). Both human cell lines were grown in MEM supplemented with 10�tal Bovine Serum (FBS), 2 mM L-alanyl-L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich Corp. St. Louis, MO, USA). The virus infection medium consisted of MEM or RPMI-1640 plus 2% heat inactivated FBS for HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, respectively. The viral strains were propagated by inoculation of flasks containing 24-hours old host cells, which were 80–90% confluent. After one hour incubation, the cell monolayer was washed and incubated in fresh infection medium for three or four days at 35 °C for HCoV-229E and at 33 °C for HCoV-OC43. The supernatant containing the working viral stock was then collected by centrifugation (300 g for 15 minutes). The virus titer was determined by 50% tissue culture infective dose TCID50 by assessing cytopathic effects (CPE), which were scored at a bright field microscope (10×) as vacuolization of cytoplasm, cell rounding and sloughing.

Benchtop aerosol irradiation chamber

A one-pass, dynamic aerosol/virus irradiation chamber was used to generate, expose, and collect aerosol samples as previously described23. Viral aerosols were generated by adding a virus solution in a high-output extended aerosol respiratory therapy nebulizer (Westmed, Tucson, AZ) and operating using an air pump with an input flow rate of 11 L/min. Virus flowed into the chamber and was mixed with dry and humidified air to maintain humidity between approximately 50–70%. The relative humidity, temperature, and aerosol particle size distribution were monitored throughout operation. Aerosol was exposed to far-UVC light and finally collected using a BioSampler (SKC Inc., Eighty Four, PA).

The far-UVC lamp was positioned approximately 22 cm away from the UV exposure chamber and directed at the 26 cm × 25.6 cm × 254 μm UV-transmitting plastic window (TOPAS 8007 × 10, TOPAS Advanced Polymers Inc., Florence, KY). Consistent with our previous experiments using this chamber23, the flow rate through the system was 12.5 L/min. The volume of the UV exposure region was 4.2 L so each aerosol was exposed for approximately 20 seconds as it traversed the window. The entire irradiation chamber was contained in a biosafety level 2 cabinet and all air inputs and outputs were equipped with HEPA filters (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA) to prevent unwanted contamination from entering or exiting the system.

Irradiation chamber performance

The custom irradiation chamber simulated the transmission of aerosolized viruses produced via human coughing and breathing. The chamber operated at an average relative humidity of 66% and an average temperature of 24 °C across all runs. The average particle size distribution was 83�tween 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm, 12�tween 0.5 μm and 0.7 μm, and 5% >0.7 μm (Table 3). Aerosolized viruses were efficiently transmitted through the system as evidenced from the control (zero exposure) showing clear virus integration (Figs. 2 and 3, top left panels).

Table 3 Example of particle size distributions from humans during various activities are given26 along with the averaged measured values for this work.Full size table

Far-UVC lamp and dosimetry

The far-UVC source used in this study was a 12 W 222-nm KrCl excimer lamp module made by USHIO America (Item #9101711, Cypress, CA). The lamp is equipped with a proprietary optical filtering window to reduce lamp emissions outside of the 222 nm KrCl emission peak. The lamp was positioned 22 cm away from the exposure chamber window and directed at the center of the window. Optical power measurements were performed using an 818-UV/DB low-power UV enhanced silicon photodetector with an 843-R optical power meter (Newport, Irvine, CA). Dosimetry was performed prior to starting an experiment to measure the fluence within the chamber at the position of the aerosol.

The distance between the lamp and the irradiation chamber permitted a single lamp to uniformly irradiate the entire exposure window area. Measurements using the silicon photodetector indicated an exposure intensity of approximately 90 μW/cm2 across the exposure area. The chamber is equipped with a reflective aluminum surface opposite of the exposure window. As in our previous work with this chamber23, the reflectivity of this surface was approximately 15%. We have therefore conservatively estimated the intensity across the entire exposure area to be 100 μW/cm2. With the lamp positioned 22 cm from the window and given the 20 seconds required for an aerosol particle to traverse the exposure window, we calculated the total exposure dose to a particle to be 2 mJ/cm2. We used additional sheets of UV transmitting plastic windows to uniformly reduce the intensity across the exposure region to create different exposure conditions. While in our previous work with these sheets we measured a transmission closer to 65%23, for these tests we measured the 222-nm transmission of each sheet to be approximately 50%. This decrease in transmission is likely due to the photodegradation of the plastic over time4. The addition of one or two sheets of the plastic covering the exposure window decreases the exposure dose to 1 and 0.5 mJ/cm2, respectively.

Experimental protocol

As previously described23, the virus solution in the nebulizer consisted of 1 ml of Modified Eagle’s Medium (MEM, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) containing 107–108 TCID50 of coronavirus, 20 ml of deionized water, and 0.05 ml of Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution with calcium and magnesium (HBSS++). The irradiation chamber was operated with aerosolized virus particles flowing through the chamber and the bypass channel for 5 minutes prior to each sampling, in order to establish the desired RH value. Sample collection was initiated by changing air flow from the bypass channel to the BioSampler using the set of three way valves. The BioSampler was initially filled with 20 ml of HBSS++ to capture the aerosol. During each sampling time, which lasted for 30 minutes, the inside of the irradiation chamber was exposed to 222-nm far-UVC light entering through the plastic window. Variation of the far-UVC dose delivered to aerosol particles was achieved by inserting additional UV-transparent plastic films as described above thereby delivering the three test doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mJ/cm2. Zero-dose control studies were conducted with the excimer lamp turned off. After the sampling period was completed the solution from the BioSampler was used for the virus infectivity assays.

Virus infectivity assays TCID50

We used the 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay to determine virus infectivity28. Briefly, 105 host cells were plated in each well of 96-well plates the day prior the experiment. Cells were washed twice in HBSS++ and serial 1:10 dilutions in infection medium of the exposed virus from the BioSampler was overlaid on cells for two hours. The cells were then washed twice in HBSS++, covered with fresh infection medium, and incubated for three or four days at 34 °C. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were scored at a bright field microscope (10×) as vacuolization of cytoplasm, cell rounding and sloughing. The TCID50 was calculated with the Reed and Muench method28,38. To confirm the CPE scores, the samples were fixed in 100% methanol for five minutes and stained with 0.1% crystal violet. The results are reported as the estimate of plaque forming units (PFU)/ml using the conversion PFU/ml = 0.7 TCID50 by applying the Poisson distribution29.

Immunofluorescence

To assess whether increasing doses of 222-nm light reduced the number of infected cells, we performed a standard fluorescent immunostaining protocol to detect a viral antigen in the host human cells23. Briefly, 2 × 105 host cells (MRC-5 cells for HCoV-229E and WI-38 for HCoV-OC43) were plated in each well of 48-well plates the day prior the experiment. After running through the irradiation chamber for 30 minutes, 150 μl of virus suspension collected from the BioSampler was overlaid on the monolayer of host cells. The cells were incubated with the virus for one hour, then washed three times with HBSS++, and then incubated overnight in fresh infection medium. Infected cells were then fixed in 100% ice cold methanol at 4 °C for 5 minutes and labeled with anti-human coronavirus spike glycoprotein (40021-MM07, Sino Biologicals US Inc., Chesterbrook, PA) 1:200 in HBSS++ containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich Corp. St. Louis, MO, USA) at room temperature for one hour with gentle shaking. Cells were washed three times in HBSS++ and labeled with goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor-488 (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) 1:800 in HBSS++ containing 1% BSA, at room temperature for 30 minutes in the dark with gentle shaking. Following three washes in HBSS++, the cells were stained with Vectashield containing DAPI (4��,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and observed with the 10× objective of an Olympus IX70 fluorescent microscope equipped with a Photometrics PVCAM high-resolution, high-efficiency digital camera and Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD). For each 222-nm dose and virus genus, the representative results were repeated twice. For each sample, up to ten fields of view of merged DAPI and Alexa Fluor-488 images were acquired.

Data analysis

The surviving fraction (S) of the virus was calculated by dividing the fraction PFU/ml at each UV dose (PFUUV) by the fraction at zero dose (PFUcontrols): S = PFUUV/PFUcontrols. Survival values were calculated for each repeat experiment and natural log (ln) transformed to bring the error distribution closer to normal39. Robust linear regression using iterated re-weighted least squares (IWLS)40,41 was performed in R 3.6.2 software using these normalized ln[S] values as the dependent variable and UV dose (D, mJ/cm2) as the independent variable. Using this approach, the virus survival [S] was described by first-order kinetics according to the equation4:

ln[S]=−k×D" role="presentation" style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: 100%; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: auto hidden; position: relative; display: block !important;">ln[S]=−k×Dln[S]=−k×D(1) where k is the UV inactivation rate constant or susceptibility factor (cm2/mJ). The regression was performed with the intercept term set to zero representing the definition of 100% relative survival at zero UV dose, separately for each studied virus strain. The data at zero dose, which by definition represent ln[S] = 0, were not included in the regression. Uncertainties (95% confidence intervals, CI) for the k parameter for each virus strain were estimated by bootstrapping for each regression method because bootstrapping may result in more realistic uncertainty estimates, compared with the standard analytic approximation based on asymptotic normality, in small data sets such as those used here (n = 3 HCoV-229E and n = 4 for HCoV-OC43). Goodness of fit was assessed by coefficient of determination (R2). Analysis of residuals for autocorrelation and for heteroskedasticity was performed using the Durbin-Watson test42 and Breusch-Pagan test (implemented by lmtest R package)43, respectively. Parameter estimates (k) for each virus strain were compared with each other based on the 95% CIs and directly by t-test, using the sample sizes, k values, and their standard errors. The virus inactivation cross section, D90, which is the UV dose that inactivates 90% of the exposed virus, was calculated as D90 = − ln[1 − 0.90]/k. Other D values were calculated similarly.

#germicidal #anti bacterial #uv light

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Thermosense Thermometer Call your primary care physician if your youngster or somebody in your family has a fever, hack, or other influenza like side effects. Tell the specialist on the off chance that they have been close to somebody with COVID-19 or lived in or went to a zone where loads of individuals have the coronavirus. Rashes and other such skin side effects aren't frightfully abnormal with viral diseases, said Dr.

Julia Carroll, an enrolled dermatologist rehearsing in Toronto. "I believe it's significant for individuals to realize that with any popular sickness, we do will in general observe rashes," she said. Thermosense Thermometer These may be hives, rashes that take after psoriasis, or come in different structures. By and large, youngsters are bound to create rashes as the aftereffect of viral diseases than grown-ups, Purdy said. particular impact of coronavirus contamination or on the off chance that they're an increasingly standard response to an infection. "I'd state the jury's totally out on it at the present time.

I Thermosense Thermometer don't think we've had sufficient opportunity or there's been sufficient distributed that you can connect the two together explicitly," she said. Purdy accepts that while "COVID toes" and other skin issues are certainly not an authoritative indication of COVID-19, they ought to be added to the rundown of potential manifestations. Story proceeds beneath notice I think the opportunity this is a potential side effect is very high," she said. "I don't believe it's an exceptionally regular indication. In any case, I figure the truth will surface eventually where the proof backings that, since you'll see that with COVID, things are changing so rapidly." That doesn't imply that on the off chance that you have a rash, you fundamentally have COVID-19, however. Unexplained rash would be things that you could add to that rundown, similarly as something for the overall population to consider could be identified with COVID-19, yet in addition may not be," she said.

Thermosense Thermometer that as it may, that is the equivalent for hack, for fever, first runny nose and cerebral pain. You know, there's a lot of reasons for every one of those things, however I figure it would be not irrational to add it to the rundown of things that individuals may be paying special mind to." Wellbeing authorities alert against all global travel. Returning explorers are lawfully committed to self-disengage for 14 days, starting March 26, on the off chance that they create indications and to forestall spreading the infection to other people.

A few areas and domains have likewise actualized extra suggestions or requirement measures to guarantee those coming back to the territory self-detach. Manifestations can Thermosense Thermometer incorporate fever, hack and trouble breathing — fundamentally the same as a cold or influenza. A few people can build up a progressively extreme sickness. Individuals most in danger of this incorporate more seasoned grown-ups and individuals with serious ceaseless ailments like heart, lung or kidney illness.

Thermosense Thermometer On the off chance that you create side effects, contact general wellbeing specialists. To keep the infection from spreading, specialists suggest visit handwashing and hacking into your sleeve. They likewise suggest limiting contact with others, remaining at home however much as could reasonably be expected and keeping up a separation of two meters from others on the off chance that you go out.

From its starting points in a nourishment showcase in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, to nations as distant the United States and the Philippines, the infection (formally named SARS-CoV-2) has influenced many thousands, with a rising worldwide loss of life now more than 182,000. Thermosense Thermometer The sickness brought about by a contamination with SARS-CoV-2 is called COVID-19, which represents coronavirus infection 2019. Notwithstanding the worldwide frenzy in the report about this infection, you're probably not going to contract SARS-CoV-2 except if you've been in contact with somebody who has a SARS-CoV-2 contamination.

Thermosense Thermometer We should bust a few legends. Peruse on to figure out how this coronavirus is spread, how it's comparative and not the same as different coronaviruses, and how to forestall spreading it to other people in the event that you speculate you've gotten this infection. Remain educated with our live updates about the current COVID-19 episode. Additionally, visit our coronavirus center for more data on the best way to get ready, counsel Specialists are learning new things about this infection consistently. Up until this point, we realize that COVID-19 may not at first reason any side effects for certain individuals.

These indications may turn out to be progressively serious in certain individuals. Call crisis clinical administrations in the event that you or somebody you care for have any of the Thermosense Thermometer accompanying side effects: We're despite everything finding out about whether the 2019 coronavirus is pretty much destructive than the occasional influenza. This is hard to decide on the grounds that the quantity of absolute cases (remembering gentle cases for individuals who don't look for treatment or get tried) is obscure. In any case, early proof proposes that this coronavirus causes a larger number of passings than the occasional influenza. An expected 0.04 to 0.2 percentTrusted Source of individuals who built up this season's cold virus during the 2019-2020 influenza season in the United Stated kicked the bucket (as of March 14, 2020). This is contrasted with 5.4 percent of those with an affirmed instance of COVID-19 in the United States, as indicated by the CDCTrusted Source.

Thermosense Thermometer For the infection to go from creature to people, an individual needs to come into close contact with a creature that conveys the disease. When the infection creates in individuals, coronaviruses can be spread from individual to individual through respiratory beads. This is a specialized name for the wet stuff that travels through the air when you hack or sniffleThe viral material hangs out in these beads and can be inhaled into the respiratory tract (your windpipe and lungs), where the infection would then be able to prompt a contamination. Specialists accept that the infection may have been passed from bats to another creature — either snakes or pangolins — and afterward transmitted to people.

This transmission likely Thermosense Thermometer happened in the open nourishment advertise in Wuhan, China. You're at high hazard for contracting SARS-CoV-2 on the off chance that you come into contact with somebody who's conveying it, particularly in the event that you've been presented to their spit or been close to them when they've hacked or sniffled. The CDCTrusted Source expresses that pregnant individuals appear to have a similar danger of getting the infection as grown-ups who aren't pregnant.

Thermosense Thermometer Transmitting the infection from mother to kid during pregnancy isn't likely, yet the infant is fit for getting the infection after birth. COVID-19 can be analyzed correspondingly to different conditions brought about by viral diseases: utilizing a blood, spit, or tissue test. Be that as it may, most tests utilize a cotton swab to recover an example from within your noses. Tests are directed by the Thermosense Thermometer CDC, some state wellbeing divisions, and some business organizations. See your state's wellbeing division websiteTrusted Source to discover where testing is offered close to you. Converse with your PCP immediately in the event that you think you have COVID-19 or you notice side effects. Your primary care physician will prompt you on whether you should remain at home and screen your manifestations, come in to the specialist's office to be assessed, or go to the medical clinic for increasingly earnest consideration.

Thermosense Thermometer There's right now no treatment explicitly affirmed for COVID-19, and no solution for a contamination, in spite of the fact that medications and antibodies are presently under investigation. Rather, treatment centers around overseeing side effects as the infection runs its course. Look for clinical assistance in the event that you think you have COVID-19. Your primary care physician will suggest treatment for any side effects or intricacies that create, and let you know whether you have to look for crisis treatment. Different coronaviruses like SARS and MERS are additionally treated by overseeing side effects.

At times, test medications are tried to Thermosense Thermometer perceive how successful they are. The most genuine inconvenience of COVID-19 is a kind of pneumonia that has been called 2019 novel coronavirus-contaminated pneumonia (NCIP). Results from a 2020 studyTrusted Source of 138 individuals conceded into emergency clinics in Wuhan, China with NCIP, found that 26 percent of those conceded had extreme cases and should have been treated in the emergency unit). About 4.3 percent of these individuals who were admitted to the ICU kicked the bucket from this sort of pneumonia.

Thermosense Thermometer ought to be noticed that individuals who were admitted to the ICU were on normal more seasoned and had more basic wellbeing conditions than individuals who didn't go to the ICU. The most ideal approach to forestall the spread of contamination is to stay away from or restrict contact with individuals who Thermosense Thermometer are indicating side effects of COVID-19 or any respiratory disease.separating to forestall microscopic organisms and infections from spreading.Wash your hands as often as possible for at any rate 20 seconds one after another witwater and cleanser. To what extent is 20 seconds? About as long as it takes to sing your "ABCs." In case you're out in an open setting where it's hard to follow physical removing rules, the CDCTrusted Source suggests that you wear a material face veil that covers you

Thermosense Thermometer As of April 24, in excess of 190,000 individuals worldwide have kicked the bucket of COVID-19, the exceptionally irresistible respiratory sickness brought about by the coronavirus. The quantity of individuals who have tried positive for COVID-19 has arrived at 2.7 million, as indicated by information ordered by Johns Hopkins University. Very nearly 750,000 individuals have recouped. As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), coronaviruses are a group of infections that cause ailments extending from the basic virus to increasingly serious ailments, for example, extreme intense respiratory disorder (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory disorder (MERS).hese infections were initially transmitted from creatures to individuals.

SARS, for example, was transmitted from civet felines to people while MERS moved to people from a sort of camel. Thermosense Thermometer The name coronavirus originates from the Latin word crown, which means crown or radiance. Under an electron magnifying instrument, the infection seems as though it is encompassed by a sunlight based crown. The epic coronavirus, distinguished by Chinese experts on January 7 and since named SARS-CoV-2, is another strain that had not been recently recognized in people. Little is thought about it, albeit human-to-human transmission has been affirmed.

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teatimewithtess · 5 years ago

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Entry 6: Saturday, June 29, 11:33 pm

Recently in one of my past English classes I wrote my own version of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift; in the original essay, Swift chooses a daring solution to solve Ireland’s problem for bad children, hunger, and poverty: eating babies. Throughout his essay, Swift provides a plentiful amount of evidence and statistics proving that his solution is the one that no one will admit to working because no one has the audacity to propose it. Given any topic, I decided to go with the political anarchy that has divided America completely. I hope you can catch on to the satirical aspects planted throughout my work...enjoy.

..........................................................................................

A Modest Proposal

For providing the great citizens of the United States of America with valuable, lawful choices that will aid in the development of one's’ views regarding the evolution of the future.

By Tess Butler

Unfortunately in our world today, frustrated Americans walk a road of hope and opportunity but are selfishly blocked by the doubt and ignorance from current politicians that only worry about how America can help them. From government shutdowns to never-ending debates, the American people cannot move forward, cannot move past these horrible roadblocks that cause the country to come to a halt. There has been bickering since the formation of the United States. George Washington even advised the current colonists to not create political parties because it would cause too much controversy; however, they did not heed his words. It has cost us the devolution of human reasoning in economics and politics. People argue without even obtaining the proper knowledge beforehand in order to propose a respectful argument that may lead to actual solutions.

There is a constant debate over government, and it might never end. No matter how much all 300 million Americans try, they will never be able to work together in pure bliss, which is an unreasonable expectation anyway. Consequently, we are not using our gifts as homo sapiens, to communicate effectively and productively, but that is a future argument for a new and improved developed America. Every person has different views about each and every subject, so placing all these differentiating views in one enclosed area is not the best idea. Anarchy, protests, war, assassinations, murder, and ostracization are all consequences of opposing views; therefore, people with generally similar views should be together and share their ideas without having to worry about those frightening consequences. With similar people being together, Americans are finally united by the concept of similarity, rather than being forced together by differences. Fortunately, uniting those with common similarities is more realistic than a group of politicians actually working to better the future of the people. People would develop a more effective work ethic and become more united in a common trust of one another. Perhaps finally separating each mindset by our differences would finally allow the American people to prosper and break the bad habits we see too often in history.

As of 2019, 53% of Americans have a high level of discontent with the American economic system, 7% want a communist country, 57% of Democrats view socialism with a positive outlook; these percentages are far too high for America to continue on at its current rate. There are 327,232,426 people that live in America. If I subtract from the equation Alaska and Hawaii, which are not geographically connected to the United States and could be sold to Japan or Canada to gain some revenue, the resulting population would be 325,067,965 people. If I divided the total population into 5 different governing sections, it would equal about 65,000,000 people in each section. Even as the amount of births and deaths continue to fluctuate, it would not affect any aspect of the political districts. Therefore, each person out of the 300,000,000+ population would be finally divided for the better.

Now I will gladly propose my solution for solving differentiating views about government, even if it is denied by the current government itself, to the open minds of society. Out of the 300,000,000 people, each person will have the choice to live in one of five contrasting government sections of the “States of America.” The five individual sections will be under the control of the following governments: democracy, republic, communism, socialism, and monarchy. The sections will be enclosed by massive Mexico funded walls that are heavily guarded by border police of that specific state; In between each of the central borders, wide channels will be created to further separate each state. Of each section, or state, the maximum population will be 65,000,000. If one might disagree with the government authority that they are born into, once reached the age of 18 they can move to a different state; however, any person can move a total of 2 times. If the population of the desired state has reached its maximum, one must go to their secondary choice. I will now introduce each specific state. State one is called “Calikota”(pronounced as kal-ih-coat-uh); it is under the ruling of a democracy and covers the area of the northern half of California to the border of Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri. The democracy is in one of the largest sections geographically because it is still one of the most wanted and popular forms of government. State two is called “Arkwasin”(pronounced as ark-wah-sin) ; it is under the ruling of a socialism and covers the area from Minnesota to Louisiana, bordering Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio. State three is named “South Cosas” (pronounced as south koh-sus); it is a monarchy government and contains the remaining area between Calikota and Arkwasin, which is from southern California to the border of Louisiana. State four is known as “Hiolina” (pronounced he-oh-lee-nuh), which is under the control of a republic government; this state contains the area from Florida to the border of Pennsylvania, including Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio. Finally, state five is “New Sylvinland” (pronounced as new sill-vin-lend) and is under the rule of a communism; the state contains the rest of the area of America, which is from Pennsylvania to Maine. The cheated people of America will finally have a real freedom of choice. There will be one week for choosing the desired state, and if not chosen by the required deadline, will result in a random placement. With desired political views finally fulfilled, Americans have one less problem to worry about: building that wall!

As ridiculous as it may appear, long-lasting problems require long-lasting solutions; even if it means replaying history, such as segregation based on race, and modifying it to our advantage, segregation of political views. However, I advise the people to ponder over the obvious advantages it has on every separate person and every separate thing.

First, it will finally put the phrase so commonly used to a well deserved rest: “Separate but equal.” That ironic mantra was never intended to be taken seriously because of how absurd it was to the realistic world. There is no such thing as “separate but equal”; there never has been and there never will be. So might as well teach the future intelligent and truthful generations the actual truth of the world: nothing is equal.

Secondly, people with higher education will finally have the rightful choice to actually do what they want without having the negative effects of delinquents’ decisions. Because of the accumulated knowledge and intelligence some citizens have attained, they will fortunately choose some of the best states to live in because they understand the definitions and true purposes of each government. And fortunately for them, most people with a simpler or more illiterate mindset will be forced to live in one of five random states, since they never learned a valuable enough work ethic to make deadlines. A win-win situation, as they like to call it.

Thirdly, we can teach the future generations ANOTHER key concept in the development of Americans: opposites do NOT attract. Since each state is separated by government, each person now has a common similarity among one another. We can finally distinguish the 40% of ruined relationships, because of political disagreement, and gladly participate in conversations about how much better one state is compared to another. Even though we already do that in modern America, at least we have support from 64,999,999 other people in the future States of America.

Fourthly, the smaller amount of people will directly relate to a smaller amount of problems. Finally, the president of Calikota will only have to deal with problems from 65,000,000 people instead of 300,000,000. We will gladly make the remaining citizens someone else's problem: an American specialty passed down from generations of success.

Finally, the media will be heavily affected by the dramatic decrease of viewers because of the small amount of democratic watchers. News Stations will now only appeal to that specific state, so citizens of South Cosas, the monarchy, will not be forced to listen to the verbal junk that comes out of every newscasters mouth on Fox News, CNN, etc. The people will receive real news about important topics; only 65 million people have to watch a donkey and an elephant fight.

Now, the current Americans of today withhold too much ignorance and understanding to actually diffuse the political anarchy that they started. If we would have actually listened to one another from the very beginning instead of pursuing our common self-centered ways, America would actually be at ease. Now, if one might despise my ideas I offer them with a solution that might be too difficult to comprehend, especially if one is a politician or works for the government. America has the decision to change its own government. If things are not working well, the power of the democratic government can choose to change to better help the people. Unfortunately, this solution requires many long debates and indecision, which I fear is too much for the modern politician to handle. The politicians that unfortunately run this country are hard-headed and are not open to practical solutions; they tend to draw problems out past the actual deadline. Political parties will be our demise and ironically we are the only people that can end it. If we do not try to change anything at all, like we have not been the past 200 years, our country might finally cease to exist, respectively, on a worldwide scale. I am sure many Americans are frustrated with the insults and stereotypes we receive from other countries that are actually communicating and succeeding, and to be an American is far more than supporting an elephant or a donkey. Perhaps, in one's views of America, it is not considered American if one does not do things for a resulting positive effect, but instead because one is too greedy and narcissistic to do things for the greater good.

Now, while many people with the education of an elite ivy league school might inspect my idea and announce it preposterous, my modern problem requires a modern solution. Without proposing a solution like this would only continue to hold back America's growth. This proposal might be rejected by the highest authority of America, but is not rejected by the majority. The people of America know what they want, and what they want for this country. This solution shall be proposed to the official government of America after reaching a reasonable amount of signatures, and will continue to grow as awareness is spread. Once the solution is approved and conversed about, it will become in affect the January of the following year. As I watch idly by, in my homeland of Turkey, I will see the States of America beautifully flourish because of a foreigners idea. George Washington would be proud.

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- Tesu :)

#writer #wrtiting #creative wrting #my wrting #politics #funny #honestly though #questions #thinking #hmmm #essay #original

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bpoolmetaverse · 3 years ago

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FILPool: Why is zkSync in Leading Position of Ethereum Layer-2 Scaling Solution?

Ethereum's network congestion and high transaction fees have created a mature market for its Layer-1 competitors and EVM compatible Layer-2 projects. As a result easy deployment of decentralized applications using much of the same infrastructure, these solutions have been embraced by users who had been priced out of Ethereum mainnet. These solutions regard themselves as early scaling incumbents.

However, such solutions often face severe security tradeoffs. The sidechain technology relies on separate consensus mechanism (compared to the mainnet), so it introduces the problem that validator groups can jointly steal or freeze user's funds. These risks may not be significant right now, but they will gradually accumulate over time. A successful attack is enough to cause a devastating impact on enterprises and users.

For example, a system like zk-Rollup that uses "validity proof"，can fundamentally eliminate the possibility of invalid or fraudulent transactions, which greatly reduces the value that an attacker can extract. To be precise, zk-Rollup is the only scalability solution that relies on cryptographic security guarantees. It can remain robust no matter how much value is locked in the system.

Therefore, many people regard zkRollup as one of the most promising Layer-2 scaling solutions, and Layer 2 sidechain has been considered as the "Holy Grail" of scaling on Ethereum. Why?

zkRollup have an interesting feature: the more transactions they process, the cheaper they become. It subverts the trilemma of "Decentralization", "Security", and "Scalability" of blockchain.

One of the pioneers of zk-Rollups is zkSync. Though they are in the early stages, they are very likely to be fully productive on the mainnet soon. zkSync is one of Ethereum's most promising scaling solutions using zkRollup technology. As the crypto economy tends to rollups and zkSync shifts to decentralized governance, the year 2022 may be an explosive year of the Layer 2.

So what is zkSync?

Many people regard zkSync as a Layer 2 (L2) scaling solution because its purpose is to make Ethereum gas fee inexpensive and transactions almost instantaneous.

Technically speaking, zkSync is built by Matter Labs, and belongs to a class of L2 known as zkRollups. This means that zkSync uses a "zero-knowledge" cryptographic proof, posting data batches "on-chain" through zkSync, and at the same time executing transactions externally to the Ethereum base layer, thereby effectively batching and verifying Ethereum transactions.

In addition, the design of zkRollup led to something quite magical: through network effects, zkSync became cheaper for users as activity on its network increases. This is in sharp contrast to traditional blockchains, which become more expensive as the demand for their blockspace grows. Therefore, a resource like zkSync is very promising as a prospect for scaling Ethereum.

According to analysis website L2BEAT, zkSync is the 10th largest L2 locked per total value, with a TVL of $63.42M. As zkSync continues to develop in features and functions, and a growing number of users begin migrating to zkRollups for a better user experience and cheaper transactions, this number is expected to grow even further.

zkSync has reached several key milestones in its ecological development. The first is to release zkSync 1.x, which provides native minting, transfers, and atomic swap for NFTs. In September 2021, zkSync 2.0 was also launched on public testnet, providing EVM compatibility and code transplation from Solidy /Vyper.

On January 7, 2022, BitDAO and Matter Labs jointly launched a new proposal on "zkDAO Endowment", proposing to develop and fund the community-owned zkSync ecosystem accelerator, and provide 200 million USD to support the zkSync ecosystem and develop BitDAO and all DAOs. The proposal aims to promote the scalability of Ethereum and adopt the Layer-2 scaling solution zkSync.

Therefore, both in terms of technology and ecological applications, zkSync has a relatively mature development and huge potential for futher development.

Simultaneously, zkSync officially plans to launch its token and start to introduce the incentive mechanism of the token economy into the project for sustainable operation of zkSync. Undoubtedly the upcoming zkSync Token will attract more liquidity and practicality for zkSync. However, Matter Labs stated the launch of its tokenomic model might take several months.

FILPool mining pool is a professional Filecoin mining pool invested and constructed by Cloud Computing Technology Company, a high-tech company focusing on IPFS·Filecoin mining and distributed storage technology research and development.

OS:https://filpool.me

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pigmentation21 · 3 years ago

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Giloy vedas

Giloy

Regardless distresses you, chances are there's a natural solution for it. Notwithstanding, imagine a scenario where one spice could treat virtually every condition.

Giloy may be one to consider. It's a climbing bush and a fundamental spice in Ayurvedic medication. Individuals take it to help general health and treat a wide scope of conditions, including fever, diseases, and diabetes.

Here is a glance at the examination behind this natural enhancement and our proposals regarding whether it merits taking.

Arayabandit/Getty Images

What is giloy?

Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) is a climbing bush that develops on different trees, from the organic family Menispermaceae. The plant is local to India yet additionally found in China and tropical spaces of Australia and Africa (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source).

It's viewed as a fundamental home grown plant in Ayurvedic and society medication, where individuals use it as a treatment for a wide scope of ailments (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source).

All pieces of the plant are utilized in Ayurvedic medication. In any case, the stem is thought to have the most helpful mixtures. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India has supported the plant's stem for use in medication (1Trusted Source).

Giloy is likewise called giloe, guduchi, and amrita, among different names. "Giloe" is a Hindu legendary term. It alludes to a legendary glorious remedy that keeps divine creatures interminably youthful (1Trusted Source).

In Sanskrit, "guduchi" signifies something that ensures the entire body, and "amrita" signifies interminability (1Trusted Source).

Generally, giloy is utilized to treat (1Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source):

fever

urinary issues

asthma

looseness of the bowels

the runs

skin diseases

Hansen's illness (earlier called disease)

diabetes

gout

jaundice

anorexia

eye conditions

Synopsis

Giloy (T. cordifolia) is a climbing bush and a fundamental spice in Ayurvedic medication. All pieces of this plant are thought to have medical advantages. Individuals have since quite a while ago utilized it to treat a wide scope of issues, including fever, contaminations, the runs, and diabetes.

Dynamic mixtures

The wide scope of employments and potential medical advantages from giloy come from various gainful plant intensifies found all through the plant.

Scientists have distinguished four significant classes of mixtures in giloy (3Trusted Source):

terpenoids

alkaloids

lignans

steroids

Terpenoids are perhaps the biggest class of dynamic mixtures found in plants. They regularly add to plants' aroma, taste, and shading. Lab tests on terpenoid intensifies show they have antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties (4Trusted Source).

Alkaloids are intensifies that give a few plants their unpleasant taste. Plant alkaloids are utilized as a model to make many sorts of physician recommended medications.

They're known to have remedial advantages for (5):

circulatory strain

relief from discomfort

malignant growth

intestinal sickness

gastrointestinal fits

At the right portions, alkaloids are incredible synthetics. Curiously, since old occasions, individuals have utilized plant alkaloids as solutions for sicknesses and as toxins (5).

Lignans are intensifies discovered for the most part in sinewy plants. They're known to forestall the development of infections, organisms, and different microorganisms (6Trusted Source).

Exploration likewise recommends they have cancer prevention agent and calming properties, which implies they may shield cells from oxidative harm (6Trusted Source).

Lignans are particularly fascinating on the grounds that exploration has discovered they can slow the development of or even kill a few kinds of malignant growth cells in lab tests (6Trusted Source).

Steroid compounds in plants may likewise have expected advantages for (7Trusted Source):

skin wellbeing

wound mending

cardiovascular wellbeing

Some have a comparable substance design to cholesterol. In that capacity, they might contend with cholesterol for ingestion in your digestive system. This might assist with lessening cholesterol levels in your blood (8Trusted Source).

Synopsis

Giloy is a wellspring of numerous significant plant compounds, to be specific terpenoids, alkaloids, lignans, and steroids. Lab studies propose these mixtures have antimicrobial, mitigating, cell reinforcement, and antidiabetic properties, among different advantages.

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Expected advantages of giloy

Exploration on giloy proposes that it may have medical advantages. Notwithstanding, note that most examination estimated the impacts of giloy in rodents or cells in a lab. There are not many human examinations, so it's not satisfactory whether the advantages would apply to individuals (3Trusted Source).

Metabolic advantages

Giloy may be useful for those with diabetes or who are in danger of coronary illness.

A few examinations done on creatures and on cells in the lab show that giloy lessens glucose by making cells less insulin safe. It additionally may decrease cholesterol levels in lab creatures (3Trusted Source, 9Trusted Source, 10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source, 12Trusted Source).

Notwithstanding, note that the creature study utilized a multi-spice equation that remembered seven different spices for expansion to giloy. Along these lines, it's muddled whether the potential advantages came from giloy or another spice.

One of the alkaloid compounds in giloy is berberine. It's a customary home grown cure that human investigations have shown diminishes glucose. Berberine works along these lines to the diabetes prescription metformin (13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source).

Berberine might be pretty much as compelling as certain prescriptions at diminishing glucose as well as LDL (awful) cholesterol and pulse (13Trusted Source).

Berberine and different alkaloids in giloy may represent a portion of the outcomes found in lab tests.

Safe framework benefits

Lab concentrates on giloy show that it has cancer prevention agent impacts, which implies that it can assist with shielding cells from oxidative harm (11Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source).

At the point when tried on bosom, prostate, and ovarian disease cells in the lab, certain mixtures from giloy show anticancer potential (15Trusted Source).

Taking giloy may assist with boosting your resistant framework against sensitivities, as well. A review incorporating 75 individuals with feed fever sensitivities found that giloy reduced their manifestations, including runny and stodgy nose (16Trusted Source).

Eminently, 83% of individuals said they encountered total help from sniffling subsequent to taking giloy (16Trusted Source).

Certain mixtures in giloy can likewise invigorate your safe framework and shield you from microscopic organisms and different microorganisms (15Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source).

It's ready to forestall the development of Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Proteus spp. (16Trusted Source).

It appears to kill bigger microbes, as well. One review analyzed a T. cordifolia cream with permethrin, a drug to treat scabies, which is a bothersome rash brought about by small parasites that pervade your skin. The investigation discovered that the two medicines functioned admirably to kill the scabies and clear the rash (18Trusted Source).

Rundown

Studies show giloy can be useful for occasional sensitivities and to treat a skin rash called scabies. It may have benefits for diabetes and elevated cholesterol, yet there aren't any examinations in people that show on the off chance that it works, or then again assuming this is the case, how well.

Drawbacks of utilizing giloy

There don't appear to be any dangers related with giloy in sound individuals, as long as you take it at the portion suggested on the item name or by a wellbeing proficient. Notwithstanding, it may not be a decent decision for specific individuals.

Since it can possibly bring down glucose, you ought to be wary of this spice on the off chance that you take meds to bring down your glucose. You may have a low glucose (hypoglycemic) response.

Giloy could likewise conceivably cause issues in the event that you have an immune system illness, as rheumatoid joint pain, lupus, or Crohn's infection. This is a result of its animating consequences for the insusceptible framework (17Trusted Source).

With autoimmunity, your invulnerable framework is now overwhelmed. That makes it assault certain sound cells rather than unsafe microbes.

At long last, giloy isn't suggested for pregnant or lactating individuals. This is on the grounds that insufficient is thought regarding how it functions in people. Converse with a medical services proficient in case you're thinking about taking it.

We generally suggest being careful of natural cures. Since they're normal doesn't generally make them safe. Some can interface with specific drugs or have undesirable incidental effects.

Prior to taking giloy or some other over-the-counter treatment, it's ideal to check with a specialist.

Synopsis

Giloy isn't known to have any wellbeing issues in solid individuals, however know it may associate for certain meds or certain medical issue, as immune system infections. You ought to stay away from giloy in case you're pregnant or breastfeeding.

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Instructions to utilize giloy

Stores sell giloy as an enhancement in pill or case structure. Since every producer's arrangement can contrast, you should take it as per the headings on the mark.

You can purchase dried giloy powder just as a color or squeeze produced using the roots and stems. To utilize it, blend the suggested sum in with water.

In the event that your dermatologist has determined you to have a scabies rash and endorsed permethrin cream, you can get some information about subbing this with a giloy or Tinospora cordifolia moisturizer, cream, or balm.

Remember that, as an enhancement, giloy isn't controlled the same way as a prescription, so there's no assurance you're getting the measure of dynamic fixing you may ne

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digitalyogesh · 3 years ago

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Shatavari churna

What’s going on here? Shatavari churna

Shatavari is otherwise called Asparagus racemosus. It’s an individual from the asparagus family. Shatavari churna It’s likewise an adaptogenic spice. Adaptogenic spices are said to help your body adapt to physical and enthusiastic pressure.

Shatavari is viewed as an overall wellbeing Shatavari churna tonic to further develop essentialness, making it a staple in ayurvedic medication. Continue to peruse to become familiar with the other medical advantages it might offer. Shatavari churna

It has cell reinforcement properties

Cell reinforcements assist with forestalling free-revolutionary cell harm. They additionally fight oxidative pressure, which causes Shatavari churna sickness. Shatavari is high in saponins. Saponins are compounds with cell reinforcement capacities.

As indicated by a 2004 studyTrusted Source, another cancer prevention agent called racemofuran was recognized inside shatava Shatavari churna ri root. Two known cancer prevention agents — asparagamine An and racemosol — were likewise found.

It has mitigating properties

Racemofuran, which is found in shatavari, likewise has critical mitigating capacities. As per the book Medicinal Cookery: How You Can Benefit from Nature’s Pharmacy, racemofuran acts comparatively in the body as remedy mitig Shatavari churna ating drugs known as COX-2 inhibitors. These sorts of medications are thought to decrease irritation without genuine stomach related incidental effects.

It might assist with boosting your insusceptible framework

Shatavari is utilized in ayurveda Shatavari churna as an insusceptibility supporter. As indicated by a recent report, creatures treated with shatavari root extricate had expanded antibodies to a strain of beating hack when contrasted with untreated creatures. The treated creatures recuperated quicker and had fu Shatavari churna rther developed wellbeing generally. This recommended a worked on safe reaction.

It might assist with easing hack

As per a recent report on mice, shatavari root juice is a characteristic hack cure in West Bengal, India. Scientists assessed Shatavari churna its hack assuaging capacities in hacking mice. They found shatavari root extricate halted hack just as the remedy hack medication codeine phosphate. More examination Shatavari churna s are expected to decide how shatavari attempts to remember hacks.

It might assist with treating looseness of the bowels

Shatavari is utilized as a society solution for the runs. The runs might cause significant issues, like parchedness and electrolyte awkwardness. Shatavari churna

As indicated by a 2005 studyTrusted Source, shatavari h Shatavari churna elped stop castor oil–initiated loose bowels in rodents. More examination is expected to check whether shatavari has similar outcomes in people.

It might go about as a diuretic

Diuretics assist your body with disposing of abundance liquid. They’re regularly endorsed for individuals who have congestive cardiovascular breakdown to eliminate abundance liquid from around the heart. Solution diuretics might cause genuine incidental effects.

As per a recent report on rodents, shatavari is utilized as a diuretic in ayurveda. The investigation tracked down that 3,200 milli Shatavari churna grams of shatavari had diuretic action without causing intense incidental effects. More examination is required on people before shatavari can be securely suggested as a diuretic.

It might assist with treating ulcers

Ulcers are bruises in your stomach, small digestive tract, or throat. They might be extremely excruciating. They can cause genuine compl Shatavari churna exities, like draining or hole.

As indicated by a 2005 studyTrusted Shatavari churna Source on rodents, shatavari was viable at treating drug prompted gastric ulcers.

It might assist with treating kidney stones

Kidney stones are hard stores that structure in your kidneys. As they go through your urinary parcel, they might cause agonizing Shatavari churna agony.

Most kidney stones are made of oxalates. Oxalates are intensifies found in certain food varieties, like spinach, beets, and french fries.

In a 2005 studyTrusted Source, shatavari root remove forestalled the development of oxalate stones in rodents. It additionally expanded magnesium focus in the pee. Appropriate degrees of magnesium in the body are thought to assist with forestalling the advancement of gems in the pee that structu Shatavari churna re kidney stones.

It might assist with keeping up with glucose

Type 2 diabetes is on the ascent, just like the requirement for more secure, more powerful medicines. As per a recent report, shatavari may assist with keeping up with glucose levels. It’s idea compounds inside the spic Shatavari churna e animate insulin creation, in spite of the fact that it’s indistinct precisely how.

More investigation is required, yet scientists propose seeing how shatavari impacts glucose might hold the way in to the advancement of new diabetes medicines.

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It very well might be hostile to maturing

Shatavari might be one of Shatavari churna nature’s prized against maturing privileged insights. As per a recent report, the saponins in shatavari root diminished the free-revolutionary skin harm that prompts wrinkles. Shatavari likewise forestalled collagen breakdown. Collagen keeps up with your skin’s versatility.

More examination is required before effective shatavari items hit the market. In any case, a few specialists accept they might be the eventual fate of protected, against maturing healthy skin.

It might assist with treating sadness

As per the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, significant burdensome problem influences over 16.1 million America Shatavari churna n grown-ups yearly. However numerous individuals can’t take solution melancholy meds because of negative incidental effects.

Shatavari is utilized in ayurveda to treat sadness. A recent report on rodents discovered the cancer prevention agents in shatavari have solid stimulant capacities. They likewise affected synapses in the mind. Synapses impart data all through our mind. Some are related with despondency.

Step by step instructions to Shatavari churna utilize

Shatavari isn’t all around concentrated in people. No normalized portion has been set up.

As per an article distributed in the Journal of the American Herbalists Guild, these dosages might forestall kidney stones:

4-5 milliliters of shatavari root color, multiple times every day

a tea produced using 1 teaspoon powdered shatavari root and 8 ounces water, twice every day

Shatavari is accessible in powder, ta Shatavari churna blet, and fluid structures. An average portion of shatavari tablets is 500 milligrams, up to twice every day. A normal portion of shatavari separate is 30 drops in water or squeeze, up to multiple times every day.

Converse with your primary care physician or a characteristic wellbeing expert prior to fusing shatavari in your daily practice, particularly in the event that you take drugs or have medical issues. They can assist you with deciding the right portion for you.

The FDA doesn’t screen spices an Shatavari churna d enhancements. The quality, immaculateness, and strength of enhancements differs. Just purchase shatavari from a brand you trust.

Conceivable incidental effects and dangers

As per 2003 exploration, ayurvedic medication considers shatavari “totally ok for long haul use, in any event, during pregnancy lactat Shatavari churna on.” Still, there’s very little logical examination as an afterthought impacts of shatavari supplementation. Ladies who are pregnant or breastfeeding shouldn’t utilize it Shatavari churna until more investigations are done and it’s demonstrated safe.

There are reports of unfavorably susceptible response in certain individuals who take shatavari. In case you’re sensi Shatavari churna tive to asparagus, keep away from this enhancement. Look for clinical consideration in the event that you experience demolishing asthma or hypersensitive response indications.

This incorporates:

rash

quick pulse

irritated eyes

irritated skin

trouble relaxing

tipsiness

Shatavari might have a diuretic impact Shatavari churna . You shouldn’t take it with other diuretic spices or medications like furosemide (Lasix).

Shatavari might bring down your glucose. You shouldn’t take it with different medications or spices that lower glucose.

The main concern Shatavari churna

Shatavari churna has been utilized in ayurvedic medication for quite a long time. Notwithstanding, insufficient logical investigations on people have been done to suggest it for any ailment. All things considered, it’s protected to eat it in m Shatavari churna odest quantities, and doing as such will permit you to procure its cancer prevention agent and resistant boosting benefits.

On the off chance that you wish to take a Shatavari churna higher portion of shatavari, converse with your primary care physician prior to adding it to your daily practice. They can go over your individual dangers and expected advantages, just as answer any inquiries you might have.

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your-dietician · 3 years ago

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Evolution Could Explain Why Psychotherapy May Work for Depression

New Post has been published on https://depression-md.com/evolution-could-explain-why-psychotherapy-may-work-for-depression/

Evolution Could Explain Why Psychotherapy May Work for Depression

A consensus has emerged in recent years that psychotherapies—in particular, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)—rate comparably to medications such as Prozac and Lexapro as treatments for depression. Either option, or the two together, may at times alleviate the mood disorder. In looking more closely at both treatments, CBT—which delves into dysfunctional thinking patterns—may have a benefit that could make it the better choice for a patient.

The reason may be rooted in our deep evolutionary past. Scholars suggest humans may become depressed to help us focus attention on a problem that might cause someone to fall out of step with family, friends, clan or the larger society—an outcast status that, especially in Paleolithic times, would have meant an all-but-certain tragic fate. Depression, by this account, came about as a mood state to make us think long and hard about behaviors that may have caused us to become despondent because some issue in our lives is socially problematic.

A recent article in American Psychologist, the flagship publication of the American Psychological Association, weighs what the possible evolutionary origins of depression might mean for arguments about the merits of psychotherapy versus antidepressants. In the article, Steven D. Hollon, a professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University, explores the implications of helping a patient come to grips with the underlying causes of a depression—which is the goal of CBT, and is also in line with an evolutionary explanation. The anodyne effects of an antidepressant, by contrast, may divert a patient from engaging in the reflective process for which depression evolved—a reason perhaps that psychotherapy appears to produce a more enduring effect than antidepressants. Scientific American spoke with Hollon about his ideas on the topic.

[An edited transcript of the interview follows].

You described in your recent article the idea that humans evolved a propensity toward depression as a means to restore emotional and psychological equilibrium. That allows people to stay well integrated within their social milieus. So, can you explain how depression may be a product of evolution that can actually protect us?

In the late 2000s, I read a paper by the evolutionary biologist Paul Andrews. It was masterful, very thoughtful—and I totally disagreed with it. The main premise was that depression was an evolved adaptation that serves to make people ruminate.

Why did you disagree?

For clinicians, we think of rumination as a terrible thing that at best is a symptom of depression and at worst leads to something that deepens the depression. We’ve always thought of it as a kind of exhaust out the tailpipe that is not really helpful.

But the work of Andrews and his colleague J. Andrew (Andy) Thomson recounted that in our evolutionary past, what got you depressed was some kind of major problem—probably a social problem—that might get you excluded from the tribe. And what you had to do is sit down and think about things.

Most of us can think of anxiety as being a useful function, because anxiety takes us away from danger. It’s quick, it’s rapid, the reaction that occurs after stepping on a snake that might be poisonous when you’re out in the woods. But most folks don’t think of depression as having any function. It’s just something unpleasant. The trick is to figure out what the purpose of depression is—and when Andrews and Thomson looked at what goes on when you get depressed, they found that a lot of energy went to the brain.

And the reason for that is to help us to think more carefully about the things that are going wrong, and first to understand what’s the cause. That answers the question: How come I’m feeling so bad? And the second thing is: How can I do a good job of figuring out a solution to a problem?

So, you don’t have to move rapidly in depression; the bad thing has already happened. You don’t have to get out of the way of a poisonous snake or a leopard. But you do have to solve some kind of complex social problem, and rumination is what gets you there. So as opposed to being an unpleasant byproduct of being depressed, rumination is actually the reason why depression evolved. And it helps you solve complex social problems.

You seem to now be giving some credence to the ideas of Andrews and Thomson. How does this line of thinking actually play out in people’s lives? At what point does depression and the social problems that need to be ruminated upon begin?

These complex social problems often gear up in adolescence when young people start to ask: Am I going to have a boyfriend and girlfriend? How do I get a boy or girl to like me? Am I going to do okay in school? Are my parents happy with me? Am I going to get to go to college? Will I be able to find a job?

How does your expertise in psychotherapy—and specifically cognitive behavioral therapy—jibe with the evolutionary theory of depression?

Cognitive therapy in this context becomes a bit of a natural. It teaches people how to ruminate more effectively. Cognitive theory holds that people got depressed because they hold inaccurate beliefs about themselves. This can be combined with the additional notion that people can get stuck. For example, if something bad happens, you start thinking that you’re a failure, you’re a loser. For most people, depression motivates them to think more deliberately about the causes of their problems and the solutions they can apply. In most instances in our ancestral past this worked well enough; most depressions remit spontaneously even in the absence of treatment. Cognitive therapy, at the least, hurries the process along and, at the most, helps unstick that subset of individuals who get stuck making negative ascriptions about themselves, typically about personal competence or lovability.

The solution is to essentially teach them the scientific method so they get unstuck. We ask a patient to ask themselves: what do you think is the cause of the problem? What other explanations could there be? What’s the evidence supporting one or the other? And especially we encourage patients who get stuck to pit what are called their stable trait theories—“I am incompetent” or “I am unlovable”— against a more behavioral explanation: “I chose the wrong strategies.”

One area that you’ve worked on is whether CBT has a more enduring effect than drugs, and you’re interested in how that might provide evidence for the evolutionary basis for depression.

Basically, we have good clinical evidence that cognitive therapy is at least as effective as medications in the short run, and more enduring in the long run. CBT may get people thinking carefully about their problems in a way that facilitates coming to a resolution, whereas medications may just anesthetize the stress that underlies a depression.

Are you going to test that idea in some way?

I’ve got colleagues in Vietnam, where they’re quite interested in a study we want to do in which we compare folks treated to recovery with CBT versus folks treated to recovery with medication—and compare those against a control that uses Chinese herbal medicine, which is widely believed there to be effective. And if it’s really the case that antidepressant medications suppress symptoms in a way that worsens the underlying course of depression, then those patients should be more likely to have recurrences when we take them off the medications than when we take them off the Chinese herbal medicine. If it’s really true that CBT truly has an enduring effect that protects against depression, then patients treated to recovery should be less likely to recur following treatment termination than patients who recover on Chinese herbal medicine. In essence, the Chinese herbal medicine serves as an ideal nonspecific control because it provides neither the coping skills taught in cognitive therapy nor the pharmacologically active serotonin-related ingredient provided by antidepressant medications. We have a trial that we want to do that should answer the question, but it hasn’t yet been done.

Doesn’t some evidence exist along these lines already, though?

There are over half a dozen studies that indicate that patients treated to remission with cognitive therapy are less likely to relapse following treatment termination than patients treated to remission with antidepressant medications—and a pair of studies that suggest that this enduring effect may extend to the prevention of recurrence. What we do not know is where all this fits within the proposed evolutionary context: whether cognitive therapy has an enduring effect, or antidepressant medications may be detrimental in terms of prolonging the life of the underlying episode—as evolutionary theory suggests. What is needed is a nonspecific control that neither has enduring effects or the anesthetizing effects caused by the medication. Whether cognitive therapy truly has an enduring effect, or antidepressant medications have a detrimental effect, remains to be determined. The comparison of each to a nonspecific control like Chinese herbal medicine should allow us to determine in absolute terms which is which.

You’ve talked about the difficulties in trying to measure whether there really are enduring effects in this type of trial.

It also is possible that the enduring effects observed for cognitive therapy (relative to antidepressant medications) have to do with changes that occur during the course of a clinical trial. Although we randomize patients to cognitive therapy versus antidepressant medications at the outset of the trial, we typically lose about 15 percent of the sample because of attrition, and another 25 percent as a nonresponse to either intervention. That means that only about 60 percent of the sample initially randomized makes it into the comparison of subsequent rates of relapse. If different kinds of patients remit to cognitive therapy than to antidepressant medications, that could bias any subsequent comparisons.

Do you think that these insights about CBT could have an impact for severe depression?

I don’t know, and wouldn’t necessarily assume that they would. For psychotic depression, you’d go to electroconvulsive therapy first. I’m not sure that the analytical rumination hypothesis will apply to psychotic depressions, or that it needs to. For every evolved adaptation there are instances in which the mechanism evolved breaks down and the condition can be considered to be an actual disease or disorder.

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spectrumpsp · 3 years ago

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Acute Seizure Management

For what reason Do Hospice Patients Have An Increased Risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)?

Numerous elements increment the danger of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospice and palliative consideration patients, including:

Age

Decreased portability

Disease

These infections actuated hypercoagulability. At the point when a blood coagulation or clots structures in the legs' profound veins (generally calves or thighs) or pelvis, it is called profound vein apoplexy (DVT). The clots might be uprooted from its unique part and into the lungs, causing a pneumonic embolism (PE). DVT and PE are named VTE, positioning high among malignant growth patients' driving reasons for death. As per reports, VTE rate in palliative consideration patients is 1% to 5%, which may mirror an underestimation of the danger of VTE. Under-revealing of cutting edge malignancy and related

The Risks Of Anticoagulation

Prior to looking into elective prescriptions, it is fundamental to consider the current draining danger and whether the advantages of anticoagulant treatment and the avoidance of VTE actually exceed the dangers. The danger of draining increments with the quantity of hazard factors present. As demonstrated from the rundown beneath, if the patient's factor is 0, the danger of draining is shallow. One factor approaches medium danger, and ≥two factors demonstrate high danger.

Age> 65 years of age

Past dying

Condition: Cancer, Kidney disappointment, Liver disappointment, Thrombocytopenia, past Stroke, Diabetes, Anemia

Medications – Antiplatelet treatment, NSAID treatment

Helpless anticoagulation control

Comorbidities and diminished useful limit

Ongoing medical procedure

Incessant falls

Liquor misuse

How Do Warfarin, Intraperitoneal, And Direct Oral Anticancer Drugs (DOAC) Compare to VTE in Patients With Active Cancer?

Warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) is a broadly natural anticoagulant drug utilized for long haul control of VTE in everybody. In any case, warfarin is utilized in malignancy patients in spite of its boundless use and minimal expense than in patients without disease. As per reports, the draining pace of disease patients taking warfarin is pretty much as high as 21.6%, which might be higher in the palliative consideration populace. Different impediments incorporate the requirement for research facility checking of the International Normalized Ratio (INR), portion change, and various medications, medications, food, and medication natural connections. Changes in the patient's condition (like deficient healthful admission, liver metastasis) may likewise make keeping up remedial INR seriously testing.

LMWHs are sections of heparin, which restrain the coagulation course by explicitly restricting to coagulation factors Xa and IIa. Contrasted and unfractionated heparin (UFH), it can give a more unsurprising restorative reaction and a more drawn out term. Contrasted and UFH, LMWH is controlled on more than one occasion per day, and dissimilar to warfarin, it doesn't need routine research facility observing. The two LMWHs sold in the United States are enoxaparin (Lovenox) and dalteparin (Fragmin). Another parenteral item, fondaparinux (Arixtra, which isn't identified with heparin items, is valuable for patients with a background marked by heparin-initiated thrombocytopenia (HIT). In the CHEST rules, for dynamic patients with DVT or PE, For malignancy patients, it is prescribed to utilize LMWH in the treatment of warfarin.

The rise of new anticoagulants, direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) (rivaroxaban (Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis), dabigatran (Pradaxa), edoxaban (Savaysa). Numerous individuals have expected their status in treatment. Albeit these items are costly contrasted with warfarin, they can be taken orally without research facility checking. Contrasted and warfarin and LMWH treatment, the treatment weight of VTE with DOAC is more modest and may have better clinical impacts. Be that as it may, when the rules were given, there was no post-promoting wellbeing investigation of DOAC. Because of the absence of at present accessible DOAC information in this persistent populace, the proposals for the utilization of warfarin and LMWH are more fragile than those for DOAC.

For patients with DVT or PE and dynamic malignancy of the legs, the suggested term of anticoagulation treatment is ceaseless, with no closure date, regardless of which medication is chosen.

For non-disease analyze that require anticoagulation, what are the suggested treatment time frames?

In the accompanying cases, it is prescribed to proceed for a quarter of a year. The choice to expand treatment past a quarter of a year relies upon the particular components of the patient. For instance, patients with a high danger of draining ought not foster a treatment for over a quarter of a year. Patients with intermittent VTE may have to expand the treatment time.

DVT or PE of the proximal leg brought about by medical procedure

DVT or PE of lower appendages brought about by non-careful transient danger factors

Segregated distal DVT brought about by careful or non-careful transient danger factors

No closure DVT (distal or proximal separation) or PE on the leg.

The Cost of Anticancer Treatment

The 15-day drug supply costs for warfarin, DOAC, unfractionated heparin, and LMWH/Arixtra arrived at the midpoint of more than US$11, US$225, US$350, and US$2000, separately. The work and costs related with observing warfarin treatment by the planning research center ought to likewise be thought of.

Drug specialist Assessment

Hospice care solutions can advance practical side effect the executives, yet they do exclude all meds experienced in hospice care. At the point when it's anything but a physician recommended drug, hospice clinics should adjust patient requirements and accessible doctor prescribed medication choices and consider the expense of over-the-counter meds. DOACs are viable oral treatments for VTE treatment, yet hospice care associations don't endorse them, nor are Lovenox. UFH irregular infusions and oral warfarin are as of now in the remedy.

OM discovered Lovenox infusions to be difficult and cause aggravation at the infusion site. UFH is certifiably not a reasonable option in contrast to OM, particularly when one infusion is required "like clockwork". Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant. When treatment is steady, INR research facility checking is generally required month to month. OM and her significant other are strolling near and right now needn't bother with help to make an arrangement for the research center. Warfarin two times every day can decrease the resistance of OMs and might be more endured. Presently, OM has an ordinary craving and eats three adjusted suppers daily likewise making her the correct possibility for warfarin treatment.

Since she has malignancy and diabetes, OM is at moderate danger of dying. Contrasted and LMWH/Arixtra treatment, DOAC has a lower cost. Like OM, patients with low to the medium draining danger and proceeding with anticoagulation, for patients with conflicting eating regimen, on the off chance that they experience issues going to a research facility that is conflicting with their consideration objectives, think about utilizing DOAC.

Ideas

After assessment, the flexible group of hospice care examines that it is appropriate to carry on anticoagulant treatment dependent on her normal draining danger and generally soundness. They prescribe changing from Lovenox to warfarin.

Note: Start warfarin at a portion of 5mg PO every day while utilizing the Lovenox portion of 70mg sub-cut. Like clockwork. This cover ought to occur for at any rate five days until the INR is inside the treatment range 24 hours. 21 Laboratory tests ought to be rehashed each week until the INR is steady for about a month, and afterward the recurrence can be changed to once per month. The restorative INR range for OM is somewhere in the range of two and three.

It is crucial that OM follows the proposed warfarin treatment plan and keeps up current dietary patterns. Hospice clinics are first needed to draw blood every now and again and afterward month to month to screen the warfarin treatment plan. OM consistence, changes in dietary patterns, or wellbeing status ought to be checked. At the point when the state of OM declines, the dangers and advantages of nonstop anticoagulant treatment ought to be rethought.

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essayforfree735 · 4 years ago

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pigmentation21 · 3 years ago

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Giloy

Regardless distresses you, chances are there's a natural solution for it. Notwithstanding, imagine a scenario where one spice could treat virtually every condition.

Here is a glance at the examination behind this natural enhancement and our proposals regarding whether it merits taking.

Arayabandit/Getty Images

What is giloy?

It's viewed as a fundamental home grown plant in Ayurvedic and society medication, where individuals use it as a treatment for a wide scope of ailments (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source).

In Sanskrit, "guduchi" signifies something that ensures the entire body, and "amrita" signifies interminability (1Trusted Source).

Generally, giloy is utilized to treat (1Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source):

fever

urinary issues

asthma

looseness of the bowels

the runs

skin diseases

Hansen's illness (earlier called disease)

diabetes

gout

jaundice

anorexia

eye conditions

Synopsis

Dynamic mixtures

The wide scope of employments and potential medical advantages from giloy come from various gainful plant intensifies found all through the plant.

Scientists have distinguished four significant classes of mixtures in giloy (3Trusted Source):

terpenoids

alkaloids

lignans

steroids

Alkaloids are intensifies that give a few plants their unpleasant taste. Plant alkaloids are utilized as a model to make many sorts of physician recommended medications.

They're known to have remedial advantages for (5):

circulatory strain

relief from discomfort

malignant growth

intestinal sickness

gastrointestinal fits

At the right portions, alkaloids are incredible synthetics. Curiously, since old occasions, individuals have utilized plant alkaloids as solutions for sicknesses and as toxins (5).

Lignans are intensifies discovered for the most part in sinewy plants. They're known to forestall the development of infections, organisms, and different microorganisms (6Trusted Source).

Exploration likewise recommends they have cancer prevention agent and calming properties, which implies they may shield cells from oxidative harm (6Trusted Source).

Lignans are particularly fascinating on the grounds that exploration has discovered they can slow the development of or even kill a few kinds of malignant growth cells in lab tests (6Trusted Source).

Steroid compounds in plants may likewise have expected advantages for (7Trusted Source):

skin wellbeing

wound mending

cardiovascular wellbeing

Synopsis

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Expected advantages of giloy

Metabolic advantages

Giloy may be useful for those with diabetes or who are in danger of coronary illness.

Berberine might be pretty much as compelling as certain prescriptions at diminishing glucose as well as LDL (awful) cholesterol and pulse (13Trusted Source).

Berberine and different alkaloids in giloy may represent a portion of the outcomes found in lab tests.

Safe framework benefits

Lab concentrates on giloy show that it has cancer prevention agent impacts, which implies that it can assist with shielding cells from oxidative harm (11Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source).

At the point when tried on bosom, prostate, and ovarian disease cells in the lab, certain mixtures from giloy show anticancer potential (15Trusted Source).

Eminently, 83% of individuals said they encountered total help from sniffling subsequent to taking giloy (16Trusted Source).

Certain mixtures in giloy can likewise invigorate your safe framework and shield you from microscopic organisms and different microorganisms (15Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source).

It's ready to forestall the development of Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Proteus spp. (16Trusted Source).

Rundown

Drawbacks of utilizing giloy

Since it can possibly bring down glucose, you ought to be wary of this spice on the off chance that you take meds to bring down your glucose. You may have a low glucose (hypoglycemic) response.

With autoimmunity, your invulnerable framework is now overwhelmed. That makes it assault certain sound cells rather than unsafe microbes.

We generally suggest being careful of natural cures. Since they're normal doesn't generally make them safe. Some can interface with specific drugs or have undesirable incidental effects.

Prior to taking giloy or some other over-the-counter treatment, it's ideal to check with a specialist.

Synopsis

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Instructions to utilize giloy

Stores sell giloy as an enhancement in pill or case structure. Since every producer's arrangement can contrast, you should take it as per the headings on the mark.

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thesethingsofours · 4 years ago

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Digitisation & Fulfilment in Photography

Why film is the solution to diminishing human involvement in the photographic process.

All forms of digitisation have the effect, and typically the intention, of reducing “imperfection”. Audible highs and lows are shaved off music by MP3s; ultra-HD televisions output more detail than is perceptible by the human eye; Google Maps eradicates the risk of getting lost; AI assistants inform us of what we “need” before we even know we “need” it. In a world of commercial, capitalist pressure, people pay grand sums for exactitude, or at least its illusion. Money chooses precise outcomes over uncertain processes.

Fundamentally, human beings are analogue creatures. We don’t click; we flow. We are imbued with imperfection. No body or mind is born without idiosyncratic “flaws”, big and small. Given this fact, our insistence on increasingly digitising our lives is simultaneously understandable and ironic. It’s understandable, because perfection is seen as the ultimate accomplishment – unattainable, but worth pursuing. It’s ironic for the same reason – perfection’s unattainability makes it a falsehood; a non-existent, abstract concept so often based on fear – of inadequacy, pain, solitude or mortality.

While digitisation touches all aspects of life, nothing has succumbed more than photography. Unlike other artistic processes, it’s an extremely new and still developing form of creative expression. After the first recorded photograph in the early 1800s, it took over a century to be accepted as an art form, giving it an epochal blink of an eye to establish itself before the digital revolution arrived to completely upend its upbringing.

Despite all the technological advances, it remains the case that, as humans, the more we use our body and mind in unison to skilfully perform a challenging act, the more we can gain. Digitisation may have given us convenience, but in doing so, it has increasingly stripped human involvement from the process of taking photographs. This diminishes its huge potential to be fulfilling and meaningful, both to the photographer and as an art form. To maintain photography’s value, manual photography – most naturally performed on decades-old, mechanical film cameras – is essential.

Digital v Film

Undoubtedly, digital photography is inherently more versatile than film. Part of this comes from the ability to significantly and easily alter an image long after it was taken, but so much comes from the electronic power and computational assistance of the camera itself – autofocus, auto lens stabilization, auto (and very high) sensitivity to light (ISO), auto-metering, auto-this, auto-that, auto-everything you like. Add to this the immense storage capacity of a single memory card and a photographer needs to do little more than point the camera and press the button.

The insatiable argument is that by removing technical concerns a photographer can simply focus on getting the shot; thinking only about what should be in the image, not worrying about how to capture it. Naturally, therefore, when the concern is more about outcome than process, or cost than creativity, an automated, digital camera is extremely persuasive, substantially increasing certainty over the final result.

In comparison, a manual film camera is innately imprecise. Each of the user’s physical motions have an effect – a click to change the aperture, a swift turn of the shutter speed dial, a swoosh of the focussing ring. Even twitching or breathing can have a noticeable impact. A photographer must devise an image in their mind then, through the physicality of the camera, swiftly implement it with their own hands, aided by just a few basic mechanics. Even without accidentally exposing the film to light or damaging the film in the process of development, imperfections are inevitable in the pictures themselves. Yet they emanate feeling, character and humanity: a tender crumbling of the visible spectrum into tiny molecules, ecstatically reuniting under a chemistry bath to form expressive shapes and tones.

The contrast aligns with the contemporary social debate of equality of outcome versus equality of opportunity. An automated, intelligent digital camera offers equality of outcome – so much is done by the machine that it will help even the most unskilled user to produce a technically decent image. On the other hand, a manual, analogue camera offers everybody the same opportunity to take a picture – a passive tool reliant entirely on the user’s capability for it to work.

Hands Stimulate the Mind

Obstinate socio-political debates aside, the precipitous increase in automated photography (commensurate with steeply decreasing human involvement in picture-taking) dramatically changes photography’s capacity to be fulfilling for the photographer. There is a deep connection between what we do with our hands and how we learn, remember and interpret information. A useful hypothetical comparator is handwriting. Numerous studies have identified its cognitive benefits. In one such study, writing notes in a lecture was found to be advantageous over typing:

…even when laptops are used solely to take notes [without the variables of multitasking and distraction], they may still be impairing learning because their use results in shallower processing. In three studies, we found that students who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than students who took notes longhand.

Further studies reinforce the stimulating connection between hand and brain: children pick up comprehension of letters much quicker when writing by hand; and as they get older, idea generation is better performed by those with good handwriting:

…good writers activated more than poor writers in brain regions associated with cognition, language, and executive functions… and also in working memory, motor planning, and timing.

These studies not only demonstrate the logical connection between body function and brain stimulation, but also digital devices’ ability to sever that connection. In photography, studies have frequently shown a negative impact on memory when smartphone cameras are used to document an experience – worse than if no photos were taken at all. It is often surmised that simply “taking photos” causes this problem, but deeper studies show that even a small physical act, such as zooming-in on a detail improves the photo-taker’s memory, not only of that detail, but of the entire subject:

…the additional attentional and cognitive processes engaged by [zooming in] can eliminate the photo-taking-impairment effect [on memory].

If this is indeed the case, it follows that cerebral stimulation will be increased if more “attentional and cognitive” processes are utilised while taking a photograph. Manual photography, with its many levels of advance preparation and in-the-moment activity, offers this in spades.

Additionally, with the need to stop and wind forwards a roll of film after every shot, and a typical limit of 37 shots per roll, a manual film photographer’s speed is limited. As per the note-taking study mentioned above, this is analogous to the speed limitations of handwriting, where the imposed, slower process is a determining factor in increasing the qualitative usefulness of notes taken, both mentally and on the page.

Admittedly, this type of “attentional cognitive” photography can still, to some extent, be achieved with digital cameras – turn off the screen, put everything on manual and fire away. Equally, film cameras are not universally manual - many feature extensive automation. But the greatest advantage is still to be had from a mechanical, manual film camera. Unlike digital cameras, which encourage use of their computational power and speed at every turn, manual film cameras were born basic; designed to yield to the bearer, relentlessly and without remorse.

Technology & Zero Human Involvement

Furthermore, accepting digitisation in photography becomes a slippery slope. With every incremental improvement, every subtle innovation, human involvement gets closer to being removed entirely.

Take Arsenal, for example. It’s a small, Kickstarter-funded piece of tech, designed for landscape photographers. Affixed to a digital camera, it functions as follows:

Arsenal quickly examines the scene. It uses image recognition to identify environment and subject-specific needs (e.g. fast shutter for birds or camera vibration).

Arsenal then finds great settings by comparing the current scene with thousands of professional photos using a convolutional deep neural network.

Lastly, Arsenal optimizes settings based on 18 different factors, like hyperfocal distance, sensor dynamic range and lens transmission.

Arsenal lets you control your camera from up to 100 feet away. Use the smart assistant AI, set the shutter speed, aperture, and ISO, see a live preview, or trigger the shutter from your smartphone.

In summary, you put your camera in front of a scene and with Arsenal attached, stand 30 meters away and let it take “perfect” photos. 15,766 backers pledged $2,650,310 to help bring this project to life. It is popular.

If anything marks the impending death of human involvement in photography (and widespread enthusiasm for its euthanasia) it is Arsenal. What could be more lustful for a pre-determined outcome than a computer using a convolutional deep neural network to decide everything about how a photograph should be taken. While the photographer still needs to choose the subject, it would only be logical for an updated version of Arsenal to propose exactly where and how the camera should be positioned. Human involvement reduced to propping up a machine and following its instructions.

Taken further, how long before we simply attach a camera to a drone and send it on its merry way? It flies around until finding the AI-determined “best” scene; hovers there until the “best” light appears; takes the “best” photograph (based on an analysis of every landscape photograph ever taken); uploads the “best” shots to the cloud for analysis and selection, then flies back to its charging station. Human involvement reduced to zero. Which brings us neatly to the biggest culprit of photographic digitisation. The ubiquitous smartphone.

New smartphones now come with at least two lenses on the back, and many with three or four. This provides multiple data points to the camera software, making the final image appear as if it had been taken by more advanced equipment. In particular, “Portrait Mode” applies a concert of AI measures to an image – smoothing skin, blurring the background, altering lighting and contrast – giving the impression it was taken in a studio. Currently, the software is still young enough to give noticeably flawed results, but it is quickly and vastly improving. Soon, simply pointing a phone towards a person will be sufficient for a “perfect” portrait photograph to be taken. Everything will be done by software. Even pressing a button will be unnecessary.

It’s already begun. Since the Pixel 3 was released in 2018, Google phones can now:

…analyse photos and pick the best shots in a given batch. With Top Shot, you’ll be able to capture a number of photos before and after the moment you press the virtual shutter button, while the software will pick out the best shot.

And the “Photobooth” feature automatically:

…takes a bunch of photos of you or your friends, but only when it recognizes that the subjects of the photo are making a funny face or smiling. You don’t need to even press the shutter.

These innovations and their kin stem from a desire for perfect, effortless outcomes. In turning attention from the digital process to its outcomes, at what point is human involvement so diminished that the idea of “art” evaporates?

Importance of the Artistic Process

Considering most artworks never gain a wide audience (or any audience at all), art’s true essence must lie in the process undertaken by the artist, rather than a beholder’s observation of the completed artwork. If human involvement decreases in the process of making art, the artist is denied the opportunity for maximal human experience. Consequently, their artworks are denied the maximum potential expression of what it means to be human, making them spiritually and philosophically less valuable.

Without human involvement in art, images, books and sounds become isolated functional commodities, designed only for the satisfaction of their consumption. Over time, the compounding effect will be the reduction of organic creativity – ideas become algorithmicised, filtered, perfected, narrowed and dehumanised; existing only to be marketed and sold for titillation and satiation.

When it comes to photography, given its literal manner of representing exactly how a subject appears, siphoning off the photographer’s involvement eradicates much of what differentiates one image from the next; its artistic potency. It is the difference between a sculptor using a hammer and chisel versus a 3D printer; a painter using a brush and oils versus an iPad; a drummer striking skins versus tapping buttons on a drum machine; or a student taking notes by writing versus typing. The weight of responsibility rests with a flesh and blood person, wrestling with the rules of physics, biology, chemistry, and their own consciousness, presented by a vast universe we are barely able to comprehend; unlimited by the confines of a semi-intelligent machine with rules created by another human being.

Yes, digital cameras can still be used with huge amounts of human involvement, but using a mechanical, manual film camera, entirely dependent on human involvement, offers the purest potential for fulfilment, and therefore, artistry. It forces contemplation, understanding and foresight before the act of photographing; decisiveness during; and humble acceptance afterwards. Amidst the ongoing acceleration in digitisation, film is still the best photographic method for engaging our humanity and creating from our core. In return, tremendous joy and fulfilment awaits.

All photographs taken by Neal Gruer on 35mm film. Visit nealgruerphotography.com for more.

#photography #film photography #35mm film #35mm photography #wellbeing #mindfulness #digitisation #digital photography #technology #art #smartphones #analogue #analog

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