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orokinarchives · 5 years ago

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Operation: Hostile Mergers

(Jovian Concord hype image)

Operation

On Wednesday (22 May 2019), the event began with the release of Update 25.0 and was set to run until 03 June. Upon logging in, a new mission was available on Jupiter, labelled "Operation: Hostile Mergers Mission 1". This update also contained the Jupiter Gas City tileset rework, and the Amalgam enemies found within.

Mechanics and Missions

The new node on Jupiter, Operation: Hostile Mergers Mission 1, was a Disruption mission on the remastered Gas City tileset. The Tenno had to complete one round of Disruption, and then were given the opportunity to extract. Upon completing the mission, a second node was unlocked on Jupiter, where the Tenno had to complete two rounds of Disruption. Completing the second mission unlocked a third mission with three rounds of Disruption. Completing the third mission unlocked a final node, labelled "Operation: Hostile Mergers Endurance", where the Tenno participated in Disruption for as long as they could.

During Disruption missions, the Tenno would drop into the Gas City and have to hack a door to proceed. Ordis and Alad V would send transmissions throughout the mission. Some of Alad V's transmissions were distinct from his usual ones, spoken in a lower tone of voice and with a darker camera view, and a camera angle high above his head. These transmissions were mostly addressed to an individual called CT, and not intended for the Tenno.

Ordis: "Ordis is detecting Sentient waveforms, Operator. Strange interlink. Splattered in Corpus crosstalk. Bypass that console so we might get a better understanding…."

Alad V: "Oh no! You've caught me! Me and my little partnership! Where's that Lotus when you need her? Now, sniff-sniff, Betrayers. See if you can find the cheese."

(upon hacking door) Ordis: "Outgoing communications cipher…. Not much of a trick for Ordis, is it? Oh, how scandalous! Alad's system has a back door! Shall we… listen in?"

Alad V (to CT): "Ah, more test subjects have arrived. Right on schedule. CT, prepare my Amalgams for further… evolution. I've baited the traps."

Ordis: "These conduits are the source of those Sentient waveforms. This may be worthwhile if we can find the key component… but it does seem a tad convenient, doesn't it?"

Beyond the door, the Tenno could find four terminals of Sentient design. Vapos Corpus enemies would begin to spawn in high numbers, accompanied by occasional Amalgams. Upon death, these Amalgams dropped keys that would activate the terminals.

(upon picking up first key, variant) Alad V: "Almost there, you clever vermin! But what to do next? Can you feel that coming rush? That cocktail of unflinching violence and pseudo-random rewards? Mm, good for business."

(upon picking up first key, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Showtime, CT. Inform our Partners another trial has begun. Prep interference routines. Bait and wait… it's time for Alad V to get back on the corporate map, yes!"

Inserting the keys into the conduit terminals would trigger a 2-minute countdown, and trigger either a boon or a hazard for the Tenno, which would last for the duration of the conduit activation. In addition, a Demolyst would spawn somewhere on the map, and immediately head towards the active conduit. This Demolyst was essentially an improved Amalgam unit that periodically pulsed a nullifier field. If it was able to reach the conduit, it would charge up for roughly 3 seconds before detonating, destroying itself and the conduit. If it was killed before it could detonate, the conduit would be considered safe and the countdown would end.

If the conduit was projecting a hazard and was destroyed, the hazard would persist for the rest of the round. If the conduit was projecting a boon and was defended, the boon would persist for the rest of the round. In all other outcomes, the condition ended once the conduit was no longer active.

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "In battle, advantage goes to the one most willing to die. And my Demolysts, Tenno? Well, they aren't just willing… they want it."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "As a man with everything to lose, I make a point of employing the opposite. Release the Demolyst!"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "Feeling a bit… out of sorts, Tenno? Noticing any… performance problems with that metal seashell of yours?"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "I've taken my knocks in the past, but, Tenno, you seem a bit sluggish, a bit spent. Are you sure you want to continue?"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "Disciples, remember your vows. Increase profits, and decrease… Tenno!"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "Demolyst! Target the Conduit… and claim your glory!"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V: "Demolyst! Light your fuse!

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT, time for a Demolyst."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT… they've accessed a Conduit. [sigh] Deploy a Demolyst!"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Conduit activated! CT, send in a Demolyst."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "They're preoccupied! Now, CT, the Demolyst!"

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Relentless, even when they're spinning on the spit. CT, signal the supply decks. We're going to need additional 'volunteers' for conversion."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "This has gone far enough. CT, cycle the interference routines. We need to knock these freaks down a notch."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT, permute the next interference routines. They had better work this time."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Bait followed by battery followed by bait. I'm getting bored. CT, let's salt our interference routines and dispatch the next Amalgams, yes."

(upon activating conduit, variant) Alad V (to CT): "I need to cut my losses, quick. CT, dispatch updated interference routines… and, uh… lower the room temperature, could you?"

(upon activating conduit with a boon, variant) Alad V (to CT): "What… what if we make the Tenno more of a threat… really see what these Amalgams can do?"

(upon activating conduit with a boon, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Let's flip the script, and see what these Amalgams can do."

(upon activating conduit with a boon, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT, invert the algorithm. Give them a little false hope."

(upon activating conduit with a boon, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT, the model is getting a bit predictable. A little morale boost might be good for conditioning, yes."

(upon activating conduit with a boon, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Let the Betrayers have a little fun while we crunch the numbers."

(upon activating conduit with a boon, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Give the Betrayers a little hope, and we'll sink the hook deeper."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V: "Don't be discouraged! Failure has made you what you are… a failure."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V: "Betrayers, frustrated yet? Get used to it."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V: "Will you try again? Will you give me another reason to laugh?"

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V: "A pity… you could have used that. Hmm, but I'm bad at sharing, you know."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V: "This week on Nightwave: Tenno lose big, give up on life! Details at the next cycle."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Finally. Some investments take longer to earn out."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V (to CT): "These disciples finally show some merit. Credit where credit is due: I am an excellent leader."

(when a conduit is destroyed, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT, fast-track these disciples for promotion… I mean, conversion, of course."

(upon defending conduit) Ordis: "Scans indicate these conduits are connected to a massive stockpile of resources. Just how long is the Operator planning to fight for?"

(upon defending conduit) Ordis: "Operator, the stockpile of tech and resources connected to these conduits seems beyond Alad's means. Where did he get all this?"

(upon defending conduit) Alad V: "Good! Keep it up. Every single bit-stream of this carnage only makes me richer."

(upon defending conduit) Alad V: "Thank you for your generous brutality and violence! My Amalgams have never been better!"

(upon defending conduit) Alad V: "The smart move would be walk away while you still can. Consequences aren't your strong suit, are they?"

(upon defending conduit) Alad V: "Ready for more, Betrayers? I have to admire your greed! Sure! Let's go again!"

(upon defending conduit) Alad V: "Oh, are you still floating there? Like a twit tetrapod, oblivious to the rising heat."

(upon defending conduit) Alad V (to CT): "Steady… steady now, follow the plan. Trials make data, data is sold, Amalgams evolve… Tenno die. And I won't have to beg for mercy from the Partners."

(upon defending conduit) Alad V (to CT): "Useless disciples! CT, is it so hard to get good help these days? The sooner they're all Amalgams, the better."

(upon defending conduit) Alad V (to CT): "CT, rescan the comm channels. I can't shake the feeling that someone's listening in. The Board? Our Partners? I don't know."

Hidden in an out-of-the-way room could be found a datamass. This datamass could be inserted into an active conduit that was projecting a hazard in order to cancel the hazard.

(upon finding conduit failsafe) Ordis: "Some kind of failsafe? If placed in a conduit, it will cancel the running interference routines. Use it wisely, Operator; there's only one!"

After all four conduits had either been defended or destroyed, the round was completed and another round would begin shortly (unless all four terminals were destroyed, whereupon the mission promptly failed).

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "The data's good, at least. Worth more than a few trinkets to our business partners, yes."

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "CT, integrate this for the next generational cycle. We need to recoup… aggressively."

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Unfortunately. But this is how evolution works. One generation closer to an Amalgam they just can't kill."

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Wasteful, but failure teaches faster. Our Partners will be pleased."

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "I thought you were better than this! You're making me look bad in front of my new business associates."

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Another weakness revealed and removed. Who knew these violent prongs would be so good at science!

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "I don't like this. Inventory as bait was a mistake. What do I do now?"

(during a round, variant) Alad V (to CT): "This is getting out of hand."

(upon completing a round) Alad V: "Take your trinkets. A small price to pay for a superior product."

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "Impressive! Ordis is just fluttering with anticipation! What will the Operator—murder—find next?"

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "Ordis thinks Alad will miss this."

(upon completing a round) Alad V (to CT): "More losses. More debt. How am I going to explain this to that… that thing?"

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "Excellent find. Might the Operator now consider returning to the warm embrace of the Orbiter?"

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "For how much longer will the Operator play along with Alad's twisted game?"

(upon completing a round) Alad V (to CT): "What did they get? This is spiralling on us. I'm hemorrhaging inventory."

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "Ordis will add this to the pile."

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "May Ordis suggest extraction? Nothing Alad has is worth your life."

(upon completing a round) Ordis: "Ordis knows the Operator has the wisdom to choose comfort and safety over material gain. Ordis… is right, is he not?"

(upon completing a round) Alad V (to CT): "CT, transfer more disciples and begin conversion at once. We're deep in the red now."

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "Is that all you're good for?"

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "Stay awhile… stay… forever!"

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "We're just getting reacquainted. Don't leave the party just yet!"

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "Smell that? Newly evolved Amalgams, fresh from the oven! Want a taste?"

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "You could have so much more…."

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "You're greedy, Tenno, very greedy. It's an inspiration to us all."

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "Don't leave, Betrayer! Think of all the science we could be doing…."

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "Impressive performance, Betrayer. But, if you don't mind, we're going to change things up."

(waiting for next round, variant) Alad V: "Keep testing me, Betrayers. And I'll keep testing you."

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "The next Amalgam cycle will show you what it means to be on the bleeding edge."

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "Destroy them, my Amalgams!"

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "We have unfinished business. Shall we?"

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "So… feeling better, Tenno? I can fix that."

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "Another roll, Betrayers? I think your number's bound to come up."

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "I told my Partners you were insatiable… but even I'm impressed!"

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "Let's see if that shiny Tenno luck holds."

(when next round starts, variant) Alad V: "I see. Another round? Good to see my greed wearing off on you!"

(when extracting, variant) Alad V (to CT): "It's not an ideal outcome. I just hope it's enough to appease that flying freak [sigh]."

(when extracting, variant) Alad V (to CT): "They'll be back. And my Amalgams will be waiting."

(when extracting, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Costly. CT, send combat results to our Partners, but… omit our losses.

(upon failing, variant) Alad V (to CT): "This… this is how we do it. CT, prepare the revised Amalgam routines for the next production cycle."

(upon failing, variant) Alad V (to CT): "That should keep the Partners happy. Or, at least, less… un-happy. [sigh]"

(upon failing, variant) Alad V (to CT): "Disciples performing well. Perhaps I should start a profit-sharing program? [snickers] No."

(upon failing, variant) Alad V: "Game over! You lose… but take comfort in what that means: that I win! [laughs]"

(upon failing, variant) Alad V: "You got greedy, Tenno. Best leave that to a professional."

(upon failing, variant) Alad V: "Thank you, Tenno. By your thick-headed violent demonstration, my new Partner Amalgams are ready for full production!"

Rewards

After completing the first mission, the Tenno received an inbox message from the Lotus containing an Operation: Hostile Mergers badge.

Inbox message: Success!

You went above and beyond the call of duty today, Tenno. The skill you displayed will inspire your fellow warriors.

—The Lotus

After completing the second and third missions, the Tenno received identical inbox messages containing an Operation: Hostile Mergers sigil and an Aura Forma, respectively.

If the Tenno achieved a score of 1000 on the Endurance mission, they would receive an inbox message from the Lotus containing a Spectra Vandal. If the Tenno achieved a score of 4000 on the Endurance mission, they would receive an inbox message from the Lotus containing a Glaxion Vandal. These inbox messages were identical to the messages received before. Both Endurance goals could be completed on the same run.

The founding warlord of each clan received an inbox message from Ordis with a trophy based on the clan's level of participation in the event.

Inbox message: HOSTILE MERGERS: Maximum Disruption

Operators,

[clan] inflicted maximum disruption to Alad V's Amalgam laboratory. In doing so, you robbed him of resources and strained relations with his Sentient partners.

Ordis has taken the liberty of commissioning this statue. Surely it will become the focal point of whatever room you place it in.

Your loyal Cephalon, Ordis

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#warframe #events #lore #alad v #ct #natah #corpus #sentients #gas city #jupiter #disruption #hostile mergers #orokin archives

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pussygreys · 2 years ago

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soukacatv · 6 years ago

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Why do we need modulation? | Soukacatv.com

Modulation

Modulation is an important step of communication system. Modulation is defined as the process whereby some characteristic (line amplitude, frequency, phase of a high frequency signal wave (carrier wave) is varied in accordance with instantaneous value intensity of low frequency signal wave (modulating wave.)

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Need for modulation :

i) To separate signal from different transmitters :

Audio frequencies are within the range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Without modulation all signals at same frequencies from different transmitters would be mixed up. There by giving impossible situation to tune to any one of them. In order to separate the various signals, radio stations must broadcast at different frequencies.

Each radio station must be given its own frequency band. This is achieved by frequency translation as a result of modulation process.

ii) Size of the antenna :

For efficient transmission the transmitting antennas should have length at least equal to a quarter of the wavelength of the signal to be transmitted. For an electromagnetic wave of frequency 15 kHz, the wavelength λ is 20 km and one-quarter of this will be equal to 5 km. Obviously, a vertical antenna of this size is impractible. On the other hand, for a frequency of 1 MHz, this height is reduced to 75 m.

Also, the power radiated by an antenna of length l is proportional to (l/λ). This shows that for the same antenna length, power radiated is large for shorter wavelength. Thus, our signal which is of low frequency must be translated to the high frequency spectrum of the electromagnetic wave. This is achieved by the process of modulation.

iii)To Reduce Antenna Height.(practicability of antennas height).

iv)Transmit The Information To long Distance Without interference.

v) Reduce band width.

Other answers have described modulation as it applies to communications applications, where the information to be conveyed is superimposed onto a carrier. My answer will apply the concept of modulation to power electronics applications, particularly in DC-AC inverters.

Refer to Figure 1. This shows a typical 3-phase inverter bridge. Six electronic switches are arranged in three-phase bridge configuration, and are supplied by a DC voltage source. These switches are high-power electronic devices. The devices are shown as transistors, but can be SCRs, GTOs, Darlington transistors, MOSFETs or IGBTs. The most suitable devices will be governed by conversion power, voltage level and switching frequencies requirements. The load is shown as an induction motor, but may be the primary of a three-phase transformer or any other A.C. load.

Figure 1: Three-phase Inverter Switches and Waveforms

If each of the three phases are switched in this manner, but with the switching of each phase 120 electrical degrees delayed from the previous phase, the three waveforms of the centre points (VAO, VBO, VCO) are as shown in the figure. If the difference in voltage between any two phases is measured, (VAB in the figure), the result is a 6-step or quasi-square wave. VBC and VCA are the same except are phase shifted 120 degrees from each other.

Thus the output of the three-phase inverter bridge is a three-phase waveform. The frequency of the waveform is set by the switching frequency. The RMS voltage is controlled by modulating the waveform. In practice, the waveform is pulse width modulated with chops.. These chops are of varying size. The purpose is twofold: to make the inverter output currents more closely resemble a sine wave, and to enable adjustment of the RMS output voltage.

Figure 2: Sinusoidal Modulation of Inverter Output Waveform

A method of modulation often used is sinusoidal modulation. . Refer to Figure 2. A triangle waveform is compared with a sine waveform. When the sine wave exceeds the triangle wave, the top switch of the inverter phase is turned on. When the triangle wave exceeds the sine wave, the bottom switch is turned on. The resultant current waveform to the load is nearly sinusoidal with very little harmonic distortion. If the load is an induction motor, no further filtering is required.

If the inverter is fixed frequency, such as in a UPS, then further filtering is needed. The harmonic distortion content is a function of the modulation frequency of the carrier wave. At a high modulation frequency, the first significant harmonic will be at high frequency and low magnitude, which means that harmonics are relatively easy to filter out with a low-pass LC filter. Typical modulation frequency with IGBT power switches is 4kHz.

In the process of modulation, the baseband signal is translated i.e., shifted from low frequency to high frequency . This frequency shift is proportional to the frequency of carrier.

Advantages of Modulation

1. Reduction in the height of antenna

2. Avoids mixing of signals

3. Increases the range of communication

4. Multiplexing is possible

5. Improves quality of reception

We will discuss each of these advantages in detail below .

1. Reduction in the height of antenna

For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of λ/4 ,where λ is the wavelength .

λ = c /f

where c : is the velocity of light

f: is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted

The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband signal of f = 10 kHz is calculated as follows :

The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install .

Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz . The minimum antenna height is given by,

This antenna can be easily installed practically . Thus, modulation reduces the height of the antenna .

2. Avoids mixing of signals

If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the modulation by more than one transmitter, then all the signals will be in the same frequency range i.e. 0 to 20 kHz . Therefore, all the signals get mixed together and a receiver can not separate them from each other .

Hence, if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different carrier then they will occupy different slots in the frequency domain (different channels). Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals .

3. Increase the Range of Communication

The frequency of baseband signal is low, and the low frequency signals can not travel long distance when they are transmitted . They get heavily attenuated .

The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of the transmitted signal, and they travel longer distance .

The modulation process increases the frequency of the signal to be transmitted . Therefore, it increases the range of communication.

4. Multiplexing is possible

Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be transmitted over the same communication channel simultaneously .

This is possible only with modulation.

The multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many signals . Hence, many TV channels can use the same frequency range, without getting mixed with each other or different frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time .

5. Improves Quality of Reception

With frequency modulation (FM) and the digital communication techniques such as PCM, the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent . This improves quality of reception .

We need to modulate signal for following reason basically :

1: Transmission of signal to longer distance : For transmitting a signal to the longer distance you need to have maximum amplitude and frequency which is impossible to acquire from original signal.

2: Multiplexing the signal: Modulating signals on different frequencies give us the option to mix and send multiple signals through a single channel and separate out easily.

3: Reduction in Antenna height: Well, Antenna theory will be helpful for understanding this. Simply I remembered that height H of antenna is proportional to the wavelength (Lamda) of the signal.

4: Noise immunity: Modulated signals are high frequency high amplitude signals and hence noise is not so easily affecting the information as every modulation technique using different phenomena to store data.

5: Noise availability: Modulated signals consist frequencies and amplitudes decided by the designer and so according to the channel noise and interference we can decide parameters and avoid noise.

6: Ease of transmission and reception: As we know baseband i.e. original signals can't be transmitted directly as they are not supported by most of channels and also fade away after particular distance, so we need modulation.

This one's easy. I'll give you two instances why modulation is needed.

INSTANCE 1:

Consider you're on a bank of one side of a river and I'll give you a paper and tell you to throw it to the other side of the bank! Is it possible to throw the paper which doesn't have suitable mass to other side of the river?

The answer is No. So in order to make the paper reach the other side of the river I'll use a stone with the paper and throw it, now it'll reach the other side.

In communication the message signal will be of low frequency which is like paper (light weight) in order to make it heavy, a carrier signal(stone) is used to send data from transmitting station to the receiving station.

INSTANCE 2:

Consider you have food and you have to take it to school for lunch, will you carry the food with your hand? No right? You'll use a carrier box and you'll eat the food not the carrier box.

In communication food(message signal) cannot be transmitted as it is, it needs a carrier box(carrier signal)to which is used to enclose the message signal from the transmitter end and carry the modulated signal through the medium and at the receiver the carrier box(carrier signal) is removed by demodulation it removes the envelope and obtains the food(message signal).

This is why modulation and demodulation is required in communication systems.

Dictionary definition: changing any one of the parameters of carrier signal such as amplitude, frequency or phase of the signal with respect to the input voltage of the message signal at that particular instance of time and keeping the other parameters constant is called as modulation.

Few other reasons why modulation is required is as follows.

1) TO REDUCE THE HEIGHT OF THE ANTENNA

2) TO MULTIPLEX MORE NUMBER OF SIGNALS

3) TO REDUCE THE NOISE & DISTORTIONS

4) TO NARROW BANDING THE SIGNAL

5) TO REDUCE EQUIPMENT COMPLEXITY

Very simply because of physics. Let's say you want to communicate from one person to another using just a really really long wire (cable communications). The way that you model a long wire is using a infinite number of capacitors and inductors, as shown below:

For simplicity, you can say that both connections have a shared ground, so all the bottom inductors don't participate, and all the capacitors connect to ground on the bottom. If we say all the capacitances are the same and all inductances are the same (again an approximation that the wire is homogeneous), and you sum these infinitely, you will get a DC resistance. What this means it that this lossless long wire (meaning it has no resistors in it), will transmit nothing at DC, because all of the voltage will drop across the resistor.

Thus the only way to transfer anything across a long wire is through AC (alternating current). Thus you need high frequency modulation in order to communicate.

In the modulation process, two signals are used namely the modulating signal and the carrier .

The modulating signal is nothing but the baseband signal or information signal while the carrier is a high frequency sinusoidal signal .

In the modulation process, some parameter of the carrier wave (such as amplitude, frequency or phase ) is varied in accordance with the modulating signal . This modulated signal is then transmitted by the transmitter .

The receiver demodulates the received modulated signal and gets the original information signal back .

Thus, demodulation is exactly opposite to modulation .

In the process of modulation the carrier wave actually acts as carrier which carries the information signal from the transmitter to receiver .

Need of Modulation

You may ask, when the baseband signal can be transmitted directly why to use the modulation ?

The answer is that the baseband transmission has many limitations which can be overcome using modulation . It is explained below .

In the process of modulation, the baseband signal is translated i.e., shifted from low frequency to high frequency . This frequency shift is proportional to the frequency of carrier.

Advantages of Modulation

1. Reduction in the height of antenna

2. Avoids mixing of signals

3. Increases the range of communication

4. Multiplexing is possible

5. Improves quality of reception

Modulation is a process in which the feature (amplitude, phase or frequency ) of the carrier signal is changed in accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.

Modulation is needed for many reasons. Some of them are given below :

· To increase the bandwidth of the signals

· To reduce the antenna size.

· To reduce the noise and distortions.

· To multiplex the signals

· To reduce the interference at the time of transmission of the information.

In a carrier communication system, the baseband signal of a low-frequency spectrum is translated to a high frequency spectrum. This is achieved through modulation. The aim of this topic is to explore the reasons for using modulation. Modulation is defined as a process by virtue of which, some characteristic of a high frequency sinusoidal wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal.

Two signals are involved in the modulation process. The baseband signal and the carrier signal. The baseband signal is to be transmitted to the receiver. The frequency of this signal is generally low. In the modulation process, this baseband signal is called the

modulating signal. The waveform of this signal is unpredictable. For example, the waveform of a speech signal is random in nature and cannot be predicted. In this case, the speech signal is the modulating signal.

The other signal involved with the modulation is a high frequency sinusoidal wave. This signal is called the carrier signal or carrier.

The frequency of the carrier signal is always much higher than that of the baseband signal. After modulation, the baseband signal of low frequency is transferred to the high frequency carrier, which carries the information in the form of some variations. After the completion of the modulation process, some characteristic of the carrier is varied such that the resultant variations carry the information.

The carrier signal is represented by the equation:

A=E sin(ωt + ϕ)——(1)

equation-(1) is an indicator that this equation represents the carrier signal. The components of this equation arc as follows:

· A: Instantaneous amplitude of the carrier

· E: Amplitude of the carrier

· ϕ: Initial phase of the carrier signal

· Angular frequency of the carrier, such that = 2πfc, Where fc is the frequency carrier, also called the central frequency

Equation (1) has three parameters namely, amplitudes (E), frequency (ω), and phase (f). In principle, these parameters have constant values for a particular sinusoidal wave. According to the definition of Modulation, some characteristic of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. After modulation any one of the three parameters of the carrier signal, namely, frequency, or phase, is varied keeping the remaining two constant.

The baseband signal is then carried by these variations. The type of the modulation is decided by the parameter chosen to vary.

For example, if amplitude of the carrier is chosen to vary in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal, keeping frequency and phase constant, the resulting modulation called amplitude modulation. Frequency modulation and phase modulation are also obtained in a similar way.

Low-frequency baseband sign it is thus translated to a high frequency carrier such that the information is coded in the variations in one of the parameters of the carrier. At the receiver side, these variations are detected through the demodulation process to recover the original baseband signal.

The following can be summarized with reference to modulation.

· The baseband signal is known as the modulating signal.

· The baseband signal is a low-frequency signal.

· The carrier signal is always a high frequency sinusoidal wave.

· After modulation, the carrier is said to be modulated by the modulating.

· The output of the modulator is called the modulated signal.

During the modulation process, the modulating, signal varies the frequency, y, amplitude, or phase of the carrier in accordance with its instantaneous amplitude.

The process of modulation in a communication system increases its cost and complexity. This may be considered as a disadvantage. However, modulation is extensively used in most communication systems. There is a definite need for using modulation. There can be problems if modulation is not used. Scrutinizing these problems can explain why modulation is required.

The baseband signal will be transmitted as it is. If modulation is not employed however, the system designer could confront the fallowing problems:

1) TO REDUCE THE ANTENNA HEIGHT 2) TO MULTIPLEX THE MORE NUMBER OF SIGNALS 3) TO REDUCE THE NOISE & DISTORTIONS 4) TO NARROW BANDING THE SIGNAL 5) TO REDUCE EQUIPMENT COMPLEXITY

Established in 2000, the Soukacatv.com (DSW) main products are modulators both in digital and analog modulators, amplifier and combiner. We are the leading communication supplier in manufacturing the headend system in China. Our 16 in 1 and 24 in 1 now are the most popular products all over the world. For more, please access to https://www.soukacatv.com/.

Source: https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-need-modulation

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ayasinspiration · 2 years ago

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Research

https://yourartpath.com/types-of-line-in-art-meaning

After my decision to express conversations through lines, creating abstract .

I did a bit of a research on how the lines work and which lines I am going to use in order to express different components of the speech.

https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-the-human-voice-is-so-versatile-69800

Voice explanation

How the voice is produced

Voice production can be thought of as a source-filter model. The voice is a combination of a vibrating source that controls its amplitude and pitch (the five tones in the example above), and an acoustic filter that controls how it sounds, much like how you can shape the sound with a graphic equaliser on a sound system.

The source is the vibrating vocal folds situated in the larynx. The filter is the airway that runs from the vocal folds to the lips or nostrils, which we call the vocal tract.

The voice is an instrument which we use all the time from the day we’ve been born to our very last moment. It is important for the aim of this project to acknowledge the structure and how we produce sound.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WX3YNJd8Y4A

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/topics/language/ways-of-speaking/

https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/22/the-power-of-language-how-words-shape-people-culture/

https://www.coursehero.com/study-guides/boundless-psychology/influence-of-culture-on-emotion/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264309590_Visualizing_Vocal_Expression

In this case study they are exploring the sounds as an abstract shapes. It is really interesting to understand how people are trying to express the human voice through different systems.

https://social.cs.uiuc.edu/papers/pdfs/pietrowicz_CHIEA14.pdf

http://www.cybertherapyandrehabilitation.com/2013/06/visualizing-voice/

There are two conversations presented on the images. Here the colours are bright and the way they explore the topic is through circular system which shows how people communicate. Each participant in the conversation is presented through different colour.

https://blog.soundviz.com/2015/10/29/8-stunning-ways-artists-are-visualizing-sound/

The following links are showing the traditional way of exploring the topic ‘voice and visualisation’.

https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/music-moves/0/steps/12681

Most importantly, we will have a look at three visual representations of sound: the waveform, spectrum and spectrogram.

The only way for people to see their voice is through waveform or spectrum, but my idea is to create art (abstract ) following my own rules and exposing not their voice but their way of speaking following a conversation or explanation. There is nothing to do with science only with the voice and my understanding about it.

https://www.voicebase.com/5-reasons-to-combine-data-visualization-and-speech-analytics/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4828474/

About my research:

There are many exciting ways to represent sound which is amazing. Thorough my research I saw big diversity and explorations. The common one is with the help of programs which analyse data behind the noise, measuring the different qualities of the audio and than assigning a visual component of them. Even Apple Music has its own music visualiser so while you’re listening it gives you the opportunity to watch the movement of the voice/melody. The topic is really abstract and at the same time really researched by a lot of people in many different ways. Every person who tried to visualise voice has a different idea about the process of investigation.And there is a big diversity of outcomes. Most of the people are exploring the subject through different data programs, others through different shapes and colours and morover there are artists who draw the conversations and express feelings through an actual art works.

I am amazed, when I first begun with this project I was scared that I won’t be able to research it in a certain way cause I thought that it is pretty abstract and the information would be not that much, but at the moment I’ve started with the research I found a lot of information.

My system is different and it is not linked to any of the techniques I found and read about. It is completely invented by me and my vision about voice and speech. For me every person has his own point of view so I focused on my own since I am the person who’s working on this topic.

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vin-robles · 3 years ago

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slinky ::

𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐆, 𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 𝐃𝐈𝐏 𝐀 𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐊𝐄 𝐂𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐒 𝐀 𝐑𝐔𝐄𝐅𝐔𝐋 𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐄 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐒 𝐃𝐎𝐖𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐄 𝐁𝐄𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄 focusing again. “The romance kind. I don’t believe in fate but it’s nice to think about it.” It’s nice to read stories where people aren’t temporary, revolving door fixtures in your life, is what he really means. But why is HARDLY important now that he’s exposed himself on enjoying love stories in his free time. A very desirable idea to him, but improbable situation for his kind; near immortal and solitary. “Always enlightening to see other species take on it culturally. Especially, looking in from where there is none. Sliske rubs his neck before he cranes his neck, eyes going freakishly wide and black as he scans the darkness.

He takes up jobs on the side, he’s decent at it despite preferring solo work, he often will opt to work in a pair. After all, he does have a business to run and upkeep to make when clientele fluctuated. Paracosm didn’t run on charity and guests alone. He gives her the silence she wants for now, jotting down on his mental checklist to see if LIBRARIES were even a thing on Sigma Rhada, unmoving until he straightens up, eyes still black sockets.

It was tough to suppress a groan. She did it anyway, if only to maintain some kind of an air of interest in the subject at hand, but stars was it hard. The last thing she really wanted to think about was romance, much less the gross books hoarded by old people and bored spouses the world over.

“Yeah, we got no shortage of romance books.” She grimaced to herself. “I don’t know much about em myself. I don’t read em but I know they exist. You’re prolly better off talkin to Nena about that, though. She’s got like a wall of the stupid things. Pretty sure she uses em like currency or whatever.”

Vin tilted the barrel of her rifle downward, still squinting through the scope and praying for any sign of the target. Anything. Hell, she’d even take someone who kind of looked like the guy, if just to escape the conversation before it got even more awkward.

#devilscharity #|| v: we communicate in waveforms ||#[sliske]#i hope her standoffishness doesn't make it too tough to answer #;n;

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vin-robles · 1 year ago

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ran across this again digging through old folders idiots

#my art #|| visage ||#[ardaka]#|| v: we communicate in waveforms ||

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iafox587 · 3 years ago

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Free Synth For Mac

Here is our colection of FREE software, VST plugins, VSTi instruments, audio utilities and DAWs. Should you know of anything that we have not listed here let us know. Waveform Free is unlike any other so-called Free DAW – we fully acknowledge it has more capabilities than most enthusiast producers will ever need. AudioKit Synth One is the world’s first completely free & open-source full-featured professional iOS synthesizer app. “A Stunning Endeavor. Sounds Amazing!”. “Amazing & Brilliant. Sounds fantastic!”. “Sounds amazing the start of something huge.”. Command and conquer generals mac free. “Beautifully designed, sounds great, and above all, fun.”. Format: VST/AU, 32 bit + 64 bit. OS: Windows, Mac. Audio examples: X-Eight Lite is the free lite version of X-Eight, an 808 and sub bass VST/AU plugin created by Thenatan. While the paid plugin contains over 1000 presets, X-Eight Lite comes with a total of 80 sub bass and 808 presets. That’s a good amount of presets for a free.

Mbass - Pd object bass drum synthesizer v.2Full featured analogue modeled bass drum synthesizer, written in the object orient real-time music and multimedia environment PD (Pure ..

Space Synthesizer Mac v.2.0.2The Space Synth is a polyphonic AU instrument plugin, with an ambient sound. It is suitable for ambient music, space music, ambient techno and electronic music in general. The bundle inludes 15 other plugins.

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Prodatum for Mac OS X v.0.42.15A free, cross-platform patch editor for the E-MU Proteus 2000 sample based synthesizer family. Written in C++, using FLTK for it's user-interface and portmidi for MIDI communications, prodatum classic is available for Linux, MacOS X and Windows. It ..

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Alpha Free for Mac OS X v.3.1.2Focussed on the essential modules of an analogue synthesizer Alpha 3 offers true hands on operation. Everything is where you would expect it, nothing is more complex as it needs to be. Nothing is less powerfull as it needs to be. Alpha 3 is the sum ..

ESpeak for Mac OS X v.1.46.02eSpeak is a compact open source software speech synthesizer for English and other languages, for Linux and Windows. homepage eSpeak uses a 'formant synthesis' method. This allows many languages to be provided in a small size. The speech is clear, ..

Moog Modular V 2 for Mac OS X v.2.6.0Moog Modular V 2 is a high performance virtual synthesizer that brings back the most famous series of synthesizers: the Moog Modular. It might be a little harder to handle with just the mouse but it is a faithful reproduction. Whether recreating the ..

Glass Viper for Mac OS X v.1.20Glass Viper is a synthesizer with unique waveform shaping, that has a deep and natural sense of movement. Going beyond analogue simulation, into a truly organic sound, from simple old synths to grungy filthy basses, or delicate pianos to strange ..

SubsTractor v.1.3.0SubsTractor is created on base of the popular Propellerhead Reason soft synthesizer SubTractor. Subtractor is an analog-type polyphonic synthesizer based on subtractive synthesis, the method used in analog synthesizers.

ArKaos VJ DMX v.3.5Software-based visual synthesizer for PC or Mac. It is a tool for VJs or visual artists to create and control live visual performances. ArKaos VJ DMX can also be used as a powerful Media Server controlled through any DMX console.

Voxynth Mac v.2.0.2Voxynth is a synthesizer (AU), which can be used to create vocal sounds or synthetic choirs. In addition, the MIDI synth has a stereo delay and comes with 64 factory patches and a manual (Adobe Acrobat).

Fatsondo Mac v.2.0.2The Fatsondo MIDI Synthesizer is a plugin (AU), which has been tailored made for the creation of fat sounds. In addition, it has a built-in chorus, flanger, stereo delay, comes with 256 factory patches and a manual (Adobe Acrobat).

BuzZer v.0.4.3BuzZer 0.4.3 is a tool known as a polyphonic stereo Audio Unit software instrument for Mac OS X. It emulates a analog VCO VCF VCA Synthesizer. Major Features:subtractive synthesis.2 morphable sine, triangle, sawtooth , square and noise VCO's.2 ..

Discovery v.3.3Discovery is a 32 and 64-bit Virtual Analog synthesizer inspired by Clavias Nord Lead for VST or AU hosts featuring: 32 Voice Polyphony (One voice used per triggered layer). 2X Oversampling for hardware quality sounds. More than 3.500 presets in 40 ..

Discovery Pro v.4.1Discovery Pro 4.1 is a powerful tool which brings many benefits such as: 12 oscillators Virtual Analog VSTi RTAS Audio Units Synthesizer featuring 4 layers, WAV and SoundFont (SF2) support, 2X oversampling/undersampling, built-in arpeggiator, sync, ..

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FreeAlpha v.3FreeAlpha 3 is an advanced program which satisfies you with the essential modules of an analogue synthesizer Alpha 3 which offers true hands on operation.Everything is where you would expect it, nothing is more complex as it needs to be. Nothing is ..

LinPlug Albino VST v.2.1.2LinPlug Albino VST 2.1.2 synthesizer provides users with the result of a unique collaboration between sound designer Rob Papen and LinPlug. This amazing synth comes with a cutting-edge selection of presets designed by Rob ..

Synthesizer software by TitlePopularityFreewareLinuxMac

Today's Top Ten Downloads for Synthesizer

Virtual MIDI Piano Keyboard for Mac OS A MIDI events generator and receiver. It doesnt produce any

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EKS-9 EKS-9 1.0 brings users the convenience of using an efficient

ESpeak for Mac OS X eSpeak is a compact open source software speech synthesizer

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HighC for Mac OS X HighC is a graphical music creation tool. It is a

Pitchwheel The Pitchwheel plug-in changes the pitch of a sound without

SubsTractor SubsTractor is created on base of the popular Propellerhead

Discovery Discovery is a 32 and 64-bit Virtual Analog synthesizer

Synthesizer Software For Mac

Visit HotFiles@Winsite for more of the top downloads here at WinSite!

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mediumceleb266 · 3 years ago

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Waves tune real time auto tune

Waves Tune not working | Forum.

Auto Tune v.s. Waves Tune - G.

Waves Tune Real Time Auto Tune.

Waves Real-time auto tune issue - Support - Waves.

Waves Tune Real-Time - Vocal Tuning Plug-In (Download).

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Mar 02, 2022 · It’s got a great set of features such as pitch correction in real time, for live performances, vibrato controls and Humanize. Auto-Tune Evo was created, like most auto tune plugins, with vocals in mind; However, it can also be used with most monophonic instruments as well; e.g. bass. It has two basic modes; Automatic and Graphical. The Autotalent plugin ensures that only the specified notes are hit. Use this auto-tune VST plugin to make Cher-like vocal effects, or use it as a simple pitch shifting / pitch correction audio effect. Jan 23, 2018 Auto-Tune EFX VST: Auto-Tune EFX 2 is the quickest, easiest-to-use tool for real-time pitch correction and creating.

Auto Tune v.s. Waves Tune - G.

Antares introduces Auto-Tune Access Antares Technologies, the global leader in pitch-correction and vocal-processing tools, is thrilled to introduce Auto-Tune Access: the simplest, most affordable way to use Auto-Tune. For more than 20 years, Auto-Tune has remained the benchmark in natural, real-time pitch correction and distinctive vocal effects. Sep 07, 2017 Waves Tune is part of Waves' family of vocal pitch correction plugins. To find out which plugin is best suited to your needs, consult the table below for a quick comparison: Waves Tune Real-Time. 9) Auto-Tune Evo. Another solid free autotune VST on our list, Auto-Tune Evo offers two distinctive ways to deal with pitch correction. Waves Tune Vst Software Auto-Tune Evo VST for Windows v.6.0.7 For most common pitch problems, Auto- Tune Evos Automatic Mode instantaneously detects the pitch of the input, identifies the closest pitch in a user-specified scale (including minor, major, chromatic and 26 historical and microtonal scales), and..

Waves Tune Real Time Auto Tune.

Waves Tune Real-Time Activation Key can be handily modified per tune and tweaked to the artist's enunciation. You can also control the range, pick a scale, mark ahead of time explicit notes to fix or maintain a strategic distance from, control the module's affectability, and even tune an artist's vibrato while protecting its regular. Waves Tune Real-Time Crack Mac (X64) Free Zip Moreover, Waves Tune Real-Time Mac can also be effectively modified per melody and tweaked to the artist’s verbalization. You can control the range, pick a scale, mark ahead of time explicit notes to fix or maintain a strategic distance from, control the module’s affectability, and even tune a. Waves Tune Real-Time Crack With Keygen Torrent Download (Win + Mac) Like Melodyne and Auto-Tune, Waves Tune Real-Time Crack works in real-time. Audio waveforms are displayed in the software before you begin tuning. A smooth, natural-sounding vocal pitch correction is provided by Waves Tune Real-Time as soon as the notes are spoken.

Waves Real-time auto tune issue - Support - Waves.

Waves Tune Real Time Software Fomine Real-Time Communications Server v.1.2 We offer you a really powerful solution for real - time communication over the Intranet. I LOVE the interface of Waves Tune Real-Time, it has a large square at the top-right that displays the current note just like AutoTune, it allows you to change the retune & note transition speed easily and efficiently, and it has a really convenient scale picker and range picker. It's also a lot nicer to look at than its brother Waves Tune. DOWNLOAD. GSnap (Windows) Set the notes you want and dont want and adjust the parameters to suit. DOWNLOAD. Autotalent (Windows) A Basic but effective real time Auto Tune Plugin for Windows. DOWNLOAD. Auto-Tune Evo (Windows) A quite complicated but thorough Vst for Pitch Correction.

Waves Tune Real-Time - Vocal Tuning Plug-In (Download).

Learn how to set up Waves Tune, Waves Tune LT and Waves Tune Real-Time as AU MIDI-controlled effects in Logic Pro X, so you can trigger pitch corrections and manipulate recorded tracks with a MIDI keyboard. So does Antares; Autotune Live lets you do natural pitch correction or get that Autotune effect in realtime. There’s not really a whole lot of difference between it and the main functions of Waves’ new Tune Real-Time plug-ins. They can both use MIDI to control parameters, play with the speed of tracking, target notes to scales, allow.

Antares Autotune Free Download - Latest Version | PC.

There are other pitch correction programs out there that do similar functions: Waves Tune, Waves Tune Real-Time, and Melodyne (which is pitch correction, but not in real time), but Auto-Tune seems to have won the standard for real-time pitch correction. Auto-Tune traditionally is used on vocals, although in some cases can be used on certain. Waves Tune Real-Time Crack + Torrent For Mac 2020 Download. Waves Tune Real-Time Crack provides smooth, natural-sounding vocal pitch correction instantly and automatically. As soon as, the notes leave the singer's mouth. Moreover, it is used for live performances. As well as, pre-production, tracking and mixing in the studio. Waves Tune Real Time Features: Automatically tunes vocals in real time. Ultra-low latency for instant response. Optimized for both studio and live settings. Natural-sounding and smooth. Advanced formant correction to retain natural vocal sound. Corrects vibrato while preserving its natural movement. Creative pitch quantization effects.

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Sep 15, 2021 · Apr 11, 2020 Waves Tune Real-Time Crack Free Download Mac! Waves Tune Real-Time Crack operates similarly to Auto-Tune and Melodyne. Before you begin tuning, the software scans the audio track and displays audio waveforms. Waves Tune Real-Time provides smooth, natural-sounding vocal pitch correction instantly and automatically, as soon as the. Waves Tune Real-Time Crack boosts confidence in your vocal abilities. So, you can concentrate on your performance without worrying about pesky technicalities. Waves Tune Real-Time Free provides an invaluable assist onstage or when tracking or mixing vocals in the studio. The results are impressive: natural-sounding pitch correction.

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Waves Tune Real Time operates like Auto Tune. Old Waves Tune operates like Melodyne. In a nutshell: Waves Tune Real Time and Auto Tune = automatic pitch correction, Melodyne = manual pitch correction via an editor. I have both Melodyne and Waves Tune Real Time. I use Waves Tune Real Time more than everything else. Just bought waves real time auto tune, and there’s a massive issue with it that makes it practically unusable. It’s really odd and I can’t find anything only pertaining to this issue, so I just thought I’d ask here. When I talk into the microphone, the auto tune isn’t applied, but the plugin is showing that it can hear he audio.

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Although not quite as notable as Antares Autotune, Waves Tune Real-Time is still one of the classics. Real-Time is used primarily for live vocal performances due to its accuracy, precision, and ultra-low latency. It boasts the ability to achieve studio-quality, pitched vocals in a live setting without the need for manual post-editing.

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On Sale Now Automatically Tunes Vocals in Real Time A dream tool that helps vocalists stay in tune while singing, feel confident, and focus on the emotion of their performance, in the studio or live on stage. Waves Tune Real-Time provides smooth, natural-sounding vocal pitch correction instantly and automatically, as soon as the notes leave the singer's mouth. Waves Tune Real-Time from Waves allows vocalist to sing with confidence by providing smooth, natural-sounding vocal pitch correction, instantly and automatically. The plug-in is designed for live performances as well as pre-production, tracking and mixing in the studio, and the software's pitch detection and correction technologies ensure that the tuned vocal retains the vocalist's natural.

Waves Tune Real Time Vst Cracked - treepc.

This is the complete guide on how to use Waves Tune Real Time autotune plugin!This is a tutorial in Ableton, but the Waves Tune Real Time settings still appl.

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vin-robles · 3 years ago

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fernadorned:

@vin-robles || Refreshing Relaxation Starters || Accepting!

(From Nena) “Tea and gardening huh? Interesting hobbies.”

The Dreian’s tail shifted, tattered red fins giving a flutter before settling a bit closer to himself (and out of the way). Naru was feeling cheery today, and it was clear as folded crystalline teeth showed in a little grin.

“You think so?” He chirped. “My aunt used to make tea with herbs from my uncle’s garden, I think that’s where the idea got planted in my head. …Pardon the pun.”

He took a sip of his drink, a bright flavorful tea he’d brought to share with the older Midoan.

“What about you? What do you like to do, next to baking?”

“Oh, I’ve been known to crack one or two a’those. Puns, that is.” Nena cracked a wrinkled smile, her eyes squinting nearly closed behind her bottle-thick spectacles.

She could have probably gone on and on about all of the sweaters or tea cozies she’d knitted over the years for literally everyone in the neighborhood. It was what she did best, after all. Making sure everyone had a good way to stay cozy. On a planet that rarely sank below the high 60′s, even on a bad day. (Best to be prepared in case the impossible happened, right?) It was a hellishly dull subject, though. Even to her.

“I got a little garden m’self.” It was a common thread, at least. “Not as big or impressive as yours probably is, but I grow a few things. Mostly herbs ‘n vegetables.” And drugs. So many drugs. “The sorta things that’re in pretty short supply ‘round these parts.”

#fernadorned #|| v: we communicate in waveforms ||#[naru]#guess i need to make more icons for nena

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nervousavenueenthusiast · 4 years ago

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Во Software For Mac

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Cue is the most reliable, intuitive DJ software. It empowers DJs to mix, scratch, juggle, and sample audio and video on its dual virtual decks. You can use Cue just like you use vinyl, CDs, or most other DJ formats. Just load tracks from your virtual crates to the virtual decks and mix it up. You may be taken straight to the Software Update pane, if not click on the Software Update cog icon. Your Mac will search for an update and if there is one you can choose Update Now. Mac OS Supported OS Mac OS X v.10.10 - 10.11 / mac OS 10.14 At least 200MB free space on the hard disk At least 512MB free space in the memory (RAM).Perform the update after closing other application software.Disable the computer's sleep setting.

REAL-TIME TRACK SEPARATION

VirtualDJ 2021 uses advanced technology and the power of modern computers to revolutionize what DJs can do. With this new version you can mix in real-time the various components of your tracks (vocals, instruments, kicks, hihats, etc). This opens the door to new ways of mixing that were simply not possible before, and will forever change the way DJs mix. With real-time stem separation on any track, perfect live mashups and seamless transitions are now the new normal:

ModernEQs can achieve a much more accurate separation than traditional frequency-based equalizers, and help achieve perfect transitions like never before.

The new Stem pads will let you create live mash-ups and remixes in real-time easily. Let your creativity fly free.

The new waveforms give a clearer than ever view of your tracks, where you can easily see beats and vocals to avoid clashes and breaks.

TAMRON 70-180mm F/2.8 Di III VXD (Model A056) Firmware Update Service Information

When downloading the file to install this update software, we ask that you carefully read and accept the following software usage license agreement. The installation begins when you launch the downloaded file. Once the A056 has been updated to firmware Version 02, it is not possible to revert to older firmware versions.

Update Content > Update Manual > If the Update fails >

Downloads

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Note: If you want to burn the same files to discs multiple times,.Arrange and rename the files.When the disc is burned, the items on the disc have the same names and locations that they have in the disc window. Dvd maker for mac.

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Computer requirements

<Windows> Supported OS Windows® 10 Windows® 8.1

<Mac OS> Supported OS Mac OS X v.10.10 - 10.11 / mac OS 10.14

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After accepting the user agreement, please download the installation file.

for Windows (Ver 2)for Mac OS (Ver 2)Download

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vin-robles · 2 years ago

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"Hey, I appreciate you showing me to this place and all but, uh..." Vin glanced around, particularly to the line of customers at the bar, all of whom looked just like her and all of whom were leaning just a little too far away from the massive figure looming quietly beside her. "Do you always hang out in Little Mido?"

Not that this was a problem for her. Seeing a friendly face was kind of nice when she couldn't even seem to trust her own kind in this place. At least if they were anything like Dirk, the one noticeably absent bartender from the bunch scurrying around the back today.

Or at least she thought that was his name. Aside from being an absolute rat, he was about as unmemorable as they come. Hell if she could be assed to remember what he was called.

Vin sighed and palmed a fistful of beernuts from the basket in front of her. "Are you, like, a bouncer or something?"

@apexulansis

#apexulansis #|| v: we communicate in waveforms ||

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web4study-net-blog · 4 years ago

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Analog to Digital Conversion

The voltage signal depicted in figure (1) is called an analog signal. To see how a signal can be represented in an analog form that is, how signals can be converted from analog to digital form consider figure (a). Here the curve represents a voltage signal, identical to that in figure (1). At equal intervals along the time axis, we have marked the time instants t0, t1, t2, and so on. At each of these time instants, the magnitude of the signal is measured, a process known as sampling. Figure (b) shows a representation of the signal of figure (a) in terms of its samples. The signal of figure (b) is defined only at the sampling instants; it no longer is a continuous function of time; rather, it is a discrete-time signal. However, since the magnitude of each sample can take any value in a continuous range, the signal in figure (b) is still an analog signal.

Figure (1) Original Signal

Figure (a) Continuous

Figure (b) Discrete Now if we represent the magnitude of each of the signal samples in figure (b) by a number having a finite number of digits, then the signal amplitude will no longer be continuous; rather, it is said to be quantized, discretized, or digitized. The resulting digital signal then is simply a sequence of numbers that represent the magnitudes of the successive signal samples. The choice of the number system to represent the signal samples affects the type of digital signal produced and has a profound effect on the complexity of the digital circuits required to process the signals. It turns out that the binary number system results in the simplest possible digital signals and circuits. In a binary system, each digit in the number takes on one of only two possible values, denoted 0 and 1. Correspondingly, the digital signals in binary systems need have only two voltage levels, which can be labelled low and high. As an example, in some of the digital circuits studied in this book, the levels are 0 V and +5 V. Figure (c) shows the time variation of such a digital signal. Observe that the waveform is a pulse train with 0 V representing a 0 signal, or logic 0, and +5 V representing logic 1. If we use N binary digits (bits) to represent each sample of the analog signal, then the digitized sample value can be expressed as

Equation (1) where b0,b1, . . . ,bN−1, denote the N bits and have values of 0 or 1. Here bit b0 is the least significant bit (LSB), and bit bN−1 is the most significant bit (MSB). Conventionally, this binary number is written as bN−1 bN−2. .b0. We observe that such a representation quantizes the analog sample into one of the 2N levels. Obviously the greater the number of bits (i.e., the larger the N), the closer the digital word D approximates the magnitude of the analog sample. That is, increasing the number of bits reduces the quantization error and increases the resolution of the

Figure (C)

Figure (D) analog-to-digital conversion. This improvement is, however, usually obtained at the expense of more complex and hence more costly circuit implementations. It is not our purpose here to delve into this topic any deeper; we merely want the reader to appreciate the nature of analog and digital signals. Nevertheless, it is an opportune time to introduce a very important circuit building block of modern electronic systems: the analog-to-digital converter (A/D or ADC) shown in block form in Figure D. The ADC accepts at its input the samples of an analog signal and provides for each input sample the corresponding N-bit digital representation (according to Equation (1) at its N output terminals. Thus although the voltage at the input might be, say, 6.51 V, at each of the output terminals (say, at the ith terminal), the voltage will be either low (0 V) or high (5 V) if bi is supposed to be 0 or 1, respectively. The dual-circuit of the ADC is the digital-to-analog converter (D/A or DAC). It converts an N-bit digital input to an analog output voltage. Once the signal is in digital form, it can be processed using digital circuits. Of course, digital circuits can deal also with signals that do not have an analog origin, such as the signals that represent the various instructions of a digital computer. Since digital circuits deal exclusively with binary signals, their design is simpler than that of analog circuits. Furthermore, digital systems can be designed using relatively few different kinds of digital circuit blocks. However, a large number (e.g., hundreds of thousands or even millions) of each of these blocks are usually needed. Thus the design of digital circuits poses its own set of challenges to the designer but provides reliable and economic implementations of a great variety of signal-processing functions, many of which are not possible with analog circuits. At the present time, more and more of the signal-processing functions are being performed digitally. Examples around us abound: from the digital watch and the calculator to digital audio systems, digital cameras, and digital television. Moreover, some long-standing analog systems such as the telephone communication system are now almost entirely digital. And we should not forget the most important of all digital systems, the digital computer. The basic building blocks of digital systems are logic circuits and memory circuits. Read the full article

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toradex · 5 years ago

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Ethernet Compliance Testing at Toradex

Introduction

Toradex offers robust and reliable embedded systems, which are required to work continuously in harsh environments. Ethernet is one of the most important interfaces for the Internet of Things (IoT). We will review some Ethernet standards and show you how Toradex tests for compliance with them.

After looking at the standards, we’ll describe our test configuration, test procedures, and the test results. A Colibri iMX6ULL SoM and Iris Carrier Board were used in this example, but you can use this as a model for testing custom carrier boards if that testing will be part of your verification process.

Why We Use Standards and Do Compliance Testing

Ethernet designs adhere to the IEEE 802.3 standard, which defines the Physical and Data Link layer of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. Waveform characteristics are specified in the standard. Designing to this standard allows compatibility and interoperability with other devices, in all kinds of environments all over the world. Otherwise, transmission issues and data losses are likely to occur. Compliance testing ensures that the implementation meets the standard.

In addition to the waveform characteristics specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard, the University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL) has provided standard conformance test procedures for those signals.

The documents can be found at these links:

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/browse/standards/get-program/page/series?id=68

https://www.iol.unh.edu/

Ethernet Physical Layer Basics

The Ethernet standard is several thousand pages, so we’ll just cover the most important concepts and some key terminology.

Figure 1 OSI Reference Model from IEEE Standard for Ethernet

Let’s start with the physical medium. Signals typically arrive through a twisted pair copper cable to an Ethernet jack with magnetics on our Carrier Board, then continue through impedance matched differential traces on the PCB to the Ethernet PHY IC. This device converts analog signals from the medium to digital signals for the processor and vice versa.

The electrical signals first encounter the Medium Dependent Interface (MDI) of the PHY, a part of the Physical layer. Different physical media have different characteristics. In accordance with the specific kind of the media, the signals are transformed and sent to the next layer of the OSI-model, the Data Link Layer. We provide 10Base-T and 100Base-TX (Fast Ethernet) on our Colibri Modules and 1000Base-T (Gigabit) on the Apalis modules. The standardized interface between the first two OSI-layers is called Media Independent Interface (MII) and is independent of the physical layer.

Meanwhile, we are talking about the advanced backward-compatible Reduced Gigabit Media Independent Interface (RGMII) and the next interface for the 10 Gigabit is already named as XGMII. Reduced means that there are fewer signals needed for the same standard. The xMII’s are parallel data buses. There is a supplementary serial bus for management purpose called Management Data Input/Output (MDIO). The xMII interface ends at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer. Here the well-known MAC address is used as a unique identifier. The MAC layer can be integrated with the System on Chip (SoC), like on NXP® processors. But it could be already embedded in the same IC as the PHY, which is better known as an Ethernet Controller. The Ethernet Controller IC, in turn, is connected with the SoC through a separate interface like USB or PCIe. Note that we are not looking at higher OSI layers and protocols like ARP, NDP, IP, TCP, UDP, etc., which are organized in frames and packages, because for all these protocols the electrical characteristics on the first physical levels are the same!

For now, let’s go back to the physical layer. There are 2 main characteristics of the physical link I’d like to expand on, namely, speed and duplex mode. Our modules support speeds up to 1Gbit on Apalis Modules and 100Mbit on Colibri Modules, and both half and full duplex modes. In full duplex mode of operation, PHYs on both ends of the link can communicate with each other simultaneously. For the half duplex mode, where the PHY can’t receive and transmit data at the same time, there need to use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) to avoid collisions and control the data flow.

As already described, our Apalis Modules are capable of Gigabit Ethernet, but how do the communication partners know with which speed they can send the data? An-auto negotiation procedure exists, where the linking partners set the best link trough 16ms link pulses. Please be careful with auto-negotiation settings, as there is a well-known problem of the duplex mismatch, when the linking partners are configured in a fixed way. On the electrical side of the physical layer 10Base-T and 100Base-TX use two twisted pairs while 1000Base-TX uses 4. 100Base-TX is faster than 10Base-T based on the much faster frequency of 62.5 MHz instead of 10 MHz and denser signal modulation scheme (PAM-3). 1000Base-TX uses the same frequency as 100Base-TX, but transmits across 4 twisted pairs and with a higher level of modulation (PAM-5). Finally, there is an additional feature called EEE, Energy Efficient Ethernet. The aim of this standard is to save energy.

https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/EE-269.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_mismatch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media-independent_interface

https://www.asix.com.tw/new_alias.php?alias=93&full=http://www.embedded.com/design/202804534

The picture below summarizes the Ethernet possibilities on the Toradex SoM approach:

Automotive Ethernet

Before we continue to the Compliance Testing, I want to quickly let you know that I receive a lot of questions about 100Base-T1, better known as Automotive Ethernet. The customers want to know, if it is possible to connect Automotive Ethernet to a fast Ethernet PHY. The 100Base-T1 has a different physical layer specification to fulfill the requirements in a harsher automotive environment. It is not possible to connect it, but the MII is still the same! The solution is to connect the 100Base-T1 PHY to the Multimedia Independent Interface of the SoC directly. Consequently, a Module with an xMII on the Module Edge Connector must be selected! Of course, you have to design your Custom Carrier Board with a 100Base-T1 PHY. Here you can find the list of Toradex Modules which provide an xMII on the edge connector. Please note that this is not a Standard Toradex Interface and the pin assignment varies with each module.

Apalis iMX8

Colibri iMX8X

Colibri iMX7

Colibri iMX6ULL

Colibri Vybrid

Ethernet Compliance Testing for Toradex Systems

Figure 2 10Base-T Test: DOV Internal MAU Normal

After this very short overview, I want to continue with the compliance testing, where we test the electrical signals in time and voltage. The electrical signals look totally different for the 10/100/1000 Mbps and have different requirements as you can see in the oscillograms.

The tests evaluate the voltage amplitudes, jitter values, rise/fall times and other signal characteristics. For each test a defined test signal must be generated by the DUT, e.g. a continuous pseudo-random signal has to be emitted. The easiest way to test the signal requirements is to define a test mask. The signals must not intersect with the mask in order to fulfill the specification. The 10Base-T tests are very often defined through a test mask, as you can see in the first figure. I want to mention some values: The Peak Differential Output Voltage must be between 2.2 V and 2.8 V. The Differential Output Voltage Harmonics must be greater than 27 dB and all Jitter values must be smaller than 22 ns. Very interesting is the twisted-pair model for 10Base-T, which must be used for some compliance tests. With the equivalent circuit based on lumped elements, it is possible to model multiple different transmission elements with just passive components. Depending on the PHY a linking partner is needed for 10Base-T compliance tests. You can download the Test Report of Colibri iMX6ULL as an example, where you can find all tests.

Figure 3 Measured differential random 10Base-T signal without load

The interface characteristics for 100Base-TX are defined in table 2 based on the MLT-3 voltage signals with three levels. The data is encoded before with 4B5B algorithm, so a clock recovery out of the data stream is possible because a level transition is forced. For our test equipment, a pseudo-random test pattern (PRBS7) is enough for all the tests. However, some tests only trigger on defined patterns and measures only at that moment the specific values.

Table 2 Interface Characteristics 100Base-TX Characteristics Min Max Unit UTP DOV Base to Upper/Lower 950 1050 mV Signal Amplitude Symmetry 98 102 % Rise/Fall Time 3 5 ns Rise/Fall Time Symmetry 0 500 ps Duty Cycle Distortion -250 250 ps Transmit Jitter 0 1.4 ns Overshoot 0 5 %

Figure 4 Measured differential random signal 100Base-TX

The test criteria are defined in a similar manner for the 1000Base-T. I am not going to list them. For these tests an additional disturber in the form of an Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG) is needed to create the required disturbing signals with the frequency of 31.25 MHz and 20.833 MHz. In figure 5 you can see the test pattern of test mode 1 produced by the PHY. There are four different test patterns, which can be generated through PHY’s MDIO register settings. Please don’t forget that we have to perform the compliance test four times, because of the four twisted pairs.

Figure 5 Definition of Test Mode 1 Waveform 1000Base-T from IEEE Standard for Ethernet

Figure 6 Measured differential Test Mode 4 Distortion Test 1000Base-T without disturber

We have now seen some of the electrical requirements that must be fulfilled to be compliant with the interface definition. Before we have a closer look at the test equipment, I want to try and solve the most important question of this Blog: How do you generate those test signals?

Each PHY vendor has a custom method to modify the necessary register settings to enter the test modes. That is often not publicly available, and you must ask your PHY vendor. A very good example is Microchip, who has provided all information about Ethernet Compliance in one document since last year. These are the Ethernet PHYs, which we use in our modules, KSZ8041 and KSZ9031. I also want to share a document from TI with you, just as a further example. If you are looking for a new Ethernet PHY and want to do Ethernet Compliance Testing, please ask your vendor for detailed information about the register settings in advance!

http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/AN2686-Ethernet-Compliance-Test-10BASET-100BASETX-1000BASET.pdf

http://www.ti.com/lit/an/snla239a/snla239a.pdf

Test Equipment

As depicted above, we must measure some picoseconds precisely. For that we need very good tooling. You should use an oscilloscope with a bandwidth of 1 GHz and memory of 4MS or greater. Usually you need a test fixture, which transforms the Ethernet signals from an Ethernet Jack to the oscilloscope input channels. That is why we work closely with Teledyne LeCroy. We have a great collaboration on a technical level. We use a high-end oscilloscope from the WaveMaster series with appropriate hardware and software tools. Of course, there is equipment from other vendors available like Tektronix, Rhode&Schwarz, Keysight and others.

Quotation from Mr. Hofferbert, specialist at Teledyne LeCroy:

“Teledyne LeCroy is a leading manufacturer of digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO). With modern DSOs it is possible to perform qualification measurements. Toradex uses appropriate equipment from Teledyne LeCroy to test the design of Ethernet PHYs. With the combination of our QualiPHY Software and latest oscilloscopes, a semi-automatic test has been implemented to test the physical level of the Ethernet PHYs according to the IEEE 802.3 specification. This measurement solution allows the development engineers at Toradex to test and resolve issues with signal integrity in an early development stage of their embedded systems. Toradex is very interested in using the measurement equipment as efficiently as possible. If there are any uncertainties or measurement deviation, we work together to quickly solve these issues and provide our expertise in measurement application.” Gregor Hofferbert, Teledyne LeCroy

www.teledynelecroy.com

http://cdn.teledynelecroy.com/files/manuals/qualiphyenetmanual.pdf

Conclusion

After performing a compliance test, we can create a compliance report to verify our PCB design. As you can see in the test report from Teledyne LeCroy, the Colibri iMX6ULL with Iris Carrier Board is compliant with 10Base-T and 100Base-TX standard. So, we are sure that our implementation will work with other compliant systems. We can share with confidence our PCB implementation of the Ethernet Interface with our customers. You can find the Carrier Board Design Guides here: https://developer.toradex.com/carrier-board-design

We also share our Carrier Boards Designs as Altium Designer projects for free with our customers. We provide a lot of help through our community channel as well: https://www.toradex.com/community

We started to implement and provide our testing SW in our latest BSP. We adopt the existing drivers to be easily run with our modules to perform Compliance Tests. But again be careful, for each PHY you need different SW techniques to get the test pattern. There is no simple handbook. For example: https://git.toradex.com/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?h=tegra-next&id=13bd0f089ac6babeb7248fe3db4b9c19233cce3c

But issues can occur with wrong routing, bad ground layout, or inaccurate crystal circuit design. It also depends on the testing environment. Ground loops and noisy or underpowered power supplies can cause measuring errors. It is important to follow the design guides of the PHY vendors. I like the troubleshooting document provided by Intel, that you can use for the first debug consultation. There is a basic overview of failures and possible sources. Designs with too long traces, low quality magnetics or improper use of the measurement equipment can always be the source of failing the compliance test. But there are also specific errors which can be put in a strong correlation. E.g. wrong amplitude values are often caused by wrongly assembled bias resistors or issues with the centre tap circuits. Whereas too high Jitter values are due to crystal issues, impedance mismatch or bad power supply. In general, your Ethernet PHY vendor should be able to help you, probably even with a schematic or layout review.

https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/application-notes/ieee-conformance-phy-app-note.pdf

In this blog, I gave you some insights to one of the many verifications Toradex does to achieve such high-quality products. Internal testing by us and your adherence to our design guides reduces your risk to a minimum. For the highest quality, you can do your verification with your own customized carrier board, and that you follow the system engineering approach (as documented by NASA, for instance) which recommends testing in early stages to reduce risk and cost. I hope I gave you plenty of information to get started. If you need more information feel free to reach out.

#Ethernet Compliance Test #Apalis iMX8 #Colibri iMX6Ull #Development Boards #NXP i.MX 8 #NXP i.MX 6ULL #System on Module #Computer on Module

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