#●The product adopts series structure design with multi-level

[zhejiangleihaoelectric]

[forlinx]

Agricultural Plant Protection UAV Master Control Solution Based on Forlinx i.MX8M Plus SoM

Agricultural plant protection UAV are advanced technologies used in the agricultural field. They utilize unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or remotely controlled aircraft, along with various sensor technologies, to monitor, diagnose, and manage crop health, aiming to improve the efficiency and quality of agricultural production.

Here are some key applications and advantages of agricultural plant protection UAV:

Application Areas:

Pest and disease monitoring and control: UAVs are equipped with various sensors such as multi-spectral cameras and infrared thermal imaging cameras, which can be used to detect pests and diseases on crops and provide real-time information for timely control measures.

Fertilizer and irrigation management: Plant protection UAVs, equipped with spraying systems, can accurately apply fertilizers and irrigation in the fields. They can manage these processes precisely based on soil and crop requirements, thereby saving resources and improving crop yields.

Crop health monitoring: UAVs can regularly monitor the health of crops in agricultural fields, identifying plant stress, nutrient deficiencies, and water-related issues. By conducting regular surveys, farmers can detect these problems early and take proactive measures to address them. This timely intervention can help optimize crop growth, prevent yield loss, and improve overall agricultural productivity.

Soil analysis: UAVs can be utilized for soil sample collection and analysis, providing valuable data on soil nutrient levels and pH values.

Growth trend analysis: By regularly capturing images of farmland, UAVs can generate a time series of images to help farmers analyze the growth trends and changes in crops.

The Advantages of Agricultural Crop Protection Uavs Are As Follows:

Efficiency and speed: UAVs can efficiently cover large areas of farmland, collecting data in real-time and providing immediate feedback. This enables farmers to quickly take necessary actions based on the data received.

Precision and accuracy: UAVs equipped with sensors can provide high-resolution data, helping farmers in precision farming practices to reduce waste and resource consumption.

Cost reduction: Automated crop protection processes can reduce labor costs and minimize the use of chemicals and water resources.

Environmental sustainability: By utilizing more precise fertilization and pesticide management techniques, agricultural crop protection UAVs can reduce negative environmental impacts.

Data analysis: The data collected by crop protection UAVs can be integrated with agricultural management software to perform data analysis and decision support. This enables farmers to make more informed decisions based on accurate and real-time information.

Features of the Solution Based on the Forlinx i.MX8M Plus SoM:

(1) i.MX8M Plus integrates a wide range of peripherals, including Ethernet, CAN, SPI, I2C, and more, to meet various external device requirements and facilitate device expansion.

(2) i.MX8M Plus is equipped with high-performance computing capabilities. It features a built-in NPU with up to 2.3 TOPS (Trillions of Operations Per Second) of computing power, allowing for fast processing of complex object recognition algorithms and data. This enables the product to meet the application requirements in various scenarios.

(3) i.MX8M Plus is built with industrial-grade quality, which means it can operate reliably in a wide temperature range from -40°C to +85°C. This makes it suitable for outdoor applications.

(4) i.MX8M Plus adopts a compact design with a thin board-to-board connection. It features a structure size of just 62mm × 36mm, allowing for a smaller overall device footprint. This design approach ensures the integrity of functionality while minimizing the size of the equipment.

Originally published at www.forlinx.net.

[tgsyughjcj-blog]

Seven in-ear headphones

First, VSONIC GR07 in-ear headphones

product description:

VSONIC GR07 adopts the 11mm drive, which adopts the official design of “100-layer composite diaphragm material”, CCAW copper-clad aluminum voice coil design, and the wire is the 82-core silver wire that VSONIC likes.

Second, Rhapsodio Solar in-ear headphones

product description:

The new ten-balanced armature single earphone Solar is very different from the previous slightly crowded performance. The previous version is prone to the problem of sound field disorder. Although the instrument and the human voice are not without separation, they are easy to get together. The new Solar has improved a lot. However, the low frequency still has a general multi-balanced armature. The earphones are not natural enough for the point-like dive. However, compared with the balanced armature headphones, the style of the near-field monitoring is more important. The presentation of the sound field is still more spacious.

Third, Sennheiser IE80 professional monitor earplugs

Word of mouth commentary:

The new IE80 in-ear earphone features high-fidelity stereo enhancement and high-noise passive attenuation with excellent bass response and effective noise isolation. Designed for high-intensity use, the IE80 is a rugged earphone case and headphone cord for a sleek, ergonomic look. The safety cover and cleaning tools take care of your earbuds. Different sizes of ear adapters are available for different sizes of ear canals until your comfort is met.

Fourth, Noble Audio Savant headphones

product description:

The Noble Audio Savant is different from the previous Classic series. Its structure and shape are modeled on the Kaiser 10, but it is superior in terms of sound, especially the low-frequency texture.

Fifth, Ultimate Ears In-Ear Reference Monitors In-Ear Headphones

product description:

Tone balance is the avatar of this headset. It is difficult for me to find a word to describe the sound of UERM. UERM provides a smooth response curve. Compared with the response curve of the general headphones, you can always be simple. It was found that UERM provides a softer sound line and a more natural tone balance. Of course, I mentioned that he has a slightly rolled off at the very high frequency, which makes him lack the airiness that some flag earmuffs can provide, but it also Brings a warmer tone, making it easier to listen for longer.

Six, HiFiMAN RE-400 in-ear headphones

Word of mouth commentary:

The RE-400 looks a bit dazzling and the cavity is designed to be smaller. The material is no different from the previous RE-0 and is still made of metal. The silver look of the RE-400 looks very beautiful, and it shines brightly and beautifully under the illumination of the light. A change to the traditional black design may have the opposite effect, but for HiFiMAN it is not the case, the appearance of the RE-400 will make people shine.

Seven, Sony MDR EX1000 headphones

Word of mouth commentary:

The application of liquid crystal polymer technology to the unit diaphragm, with a variety of earplugs of different sizes and functions, can be seen in the SONY's intentions for the MDR-EX1000. The MDR-EX1000 is light and elegant in terms of sound and has strong rendering power in the middle and high frequency. It is very pleasing to the user's ear in the vocal interpretation. The low-frequency dive is good, the sense of volume and speed are quite good, and the level of detail is clear.

[hengal]

Advantages of Portable Endoscopes

Portable endoscope, as the name suggests, is lightweight, easy to carry and can be used at any time. It breaks the traditional industrial video endoscope and integrates all the functions of modern endoscopes. It realizes high integration and ultra-portability. It is more portable and more convenient to carry; at the same time, it adopts embedded portable lithium battery, DSP data processing center, and image acquisition and storage center.

Portable video endoscopes are mainly used for toxic, harmful and small spaces that cannot be reached by routine inspectors. Carry out detailed and comprehensive inspections for components such as working wear and tear. At the same time, it is also widely used in special equipment inspection fields such as machinery manufacturing, petrochemical industry, aerospace, electric power construction, railway and shipbuilding, automobile industry, engineering construction, boiler and pressure vessels, military reconnaissance and so on.

Advantages

The ultra-large capacity portable battery provides you with a continuous stream of power.

The portable integrated shoulder-back design is more in line with the optical design of the human body. The operation is simple and the work efficiency is improved.

The powerful data processing center provides you with a smooth and first-class picture, and the multi-functional interface can load external devices

The ultra-small detection outer diameter can easily pass through any hole, and the lens with a large viewing angle provides high-resolution images.

The portable light source design makes the light source exert the best effect and provides sufficient lighting source. At the same time, the light source adopts multi-level dimming.

The insertion tube adopts two structures of multi-layer stainless steel braided mesh type/elastic polyurethane coating type, which are suitable for different environments. Wear-resistant design, anti-oil, dust adhesion.

Shenzhen HenGal Innovative Technology Co., Ltd. is a professional endoscope manufacturer. We have advanced technology and excellent product quality, and we have many years of production experience and a group of rich technical personnel. In the industrial field, we have developed a variety of handheld endoscope series, which are sold well in the market. If you are interested in our products, please contact us as soon as possible.

[keenobservationtiger]

How are hybrid inverters used in solar projects?

This paper proposes a new configuration of a single-phase hybrid inverter with an integrated battery energy storage, which is suitable for residential households to maximize local consumption of solar energy and thus reduce dependency on grid support. The hybrid inverter is called Direct Storage Hybrid (DSH) Inverter. A transformer-less topology such as HERIC, operating at low frequency to generate a three-level rectangular output voltage, is adopted to connect a photovoltaic (PV) panel to the load and/or the grid. A series active filter is employed to compensate the high harmonic components from the rectangular voltage and provide a sinusoidal voltage. A bidirectional dc/dc converter connects the battery to the PV panel to control the battery state of charge (SoC) and optimize the PV panel operation during both off-grid and grid-connected modes. The DSH inverter can let the battery bypass the dc/dc converter and connect directly to the inverter stage, leading to a significant improvement in throughput efficiency in battery utilization. This paper discusses the operation and loss analysis of the DSH inverter in off-grid mode.

This paper is designed in such a way that it overcomes this limitation by the use of solar energy. NA hybrid inverter lv with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an inverter powered by a 12V Battery. This inverter generates up to 230V AC with the help of driver circuitry and a heavy load transformer. This battery gets charged from two sources, first being the mains power supply itself and second from the solar power. If the mains power supply is available, then the relay switches to main power supply for supplying the load. This power supply also charges the battery for using it as back up the next time when there is a power outage. The use of solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage of surplus power in case the power outage of mains is prolonging. Thus this inverter can last for longer duration’s and provide uninterrupted power supply to the user.

Hybrid inverters are commonly used in the developing world, but they are starting to make their way into daily use in certain areas of the U.S due to their ability to stabilize energy availability.

A solar inverter’s main job is to convert DC power generated from the array into usable AC power. Hybrid inverters go a step further and work with batteries to store excess power as well. This type of system solves issues renewable energy variability and unreliable grid structures.

“Inverters for grid-tied applications can only provide power based on what the array can immediately generate from the sun,” explained Bryan Whitton, product manager at Darfon. “Hybrid inverters can store power in batteries and then drawn upon it as needed for energy stabilization.”

Hybrid inverters can vary in size, performance and features. But Mara White, product manager for OutBack Power, said most models usually operate bi-directionally, meaning they can convert DC power from modules to usable AC power and then convert stored AC from the batteries to power loads when needed. “Hybrids can also remain grid-connected and use a mix of renewable and non-renewable energy to charge batteries and offset loads,” White added.

Some contractors have used hybrid inverters in the residential, remote home applications for the past decade or two. But Allan Gregg, VP of applications engineering at GreatWall—which manufactures Satcon inverters—said the range of applications has expanded over the past few years to include large capacity microgrids as well as grid-connected systems.

Historically, hybrid inverters have been used more frequently in developing countries that do not have access to a reliable power grid.

“In North America and Europe, hybrid inverter-based systems are usually elective,” White explained. “Users choose to use them for storing energy for self-consumption or provide back-up power during emergencies. But in the developing world, hybrids are more of a necessity to compensate for weak or intermittent grids or a lack of grid electricity all together. Microgrids in places such as India, Asia and Africa are also driving na hybrid inverter hv adaptation.”

Still, Whitton said hybrid models are beginning to be used on a more daily basis in areas of the U.S. where the grid is unpredictable, such as Hawaii, or in states where net-metering has been widely supported. “Applications with less than ideal solar characteristic are also good for hybrid-based systems because they can store power and redistribute it during peak times, improving payback,” he added. “Basically, if the site has the potential for losing the grid frequently, you should consider a hybrid for off-grid operation.”

Having the flexibility of a hybrid system can add initial cost to a project, though experts say this can be offset by the ability to self-consume all of one’s available PV electricity.

There are also important design considerations when using hybrid inverters. For example, Gregg warned that the battery bank voltage should be compatible with the DC input requirements of the inverter, and there should be enough solar capacity to supply the load as well as charge the batteries.

Wiring can also be more complex when using hybrid inverters, especially when panels are dedicated for critical backed-up loads. “And as with any device that does several jobs at once, a hybrid inverter is usually slightly less efficient,” White added, “although, improvements in other balance-of-system components can compensate for that slight loss easily.”

There are also specific electrical safety issues with any type of energy storage, so White recommended getting specialized training in energy storage techniques and design. “Most available training is focused on simple grid-tied systems because they have been the majority of U.S. solar installations until now,” she said. “But with incentives changing and the surge in energy storage interest and applications, it’s important to get ahead of the curve and get advanced training quickly.”

Andrew McCalla of Austin, Texas-based Meridian Solar, a Solar Power World top contractor, said he commonly used hybrids in the mid to late ’90s when the now standard grid-tie inverter sector was just a glimmer. “I can imagine that, when regulatory hurdles are fabricated to limit the consumer and societal benefits of bi-directional power flow from distributed generation, these battery-based platforms will become far more common. What is old is new again!”

Another segment of hybrid inverters includes inverters that can use two energy sources. For example, Ginlong offers a PV / wind lv battery hybrid inverter that has inputs for both sources, instead of having to use two inverters. In much of the United States, wind speeds are low in the summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The wind is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available. Therefore, because the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at different times of the day and year, such hybrid systems have the potential to produce power when it’s needed, and reach a higher return on investment.

When you first consider getting solar or battery storage on your home or business, one of the first things you will discover is that you will require an inverter and that there are many different types of inverters available. This article is designed to provide an introduction to the different kinds of inverters available and help you to understand which one will suit your installation. So what does an inverter do? Simply put an Inverter converts DC power to AC power. Solar panels produce DC power and batteries store DC, however most of our appliances run on AC power, as does the electricity grid. This is why all solar systems and battery storage systems need an inverter however there are several different types of inverters depending on whether or not energy storage batteries are required.

On-grid solar installations are the most common and most affordable type of system available at present. These systems use a simple solar inverter, which convert the DC power from your solar panels into AC power which can be fed directly into the grid, or used in your home appliances.

Off-grid and hybrid systems are much more complex because they involve both solar panels as well as battery storage. Multiple inverters are often required in these installations such as a solar inverter and sophisticated battery inverter/charger to manage both grid connection and the charging and discharging of the batteries. These advanced inverter/chargers are known as interactive or multi-mode inverters. However, in recent years a new type of inverter has become available which integrates solar and battery inverter technology into what is known as an all-in-one hv battery hybrid inverter.

A micro-inverter is a very small inverter that is attached to the back of a solar panel. A micro-inverter only converts the power of one or two solar panels to AC so generally many microinverters are required in a single system. Micro-inverters have several advantages over string inverters including performance, safety and monitoring, however the upfront cost can be significantly greater. For more details about micro-inverters, check out our micro-inverters article.

String solar inverters come in single phase and three phase versions although most residential homes in the US and Australia use single phase power, while many homes in Europe use 3-phase power, also all businesses and factories will have three phase power. As a general rule most String solar inverters between 1-6kW are single phase and greater than 6kW are usually three phase.

As home energy storage systems have surged in popularity a new kind of advanced Inverter has emerged known as an hybrid inverter. Hybrid inverters combines a solar inverter and battery inverter/charger into one simple unit. These inverters are a very economical way to enable what is known as ‘self-use’ or 'load shifting' of energy. Allowing you to store solar or off-peak energy in a battery to be used during peak times. Although it is important to know that some all-in-one inverters cannot function during a power outage such as when there is a blackout. They can also have limited functionality and monitoring capabilities.The traditional off-grid solar system uses a simple battery inverter that converters DC power from a battery bank to AC power to supply your home or appliances, these systems need separate battery chargers and regulators. There are more advanced versions of these battery inverters with built in chargers known as inverter/chargers. In recent years very advanced inverters have become available which are inverter/chargers with in-built generator control systems, advanced monitoring capabilities and other features, these are known as interactive or multi-mode inverters. They are typically used in conjunction with a solar inverter to create what is known as an AC coupled system. You can learn more about these and other hybrid inverter types here.

[heydenblog]

Present situation and Prospect of dry screw vacuum pump

At present, the development of various vacuum pumps is more and more affected by vacuum applications. The general vacuum system can not meet the requirements of clean and oil-free corrosion resistance. Therefore, in recent years, the market demand of dry vacuum pumps is very large, and the vacuum products have been updated. A large number of oil-free vacuum systems have been replaced by oil-free and clean vacuum systems. Almost every large vacuum company abroad produces various types of dry vacuum pumps. Screw vacuum pump is a non-contact dry pump. It is an ideal pump in the early 1990s. It occupies the market with its advantages of wide pumping speed range, simple and compact structure, no friction of air extraction chamber components, long service life, low energy consumption and no oil pollution. However, most of its manufacturing technology is mastered by foreign countries. China is still in its infancy, and the market has great demand for dry pumps At present, the development of various vacuum pumps is more and more affected by vacuum applications. The general vacuum system can not meet the requirements of clean and oil-free corrosion resistance. Therefore, in recent years, the market demand of dry vacuum pumps is very large, and the vacuum products have been updated. A large number of oil-free vacuum systems have been replaced by oil-free and clean vacuum systems. Almost every large vacuum company abroad produces various types of dry vacuum pumps. Screw vacuum pump is a non-contact dry pump. It is an ideal pump in the early 1990s. It occupies the market with its advantages of wide pumping speed range, simple and compact structure, no friction of air extraction chamber components, long service life, low energy consumption and no oil pollution. However, most of its manufacturing technology is mastered by foreign countries. China is still in its infancy, and the market has great demand for dry pumps Present situation of dry vacuum pump Due to its superior performance, dry screw vacuum pump has become the preferred vacuum equipment in microelectronics, semiconductor, pharmaceutical, precision processing and other industries in Europe, America and Japan. On the basis of screw compressor, Japan has long developed the multi head rotor profile of vacuum pump and put it into the market. Several German vacuum equipment companies have also gradually developed equal pitch and variable pitch rotor profiles, and have done a lot of research on rotor and body cooling. Key technical problems of screw pump: Structure of dry screw pump: The structure of screw vacuum pump is mainly composed of screw rotor, shell, cooling circulation and sealing materials. The transmission shaft is connected with the driving rotor and drives the driven rotor to rotate through the synchronous gear. A cooling water channel is opened on the shell to cool the temperature of the rotor and exhaust port. The synchronous gear and bearing are lubricated with oil. The interior of the bearing and housing is sealed by seals to achieve the effect of oil-free. The structure of dry screw vacuum pump is similar to that of oil-free screw compressor in sealing and lubrication. Generally, mechanical seals are used at the exhaust end of vacuum pumps, and double lip seals are commonly used at the inlet side. In terms of transmission mode, at present, the common is direct connected motor, which is connected with rotor by coupling, and very few are driven by belt or chain. Due to no internal compression process, the exhaust temperature of equal pitch screw pump is very high (about 110 ℃). If the cooling effect is not good, it will cause deformation of rotor and casing and affect the sobbing effect. Therefore, cooling the casing is an essential link, and water cooling is a common method. Cooling water is supplied to the outer side of the bearing in the casing body to cool the casing and then the rotor. Laibao company applies water cooling inside the rotor to increase the service life of the rotor and achieve good cooling effect. However, this kind of structural design (two-stage type) requires certain technical and processing level support. Sometimes the cooling effect cannot be achieved by water cooling, so the cooling gas (mostly nitrogen) is usually passed near the rotor at the exhaust end. Now the mainstream screw vacuum pump abroad adopts this method. This method has several advantages: it can cool the casing of the rotor and reduce the exhaust temperature; Second, when the gas contains particles, it can prevent particle deposition or chemical reaction from causing explosion. Overview of dry vacuum pumps produced by domestic and foreign companies (1) KDP and SDV series screw vacuum pumps of Taher company. Taher acquired Kenny vacuum. Kenny is a professional manufacturer of vacuum equipment in the United States with a long history. It is also in a world position in the manufacturing of screw vacuum pump. KDP series is a vacuum pump with equal pitch rotor, and SDV is a variable pitch screw pump. Both are water-cooling systems, and air cooling systems can be selected. SDV is an improvement based on KDP. The variable pitch screw pump can realize the internal compression of gas, reduce the exhaust temperature, and save 30% energy compared with the same pitch. Niflon coating is adopted on the rotor, i.e. the layer is Ni and the second layer is PFA. Even if the PFA is worn, the Ni layer can achieve corrosion protection, and kalrez perfluorinated rubber sealing ring is adopted. SDV series is the screw vacuum pump mainly promoted by Kenny company. (2) The srewtine series screw oil-free compression vacuum pump officially launched by LeiBao company in Germany at the end of 2002 is a dry pump specially designed for industrial applications (non semiconductor applications). It is a new design and is specially used to solve the difficult vacuum problems in industrial applications. Such as dust, tar, etc. The pump also adopts variable pitch rotor with internal compression process. There is no internal valve in the pump cavity, so it has strong resistance to dust and tar. The screw of the pump adopts internal hollow cooling, which can reduce the rotor temperature and thermal deformation, so the service life of the screw is prolonged. (3) Cobran series screw pump of Germany puxu company is a vacuum pump for manufacturing process, which is especially suitable for various process flows in chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Puxu is one of the suppliers of vacuum pumps, blowers and compressors in the world. The quality of vacuum pumps is high. Compared with other manufacturers, puxu has a high market share in Europe and the price is expensive. (4) VSA / VSB series of Richler, Germany. VSA is an equal pitch rotor with good market evaluation and stable performance. VSB Series event pitch rotor design (non-linear tooth shape design), like other companies, changes the power consumption and exhaust temperature of the pump through internal compression. Without two-stage compression and intermediate cooling, a single stage can achieve very high vacuum. The sealing element is improved. The static sealing element is preferably PTFE or the sealing element added with PTFE. The dynamic sealing element uses double sealing lips on the suction side of the vacuum pump, and a simple sealing ring with gas overflow prevention is used on the exhaust side of the vacuum pump to prevent solid substances from entering the pump. (5) Japanese manufacturers. Screw vacuum pumps are widely used in Japan, and are widely used in semiconductor and LCD industries. Yoshimura soldiers of Dahuang Co., Ltd. applied for patents on single head first-class screw rotors for a long time and made in-depth research on rotors. Hitachi also made research on screw pump in the early stage. 3. Research prospect: The domestic research of dry screw vacuum pump is still in the initial stage, and many technical problems have not been solved. For example, the rotor coating anti-corrosion technology, reducing the temperature of the exhaust port and increasing the utilization rate of the rotor area are still very difficult. When extracting some active gas, due to the high exhaust temperature, it also needs to be considered in the design. When used in the occasion where the volume needs to be controlled, how to reduce noise should also become the research direction, However, its superior performance determines that it will dominate the vacuum equipment industry, just like the dominant position of screw compressor in the industry.

Dry Screw Vacuum Pumps Used In Fruit Freeze Drying Industry

[polosofttechnologies]

Business In Clouds With Cloud Computing

Cloud computing isn’t just a limitless expanse of servers and software that you pay to use over the internet but has become lines that connect the whole world. Cloud computing has become a metaphor for modern computing itself, where everything tends to be a service – which connects and combines with other services to meet an infinite number of application needs.

Why Cloud Computing?

With cloud computing, the information can travel rapidly in both directions, across computing systems and with attributes like virtualization, scale up or down to handle bigger workloads, automated security patching across thousands of machines, and are far more flexible.

This points towards a more flexible work structure as well, in direction of the interest of products and services that can ideally be adjusted to anticipate customer needs. Keys to this whole new system are rapid data collection and analysis with the follow up by over-the-air changes to product software.

Moving to the cloud includes the change in how products are designed; closer collaboration between the corporate IT and other business units, including the sales, finance, and forecasting; and much more customer interaction and might even lead to a point of jointly developing products with their consumers.

Shift to cloud for a new tomorrow

Cloud computing has turned out to be as important as the physical infrastructure of the cloud (which is millions of computer servers rooted around the globe, connected by high-speed fiber-optic lines.) Massive applications are subdivided into a series of “microservices” that can be tweaked with little effect on a running piece of software.

SaaS (software as a service)

This cloud computing delivers applications over the internet through the browser. The most popular SaaS applications for business can just be found on Google’s G Suite and Microsoft’s Office 365; among the enterprise applications, Salesforce leads the pack. But virtually all the enterprise applications including ERP suites from Oracle and SAP have completely adopted the SaaS model. Typically, SaaS applications offer extensive configuration options with development environments that enable customers to code modifications and additions of their own.

IaaS (infrastructure as a service) definition

At the fundamental level, IaaS cloud suppliers provide storage and work-out services on a pay-per-use basis. However, the total array of services offered by all major public cloud suppliers is staggering: extremely climbable databases, virtual personal networks, massive knowledge analytics, developer tools, machine learning, application observation, and so on.

PaaS (platform as a service) definition

PaaS is a set of services and workflows that specifically target developers, the ones who can use shared tools, processes, and APIs to accelerate the development, testing, and deployment of applications. Salesforce’s Heroku and Force.com are popular public cloud PaaS offerings; Pivotal’s Cloud Foundry and Red Hat’s OpenShift can be deployed on-premises or just can be accessed through the major public clouds. For enterprises, PaaS can ensure that developers have ready access to resources, follow certain processes, and use only a specific array of services, while operators maintain the underlying infrastructure.

FaaS (functions as a service) definition

FaaS, the cloud version of serverless computing, adds another layer of abstraction to PaaS, in order that developers are fully insulated from everything within the stack below their code. rather than futzing with virtual servers, containers, and application runtimes, they transfer narrowly useful blocks of code and set them to be triggered by a definite event (such as a kind submission or uploaded file). All the main clouds provide FaaS on prime of IaaS: AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, Google Cloud Functions, and IBM OpenWhisk. A special good thing about FaaS applications is that they consume no IaaS resources till an occurrence happens, reducing pay-per-use fees

Clouds have type too:

Public Cloud: Resources and services, such as hardware, software, virtual machines, infrastructure, storage, and security which are controlled and operated by the cloud service provider.

Reduced cost

Cost-effective Multitenancy Model

High Reliability & Availability

Private Cloud: Resources located in the on-site data center or hosted by the third-party cloud service provider. Compute resources are exclusive to the organization.

High Personalization

More Control of Security

Efficient Scalability & Flexibility

Hybrid Cloud: Resources are provisioned and orchestrated based on the needs and policies of the organization.

Optimized Investments

Meticulous Policy Adherence

Easy Transitions

Multi-Cloud: Resources such as infrastructure, hardware, data, and applications across multiple cloud computing environments, whether public or private, in a single network architecture.

Low Vendor Lock-in

Robust Disaster Avoidance Mechanisms

Cost-effectiveness

So as you would already be aware of the story of Cloud it won’t be a surprise if we say it’s gaining an eminent value every single day. Why take chances with the rest if you can get the work done by the best Cloud computing service, Polosoft Technologies.

[speedylightheart]

US 3D Printing in Automotive Market 2020: Potential Growth, Challenges 2025

Global 3D Printing in Automotive Market is valued at USD 1.97 Billion in 2018 and expected to reach USD 7.22 Billion by 2025 with the CAGR of 20.37% over the forecast period.

Increasing demand from the automakers to shorten their product development phase, reduce prototype costs, and improve efficiency is expected to drive the market growth.

Get Sample Copy of The Activated Alumina Market Report 2020@ https://brandessenceresearch.com/requestSample/PostId/561

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3D Printing in Automotive Market Manufacturers

Key players profiled in the report include 3D Printing in Automotive Market are,

Autodesk

3D Systems, Inc

Stratasys Ltd

Arcam AB

EnvisionTEC Inc

Exone

Voxeljet AG

Local Motors

Ponoko Ltd

Optomec, Inc

Scope of the Report:

3D printing in automotive is an ability to create or customize the automotive parts that are perfect for one-off productions. 3D printing technology in automotive sector has potentially decreased the cost of product development as well as it also strengthens the quick prototyping in the pre-manufacturing stage. All these major advantages of 3D printers in automotive design helps manufacturers in order to boost the efficiency, cost reduction and prototyping that have resulted to be most popular technology. 3D printers are used to create complex parts, speeding up tooling cycles, enhancing measurement and providing customization solutions during the vehicle development process. This technology not only helps to transform the aesthetic design of vehicles but also has the ability to deliver working prototype in optimum turnaround time. 3D printing in automotive design enabled the new innovation, creativity and limitless possibilities that bring transportation landscape into a remarkable level. It significantly reduces the cost and development time of prototyping and manufacturing of functional, durable and rigid parts by excluding the need for additional tooling and assembly.

Global 3D printing in automotive market report is segmented on the component, application and regional & country level. Based upon component, global 3D printing in automotive market is segmented into technology (stereo lithography, SLS, EBM, FDM, LOM, others), material (polymers, metals & alloys, others) and services. Furthermore, based upon application, global 3D printing in automotive market is segmented into prototyping & tooling, R&D and innovation and manufacturing complex products.

The regions covered in this Global 3D Printing in Automotive Market report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. On the basis of country level, market of Global 3D Printing in Automotive market is sub divided into U.S., Mexico, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan, India, South East Asia, GCC, Africa, etc.

Some major key players for global 3D Printing in Automotive market are Autodesk, 3D Systems, Inc, Stratasys Ltd, Arcam AB, EnvisionTEC, Inc, Exone, Voxeljet AG, Local Motors, Ponoko Ltd, Optomec, Inc and others.

Increasing Need for Rapid Prototyping and Vehicle Weight Reduction across the Automotive Industry are Anticipated to Witness a High Growth of 3D Printing in Automotive Market.

3D printing in automotive is anticipated to experience a huge demand with the rapid increase of automotive industry.  Automotive industry has always been finding the ways for faster prototyping and efficient solutions that can able to reduce automotive part weight coupled with structural strength. 3D printing has gaining a huge attention of worldwide customers, automakers and designers due to its robust functionality and drives lower consumption and wastage. For example; in 2018, leading German automobile manufacturer Audi announced that its pre series center and 3D Printing Center in Ingolstadt has adopted Stratasys 3D printing methods. According to Audi, by 3D printing it is possible to achieve prototyping lead time reductions by up to 50 % for certain parts with full-color, multi-material printing capabilities. In addition to this, the technological advancements in 3D printers enable the organizations to attempt the best alternative that derive the most ideal and effective design features.

The 3D printing market is set to achieve the double size with the annual growth rate between 18.2% and 27.2%. However, in automotive 3D printing the cost of materials is higher than the raw materials used by the traditional equipment, current speed cannot match the production volume requirements and lack of human capital can turn into major restraining factors of this market. Moreover, the consistent advancements in 3D printing have opened the new doors to reproduce aftermarket parts for restoring classic cars.

North America is Expected to Dominate the 3D Printing in Automotive Market.

North America holds largest share for 3D printing in automotive and is expected to continue the same during the forecast period. North American auto industry increasingly focusing on to derive the new capabilities in advanced technologies coupled with the government support for the vehicle weight reduction. This has lifted the growth of entire 3D printing technology in automotive industry in this region. European automotive manufactures reconsiders the significance of 3D printing as a key technology to build the manufacturing competitive advantages in automotive industry. For example; Volkswagen, German based leading automotive manufacture focusing on enhancing operations with 3-D printing for creating tooling, jigs and fixtures, larger machines.

Key Benefits for Market Report–

Global market report covers in depth historical and forecast analysis.

Global market research report provides detail information about Market Introduction, Market Summary, Global market Revenue (Revenue USD), Market Drivers, Market Restraints, Market opportunities, Competitive Analysis, Regional and Country Level.

Global market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.

Global market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.

3D Printing in Automotive Market Segmentation:–

By Component: - (Technology, Stereo lithography (SLS, EBM, FDM, LOM, Others), Material (Polymers, Metals & Alloys, Others), Services)

By Application:- Prototyping & Tooling, R&D and Innovation, Manufacturing Complex Products

By Regional & Country Analysis

North America, US, Mexico, Chily, Canada, Europe, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Asia Pacific, China, South Korea, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Brazil, The Middle East and Africa, GCC, Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa

About Us:

Brandessence Market Research and Consulting Pvt. ltd.

Brandessence market research publishes market research reports & business insights produced by highly qualified and experienced industry analysts. Our research reports are available in a wide range of industry verticals including aviation, food & beverage, healthcare, ICT, Construction, Chemicals and lot more. Brand Essence Market Research report will be best fit for senior executives, business development managers, marketing managers, consultants, CEOs, CIOs, COOs, and Directors, governments, agencies, organizations and Ph.D. Students. We have a delivery center in Pune, India and our sales office is in London.

Contact us at: +44-2038074155 or mail us at sales@industrystatsreport.com

[charleshoskinsoncrypto]

An introduction to tokenization

(Written by Elliot Hill of the Cardano Foundation)

Blockchain has introduced powerful new tools and use cases for disrupting how value and data is stored and transferred in many industries, from supply chain tracking to decentralized applications (DApps) and multiple others in between.

However, one of blockchain’s most important applications to date is tokenization, a new way of representing, tracking, and transacting assets and securities on a distributed ledger.

Tokenization is often hailed as the ‘killer-app’ that will expedite the mass adoption of blockchain and transform the financial services industry. But, for the regular blockchain enthusiast and developer alike, the exact definition of tokenization can be elusive.

Here, we are going to discuss the basics of representing assets through blockchain-based tokens, discover the many advantages of tokenization, and uncover what tokenization will look like on Cardano. We will also explore what the arrival of Goguen will mean for issuing tokens and deploying smart contracts on Cardano.

What is tokenization?

In its simplest form, tokenization takes an existing asset or function and represents it as a token, which is written and deployed on a blockchain. This could be a real-world asset like a stock or bond, a crypto-collectible, or a utility token used to access a DApp.

There are different types of blockchain-based tokens, but they fall broadly into one of two categories, which include:

Fungible tokens — Fungible tokens represent assets of equal value. For example, Cardano’s native token, ada, is a fungible token, as each ada is worth the same amount as the next. Similarly, stablecoins, such as those pegged to a national currency, would be considered fungible tokens. Fungible tokens are often used similarly to fiat currency, or pegged to the price of a particular asset, such as an ounce of gold.

Non-fungible tokens — Not every asset is of equal value, even if it is of the same type. Non-fungible tokens, often called NFTs, ensure that each token is unique, with its own characteristics. Take a piece of artwork for example. Superficially, a painting is the same type of object or asset as any other painting. However, we know that a Van Gogh is intrinsically more valuable than an amateur piece of art, and these important unique characteristics can be coded into an NFT to reflect these differences.

Types of tokenized assets

Many properties of existing assets — financial or otherwise — can be coded into a token on a blockchain ledger. Some of the most popular tokenization use cases include:

Asset-backed tokens — As the name suggests, asset-backed tokens, also called security tokens, represent real-world assets through a token issued on the blockchain. This could be traditional equity assets such as stocks, bonds, or debt, or a physical asset such as the right to real estate or a certain amount of precious metals. This is very similar to structured finance products, such as auto asset-backed securities (ABS) or residential mortgage-backed securities. The use-cases for asset-backed tokens are manifold, such as simplifying share registries, or enabling fast cross-border transfers of value.

Stablecoins — Designed to hold a steady value peg, stablecoins are often used to represent or track the value of an underlying currency. Stablecoins have become particularly useful for quickly exiting and entering the digital asset markets, without going through the onerous process of converting to fiat. Stablecoins can also be used in blockchain-based funds, to represent the net asset value of the fund.

Utility tokens — Utility tokens offer a simple and decentralized way to access applications built on the blockchain. Most often, utility tokens are written and deployed using a token standard for a specific blockchain, and serve the applications built atop that specific chain. They are usually not interoperable with multiple protocols.

There are also protocol tokens, which act as currency for a specific blockchain, such as ada for Cardano — although these tokens do not specifically represent tokenized assets or rights to a certain service.

What are the benefits of tokenization?

Utility tokens and NFTs which serve decentralized applications bring interesting new functionality to blockchains. However, the tokenization of existing real-world assets represents the most significant use case for blockchain-based tokens.

According to professional services firm Deloitte, tokenized assets can offer greater transparency during transactions due to the immutable nature of blockchain, greater accessibility through 24/7 availability, faster processing and settlement times, and increased liquidity — especially for otherwise illiquid assets, such as collectibles, microcap stocks, and partnership shares in funds.

In time, it is likely that trillions of dollars worth of assets could be brought into the blockchain ecosystem by virtue of tokenization. However, to date, few methods of tokenization have provided the security guarantees that enterprise users and financial institutions require — but that is set to change with the arrival of Goguen on Cardano.

Tokenization on Cardano through Goguen

Goguen will begin its roll-out later this year, resulting in a step-change in the functionality of the Cardano blockchain. The most significant change will be the arrival of tokens and smart contract capabilities, which will invite a diverse range of development talent into the Cardano ecosystem.

The arrival of tokens on Cardano will come in the form of a multi-currency ledger, which will allow the deployment of tokens that represent real-world assets, stablecoins, NFTs, and more. To fully understand the magnitude of what Goguen means for Cardano, let’s explore how custom tokens can be deployed, some basic use-cases of native tokens, and how tokenization will work on the Cardano blockchain.

Native custom tokens

With the arrival of Goguen, Cardano will power potentially thousands of DApps and smart contracts. As in earlier blockchain ledgers, many of these DApps will require their own token or coin to function and like the Ethereum blockchain, these tokens will be deployed atop Cardano. However, there are several key differences between Cardano’s native custom tokens — let’s call them ‘Cardano NCTs’ here — and that of Ethereum.

These tokens are termed NCTs because they are native to the Cardano blockchain, but customizable to a DApp’s specific use case. Cardano NCTs are created and deployed via the ‘Extended UTXO multi-asset’, or ‘EUTXOma’ for short — an evolution of the standard unspent transaction output (UTXO) model developed by engineers at IOHK.

Through EUTXOma, native tokens can be forged and burnt on Cardano. The forging or burning of tokens allows a token creator to specify a finite supply of tokens, through what is known as the forging policy. Forging also allows tokens to be traced back to their origin on the blockchain — useful for proving the validity and provenance of the asset.

Many existing utility tokens on other blockchain ledgers are used to represent ownership, or the right to access a certain feature of a DApp or smart contract. On Cardano, this will be represented as ‘tokenized roles’.

In simple terms, this means that to participate in a DApp, smart contract, or similar function, a user must present the relevant role token. These role tokens can become tradeable resources, and as we will explore below, they can be used to trade complex financial derivatives and contracts.

Cardano NCTs can also be used to hold an initial coin offering (ICO) for those DApps being built on Cardano. Tokenized roles through EUTXOma offer a fairer way to ensure each participant is involved at each stage of the ICO process, through the issuance of participation tokens. Instead of a single entity controlling the token issuance process, participation tokens can be issued and traded to represent a right to a utility token at a later date — which in themselves can be traded.

Financial products and DeFi

Tokenized roles are assets in themselves, and as a result, they can be written into smart contracts and used to represent complex financial contracts. This is especially useful for decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, where relatively complex concepts such as yield and interest need to be written into a token’s code.

These parameters are difficult to represent through normal smart contracts, but instead, they could be effectively represented through tokenized roles for each aspect of a financial contract.

At the end of Goguen’s roll-out, it is hoped that powerful new financial contracts can be written and deployed by financial experts with minimal coding necessary.

Preparing for Goguen

Goguen’s roll-out will represent a paradigm shift in Cardano’s functionality, opening the way to the development of enterprise-level, mission-critical, decentralized smart contract applications and a wealth of tokenized assets.

This will be powered through Plutus, an innovative development and execution platform for distributed contract applications on Cardano. You can learn more about Plutus and developing decentralized applications on Cardano by visiting our testnets here.

Read more articles in our Shelley blog series below:

Staking and delegating for beginners — A step-by-step guide

Blockchains of today versus blockchains of tomorrow

Choosing a stake pool and delegating your ada

Consensus on Cardano vs. other blockchains

from Stories by Cardano Foundation on Medium https://medium.com/@cardano.foundation/an-introduction-to-tokenization-5ce087a7b6c3?source=rss-1ff55485eb1e------2 via IFTTT

[tcifiscal]

State Lawmakers Have Tax Policy Options to Meet the Moment and Lay Groundwork for Stronger Recovery

Virginia has pressing budget challenges, even as the state is providing additional public services necessary to respond to the COVID-19 health crisis and the economic hardship that has resulted. Pulling back on state services would almost certainly worsen the downturn and slow any recovery. The state will need to generate new revenues to meet this moment and the years ahead, particularly once emergency federal aid winds down. Virginia lawmakers should consider a combination of tax policy reforms that would reduce the need for state budget cuts while also putting the state on stronger footing in the long term. By taking an approach that includes new revenues, state leaders can meet the many health care and education needs across the commonwealth and drive the economy towards recovery.

State lawmakers will return to Richmond on August 18 for a special session to consider budget actions and policy changes related to policing and criminal justice. Governor Northam recently announced that final state revenue collections for the state fiscal year that ended on June 30 show a shortfall of $236.5 million relative to the official revenue forecast. Although this preliminary figure is better than initial estimates, large revenue shortfalls are still expected over the next two years. 

In recent years, the General Assembly has adopted important reforms to the state revenue system, like better aligning state sales tax requirements with the growth in online retail. However, the state tax system still needs structural reforms. For example, Virginia’s income tax brackets and corresponding rates remain unchanged since the 1987 state tax reform law that phased in a series of updates over several years. The state’s top individual income tax bracket begins at just above $17,000 in taxable income. In practice, Virginia’s income tax system resembles a flat tax, where about 60% of taxpayers pay the same marginal tax rate. In effect, many taxpayers with low or moderate incomes pay the same marginal rate as millionaires.

By adopting a much more progressive bracket and rate structure that would add a surcharge for tax filers with high incomes, the state revenue system would generate substantially more revenues, while leaving most taxpayers unaffected. A plan along these lines that applied surcharges of 0.75%, 1.75%, and 2.75% on incomes above $100,000, $500,000, and $1 million, respectively, could generate close to $1 billion per year. Alternatively, surcharges of 1%, 2%, and 3% at those income levels could generate close to $1.2 billion per year. This kind of policy change would ask households with more resources to chip in more and help the state make key investments for the years ahead.

Without a more progressive income tax, Virginia requires taxpayers with moderate incomes of all races to pay the same rate as those with the highest incomes, who tend to be white. To make up the difference, the state must either rely on regressive taxes, which disproportionately affect Black and Latinx taxpayers in the state, or make fewer investments in public services. State budget cuts and failures to invest often hit communities of color the hardest. 

Lawmakers should also revisit two pieces of tax fairness legislation that were considered, but not adopted, during the 2020 General Assembly session:

Enacting a corporate tax reform known as mandatory combined reporting that helps to counter common tax avoidance strategies of large, multi-state corporations

Restoring Virginia’s estate tax on the wealthiest estates that would otherwise pass millions in assets and capital gains onto heirs without owing state tax

Because corporate taxes and estate taxes are largely taxes on wealth, these policies would likely also reduce racial inequality. Median wealth among white households is higher than Black and Latinx households. Historical and present-day barriers related to housing, education, employment, and other areas continue to contribute to the racial wealth divide. Inheritance and wealth are linked; for white households, their higher likelihood of receiving an inheritance and the larger average value of inheritances received may explain part of this divide. Adopting these policies to support public investments would help to build greater opportunity more broadly across the state.

In addition to more comprehensive reforms to the tax system, state policymakers can adopt technical fixes to close gaps in the tax code and limit existing tax breaks--similar to actions taken during the previous downturn. 

Include digital products and services in the sales tax base (about $20 million annually) 

The health crisis is accelerating the trend of economic activity shifting online. However, much of this new consumer spending is exempt from Virginia’s state and local taxes. Among states that have sales taxes, Virginia is one of only 16 states that generally does not apply that tax to digital products (as of Oct. 2019). By updating the tax code to include these products, the state would put them on a level playing field with equivalent goods that have been traditionally included in sales taxes and generate an estimated $20 million per year in needed state revenues, as well as new state and regional transportation and local revenues.

Eliminate remaining dealer discount program (about $13 million annually)

Virginia allows certain retailers to retain a portion of their sales tax collections. Before the last recession, this program had been much broader and had a larger revenue impact; since July 2010, the state has limited the program only to retailers that are not required to remit sales tax collections electronically. Fully eliminating this program--as proposed by the Kaine administration during the last downturn--would increase General Fund revenues by close to $13 million per year. 

Decouple from Opportunity Zones break ($8 million to $9 million annually)

The federal Opportunity Zones program provides capital gains tax breaks for certain qualified investments in designated geographic areas. At the state level, Virginia conforms to this tax break, which means investors receive both federal and state tax breaks for their investment income. When the conformity law was under consideration, the Opportunity Zones provision had an estimated negative state revenue impact of $8.1 million to $9.0 million per year for FY 2020 through FY 2024.

The Opportunity Zones program has been criticized because of concerns that it will contribute to gentrification and displacement. Even if benefits of the program materialize, there is not a strong justification for Virginia to subsidize investments in Opportunity Zones with a state tax break because qualifying Virginia taxpayers can make those investments anywhere in the country.

Several months ago, the federal Joint Committee on Taxation revised its estimates of the program’s revenue impact upward by an additional 75% per year, so the budget impact on Virginia could be larger than previously estimated.

Restore cap on Land Preservation Tax Credit ($6.6 million annually)

In recent years, policymakers have placed limits around certain tax credits to minimize their budget impacts, including the Land Preservation Tax Credit. In this case, state lawmakers have made a policy choice to incentivize land preservation, but also routinely cap the maximum tax break that can be received in a given year. Between taxable year 2015 and when it expired earlier this year, the state has limited taxpayers to a maximum $20,000 per year for this credit. Restoring this cap would preserve about $6.6 million per year. 

Conclusion

Important policy gains have been achieved in recent years, but many of these victories will require continued state investment. Less funding for important core services means moving backward. However, Virginia policymakers can chart a new course and avoid the same mistakes of previous recessions when budget cuts were enacted and never fully reversed, even years later. Although recent governors and legislators often did not look to new state revenues as part of a balanced approach to filling budget gaps, the current environment demands progressive action. Tax policy needs to be part of the solution.

– Chris Wodicka, Policy Analyst

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Learn more about The Commonwealth Institute at www.thecommonwealthinstitute.org

[collaborativedocumenteditingsoft]

Colleges With Post Production Editing Majors In Louisiana

If you’re interested in this kind of thing, check out this post on editing keyboards, controllers, mice and more. This is instead of using the supplied ‘Editor’s Mix’ from the location sound recordist, which are intended for dailies. Organization of your edit begins at the project level with your Bin structure. Eddie shared some of his workflow tips in this fantastic interview with PVC writer Steve Hullfish, which provides some of the detail in this post, as well as other interviews with Eddie that I’ve read or heard over the years. Eddie’s essential philosophy is that everything should be so clearly labelled and logically laid out that any other editor could sit down in his chair and quickly find anything they needed.

Whether you are a Production Company, Broadcaster or Distributor, we can tailor a script that is right for you, including shot-lists, timecodes, dialogue, voiceover, captions, credits and music cues as required. Finally - there's no excuse and no reason not to brainstorm a video and take it into the pre-production phase as soon as possible. If you haven't yet incorporated video marketing into your content marketing efforts, now's the best time to do so.

What is the final stage for picture editing in the post production workflow process?

Introduction (with title, release date, background information) Summary of the story. Analysis of the plot elements (rising action, climax) Creative elements (dialogues, characters, use of colors, camera techniques, mood, tone, symbols, costumes or anything that contributes or takes away from the overall plot)

While a traditional review process requires all of the stakeholders to be in the same room at the same time, an online review process can happen from anywhere. Online feedback as an alternative is growing rapidly, as increasing internet speeds have made it easy to upload new drafts of work-in-progress edits. In the past, most video collaboration involved uploading a video to a storage site or video sharing site, then a back-and-forth barrage of emails would ensue among all the collaborators.

As part of the apps suite, Google Docs is a word processing app for teams and it allows you to create and manage documents online very easily. Let’s look at the first insight that’ll allow us to make a collaborative text editor.

Purpose of process mapping

Media Composer is one of the first nonlinear editing solutions in the market. It was developed to provide a computer-based offline editing alternative for film and movie tape-based workflows. Out of the box, you can now connect your Mac to your Jellyfish over 10GbE–direct–making this pairing the most seamless plug-and-play experience between workstation and shared storage solution ever created. Access and edit media right from your iPhone or iPad with a Jellyfish that’s on your internal WiFi network.

mediaPLAY Software and Kits

The new Media Composer looks exciting! :) https://t.co/6NHaHuf5ER

— Projective Technology (@ProjectiveTech) June 19, 2019

And because the interface, which includes hardware by Blackmagic Design, is designed to be open and flexible, you can use it with Avid and other creative tools too. Company 3’s data department handles any transcoding that might be required and then we archive everything.

Can 7zip open BIN files?

Click the "Tools" button on the menu, and then select the "Convert Image File Format" option. The "convert" dialogue will be pop-up. Press the “Browse” then choose a BIN/CUE file you wish to convert and choose the “ISO files(*. iso)” option.

Adobe Audience Manager

How do I convert a BIN file to ISO?

A BAT file is a DOS batch file used to execute commands with the Windows Command Prompt (cmd.exe). The danger: A BAT file contains a series of line commands that will run if it is opened, which makes it a good option for malicious programmers.

Ultimate with Avid NEXIS shared storage. Editors working on Media Composer can use the embedded MediaCentral

Are movies getting longer?

Part (but not all) of the reason why top-grossing movies have a longer average run time is that there is a great number of extremely long outliers. 10% of top-grossing movies are longer than 140 minutes, compared with just 96% of all movies in cinemas.

Focus Check: Upgrade Your Production and Post-Production Workflow

The text editor offers full Unicode support, automatic saving of documents, and advanced search and replace options. If you know how real-time collaborative editing works, then you may know that handling concurrent editing in multi user environment gracefully is very challenging. This needs to be causally ordered before applying either by undoing history, or by transforming the operations [operational transformation] before applying them to make them seem commutative. The brain behind the famous real time collaborative editing applications is a cool algorithm called ‘Operational Transformation’.

By avoiding the overhead of converting from one type of network to another the overall system complexity and efficiency will be improved, resulting in faster projects and easier repair of problems when they arise. Avid Nexis

I’ll never forget the first time I read “Behind The Seen” about Walter Murch’s journey editing Cold Mountain using Final Cut Pro (I fondly refer to this book as “Porn for editors”). One of the most profound things I learned from this book was his intricate system of creating colored index cards and putting them up on a wall to help him organize the structure of complex films. I was mesmerized by this concept – it was like Tetris mixed with screenwriting and film editing…my own personal version of heaven. It is easy to see by observing technical adoption, how useful accurate metadata is in streamlining the production workflow all the way through final post processing. Providing vast sets of data based resources for FX departments to draw from for their work, and for editors to have at their disposal, helps to streamline productivity down the pipeline.

Software Production Pack

Instead, distributors should be supplied with a lab https://www.toodledo.com access letter which enables them to order copies of the motion picture. Likewise, the filmmaker should retain possession of all original artwork, photos and chain of title documents.

[smartgen]

Marine Diesel Control Solutions of SmartGen

MGCP100B Series Diesel Control Box

After ten years of consistent R&D and product promotion in marine diesel control and power management control of automatic power station, MGCP100B series diesel control boxes and HMC6 power management modules provided by SmartGen with advanced technology, full functions and complete certificates have increased in the high-end marine market year by year, gaining rich experience in field of diesel control of marine propulsion engines, marine auxiliary engines and marine gensets with different uses.

Features of SmartGen marine diesel control solutions

1. MGCP100B series control boxes are appliable for marine diesel of different speed regulation (machanical , electronic and ECM control). 2. Master control module with backlight LCD display, Chinese/English optional, the main parameters can be set through panel to realize “one button operation”. 3. Up to 16 remote monitoring modules can be extended by CANBUS. 4. 2 pieces of 16 digital inputs (DIN16A), 2 pieces of 16 relay outputs (DOUT16B), 2 pieces of 16 PT100 inputs (AIN16 - PT), 2 pieces of 16 4 ~ 20 mA inputs (AIN16 - C), 2 pieces of 16 analog integrated extension modules (AIN16 - M02) can be extended by CANBUS, which can realize multi-channel digital inputs, temperature, pressure, speed data sampling, relay and 4 ~ 20 mA output can be configured at the same time. 5. CANBUS can be used to extend the security module (RPU560A) to achieve multiple protection of the engine. 6. It can be controlled and communicated by CANBUS and dozens of EFI diesels with J1939 interface. 7. With RTC, alarm information display and event log, it is convenient to daily maintenance and fault inquiry.

Standardized control modules and extension modules

Classification societies have strict regulations for marine diesel gensets and marine engines control and protection, SmartGen adopts the main control module and extension module topological structure to build control system, strictly in accordance with the classification rules for design, with 22 years experience in the field of diesel control to ensure the highly standardized modules development process and the product functions.

Marine Diesel Control Series

MGCP100 series diesel engine control box with various functions

MGCP100L and MGCP100B series control boxes are based on the design concept of master control module and extension module. The master control module and extension module are connected through the standard CANBUS interface, following a unified network topology. At the same time, the master control module is pre-built with a set of programmable configuration parameters, so the user can change the working mechanism of the control system without changing the circuit.

HMC4000/HMC6000A/HMC9000A control modules have the models to support J1939 interface, suitable for makers of marine EFI diesel controlled by ECM, the speed control unit and some sensors could be saved from the topology.

Control Topology of HMC6000A Engine Control Module in Complex Applications

Control Topology of HMC9000A Engine Control Module in Complex Applications

Users can use MGCP100B-2 diesel control box and its supporting remote transmission module on the diesel master genset, emergency genset and main propulsion diesel to make a one-stop marine power and automatic power station solution with the HMC6 power management control module developed by SmartGen.

Power Management Application

One-stop Service

SmartGen has a professional marine products service team, which can provide customers with one-stop services such as solution design, production, product certification (CCS, BV) and debugging guidance from the diesel control and automatic power station power management.

Solutions

MGCPB-2 Series Diesel Control Box

A 20 meters patrol boat from a marine bureau equipped with two Scania DI13 EFI diesel; MGCP100B-2 diesel control box and HRM3300 remote monitoring module in the control console of SmartGen adopted to realize side and remote control operation. The bimotored driven and twin-screw boat is mainly used for law enforcement patrols along the Yangtze River waterway to ensure safe and orderly shipping.

Power Station Solution: MGCP100B-2 + HLS300 Power Sharing Module

Three official ships of a shipyard equipped with Cummins main genset. MGCP100B-2 diesel control boxes with HMC9000A as the master control modules are used, the switch panel is an automatic power station built by HLS300 load distributor and HSM300 sync control module.

MGCP100B-2 Series Diesel Control Box

4 main gensets (Cummins EFI diesel) on a surveying ship are equipped with MGCP100B-2 diesel control box with HMC9000A master control module.

The MGCP100B-2 diesel control box is installed on the main propulsion and the main control module is HMC9000A.

HRM3300 and HMC6000RM Remote Transmission Module Application

HRM3300 and HMC6000RM remote transmission modules installed on the driving console and AMS alarm monitoring platform.

MGCP100B-2 Series Diesel Control Box

Cummins master engine: HMC6000 diesel control box with security module, switch expansion control module, remote transmission module, which can detect engine speed, water temperature, oil temperature, oil pressure, water pressure, battery voltage and other parameters. With water level alarm input, fuel leakage alarm input, low pressure alarm input, anti-condensation heating functions, as well as multiple alarm outputs that the alarm point can be extended.

MGCP100B-2 Series Diesel Control Box

VOLOV D7 master engine: HMC6000 diesel control box with power conversion module, digital output expansion module, battery charger and two sets of remote monitoring modules; it can monitor the engine speed, oil pressure, oil temperature, water temperature, water pressure, battery voltage and other parameters, with fuel leakage, low water level alarm input functions.

www.smartgen.cn

[scifigeneration]

How Star Wars battlefront could make 'loot boxes' the last Jedi of video games

by Aaron Langille and Charles Daviau

When Star Wars fans bought the latest video game in the franchise, many hoped to immerse themselves in discovering events across the saga’s eras — perhaps particularly between the original film trilogy and the latest instalment, Star Wars: The Last Jedi.

Star Wars Battlefront II, the newest game, has sparked a heated debate among players and industry, but not because of the storylines, fast-paced action, cutting-edge graphics or online play that enables people to pit their skills online against dozens of friends and strangers at a time.

Instead, many are questioning the methods through which game publishers make money from their players by selling features and upgrades to games. The debate is likely to have repercussions throughout the video game industry and beyond.

As academics who research and teach video game design and economics, respectively, we are already seeing a significant impact on the experience of playing video games. Perhaps more importantly, we foresee this debate — particularly the strong push-back from players — sparking a shift in game revenue generation and the value placed on players’ time.

At the centre of the Star Wars Battlefront II debate are so-called “loot boxes,” a substantial revenue generator for game publishers. They give players a different set of incentives than traditional downloadable content (DLC), such as new game levels or missions for standalone and subscription-based games. They also enable publishers to make money, especially on major productions whose costs can rival those of Hollywood blockbuster movies like the Star Wars series.

Advantages and style

Loot-box rewards typically fall into two categories: In-game advantages or strictly cosmetic upgrades. In the case of advantages, players pay to improve character abilities, speed up tedious tasks or unlock advanced features or items that are designed to propel them ahead of players who don’t buy in.

Cosmetic upgrades, in contrast, let players pay to customize visuals that have no impact on play or game outcomes, but often act as a status marker of their commitment to the game, such as the colour, design or style of their character’s clothes, vehicles and other possessions.

In-game economies and loot boxes can be used to unlock access to coveted video game characters. Captain Phasma, commander of the First Order’s stormtrooper legions in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, is depicted in the game Star Wars Battlefront II. (Handout)

The network economy of massively multi-player games — online video games that connect hundreds of thousands of people in a shared digital world — drives competition between individuals and teams.

At the same time, the relatively low cost of loot boxes compared to traditional DLC enables more players from a broad range of economic circumstances to buy and benefit from them.

What has made loot boxes controversial is their element of randomness — they’re digital grab-bags whose specific contents are unknown until opened. Rather than paying for a guaranteed item, players are buying an inexpensive chance to receive a reward, which may turn out to be a desired item, an undesired one or one they already own.

Recognizing that this method of delivery can lead to frustration — particularly when paid loot boxes produce undesired items — many games include a limited number of loot boxes or other progression methods that don’t require paying real-world money.

Players who don’t pay extra can collect the same items, but typically over a much longer period of time, often through a process called “grinding” — racking up rewards through repetitive, tedious game play.

Revenue generators and enjoyment

There are many examples of successful revenue generation through in-game transactions, including loot boxes.

Overwatch, a team-based “first-person shooter” with over 35 million players, offers two loot boxes containing cosmetic items for US$1.99. Rocket League, a hybrid game akin to soccer with bumper cars that has more than 33 million players, offers cosmetic item loot boxes for free within the game, but sells the keys required to open them for $1.49 each. Both games offer discounts for multiple purchases.

Overwatch has successfully incorporated loot boxes into the game. (Blizzard via YouTube)

In another approach, Star Wars Galaxy of Heroes, a tactics-based role-playing game for mobile devices, does not offer cosmetic items. Instead, they offer their own version of loot boxes, called “data cards,” which contain partial or fully unlocked characters and upgrades starting from $5.

Unlike Overwatch and Rocket League, Galaxy of Heroes offers players the option to purchase guaranteed items — as opposed to surprise random items — at a much higher price of $10 to $100.

Unpopular combination

Pricing is sensitive to participants in the market, and every game has different types of players. The publisher of Star Wars Battlefront II, EA recognizes this explicitly in their official response to the uproar, saying “some players have more time than money, and some people have more money than time.”

Unfortunately, Battlefront II’s original economic and progression systems met the needs of neither group. While it implemented loot box-based player progression, the system was largely seen as overly convoluted and confusing to players.

In particular, it was unclear how cash transactions related to the in-game economy could unlock coveted characters such as Darth Vader.

Also, to speed up the seemingly excessive time required to grind for characters, a substantial cash investment, as well as significant luck, was required on top of the game’s initial retail purchase price of $80 to $100.

Another game, Destiny 2, has also been heavily criticized by players and industry critics for adopting a loot-box pricing structure that works well for free-to-play (F2P) games like Galaxy of Heroes, which have little or no initial cost.

Destiny 2, published by Bungie/Activision, switched to a loot box system that generated major player backlash. (Handout)

Both games are sequels to popular and successful games where player progression was incorporated into more traditional game play. Players of the previous titles were likely expecting a similar experience. However, the introduction of loot-box economies has fundamentally changed the experience for many.

Changing the game

Clearly, the decision to rely heavily on loot boxes and micro-transactions to motivate players is not universally effective. The backlash has had a negative impact on sales and publisher stock prices.

EA has removed Star Wars Battlefront II’s loot system temporarily, cut play time required to unlock new characters and offered new content for free. Similarly, Destiny 2‘s developers, Bungie, are considering changes to address balance and player experience, and have offered some in-game items as compensation.

The cloud over loot boxes is affecting other games as well, including EA’s Need for Speed: Payback which recently underwent a loot box overhaul to make them more generous.

Perhaps the most important and potentially game-changing development to come from the recent loot box debate is the response from various federal gambling regulators.

Governments’ concerns are based on the fundamental design of the loot boxes themselves. Animations, sound cues and inconsistent payouts all resemble gambling systems such as slot machines and promote gambling behaviour, some allege. New Zealand has said loot boxes are not gambling.

Given that many games with loot boxes are marketed towards minors, this poses a concern that extends well beyond player frustration with game play progression.

It’s unclear how developers and publishers will respond to player, critic and governmental pressure.

What is clear is that the discussion surrounding loot-box economies is just getting started.

Aaron Langille teaches Mathematics, Computer Science, Science, Engineering, Architecture at Laurentian University. Charles Daviau is a Master Lecturer in  Economics and Labour relations at Laurentian University.

This article was originally published on The Conversation. 

[kisan0318]

Cloud robotics Market 2021 Growth Strategies, Recent Trends, Size, Business Perception to 2027

The cloud robotics market is garnering substantial traction. The market growth attributes to the spurring rise in the industrial sector and automation across industries. The demand for cloud robotics is rising in multi-folds as organizations are increasingly adopting cloud infrastructure for rapid operation processes. Moreover, the growing need for seamless internet connectivity creates substantial demand for cloud robotics systems.

Development in software structures and wireless technology progress has led to increased dependence of industries over robotic cloud systems. In warehousing, cloud robotics platforms provide on-demand automation solutions for material handling and inventory management. As a result, growing numbers of manufacturing, distribution, and fulfillment centers have begun using cloud-based robots for various material handling tasks.

The market is projected to witness significant growth in the years to come. In this regard, Market Research Future (MRFR) asserts that the global cloud robotics market is estimated to witness exponential revenue growth by 2027, growing at an impressive CAGR during the assessment period (2020-2027). Improving official safety standards governing the design and manufacture of industrial mobile robots impacts the market growth positively.

Request a Free Sample @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/2327

Global Cloud Robotics Market  - Segments

The report is segmented into types, connectivity, applications, and regions. The type segment is sub-segmented into proxy-based, clone-based, and peer-based cloud robotics. The connectivity segment is sub-segmented into Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, Bluetooth, radiofrequency, and infrared connectivity. The application segment is sub-segmented into defense, healthcare, manufacturing, retail, transportation, aerospace, agriculture, and others. The region segment is sub-segmented into Asia Pacific, Americas, Europe, and rest-of-the-world.

Global Cloud Robotics Market  - Regional Analysis

North America leads the global cloud robotics market. The market growth attributes to the vast uptake of robotics in the defense, healthcare, and security sectors. Connected robotics plays a crucial role in enhancing the performances of automated systems and controllers and delivering superior performance in the communication infrastructure of data centers.

Besides, the increasing development and high adoption of automation in production units substantiate market demand. The increasing focus on improving communication capabilities, especially used in the defense sector in the region, pushes the cloud robotics market size.

Europe stands second in the global cloud robotics market. A large number of industries in the region have implemented robotics in their operations. Additionally, the strong presence of auto manufacturers and the need for automated vehicle manufacturing processes drive the regional market growth. Increasing R&D activities and funding to develop robotics act as major tailwinds for the market growth in the region.

The Asia Pacific region also shows substantial growth in the global cloud robotics market. Factors such as the strong presence of several notable players and well-established development centers in the region boost the market share, allowing the early uptake and advances in robotics. Furthermore, the growing industrialization and production drive the growth of the market.

Global Cloud Robotics Market  - Competitive Landscape

Highly competitive, the cloud robotics market appears fragmented, with several well-established players forming a competitive landscape. To gain a substantially larger market share, key players incorporate strategic approaches, such as mergers & acquisitions, collaborations, expansion, and product/ technology launch. They also make substantial investments in new product developments and geographical expansion.

Major Players:

Players leading the global cloud robotics market are Kuka AG (Germany), Rockwell Automation, Inc. (US), ABB Group (Switzerland), Yaskawa Electric Corporation (Japan), Fanuc Corporation (Japan), Rapyuta Robotics Co. Ltd. (Japan), Calvary Robotics (US), Motion Controls Robotics (US), and Ortelio Ltd. (UK), among others.

Access Report Details @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/cloud-robotics-market-2327

Industry/ Innovation/ Related News

April 8, 2021 --- CloudMinds (China), robotics start-ups, announced a series B+ funding round with USD 150 million led by SOEs Shanghai Urban Construction Investment and Shanghai Guosheng Group. The company owns over 1,801 patents and has released the Hairui cloud robot operating system, smart, flexible joint SCA, and XR 1 cloud robot series. It has worked on the R&D of cloud-based robotics, large-scale telecom machine learning networks, secure high-speed networks, business service robots, and other smart devices.

About Market Research Future:

At Market Research Future (MRFR), we enable our clients to unravel the complexity of various industries through our Cooked Research Report (CRR), Half-Cooked Research Reports (HCRR), Raw Research Reports (3R), Continuous-Feed Research (CFR), and Market Research & Consulting Services.

MRFR team have supreme objective to provide the optimum quality market research and intelligence services to our clients. Our market research studies by Solutions, Application, Logistics and market players for global, regional, and country level market segments, enable our clients to see more, know more, and do more, which help to answer all their most important questions.

Contact

Market Research Future

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Email: sales@marketresearchfuture.com

[workfromhomeyoutuber]

Automattic: Senior Executive, Financial Planning and Analysis

Headquarters: Remote URL: https://automattic.com/work-with-us

Reporting to the Chief Financial Officer, the Executive Lead of FP&A will drive the financial planning, analysis and reporting cadence for Automattic.  This will include building and analyzing scenarios to grow and scale the business, which leads to the setting of and achieving business-unit and enterprise-level financial targets. 

Automattic owns a diverse set of assets, deploys numerous business models and supports both B2C and B2B customers in a fast-paced, complex market.  This role will be responsible for the development and reporting of a set of key performance indicators that enable business units, and members of the executive team to monitor the health of the businesses and use analytics, business insight, and research to drive improvement scenarios and longer-term plans.  

In addition, this person will be asked to take the lead role in identifying and leading key cross-business improvements in areas such as pricing, installed base and churn analytics, marketing/LTV/SAC modeling, enterprise commission plans, KPI dashboards, etc.  Related to this responsibility will be the incremental assignment of driving the financial elements of Automattic’s data strategy, analytics, and modeling activities, working closely with data scientists and analysts across the Company.

This leader will drive the transformation of Automattic’s finance organization with regards to processes, systems, and tools.  The role will be responsible for leading external-to-internal financial best practices into Automattic and identifying leverage points with external sources to analyze and report SaaS metrics and platform business models.  

To date, Automattic has been very acquisitive.  This position will play an active role in the M&A and corporate development process as the Company continues to add revenue, products, services, and talent through inorganic growth.  The 

The FP&A position will have a key role in managing data flows, modeling, and analysis with investment banks and will hold responsibility for coordinating Board decks, investor presentations, and other corporate-level communication.

The position will also play a major role in preparing for and delivering successful primary and secondary liquidity events and transitioning Automattic to a public-ready reporting structure.  

Finally, this person will provide an internal candidate path for a CFO successor.  The candidate will have had previous public company experience, preferably in taking a company public, experienced rapid growth in a software/SaaS environment and worked closely with a hands-on founder.   

Candidate Profile:

The role requires an experienced, energetic, polished professional with a strong operational finance background, project and process management skills, and experience within the technology industry, preferably in a recurring or SaaS revenue model.

Direct experience in leading a corporate-wide FP&A team, within a company with an international, multi-divisional business model.  Strong analytical skills with business acumen and the ability to transition between the strategic and the detailed. Complex financial and operational modeling experience is a must.

Our FP&A lead will have experienced high-growth environments, as well as supporting expansion through new business models and adjacent revenue streams.

Leadership skills as a corporate champion for cost management and waste reduction across the company by leading the development, monitoring, and reporting of key operational metrics and driving processes to improve productivity and efficiency within the businesses and functions.  

Cultural fit is critically important and includes trust, professionalism, collaboration and a bias for action.  Demonstrated ability to adjust and adapt. Able to work well under pressure while dealing with multiple competing priorities, strong work ethic, and passion for his/her work. 

She or he will have proven leadership skills with outstanding communication capabilities and influencing skills.  The successful candidate must be seen as a business and thought partner and have the ability to identify and drive material change across the Company.  The candidate must be comfortable and effective in dealing with all levels of the organization and have the potential to assume larger, broader roles in the future.

Proven success in hiring, developing and retaining top talent with the capabilities required to accomplish the company’s business goals, and the leadership skills to grow and scale the future business. 

In terms of competency requirements, we would highlight the following:

Strong business and operational orientation and demonstrated track record of close partnership with the senior leaders and influencing business decisions.

Self-starter and ability to take complete ownership of their areas of responsibility.  Automattic is a dispersed company and requires advanced skills in communication and leadership through influence and data-driven decision making.

Previous leadership experience in developing and transforming finance and accounting organizations, embedding financial and corporate BI support into all areas of the business.  Ability to play a leading role in data analytics and connecting operational and financial performance. 

Adopts a broad, long-term perspective on the business, including customer segments and the external environment. Develops hypotheses or alternative scenarios of how critical issues will play out beyond the year and uses these to set challenging goals with future payoff or outcomes.

Business acumen, strategic agility, and operational intuition to go beyond the numbers in dissecting/analyzing business issues, challenges, and opportunities.

Very strong analytical and financial skills to evaluate a broad range of complex business questions, especially such items as; valuation, ROI/ROIC, portfolio analysis, pricing, marketing, etc.

Extensive experience in knowledge of financial planning software and prior success in defining, implementing and evolving an enterprise data management system.  

ABOUT AUTOMATTIC

We are the people behind WordPress.com, WooCommerce, Jetpack, Tumblr, and more. We believe in making the web a better place.

We’re a distributed company with more than 900 Automatticians in 65+ countries speaking 75+ different languages. Our common goal is to democratize publishing so that anyone with a story can tell it, regardless of income, gender, politics, language, or where they live in the world.

DIVERSITY & INCLUSION AT AUTOMATTIC

We’re improving diversity in the tech industry. At Automattic, we want people to love their work and show respect and empathy to all. We welcome differences and strive to increase participation from traditionally underrepresented groups. Our D&I committee involves Automatticians across the company and drives grassroots change. For example, this group has helped facilitate private online spaces for affiliated Automatticians to gather and helps run a monthly D&I People Lab series for further learning. Diversity and Inclusion is a priority at Automattic, though our dedication influences far more than just Automatticians: We make our products freely available and translate our products into and offer customer support in numerous languages. We require unconscious bias training for our hiring teams and ensure our products are accessible across different bandwidths and devices. Read more about our dedication to diversity and inclusion.

HOW TO APPLY

Does this sound interesting? If yes, please send a short email to jobs@automattic.com telling us about yourself and attach a résumé as a PDF. Let us know what you can contribute to the team. Include the title of the position you’re applying for and your name in the subject.

If you’re reading this on a site other than automattic.com please ensure you visit automattic.com/work-with-us for the latest details on applying.

To apply: https://automattic.com/work-with-us/senior-executive-financial-planning-and-analysis/

from We Work Remotely: Remote jobs in design, programming, marketing and more https://ift.tt/2HHbpRr from Work From Home YouTuber Job Board Blog https://ift.tt/2SCJuIT

[juniperpublishers-imst]

Blast Design for Controlling Some of Environmental Nuisances during Deep Hole Blasting in Surface Overburden Benches - Juniper publishers

Journal of Insights in Mining Science & Technology

Abstract

The present study suggesting a safe methodology to control blast induced ground vibration and air overpressure within the safe limits specifying the safe permissible explosive charge per delay and per round along with the blast design parameters which should be used while blasting mainly to protect vulnerable structures in the vicinity. Keeping in view the above-mentioned requirements, 11 rounds of deep hole trial blasts were studied constituting all together 19 blast events recorded by seismographs. While selecting the blast monitoring stations all the sensitive points have been covered which mainly included, dwellings and structures belonging to owner and a few other places within the mine in order to study the blast induced wave propagation and attenuation for various scaled distance. Safe charges have been recommended after regression analysis and suitable blast patterns were recommended for safe and productive blasting.

Keywords : Ground vibration; Fly rock; Air overpressure; Deep hole; Overburden benches

  Introduction

In blasting operation, the local geological conditions must be considered first. Rock competency and fracture patterns have a significant impact on the success of a blasting operation [1]. Due to widely varying nature of rocks, geological structure and ex­plosive materials, blast design parameters are optimized by field testing but monitoring of blast vibrations during actual excavation helps to ensure the safety of the concerned structures as well as to provide necessary data to improve the blasting patterns if re­quired [2]. Venkatesh [3] concluded that the total charge in a blast influences insignificantly on the intensity of the ground vibrations for distances between 100m and 3000m. With the combination of delay detonators and proper blast design, large scale blasts are possible without any significant increase in the vibration levels.

The author Wiss & Linehan [4] made studies to evaluate the influence of 14 blast variables considered to influence the ampli­tude of ground vibrations. Monjezi et al. [5] observed from the sensitivity analysis that distance from the site of blast, number of holes per delay and maximum charge per delay are the most influ­ential parameters towards generation of ground vibration in the blasting operation. The ground vibration characteristics depend on maximum charge per delay in any one of the delay intervals in­stead of total charge used in blast [6]. They found that the charge weight per delay and length of delay to have the most significant influence on ground vibrations. Charge weight per delay is a very important parameter which controls the intensity of ground vi­brations. The intensity of vibrations increases as the quantity of charge detonated per delay increases. The selection of a suitable delay interval is extremely important in multi-row blasts. The function of delay detonation is to separate the pressure front into bundles of energy delivered to rock mass to make the events occur in series, independent of breaking. Proper burden relief should be provided to each row for effective movement of the burden rock [7]. If the delay between rows is not enough, the front row bur­den cannot move forward to enough distance to provide free face to the next subsequent row to move out [8,9]. This adds to more confinement of charges in subsequent rows leading to increased ground vibrations and fly rock. It was found that the ground vi­bration levels could be reduced effectively by arranging delays be­tween rows in such a manner to separate the wave fronts emanat­ing from corresponding charges avoiding the superimposition of waves [10]. Due to higher scattering in Nonel initiation system, it is found that the percentage of seismic energy dissipation during blasting using Nonel initiation system is higher in comparison to blasting using an electronic initiation system. The overlapping of holes leads to improper utilization of explosive energy during blasting with Nonel initiation system than an electronic initiation system [11]. Data evaluation is not solely based on peak particle velocities, as it is for conventional methods. Seismic waveforms, their frequency content, and their time-duration are also consid­ered [12].

The probability study made by Dowding [13] revealed that no cosmetic or threshold cracking takes place below a particle veloc­ity of 12mm/s. The data considered by him for the study included the low frequencies of below 4 Hz collected by Dvorak [14]. Resi­dential structures typically resonate at frequencies in the range of 3Hz to 8Hz indicating a problem. However, the above study indicat­ed no danger even upto 12mm/s PPV with such low frequencies. To substantiate this Siskind et al. [15] conducted studies and ob­served no blast-induced cracking upto 19mm/s PPV. The probabi­listic data provided above may not be valid in specific cases as to­tal time history of vibration event is more important for response spectrum of the structure. The damage that results from vibration will depend on the nature of source, transmission characteristics of the intervening medium/strata, inherent strength of the sub­ject structure, height and rigidity of the structure and foundation design etc. Damage caused by ground vibration is dependent on the amplitude of the ground velocity and on the frequency of the ground motion. All the vibration standards till date are based on the resultant peak particle velocity of ground vibration because this is accepted as the best criterion for assessing levels of vibra­tion damage. The recent trend is to refer to the frequency of the ground motion also. Low frequency waves cause more damage to structure particularly in case of multi-storied buildings. Different countries adopt different standards of safe limits of vibration in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV) for various types of struc­tures. In India DGMS suggested standards of blast vibrations vide their circular No.7 of [16] are being implemented. Accordingly, the permissible peak particle velocity (PPV) at the foundation level of structures in mining area is detailed in Table 1.

Objective

The objective of the study was to suggest the maximum ex­plodable charge per delay (MCPD) and per round for limiting the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) of ground vibration within permissi­ble limits for NONEL system of blasting with emulsion explosives considering the existing surface structures in the vicinity of the mine.

Case Description

To meet the stated objectives, a field study was conducted on sandstone overburden formation of an opencast coal mine of BCCL, a subsidiary of Coal India Ltd. (CIL). The mine is being worked by mechanized drilling and deep hole blasting method. Crawler mounted DTH pneumatic drill of 150mm diameter is being used to drill blast holes. The holes are made near vertical. Staggered pattern of drilling is to be followed for optimum distri­bution of explosive energy. However, pattern of drilling was found to be not very consistent on a few occasions leading to improper burden relief affecting fragmentation and causing boulder gener­ation. Lack of proper bench face is also seen on a couple of occa­sions due to new opening of benches. The strata are also found to be disturbed due the presence of old depillared/caved workings. Numerous free faces caused low vibrations levels and improper fragmentation due to loss of explosive energy. This needs a spe­cial attention of mine management for realizing the fruits of good blast design. All the 11 trial blasts utilized Nonel system of initia­tion with trunk line delays of 17/25ms between the holes in a row and 25/42ms between the rows. Down the hole initiation systems of 250/300ms (of varying length depending on hole depth) were used with deck charging. Details of tie-ins and initiation arrange­ment are given in Figure 1 and according to figure the MCPD of suggested firing pattern having quantity of individual blast hole as compare to another pattern.

Depth of blast holes, in various round of blasts, in general, var­ied from 6 to 7 m. The effective burden varied from 2.5 to 3.0m and spacing varied from 3.0 to 3.5m. The charge per round varied from 400kg to 2115kg and the maximum charge per delay varied from 30kg to 130kg. Blasting was carried out using cartridge ex­plosives and site mixed emulsions (SME) explosives and cartridge booster Explosives. It was found that powder factor varied be­tween 1.0-2.2m3/kg of explosive depending on formation (com­pact /cracked), type of initiation sequence and other blast design variations.

Methodology

To meet the above stated objective field reconnaissance was done to identify the different formations and fragile locations such as benches facing human habitat and nearby the villages. During the study 11 trial blasts with non-electric delay (NONEL) were conducted and ground vibration and air overpressure were monitored (Figure 2) with the help of Minimate/ Minimate plus seismographs. A total of 19 events were recorded by these seis­mographs at various blast monitoring stations nearest to the blast site as shown in Table 2 & 3.

Analysis and Discussions

The analysis of ground vibration records as presented in Table 4 reveals that the dominant frequencies of the ground vibration in the mine varied from 3.5 to 32.5Hz. It may be noted that most of the frequencies were ranging between 8-25Hz (74 %). Consid­ering the surface structures (brick houses on cement belonging to owner) as the critical structure to be protected, the maximum allowable Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) is fixed at 15mm/s based on the trial blasts and the ground vibration monitoring near struc­tures during blasting (refer to Table 1 on DGMS guidelines).

Ground Vibration Predictor

Applying the method of least square regression analysis, an empirical equation is established relating resultant peak particle velocity, V (mm/sec) of the ground, the distance of blasting site from the point of monitoring, R (m) and the maximum charge per delay, W (kg) (Figure 3). The derived empirical ground vibration predictor equation for the mine with Non-electric (NONEL) initia­tion system is given below (Eq. 1):

1.44 891*( ) R V W − = (at 95% confidence interval) (Eq.1)

Coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.63

Equation 2 depicts the relation among resultant peak parti­cle velocity, V (mm/sec) of the ground, the distance of blasting site from the point of monitoring, R (m) and the total charge per round, TW (kg) (Figure 4).

1.62 200*( ) R V TW − = (at 95% confidence interval) (Eq.2)

Coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.65

The scaled distance and peak particle velocity values are plot­ted on a log-log scale. Statistically, the above equations have rea­sonable index of determination and therefore can be accepted for prediction of ground vibration and estimation of safe maximum charge per delay and per round for various distances of structures from the blasting sites. The suggested maximum charge per delay using Nonel initiating systems (TLD & DTH) for the safety of sur­face structures is given in Table 5.

Air Overpressure Monitoring

During trial blasts air overpressure (air blast) was also mon­itored and the details of measurements are given in Table 3 & 4. The values obtained were analyzed for a propagation equation and the same has been shown in Figure 5. All the observations were well within safe permissible limits.

0.07 3 158*( ) R AOP W − = (Eq.3)

Coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.71

A good index of determination has been obtained by eliminat­ing judiciously the offsets which are because of wind speed, RL difference, lack of bench face etc.

Conclusion

This paper presents the scientific investigations on the assess­ment of ground vibration and air overpressure while blasting in the mine. During the investigation period 11 rounds of blasts com­prising a total of 19 events were recorded. Based on the analysis of data following conclusions may be drawn:

a) The site-specific empirical equation relating vibration, distance and maximum explosive quantity per delay for the overburden rock is

1.44 891*( ) R V W − =

Coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.63

The dominant frequencies of ground vibration in the 11 rounds of blasts recorded varied from 3.5Hz to 32.5Hz. How­ever, most events (74%) recorded dominant frequency with more than 8Hz.

b) Assuming a safe level of ground vibration as 15mm/sec for safety of surface structures (kuchha brick houses with ce­ ment) near the mine belonging to owner and 20mm/sec for concrete structure not belonging to owner, the maximum per­missible charge per delay is calculated using site specific em­pirical equations for various distances of surface structures from the blast site and the results are given in Table 5.

c) The AOP is in the safe limit and maximum percentage of noise is below 120db which causes minor harm to the habi­tats.

Acknowledgement

The authors express their gratitude towards the staff and management of BCCL, a subsidiary of Coal India Ltd. for granting permission to conduct the study.

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