#嘉人 x 光与夜之恋

[kanghyeokk]

“The party only really starts the second you come, fiancee.”

Known as the nobility of deserts, macarons have a crispy skin and a glutinous centre. 

It has a smooth and delicate shell, 

brilliant colours and rich layers of texture. This is the exact feeling Charlie brings to the people around him. A widely known appearance, witty conversational skills, 

occasional random musings, 

and all the interesting contrasts of his, 

leaves a lasting impression 

on everyone who comes into contact with him. 

It’s often said that a interesting soul is better than an advantageous appearance, 

but looking and Charlie, 

regardless of whether it’s his soul or his appearance, 

there is a unique perfection to him. 

THE AMAZING STORY OF MACARONS

The interview takes place in the city outskirts. As the scheduled time approached, a loud noise suddenly came from outside the scene. Shortly after, a helicopter circled and landed on a grassland nearby. While surrounded by four or five bodyguards in black who carried huge metal briefcases, a man in an intricate black-gold shirt and wide, black sunglasses made his way over slowly. 

“Greetings, I am Charlie.” In Charlie’s eyes, this is the most ordinary of ordinary ways of him making his appearance known. Although seeing such a big scene amazed the staff, they started to worry if the preceding interview would be hard to carry on with. Surprisingly, Charlie was easier to work with than their expectations. Not only did he know the process of interviewing on the back of his hand, he showed so much confidence while handling the interviews with much ease. At the photo shooting venue, he strictly followed and cooperated with the staffs’ arrangements all throughout the session. And when it came to the dangerous and mysterious looking black briefcases the bodyguards were holding, they actually just contained macaron gift boxes that Charlie brought to distribute to all the staff members on site . While being interviewed, Charlie had an undisguisable confidence and “public” aura around him. When praised, he was not humble at all; when further questioned, he did not hesitate. His flamboyant appearance, humorous conversational skills and occasional random musings left a memorable impact on everyone who was in touch with him in this brief interview. There are a lot of interesting contrasts about Charlie.These differences don’t stand out abruptly, but rather they’re like a macaron that has multiple rich flavours blended together which gives a rich, balanced feel. You can’t use simple adjectives to briefly summarize his character. Perhaps only the words “Charlie” can describe his uniqueness fully. 

Before becoming a reconstructive surgeon for burns, Charlie has tried other different careers before. 

He has interned at the news station as a reporter, and he has been a firefighter before. Through these experiences, Charlie was able to understand the deeper side to this world. To him, all these experimenting in his career weren’t because he was interested, but because he wanted to find his own path via his own experiences; something he can actually achieve by himself.

When you first look at Charlie, it’s possible that it could be hard for you to imagine that he is actually a doctor. In contrast with his flamboyant lifestyle, when it comes to his job, he upholds a professional, rigorous and serious attitude. In last year’s “GuangQi’s Good Doctors” selections, Charlie won the top spot with an overwhelming number of votes. In the patients’ eyes, not only was he praised for his exceptional medical skills and his ability to rejuvenate people with his hands, it has also been brought up many times that he always takes the patients’ economic situation into consideration when prescribing medication and performing procedures, all while never simply collecting additional fees. With his outstanding medical skills and noble medical ethics, Charlie has established a good reputation among his patients. Outside of his job, Charlie also excels in quite a number of skills. He’s good at baking, he can play billiards, he knows how to waltz, he’s fluent in many languages, and he can drive a variety of vehicles- he even has a licence to drive a bus. To Charlie, getting full marks is the norm to him in all his medical exams and appraisal examinations. “With my wisdom that exceeds most common people, doing all these was as easy as lifting a finger.”

“There is no unbending truth,  and even if there is,  that really is just an elaborate lie  created by someone who pretends to be an all-knowing god.”

Charlie’s study has a large collection of books, and in one of the photos he provided of a corner of his study, not only can you find serious reads such as <Fang Si Qi’s First Love Paradise>, you can also see tyrant novels such as <Secret Order to Sweet Marriage: The Powerful and Young Man is Destined to Dote on His Wife>. Charlie has mentioned that the latter is his study material to love and relationships. Besides that, Charlie has a book titled <Handbook of the Perfect Fiance>, in which countless do’s and don’ts of how to be a perfect fiance are recorded. Compared to that, Charlie believes more in hands-on experience as compared to theory. “There is no unbending truth, and even if there is, that really is just an elaborate lie created by someone who pretends to be an all-knowing god.” 

Due to the nature of his work, Charlie usually has very little time to rest. “I only spend my time on meaningful things.” To Charlie, “meaningful things” includes his work, and similarly includes spending quality leisure time with his fiancee, to ensure that there’s always a smile on her face. There are too many interesting things in this world; the bustling scenes always bedazzling people. But to Charlie, he has already found the goals he wants to accomplish both in his work and  his personal life. “People get lost in prosperity because they lack sobriety, and I am soberly falling into my conviction.”

(T/N: marie claire will be abbreviated as MC throughout this interview for convenience)

MC: The theme of our collaboration today is called “Hormone Explosion”. It is said that everyone’s hormones have a different smell to them, so what do you think your hormones smell like? Charlie: My fiancee always says that I have a strong, fudgy scent on me, and she thinks that that’s the scent of my hormones- perfect and sexy, yet capable of healing one’s loved ones’. MC: So what do your favourite hormones smell like? Charlie: I think that sweet smells are the most perfect smells, like the sweet scent of cherry jam being spread on one’s body…… and a top-grade aromatherapeutic oil named “SEFIANA”, which when applied on skin, gives out the most captivating scent on earth. MC: If you have to use an excerpt of a poem to describe your hormonal response when you are emotionally aroused? Charlie: “My life is dyed purple by a rich abundance of love- I’m like a blindfolded bird turning around frantically, until I arrive at your windowsill.”

MC: MBTI tests have been trending lately, do you know what your MBTI is? Charlie: Of course I know- EXTROVERT, INTUITION, FEELING, JUDGING, abbreviated as ENFJ, it also has a very nice sounding alternate name- the protagonist. The test says, people with this personality are often passionate and frank idealists, and are very charismatic. Ah, isn’t this describing the dazzling person I am. But as a psychology enthusiast, I think that the test can only reflect a person’s personality in this period of time. After all, for someone like who has such a rich connotation, how can I be easily summed up by a few letters? MC: Looking back at the past year and looking a year ahead into the future, do you have anything to say?

Charlie: Although perfection is just a day in the life for me, but at this moment, I want to tell everyone on this earth via this magazine, that last year, I met my fiancee, and she is more perfect than everything that I own- she’s the best compensation fate could ever gift me. From today onwards, we still have a lot of time, and I look forward to every minute and second I get to spend with her.

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[choubb-blog]

关关雎鸠, 洲河脉脉

本文从先秦字书"方言"入手, 结合"诗经"文本和周南关中地域的鸟类调查和习性, 开创性探讨了雎鸠的真实面目, 希望能赋予中华第一诗"关雎"以更多,更准确的人文,历史和自然背景. "关关雎鸠,在河之洲", 五经之首, 诗经之始, 千百年来, 其对中国人的意义不言而喻. 不仅仅是中国文化的奠基石, 更是熔铸于每一个中国人DNA中的潜意识. 可叹时至今日, 对"雎鸠"是何物种仍然众口纷纭, 各执一词. 开篇比兴和"诗境" 莫能两可, 含糊不清, 令全诗的赏析, 多少有似是而非, 连连摇头之感. 查询先秦字经《尔雅·释鸟》：“雎鸠，王雎。” . "关关"拟其鸣叫, "雎鸠" 或"王雎" 是其名, 鸠有"聚"之意, 是群居的鸟类. 这个X=Y的解释对今人并无多少意义. 时至魏晋, 陆机认为：“雎鸠，大小如鸱。深目，目上骨露。幽州人谓之鹫。”郭璞认为：“雎鸠，王雎，雕类。今江东呼之为鹗，好在江渚山边食鱼。" 以关雎全篇来验证, 鹫鸱鱼鹰之说皆离题太远. 且不说江东河洲风物迥然, 鹰鹫之质完全不符合全篇礼乐敦厚之风. 值得注意的是魏晋时期裂国百年以上, 以长安洛阳为正音的通语很可能已经"不通"了. 生长于吴地的陆机, 生活在吴地的郭璞, 此二人其一对周南之地的风土不甚了解, 其二对各地的方言一知半解, 如上揣测也情有可原. 考察当代中文, 不论翻阅辞书还是造访各地, 经常惊奇中文有如此之多的同义词, 如果加上尚存于古文中的同义词更是洋洋大观. 古人早就注意到了这个问题: 九州言语各异, 而书写文字则大体一统. 虽然有史以降数次百多年裂土纷争, 书写文字和训读同时异化, 周秦汉唐和大清的每一次大一统都带来了文字的回归一统和"通语"的扩散, 今日之推广普通话仍旧是这个还在继续的漫长过程. 先秦时期汉字至少要反映九州之语言, 其词汇用语自然要兼容并包, 同时姬周还要推广"雅言" 通语, 以利国事. 西汉扬雄的辞书"方言" 绝好的反应了这个现象. 本文以"方言" 作为切入点, 来考察先秦"雎鸠"之意. 第八:鳩，自關而東周鄭之郊、韓魏之都謂之𪁜鷱，其𪁛鳩謂之鸊鷱。自關而西秦漢之間謂之鵴鳩，其大者謂之鳻鳩，其小者謂之𪁛鳩，或謂䳫鳩，或謂之䳕鳩，或謂之鶻鳩。梁宋之間謂之鷦䲩。 方言 "方言"中并无"雎/王雎" 词条, 有"鸠"字的词条有二, 以上是第一条. 周南之音则对应了"方言"中秦函谷关以西,关中和汉水流域. 鵴鳩读ju2jiu1, 跟雎鸠ju1jiu1几乎一样, 如果用今天的秦腔来读发音完全相同. 由此看来鵴雎二字的音旁"且"和"匊" 很可能在先秦时代是完全同音的. 极大概率"鵴"和"雎"是同音通假字. 那么雎鸠就多了一个名字"鵴鸠", 此说成立的话也进一步证明了周南的地理方位就是秦函谷关以西的关中和汉水流域. 只有这个地域才称雎鸠, 是周南正音. "且"是"祖"的本字, "俎"的声旁兼形旁, "说文解字"有众多汉字属于"且"音部, 这些字今日发音各异, 大多数发zu和ju二音. 更有趣的是这个词条: "䢸：右扶風鄠鄉。从邑且聲。" 这个右扶风鄠鄉就是宗周丰镐之地. "䢸"的意义大概也就是祭祀祖宗的乡邑了, 所谓的左祖右庙之左祖, 也就是北京紫禁城东的太庙. 西周时期的宗庙意义远远不止祭祖, "举凡继承王位、分封诸侯、任命官职、赏赐臣下或诰诫臣下，都要隆重举行册命礼。"周礼·大宗伯"：“王命诸侯则傧”，郑玄注：傧，进之也。王将出命，假祖庙，立依前，南乡，傧者进当命者，延之命使登，内史由王右以策命之，降，再拜稽首，登，受策以出。"

"且"字的演化 从"说文"的 "䢸"和"且"字释义, 雎鸠之意也有一种可能就是指沣镐二京䢸邑的鸠鸟, 引申为王雎, 或者暗指鸠鸟为"祖". "䢸", "【唐韻】【集韻】【韻會】千余切，音疽。【說文】右扶風鄠縣有䢸鄕。又【廣韻】子余切。義同。" 从以上"康熙字典" 引用的中古唐音来看, "且"和"匊"部还是无法确认曾经是同音的, "且"演化到今日, 以唐韵来看, 至少有类似z, j , q三个以上的声母. "且"音部的字的发音在先秦的雅言里应该是一致. "匊"部字的发音也全部一样. 以今日之音韵学来看, "且"音虽有分化, z和j仍然同属不送气的塞擦音, 区别是z属于舌尖前音, j属于舌面音. 通俗的讲, j音是大舌头懒舌头, z音要费点"舌力", 舌尖挺直顶在齿背. 参考南北朝至隋朝的颜之推记述"南方水土和柔，其音清举而切诣，失在浮浅，其辞多鄙俗。北方山川深厚，其音沉浊而鈋钝，得其质直，其辞多古语"。对比z和j音, z音属于清举, 舌尖和声音都相对上扬, 舌尖抵齿有切之意; j音舌面平铺, 可谓沉, 口型相对鈋钝圆润. 以中古时期观察到的现象反推上古音韵, "且"音部周南之音的直接传承就是j声母, z声母是南音混入后将一部分"且"音分化, 发音为z. 至此, 我们探讨了"且"音部两个声母z和j的分化, 推断了j声母传承自上古音, z声母是南音混入. "且"音部的中古唐音有相当一部分是"七余切", 如"雎"和"䢸" . "【廣韻】【韻會】七余切【集韻】千餘切，音疽"。七余的声母q跟j同为舌面音, 口型完全相同, 区别为j是不送气音, q是送气音. 以颜之推的观察来推断, 送气可谓之沉, 也谓之鈋钝, 也是正宗的周南之音, 可能是更古远的发音方式. 可以大胆推断, 周南的"且"部音非j即q, 或于中间. 至此, 我们从"且"部三个不同声母z, j, q, 上溯其中古音, 以至推断上古音, 得出的结论是"雎"的声母非j即q, 或处于中间. j和q发音口型完全相同, 区别是不送气和送气的区别. "说文解字"里"匊"音部很简单, 六个字匊音, 居六切, 今天是j声母, 但是鵴字并不在列, 于整个"说文"都不在列. 综合"且"音部和"匊"音部的考察, 其上古音声母非j即q,或处于中间, 极大概率两音部的字都是同音通假字. 周南之地, 且䢸雎匊鵴的上古音是一样的, 或者在上古漫长的岁月里一度同音通假. "大者謂之鳻鳩", 鳻ban1, 斑鸠也! 古同“斑鸠”. "关关雎鸠"就是咕咕叫的斑鸠啊! 进一步考察"方言"里所有的X+鸠相关字词, 再无一个接近雎读音的词条了. 这也基本坐实了鵴鸠和䢸鸠的唯一相关性. 唯一能推翻这个结论的是雎-鵴的读音在先秦时代不是通假. 目前还找不到任何反证. 以斑鸠的"意境"来审视关雎一诗, 一切曾有的疑问都畅达消散了. 诗经里描写鸟兽繁多, 其取材都是日常最常见的乡间田间物种, 周南第一篇是关雎, 召南第一篇是鹊和鸠, 小雅第一篇"呦呦鹿鸣", 再次嘉鱼鸿雁, 都是黄河流域最常见的. 其次还可以发现周人(也许是孔子删诗) 绝口不提凶禽猛兽. 这是一个周召正风极其显著的特点. 表现了周人看待世界的独特眼光. 对比两河, 希腊和印度的神话史诗, 仅从诗歌表象来看周人如同生活在伊甸园的夏娃亚当, 万物和谐, 其乐融融,不知愁苦, 更不知上天地府之主宰. "应用路线调查法对西北农林科技大学校园鸟类的种类数量进行了初步调查。结果表明,西北农林科技大学校园共分布鸟类有33种,录属8目,21(亚)科。其中,留鸟23种,夏侯鸟8种,旅鸟2种。北校区优势种类有鸽形目的珠颈斑鸠、雀形目的家燕、灰喜鹊、乌鸫及麻雀;南校区则以麻雀、珠颈斑鸠、金腰燕、灰椋鸟及金翅雀为主要优势种。" 这份2008年在周人的核心地带的鸟类调查, 证明了时至今日, 斑鸠还是这一地区最普遍的鸟类. " "斑鸠栖息于低山丘陵、平原和山地阔叶林、混交林、次生林、果园和农田耕地以及宅旁竹林和树上。鸣声低沉，其声似‘ku-ku-ku’反复重复多次. 常成对或成小群活动，有时成对栖息于树上，或成对一起飞行和觅食。如伤其雌鸟，雄鸟惊飞后数度飞回. 雌雄亲鸟轮流孵卵，孵卵期间甚为恋巢，有时人在巢下走动或停留亦不离巢飞走，孵卵期18-19天。雏鸟晚成性，刚出壳时雏鸟裸露无羽，身上仅有稀疏几根黄色毛状绒羽。由雌雄亲鸟共同抚育，雏鸟将嘴伸入亲鸟口中取食亲鸟从嗦囊中吐出的半消化乳状食物‘鸽乳’。"这两��视频可以听到斑鸠求偶时的咕咕声, 看到雄斑鸠挚而有别的求偶舞蹈: 视频一, 视频二. 从视频中可以看出"挚而有别" 是指雄鸟彬彬有礼, 鞠躬求偶的样子. "鵴/雎"也有指斑鸠求偶时的鞠躬之意. "西周、春秋间贵族很讲究烦琐的交际礼节，《礼记·表记》所谓“无辞不相接也，无礼不相见也”。怎样以“礼”相见呢？郑玄注说：“礼谓挚也。”当时贵族彼此初次相见，或者有要事而相见，来宾都要按照自己身份和特定任务，手执一定的见面礼物，举行规定的相见仪式。这种手执的见面礼物，叫做“挚”，一作“贽”，也叫“质”。" 以斑鸠求偶之礼, 来比拟君子大夫士人的求偶之礼, 跟"关雎"全篇完全吻合. 览关雎全篇, 看上面的两个小视频, 脑补"情景"交融之感, 周人比兴之贴切高明令人叹服. 挚而有别, 两情相悦的鸟儿也许不只有斑鸠一种鸟, 有鸟类学知识的读者可以列举一下,集思广益. 毋庸置疑, 斑鸠可能是当时最普遍最常见的"挚而有别" 的鸟类, 像诗经中描写的其他鸟兽一样, 周人有意取其普遍性, 完美的体现了诗歌教化民风的用意: 田野边, 小河旁, 沙洲上, 春夏之交, 处处是斑鸠成双成对咕咕恬静的样子, 无不暗示和提醒"君子" 此刻花好月圆, 要像斑鸠一样"挚而有别"求取婚配了. 实景, 诗情和实情在这一刻完美的融合, 这难道不是最高明的教化么? 不是3000年前创造的共情? 经典解读雎鸠为水鸟, 不仅仅是南人自然地理的局限, 也是其先入为主的思维. "在河之洲", 洲是黄河中可居住的沙洲,小岛. 可能人居, 也可能鸟兽居. 大河中一个水草丰美的无人小岛上, 鸟群熙熙, 或翻泥弄土, 或嗷嗷待脯, 是今天都可以看到的景象. 从字面上看, 雎鸠在"洲" 不在"河", 是喜欢滩涂沙洲的鸟, 并不一定是水鸟. 总之, 水鸟说于诗情于文字都讲不通, 是100%的猜测. 上古音今天不可知, 所以拟声词"关关"只能作为一个参考, 以今天的发音推测可能的鸟类. 除了斑鸠, 还有两种春夏之际关中普遍见到的鸟, 一个是布谷鸟,一个是戴胜. 布谷鸟也称为杜鹃,子规, 习性近水, 是文学诗歌里的常客,李商隐的名句"望帝春心托杜鹃"是也. 英文名Cuckoo就是其叫声的拟音. 大杜鹃繁殖期5-7月。求偶是雌雄鸟在树枝上跳来跳去，飞上飞下互相追逐，并发出“呼-呼-”的低叫声。之后雌鸟站在树枝上不动，两翅半下垂，头向前伸，雄鸟随即飞到雌鸟背上、颤抖双翅进行交尾，2-3分钟后，雄鸟飞离雌鸟，停栖于30-40米外，稍停在飞到雌鸟身边，也曾见到3只大杜鹃在一起追逐争偶现象。大杜鹃无固定配偶，也不自己营巢和孵卵，而是将卵产于大苇莺、麻雀、灰喜鹊、伯劳、棕头鸦雀、北红尾鸲、棕扇尾莺等各类雀形目鸟类巢中，由这些鸟替它带孵带育。 以周人对礼的追求, 这么一个滥交不养育后代的匪盗鸟是不会被写入诗篇的. 况且繁殖期间喜欢鸣叫，常站在乔木顶枝上鸣叫不息。有时晚上也鸣叫或边飞边鸣叫，叫声凄厉宏亮, 其叫声跟关雎的喜庆氛围完全不合拍, 布谷鸟不可能是君子媒妁婚姻的象征. "锦瑟"一诗也同样取其叫声悲苦之意. 从"方言" 里也可以明确的排除布谷鸟, 其单独的词条: "布穀，自關東西梁楚之間謂之結誥，周魏之間謂之擊穀，自關而西或謂之布穀。" 先秦关中的布谷鸟名称跟今天还是一样的: 布穀(谷). 第八:尸鳩，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之鶝䲹。自關而東謂之戴鵀，東齊海岱之間謂之戴南，南猶鵀也。或謂之鶭鸅，或謂之戴鳻，或謂之戴勝。東齊吳揚之間謂之鵀。自關而西謂之服鶝，或謂之𪃃鶝。燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之𪂉。 戴胜是"方言"里有"鸠"字的两个词条之一. 再查"尔雅", 有"鳲鳩，鴶鵴", 鵴(雎)字又出现了. 鴶鵴看起来非常像王雎(鵴), 差别在首字. 鴶字在说文和方言里都不存. 考察戴胜, 又名鸤鸠,鴶鵴, 栖息于山地、平原、森林、林缘、路边、河谷、农田、草地、村屯和果园等开阔地方，尤其以林缘耕地生境较为常见。繁殖期雄鸟间常为保护领地而格斗；格斗时双方互相逼近，先是高耸着羽冠、嘴尽量向下伸地对峙着，突然间互相咬着嘴尖，拔河似的拉成直线以保持一定的安全距离，接着二者相连着一同拍翼坠下脱开，在地上继续互相冲击，直至一方退让为止. 一年繁殖1窝，每窝产卵通常6-8枚，偶尔少至5枚，多至9枚，甚至有多到12枚的。��为长卵圆形，颜色为浅鸭蛋青色或淡灰褐色。雌鸟产出第一枚卵后即开始孵卵。孵卵由雌鸟承担，孵化期18天。雏鸟晚成性。雏鸟刚孵出时体重仅3.5克，体长45毫米，全身肉红色，仅头顶、背中线、股沟、肩和尾有白色绒羽。雌雄亲鸟共同育雏。经过亲鸟26-29天的喂养，雏鸟即可飞翔和离巢。由于雏鸟的粪便亲鸟不处理，加之雌鸟在孵卵期间又从尾部腺体中排出一种黑棕色的油状液体，弄得巢很脏很臭，故戴胜又有‘臭姑姑’的俗名。 初步判断, 以雄戴胜求偶繁殖期的争斗, 有违周人所好的"在河之洲"而"挚而有别". 其三声姑咕咕(戴胜的叫声视频)跟斑鸠的两声音质很像, 但是关关关三声和关关两声从拟音来看, 还是有天壤之别. 康熙字典收录有南朝《玉篇》"鴶鵴，布谷鸟也". 跟"方言" 似乎有些矛盾. 诗经·曹风·"鸤鸠"一篇, 古今各种解读也认为鸤鸠是布谷鸟. "鸤鸠在桑，其子七兮". 曹植也有"七子均养者, 鸤鸠之仁也。" , 可以看出鸤鸠被古人所注意到的特点是一次养育7子(幼鸟), 这恰巧是戴胜产卵的6-8中位数, 也证明了周人对天地万物的周详考察, 诗经文字的写实. 诗经"鸤鸠"篇的整篇内容是对君子华丽装扮的赞美, 这跟戴胜凤冠五彩的外貌也是一致的, 全篇以戴胜比兴一方君子, 有鬼斧神工之感. 也可以看出, 汉代之后儒学诗家已经丢掉了周人观天地而以一惯之为王的实质, 文化中心离开了关中故地, 其人"乡音"有别, 深陷故纸而不辨真实的自然. 周人秉承"天命靡常", "敬天保民"的思维, 君位"天之授命", “天视自我民视，天听自我民听”. 听民心, 观天地, 这是君位王命的全部和根本. 观于天地之间, 其细节, 其变化, 都是国之要务, 更为天命. 这是周人, 尤其是西周时期的根本精神. 诗经"鸤鸠"篇也坐实了扬雄"方言"准确性, 鸤鸠是戴胜而非布谷鸟, 也表明了雎鸠(斑鸠)和鸤鸠(戴胜) 是周人比较关注的两种完全不同的鸟. 小结一下雎鸠/斑鸠的溯源 "方言"里鵴鸠和雎鸠是通假字, 是秦函谷关以西关中的用词. 秦腔中鵴鸠大者为斑鸠, 因此雎鸠/王雎应该就是斑鸠, "王"言其大其美. "方言"中通语称为鸠, 诗经卫风"氓"里有"于嗟鳩兮、無食桑葚。" 布谷和戴胜都是食虫为生, 只有斑鸠吃果实: 觅食高粱、麦种、稻谷以及果实等，有时也吃昆虫的幼虫. 斑鸠求偶时咕咕鸣叫, 不停的鞠躬貌似行礼, 符合毛传"挚而有别"的描述. "鵴/雎"可能有鞠躬之意, 也可能有丰镐王畿(䢸)和祖庙之意."在河之洲"的另一种解读, 雎鸠不必是水鸟.纵观诗经中正风(周南,召南)和雅頌变风之前涉及的鸟兽鱼虫, 都是温良谦恭的物种, 也是关中腹地和黄河中游其时可能最普遍分布的物种. 这反应了周人精心选择的描写对象和一丝不苟的写实精神. 解读诗经, 必须符合周人对"天命"的认识和其"南风"的作风.另外两种可能拟声为"关关"的常见鸟类, 布谷鸟和戴胜的分析和否定. 通过鸟类生活习性和卫风"氓"诗的对照, 证明鸤鸠和鴶鵴不是布谷, 而是戴胜. 民间寓意斑鸠象征忠贞不变的爱情或友情!(也有说法是单指友情)。在古代斑鸠象征着长寿和祥和。斑鸠在民间的婚嫁寓意也暗合了"关雎"一诗的主旨, 长寿祥和的寓意跟雎/且/䢸/祖也有关联, 有兴趣可以参看鸠杖一词. "诗经"本称"诗", 周代歌词, 是西周礼乐的组成部分. 周代的君子大夫士人, 所谓的"国人" 们接触到"关雎'无非在以下几种场合, 青少年时期在辟雍, 乡学中学习"小学"和"大学"的时候; 在各种周礼规定的场合, 比如"乡饮酒礼"; 第三种才是本诗提到的"在河之洲"触景生情, 共情也. "乡饮酒礼", 自西周起始, 至道光二十三年国运衰败而废止. 周礼繁复, 以下是周礼中相关作乐部分的内容. 这个文本也赋予了孔子这段话更丰富的内容, 子曰：“师挚之始，关雎之乱，洋洋乎盈耳哉！” （1）升歌：在主人之吏一人举觯向宾敬酒后，由乐工四人（鼓瑟者二人、歌者二人）升堂，在堂上歌唱《小雅》的《鹿鸣》、《四牡》、《皇皇者华》，用瑟陪奏，叫做“升歌”。歌罢，主人向乐工献酒。（2）笙奏：由吹笙者入堂下，吹奏《小雅》的《南陔》、《白华》、《华黍》，叫做“笙奏”。奏罢，主人向吹笙者献酒。（3）间歌：堂上升歌和堂下笙奏，相间而作，叫做“间歌”。先歌唱《小雅》的《鱼丽》，次笙奏《由庚》；再歌唱《南有嘉鱼》，再笙奏《崇丘》；又歌唱《南山有台》，又笙奏《由仪》。（4）合乐：升歌和笙奏相合，奏唱《周南》的《关雎》、《葛覃》、《卷耳》，《召南》的《鹊巢》、《采蘩》、《采蘋》。歌罢，由乐工报告乐正：“正歌备”，再由乐正报告宾。正式的礼乐，到此完备。 周南 关雎 ���关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。 参差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。 求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉，辗转反侧。 参差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。 参差荇菜，左右芼之。窈窕淑女，钟鼓乐之。 曹风 鳲鸠 鳲鸠在桑，其子七兮。淑人君子，其仪一兮。其仪一兮，心如结兮。 鳲鸠在桑，其子在梅。淑人君子，其带伊丝。其带伊丝，其弁伊骐。 鳲鸠在桑，其子在棘。淑人君子，其仪不忒。其仪不忒，正是四国。 鳲鸠在桑，其子在榛。淑人君子，正是国人，正是国人。胡不万年？ 卫风 氓 氓之蚩蚩，抱布贸丝。匪来贸丝，来即我谋。送子涉淇，至于顿丘。匪我愆 期，子无良媒。将子无怒，秋以为期。 乘彼垝垣，以望复关。不见复关，泣涕涟涟。既见复关，载笑载言。尔卜 尔筮，体无咎言。以尔车来，以我贿迁。 桑之未落，其叶沃若。于嗟鸠兮！无食桑葚。于嗟女兮！无与士耽。士之耽 兮，犹可说也。女之耽兮，不可说也。 桑之落矣，其黄而陨。自我徂尔，三岁食贫。淇水汤汤，渐车帷裳。女也不 爽，士贰其行。士也罔极，二三其德。 三岁为妇，靡室劳矣。夙兴夜寐，靡有朝矣。言既遂矣，至于暴矣。兄弟不 知，咥其笑矣。静言思之，躬自悼矣。 及尔偕老，老使我怨。淇则有岸，隰则有泮。总角之宴，言笑晏晏，信誓旦 旦，不思其反。反是不思，亦已焉哉！ Read the full article