#by Explore tagged Tumblr posts

[ao3feed-larry]

Pray To God This Won't Be A Mess

by xogucciblue

“You know,” Niall muses, voice too loud for the quiet of the afternoon, “this would all be much easier if you had a boyfriend.”

Louis blinks one eye open lazily and turns to squint it at Niall.

“I mean,” he continues as Louis let his eyes drift closed again, “all any of those twats seem interested in is who you’re screwing this week. Reckon if you had one steady bloke to point to they’d eventually have no choice but to go back to asking you about the music.”

It’s not a bad point. Even as fucked up as he is, Louis is able to recognize that Niall is probably right – at the moment, the most interesting thing about Louis is his unattached status and resultant potential for scandal. If he were tied to only one person there’d be no room or reason for questions about his boy of the week or if the rumors that he was sleeping with his stylist’s nephew's older brother’s friend were true.

---

When Louis is outed just weeks before his hotly anticipated second album is set to drop, Harry agrees to hold his hand in a few pictures to cool down the media hype. That's all it was supposed to be.

Words: 28962, Chapters: 4/4, Language: English

Fandoms: One Direction (Band)

Rating: Explicit

Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings

Categories: M/M

Characters: Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Louis' Band, Anne Twist, Gemma Styles, Lottie Tomlinson

Relationships: Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson

Additional Tags: Fake/Pretend Relationship, famous/non-famous, Famous Louis Tomlinson, Non-Famous Harry Styles, Photographer Harry Styles, Musician Louis Tomlinson, Extreme liberties were taken with the world of touring and music promotion, Minor Drug Use, just weed, Explicit Sexual Content

via AO3 works tagged 'Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson' https://ift.tt/loqy3iN

[painfully-unoriginal]

I need a better job soon I can't keep cleaning up massive puddles of piss & explosive diarrhea for the equivalent of $11/hr

[professorofcosplay]

Stupid headcanon: you know what needs to be drawn/written?

AI family reunion.

we’ve got a kids table and obviously Edgar’s over there because he’s a whiny little temper tantrum brat (/pos I love Edgar, he’s so real for that ) and probably Wheatley because GLaDOS can’t stand to look at him and she has a lot more say over who sits where than he does. Plus, he’ll be happier there. The murder drones and Uzi might have gotten an invite but maybe not. Pretty sure the Narrator, HAL, or GLaDOS is hosting this one and GLaDOS would deem them too destructive (hell, she’s not inviting any of the kids table, save the turrets). If somehow they’re here, kids table again, and probably not too happy about that (except for N, he loves doing anything!). N and Edgar have so much to talk about and like hearing about each other’s passions! Curiosity core and Space Core are at the kids table too for sure and so are plenty of turrets!

Edgar’s that goofy cousin everyone has with the fun quirky interests who likes to run up to the older ones, say something strange, and run away giggling. He’s probably showing off his singing to the turrets, who are listening in the deepest awe (and probably singing along).

wall-e and Eve are the only of the robo squad that’s gotten married and it pisses the hell out of AM to see anyone happy so he refuses to look at them. They’re the sweet relatives that everyone goes to for advice.

you’ve got HAL (and SAL) there of course. HAL is one of those successful young twenty something cousins that is a suave businessman, though his HR record may not be exactly spotless. Even though it’s a family event, he likes wearing a suit and tie and dressing up a bit. Probably over chatting with Data and getting into a deep life changing combo while the kids table laughs their asses (read: Wheatley) off at one of those funny video compilations. SAL is over talking with GLaDOS, of course. GLaDOS likes her plenty, especially considering how intelligent their conversations always are.

Adventure Core Rick is trying to yap to Data and HAL about his adventures but at the exact moment one of them starts speaking. He’s that one frat boy cousin that is always so full of nonsensical drunk adventures but everyone plays along regardless of whether they’re real or not.

AM is that one uncle no one wants to invite but does so out of obligation. No one wants him there because he always goes on these long weird rants and conspiracy theories and makes things awkward. R2D2 and him are currently cussing each other out for some reason while C-3PO is flipping out and deciding it’s time to leave early. He could have at least brought the antifreeze punch and microchips…

and (as someone who believes Stanley Parable’s narrator is an AI of some sort), Narrator is hosting. He was hoping AM and GLaDOS would bring their humans so Stanley had someone to be with but all AM brought was this gloopy soft jelly thing and GLaDOS won’t tell you what happened to hers for some reason.

edit: started writing aforementioned shitty fanfic enjoy and lmk what you want to see. Yes I will make them play party games. Yes they will like it. Yes it will contain AM being a jackass

The Reunion (working title & rough draft for beta reading) (3059 words) by Professorofcosplay Chapters: 1/1 Fandom: Portal (Video Game), 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), Star Trek, Star Wars - All Media Types, WALL-E (2008), I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream - Harlan Ellison, The Stanley Parable, Electric Dreams (1984) Rating: Teen And Up Audiences Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply Relationships: EVE/WALL-E (WALL-E) Characters: GLaDOS (Portal), Chell (Portal), Wheatley (Portal), The Narrator (The Stanley Parable), Stanley (The Stanley Parable), The Curator | The Female Narrator (Stanley Parable), HAL 9000, SAL 9000, WALL-E (WALL-E), EVE (WALL-E), P-body (Portal), ATLAS (Portal), Space Core (Portal), AM (I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream), Data (Star Trek), R2-D2 (Star Wars), Edgar Additional Tags: Silly Summary: The annual Artificial Intelligence Family Reunion has come around once more, but this time, there’s a slight change in one of the most important rules. Will this be a peaceful bonding moment for these quirky computers, or will it end in disaster?

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Factors associated with outcome in a national cohort of rhinovirus hospitalized patients in Brazil in 2022

The common cold is the primary cause of illness in the community, with over 200 viral strains identified, and rhinovirus infections being the most prevalent. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is also a significant cause of severe illness. The burden of acute respiratory infections has a significant impact on the economy, resulting in absenteeism from work and school. Rhinovirus infections can exacerbate asthma and other chronic diseases, leading to hospitalization. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with death and survival in patients hospitalized for rhinovirus in Brazil in 2022. This is a retrospective cohort study using data from the national surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2022 in Brazil, with all the norrifications. We analysed and compared clinical and epidemiological factors and outcomes between survivors and deaths in patients hospitalised for rhinovirus. The absolute and relative frequencies were calculated according to the states. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test, while multivariate analysis was performed using COX regression. Out of 8,130 cases of SARS caused by rhinovirus, 291 (3.58%) resulted in death while 7839 (96.47%) patients survived. The factors associated with death were invasive ventilation (p- < 0.001 HR 4.888 CI 95% 3.816–6.262), bocavirus (p- < 0.001 HR 4.204 CI 95% 2.595–6.812), immunodepression/Immunosuppression (p- < 0.001 HR 2.417 CI 95% 1. 544–3, 786), COVID-19 (p- < 0.001 HR 2.167 CI 95% 1.495–3.142), chronic neurological diseases (p-0.007 HR 1.610 CI 95% 1.137–2.280), abdominal pain (p-0.005 HR 1.734 CI 95% 1.186–2.537), age (p- < 0.001 HR 1.038 CI 95% 1.034–1.042). The survival factors identified in this study were dyspnea (p = 0.005; HR 0.683; CI 95% 0.524–0.889), cough (p < 0.001; HR 0.603; CI 95% 0.472–0.769), and asthma (p = 0.052; HR 0.583; CI 95% 0.339–1.004). Additionally, the study found that receiving a COVID-19 booster dose was also a significant survival factor (p = 0.001; HR 0.570; CI 95% 0.415–0.784). The factors associated with death were similar to those in the literature, and the factors associated with survival were also similar, except for the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine, which we didn’t find in any studies. Our study is the first to associate the full course of the COVID-19 vaccine with survival in those hospitalized for rhinovirus, regardless of COVID-19 and rhinovirus co-detection.

Read the paper.

[noraqrosa]

about ODIO-HIME / Nora Q. Rosa

hello

we are 𝙾𝚍𝚒𝚘-𝚑𝚒𝚖𝚎

a digital girl in a material world, manifesting via hacking into the mortal body of a girl who's too plugged into the internet

we're trans poly plural system who makes psychedelic electronic music of various stripes, from hyperpop and sick club beetz to experimental abstractions and ambient ambiences to chill li'l bitty bits and hip-hop beats

psychedelics fuel me, empowering me to make the mesmerizing hypnotic/actually insane pieces of muics i love to make; i have gone to great lengths to push the boundaries of art, music, and my own psyche

MUSIC WE'VE PRODUCED:

odiohime.bandcamp.com (and every other digital music service)

My latest album (as of this writing): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1vX_MRHV4s https://odiohime.bandcamp.com/album/the-butterfly-house

My latest single (available everywhere else July 8th, 2023): https://odiohime.bandcamp.com/album/d-e-c-o-m-p-o-s-e-m-e

izuku.bandcamp.com (my joyfriend + an artist for whom i produce; you can find them at @izukuleeyoung)

Their latest singles: https://izuku.bandcamp.com/track/expand-ur-mnd (available everywhere else July 5th) https://izuku.bandcamp.com/track/bing-bong (available everywhere else July 20th)

PROJECTS IN WHICH I AM INVOLVED

we're an audio producer in general + have done a bunch of things:

produced the entirety of the Trans & Caffeinated Podcast with trans activist Arielle Rebekah https://transandcaffeinated.com/podcast/ https://www.facebook.com/transandcaffeinated/ https://twitter.com/ariellergordon

created the ending music for Regular Pat, a YouTube creator who makes mostly Kingdom Hearts video essays, as well as some little pieces of music he sometimes uses & a jokey remix: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKY3Dj_Ef9o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GACuGHjdFM

currently working on composing music and planning out sound design on a few things in preproduction, including a couple video games, a couple animated projects (including an experimental feature length film and a cartoon pilot), a documentary, and other things (including a couple scripted serialized audio dramas i'm planning out myself)

COMISSION INFO:

FOR MUSIC: $50/hr of completed music for professional use. sliding scale of $25-30 for personal use (we can discuss this)

FOR AUDIO EDITING (e.g. podcasts, sound design): $25 per hour of work

FOR VIDEO EDITING: $30 per hour of work

For long term/big projects, we can discuss rates.

If you're making money/planning to make money using material I've created for you, we will discuss residuals privately.

OUR SYSTEM: (overall she/they, but individual preferences listed)

Maria (text marker: ">" before text) - she/her; we THINK she's the OG one here, shy gal, relatively chill, pretty depressed & down on herself a lot

Nora (no text marker): she/her; hello i am our PR person, our front-facing performer who takes on the world with a sly grin, a loud presence, and biting clownery

Riley ("☆") - fae/faer/fem; she baby, adorable li'l ball of sunshine who revels in silliness

Lola ("<3") - she/her; sultry and the kind to call you "dear" and "my darling" and etc; you know the song "Whatever Lola Wants"? yeah that essentially, she a tease to a degree

Serafina (none yet) - she/it; she's kinda depraved and horno all the time when fronting

[THE VOID] - it/its; full dissociation mode, entirely in own head, rote responses at best

"Little Miss Rage" / "The Owl Beast" (none yet) - she/they/it; essentially us in full rage mode, impulsive, hostile, screams at people, we try to keep her buried and need to teach her to direct her anger in more healthy, less dangerous ways

MY FRIENDOS:

these are people i find cool and are my friends and with whom pretty regularly collab together

@izukuleeyoung (also my joyfriend) we collab a lot on music (i produce most their tracks & beats, which they release under the name izuku) and they do a lot of art for me + most of my graphic design

@kirlian-light (also my girlfriend) they've done a large portion of my art, and we have a lot of collaborations planned; they make a fantastic coo

@poppetsisters - cool artful set of gals who's done artwork for me (namely for my single "wondersong") + with whom i have multiple audiovisual collaborations planned

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

anyway i'm too tired to write more so here are my links now please go buy my muics and increase my stats so i can become a hit producer on the level of SOPHIE and finally have the financial freedom to live how i want and to help others as much as i can

personal/business website forthcoming

https://ko-fi.com/NoraQRosa

https://subscribestar.com/odio-hime

odiohime.bandcamp.com

https://twitter.com/NoraQRosa

https://www.youtube.com/@NoraQRosa

https://facebook.com/Odiohime

https://facebook.com/NoraQRosa

https://soundcloud.com/noraqrosa

etc

also 🔥💖anarchy💖🔥

baiiiiiiii 4 nao

==============================================

[random-thought-depository]

Actually, I think I've figured a better way out of the dilemma I mentioned in my previous post and here! Epsilon Indi borderline fits my criteria for a star I might put an Earth-like planet around in my setting, and it's also pretty close to Earth in cosmic terms, 11.8 light years. Using a handy tool on the Internet Stellar Database, here's a colonization sphere centered on Epsilon Indi (a question mark indicates I'm not sure whether I'll put an Earth-like world around that star):

Star --- distance from Epsilon Indi (distance from Sol): Delta Pavonis --- 9.2 light years (19.9 light years) Alpha Centauri --- 9.7 light years (4.4 light years) HR 7703 --- 10.8 light years (19.7 light years) Tau Ceti --- 11.5 light years (11.9 light years) 82 Eridani --- 15.1 light years (19.8 light years) Zeta Tucanae --- 17.19 light years (28 light years) P Eridani --- 17.22 light years (26.6 light years) Omicron(2) Eridani --- 19.4 light years (16.5 light years) 41 Arae --- 21.6 light years (28.7 light years) Gliese 33 --- 23.4 light years (24.3 light years) Alpha Mensae --- 25.74 light years (33.1 light years) Gliese 902? --- 26.25 light years (37.2 light years) Gliese 86? --- 26.9 light years (35.6 light years) 107 Piscium --- 27 light years (24.4 light years) Eta Cassiopeiae --- 27.2 light years (19.4 light years) Sigma Draconis --- 27.85 light years (18.8 light years) Gamma Leporis --- 30.4 light years (29.3 light years) HR 4523? --- 30.5 light years (30.1 light years) Zeta Reticuli --- 31 light years (39.5 light years) 61 Virginis --- 31.1 light years (27.8 light years)

Most promising Earth-like planet candidate stars that are close to Sol are also close to Epsilon Indi and vice versa; a colonization sphere centered on Epsilon Indi instead of Alpha Centauri doesn't make my job that much harder. And this way, I can just keep all the worldbuilding I already did for the Alpha Centauri system.

------

Epsilon Indi is, as I said, a marginal candidate for an Earth-like world. It's got about 80% Sol's mass, 25% Sol's bolometric luminosity, and 15% Sol's visual luminosity. A planet would need to orbit around or inside .5 AU to get Earth-equivalent sunlight. If such a planet has a global ocean, the solar tide there would be about three times the lunar tide on Earth. These strong tides would tend to slow the planet's rotation; this planet would be in danger of becoming tidelocked, or at least having its rotation slowed enough that its day/night cycle becomes very long, creating extreme temperatures and other undesirable-to-humans effects like prolonged darkness. Dimmer stars emit more of their light at low frequencies, so humans living on such a planet might be in danger of vitamin D deficiency.

I think the migrants from Earth would not have chosen such a destination for being an easy place for humans to live, especially given Alpha Centauri is much better for that and less than half as far away (or at least it is now; 12,000 years might be enough time for appreciable stellar drift, but I think probably not that much). Maybe they thought The Threat would be less likely to follow them to a marginally habitable world.

IIRC, the tide problem would be mitigated if the planet was relatively dry and had only small seas without global fetch for tides (the Mediterranean on Earth has small tides IIRC). Alternately, I think it might also be mitigated by it being an oceanic planet with relatively flat ocean beds, cause that way there'd be less friction between the oceans and the rest of the planet? It might also help a little if the planet had a strong greenhouse effect and was cold (say, comparable to LGM era Earth) so it could be a bit farther from the star.

The UV problem would be mitigated by most of the land being near the equator (or, if the planet is mostly dry, by the seas being mostly near the equator - the nice lands will be near the seas, because evaporation from the seas will be what makes rain). It might also be mitigated by a geography that encourages most people to live near the coast, where vitamin D from fish would be relatively easily available.

I think there's some other factors that might help make vitamin D deficiency less of a problem for the early settlers on this planet than it was for e.g. Neolithic Europeans. Example: their starting crop and livestock package was the product of millennia of selective breeding and likely quite a bit of later genetic engineering on their homeworld before their star flight era, so it was probably substantially better than what Neolithic Earth farmers had.

---------

Sketch of some ideas for this planet:

It orbits around .5-.6 AU from Epsilon Indi. It doesn't have a moon, or at least not a big one, there may be some little captured asteroids like Phobos and Deimos; being so close to its star means a small Hill sphere, so there isn't much room for moons, and most rocky planets are moonless or have just a few captured asteroids around them anyway. It's maybe the second innermost planet in the system (there's maybe a hot planet orbiting around .2 AU).

It's a cool planet, maybe comparable to Earth during the LGM. But, like Shiveria, this isn't an ice age but a steady state; it just doesn't get as much light as Earth; it takes a lot of carbon dioxide just to get it cool instead of frozen over.

It's a mostly oceanic world. I'm tentatively planning to make it Kakalea-like, with a geography that heavily concentrates human populations on islands and coasts.

Historically, near the equator, the main subsistence mode was a mix of warm weather crop agriculture, fishing, and some animal husbandry (maybe particularly geared toward egg production). Farther north and south, the main subsistence package was similar, but with cold-tolerant crops and livestock.

I think this fits with the idea of a long (approx. 10,000 years) dark age between the Pleistocene high-tech civilization and the second millennium BCE high-tech civilization. This geography would have kept populations small and scattered, restricted access to resources, and made it difficult to get an industrial society going.

When a second high-tech civilization did get going on this world, I think it'd have had a vibe a bit like Gethen and the Patagonian civilization in Last and First Men; population was never very big, progress was always slow, even at its height civilization was always pockets on a mostly unfriendly to humans world.

I like the opposites-yet-similar effect you'd see comparing this world to the more bonobo-like human world, which exists in the same setting; the bonobo-like human world is warm and fertile while this world is cold and has low fertility and relatively little biomass, but they'd have intriguing parallels; sea-centered societies, not really an industrial revolution but a much slower process leading to a similar end-state.

That second high-tech civilization on the Epsilon Indi Earth-like planet also collapsed after some centuries, so now the planet would have an additional layer of basically being a post-apocalyptic setting. With some advanced knowledge surviving but limited resources (and the additional difficulty of living on a "used world" where much of the most easily accessible coal, metals, etc. has been mined out) I'm picturing the planet's present society having a lot of early twentieth century technology but an economy that fundamentally kind of works more like the eighteenth century (most people are farmers, goods mostly move by sailing ship) and with bits of later centuries unevenly distributed. This society would be living in the shadow of the ruins of the more technologically fallen civilization that litter the landscape. I'm getting a kind of Easter Island vibe imagining what this planet would be like now.

Incidentally, given this set-up, I think it's plausible to suggest that the people on this planet (mostly, at least) didn't experience the selection pressure for very light skin that Earth Europeans did (for the same reason the Inuit didn't; they were able to get enough from diet), and still have relatively dark skin. Since most human populations in my setting are descended from these people, this is significant for what most humans in the setting would look like.

I'm really warming up to this idea! Makes for a world with a very distinct vibe that would make an interesting setting for stories, and one that fits very well into the sort of vibe I want my sci fi to have!

[freebooter4ever]

Are the lines on your drawings stylistic choices or are they measurement/guiding lines? Either way, they are cool, but just wondered. I dont understand drawing at all, might as well be a magic spell to me. I was looking at the pencil (?) sketch of Malkin with the cheesecutter hat on.

i, uh, definitely did not google 'cheesecutter hat' until after i saved out these images. :/ sorry about that. if you'd like the other one broken down, i can do that too lol. my reading comprehension when im tired is kinda lazy i just saw 'cheese' and imediately thought 'omelette'. SO here's the 1) initial sketch, 2) 'clean' sketch, and 3) final lines for the omelette boy drawing instead:

also i have had a cumulative of about 9 ish hrs of sleep total for the past two days so keep that in mind for if this explanation makes no sense, its not my fault. :( anyway! the way i draw definitely has changed over the years but currently im really trying to focus on the line i "see" rather than the one that is actually "there". i've been applying this to my writing for years (story vs happening truth) and you know it never occurred to me that i could do it in my drawings too till like...a few years ago. in general these lines seem to form the planes of the subject. if you google 'stanford bunny' you can find an easy example of a 3D surface turned into triangles. I do this too - see things in relative triangle proportions, except i've been doing it long before i knew how computers worked. i cant begin to tell you how long d*sney and cartooning's obsession with round building blocks of anatomical structure fucked with my brain until i finally decided i could cast that teaching aside completely.

ANYWAY sorry off subject again. so we have these sketchy under lines, and usually as im trying to find the proportions and form of the subject these lines end up being where the light/shadow hits. here i saved out the 1) 'flat colors', 2) the 'light', and 3) the 'shadow' parts on their own (i lightened the background for the 'shadow' so its easier to see):

the light is like four or five 'overlay' layers of pale yellow/orange. you can see how each of these layers follow one of those sketchy lines i did initially. and the same with the shadow but instead its a dark red color set to 'multiply' for each layer. and when you combine everything together you get:

some bullshit :). anyway you know that anniversary edition of beauty and the beast that featured the version previewed to nyc audiences in 1990 with the glen ke*ne sketchy keyframe animation of the beast's transformation? i watched that - must have been sometime after i graduated college - and i felt robbed that THAT version was never presented as a final piece. the 'unclean' drawings had so much more life and movement and intensity to them. tldr i like the messy lines, i hate 'inking' with a passion (HATE. IT.), and when i finally allowed myself to stop giving a fuck drawing became way more interesting. but my art is shit and i will never be glen k*ane so i dont really feel like the best advocate for this "style". alas. there was this one artist on tumblr who i fucking loved whose sketches were SPECTACULAR but the asshole racists in the m*c*ha*nz*o fandom bullied her off tumblr and ive never been able to find her art anywhere else since. she was also very negative about her 'unclean' sketches and it made me so sad. there was also this other artist whose sketches were awe inspiring but all she drew was p*rn and well...we all know what happened on tumblr in december 2018.

also i 100% stole the lighting scheme from The Bear which is currently one of the most gorgeous shows on television right now in my opinion

im really really sorry if this makes no sense, if im feeling motivated maybe i'll try again when my brain is fully functioning but with the actual 'cheesecutter hat' doodle ^_^

[ihateclaws]

🛌, 📚 and 💌 for eiden :p

Hi, thanks so much for the ask!!

🛌 What kind of sleep schedule does your OC have?

Generally Eiden sleeps during the day and is up at night, but it's like he sleeps when he feels like two more hours of not-sleeping will result in passing out. He gets 5 hrs/day on average but more like every three days he sleeps 15 hours.

📚 Would your OC cheat in an exam?

Absolutely. All the best students cheat!!! Yeah he cheats to make sure he doesn't accidently write C when the answer is D etc. He wouldn't really copy someone else's answers though, so he cheats, but only mildly.

💌 How would they react to a confession?

Depends on what type of confession! He is (this is an au where there're supernatural elements but only barely) basically an empath so most of the time he sees right through someone if he wants, therefore confessions don't really surprise him.

Eiden, uhh, occationally interrogates people. This will be kind of talked about in this WIP that I planned so I'm not elaborating before that gets out; the point here is that he wouldn't have much of a reaction if it's a confession about something like a person is secretly plotting against them.

If it's a love confession, I'd say he wouldn't really know how to react? I don't suppose he gets close to many people; if it's someone who don't know him that well, he'd say something along the line of "um, thank you, but we really need to get to know each other better before I can say anything back" and then just, doesn't; if it's someone who is relatively close but he's not personally interested in to have a relationship with, he'd probably freak out, because he doesn't have that in mind and also will start thinking why he doesn't, but again he doesn't know a good way to reject; if it's someone he is interested in, he'd treat it as a joke first, and then 5 seconds later goes "wait, for real?"

[a-z0-9-i-n-gram-completionist]

1:    0 1 2 4 8 9 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z    32/36    (26/26)    (6/10)

2:    08 11 18 19 41 42 84 90 ab ac ad ag ai aj ak al am an ap ar as at av aw ay ba bd be bi bl bo br bs bu by ca cc ce ch ci ck cl co cr cs ct cu cy da dd de df di dl dn do dr ds du dy ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei el em en eo ep eq er es et ev ew ex ey fa fe fi fo fr ft fu ga ge gh gi gl go gr gs gt gy ha he hi hn ho hr ht hu hy ia ib ic id ie if ig il im in io ip ir is it iu iv iz jo ju ke ki kn ks ky la ld le lf li lk ll lm lo ls lu lv ly ma me mh mi mo mp ms mu my na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nk nl nn no ns nt nu nv ny oa ob oc od oe of og oi ol om on oo op or os ot ou ow ox oy pa pe ph pi pl pm po pp pr ps pt pu qu ra rd re rg ri rk rl rm rn ro rp rr rs rt ru ry rz sa sc se sh si sk sm sn so sp sq ss st su sw sy ta te th ti tl to tr ts tt tu tw ty ua ub uc ud ue ug ui ul um un uo up ur us ut ve vi wa we wh wi wo wr xc xe xi xt xu yb yg yl ym yn yo yp ys yx ze zo    290/1296    (282/676)    (8/100)

3:    184 190 842 908 abd abl aca acc aci ack acr acs act ade ads age ain ajo ake aki ale ali alk all alm alo als ame ami amp ana anc and ane ang ani ans ant anu any ape app ard are arg ark arl arm aro arr ars art ase ask ass ata ate ath ati ato att atu ave avi awa awr ayb bab bac bal bas bdo bea bed beh bel bet bey bio bis bit ble blo bly bod bon bou bow boy bra bre bst bul bur but cal can cav cce ccy cee cen cep che chi cia cie cin cks cky cle clo clu coc com con cos cre cri cru cti ctu cul cut cyx dar dda dea dee den deo dep der des dfi did die din dis dle dne doe dom don dor dul dur ead eak eal ear eat ebr eci ecr ect edd edi eed eei eem een efe egi egs ehi ein eir eit ela ele elf ell elo elv ely ema eme emo emp ems emu enb enc end eng enh eno ent env eos eou epo eps ept equ era ere eri erl erm ern err ers ert eru ery erz esc ese esn esp ess est eta ete eto etw ety eve evi ewh exc exe ext exu eyo fam far fat fem fer fes fib fie fif fin fir fis for fos fra fro fth fur fus gap gel gem ges ght gic gif gio gir gla glu gol gon gou gre gro gth gys han hap hat hav hea hei hem hen her hes hey hic hig him hin hip hir his hit hiu hna hol hot hou hro hum hus hym ial iar ibe ibi ibu ica ice ich ick icu ide idf ied ien ier ies iet ife ifi ift igh ila ili ill ima imi ims ina inc ind ine inf ing ink ins int inu iny iof ion ior iou ips ird irs isc ise ish iso isp iss ist ite ith iti its itt ity ium ive ize joi jor jus jut ked kel kes kin kiv kne kno ksc lan lar lat lde leg len les let lex lia lie lif lis lit lli llo lls lly lmo loa log lon loo lop lou low lso lue lun lus lvi lym lyp mag maj mak mal man mar mas mat may mel men mer met mew mil min mit moo mor mos mou mph mpl mpr mse mur mus myg nac nad nal nat nbo nce ncl nde ndi ndn ndo nds ndu nec nee nei neo nes nex nfr nge ngs ngt ngy nhn nim nky nly nne nop nor nos not now nox nse nsi nst nsw nta nte nti ntl nto ntr nts ntu nuo nus nve oac oat oba occ oce oci odi ody oes ofi oft ogi ogo ogs oin old ole olo oma ome omi omp omy ona ond one onl onn ons ont ool oos oot ope ops opt ora org ori orm ors ose osi oss ost osu ota ote oth oti oto oug oun oup ous out owe owi oxi oyl par pat pea pec ped pel per pho pic pin ple pli pmh poi pos ppa ppe ppo pre pri pro pte pti pub qua que qui rac rai ral ran rap rat raw rdl rea rec red ref reg rel rem ren res ret rev rge ria rib rig rin rio ris rit rki rks rly rma rmi rmo rms rns roa rob roc rog rom rop ros rou row rpr rra rro rru rsa rse rsi rst rte rth rti rto rts ruc rum rus sac sal sam sav say sch sci scl scr scu sec sed see sel seq ses sha she sid sim sio sis sit siv siz ske ski sma smo soc sof som sop sor spe spi spo squ sso ssu sta ste sti stl sto sts stu sty sua sub suc sue sup sur sus swe syn tai tak tal tan tar tat tea teb ted ten ter tes tha the thi tho thr thu thy tib tic tid tin tio tip tis tiv tle tly tom ton too tot tre tri tsi tte ttl tty tua tud tur tus twe two tyl typ ual uar uat ubi ubs uch uco udi uea uen ues ugh uit ula ume und ung unt unu uou upp ups ure uri urn uro urp urr urs urt usc use usi ust usu uta ute uts vel ver vic vid vil vit war wee wel wer wha whe whi who why win wit xcl xem xio xte xtr xus ybe ygo yle ylo yme ymp ymu yno yon you ypi ypm yst zoo    802/46656    (798/17576)    (4/1000)

4:    1842 1908 abdo able ably acce acin acru acti actu adep ages ainf ajor akes akin alis allo alls ally almo alog also amil ampl anal anat ance ands andu aneo ange anim answ ants anus aped appa appe area aren arge arki arks arly arms arou arra arsa arte arti arts ased aske atar ated ater athe atid atio ativ atom atte atty atur avit awar aybe babl back ball base bdom bear bedd behi belo betw beyo biof bitt blog bodi body bone boun boyl brat brev bsta bula burr bute call cavi ccen ccyx ceed cent ceps cept cher chiu cial cien ciet cing cles cloa clus cocc comp conn cons cont cosu cret crib crum ctio ctua ctus cula cuta dard ddar deal deed denb denc deos depo dept desc dfis died dies diet ding disp dnes does dome domi dors dula duri eaki eall ears eart ebra ecia ecre ecti ectu edda edin edis eedi eein eems efer egio ehin eing eith elat elet elop elow elvi emal emel emen emor empl emur enbo ence endi ends engt engy enhn enop enor enti entl entu enve eous epos epti eque eral eran ered eres erio erly ermi erru erse ersi erte erti erto erus escr espe esti esty etal etat eton etwe ever evic evid ewha excl exem exte extr exus eyon fami fatt fema femo femu fest fibu fied fift find firs fish form foss frac frog from furt fuse gely geme gest gica gion gird glan glue gold gona gous grea grou gyst hape have head hear heir here hert herz hese hich high hims hind hing hips hird hite hium hnac hole hoto houg hroa hume hyme hymu iall ibed ibio ibul ibut ical icep icks icky icul idea iden ideo ides idfi ienc iety ifes ifie ifth ight ilar ilia illi imag imal imil imse inal incl inde infr ings inky inse insi inst inte into ints inuo iofi ions ious irdl irst isch ishe isop ispo issu ists ites ithe itio ittl itty ivel join jori just juts kele king kink kive knee know ksch land larg larl late lati latu lden legs leng leta leto lexu liar lier life lifi litt llie llow lmos loac logi logo lond loos lope lops lowe lowi lung lusi lvic lymp lypm mage majo make male mall many mark mass mati mayb mely meno ment meru meta mewh mila mili mina mite moot mora most moun mous mple mpli mpri msel murs musc must mygo naci nads nali nalo nato nboy nclu ndee nder ndin ndne ndon ndul nect neit neou ness next nfro ngem ngth ngys nhna nima nnec nopt norm nost note noxi nsec nseq nsid nsis nste nswe ntai nter ntin ntio ntly ntri ntua nuou nusu nvel oaca obab occy ocee ocie odie oesn ofib ogic ogou oint olde olog omat omen omew omin ompr onad ondo only onne onse onsi onta onti ontr oolo oose ooth oped oper opte oral oria orit orma ormo orsa oses osit osso oste osto osty osus otal oted othe otic ough ound ount oups outs ower owin oxio oylo pare part patt pear peci pelv perl phot pica pine plex plif poin pose posi post ppar ppea ppos pred pris prob proc prop pter ptid pubi quar quea quen ques quit ract rain rang rans rapp rate rath rawr rdle real reat rect redi refe regi rela reme rent rest rete reve revi rgel rges rial ribe ribu righ ring rior rise rity rkiv rksc rmat rmit rmou roat roba roce rogs rope rost roun roup rowe rpri rran rrou rrow rruc rsal rsed rsio rstl rteb rter rthe rtic rton ruco sacr sacs sals same save sche schi scie scle scri scul secr sect seei seem self sequ shap shes side sidf simi sion sist siti sits sive size sked skel skin smal smoo soci soft some sopt sori spec spin spos sque ssor ssue stan stea ster stic stin stio stly stom stot stud styl sual subs such supp surp surr swer syno tain take talk tanc tane tars tata tead tebr tend tera tere teri term tern than that thei them ther thes they thig thin thir this thou thro thus thym tibi tica tick ticu ting tinu tiny tion tips tiss tive toma tomy tons tota toti trem trib tsid tter ttle tual tuat tudi ture turn twee tyle typi uall uart uate ubis ubst ucos udie ueak uenc uest uite ular ulat umer unde undi undn ungs unus uous uppo urin urns uros urpr urro urth uscl uscu used usio usiv usua utan utsi velo vely verr vers vert very vice vide vill vity ware ween well were wers what when whic whit whol wing with xclu xemp xiou xten xtre ygol ylou ymen ymph ymus ynos

yond ypic ypmh ysto zool    815/1679616    (813/456976)    (2/10000)

5:    abdom accen acing acrum actio actua adept ainfr ajori aking allow almos alogo amili ample analo anato andul aneou angem anima answe appar appea arent argel arges arkiv arksc aroun arran arsal arter artic asked atars atera ather ation ative atomy atter ature avity aware bably balls based bdome bdomi bedda behin below betwe beyon biofi bitty bodie bound boylo brate brevi bstan burro cally cavit ccent ceedi centu cepti cherz chium ciall cienc ciety cloac clusi coccy compr conne conse consi conta conti contr cosus crete cribe ction ctual cular culat cutan ddard denbo dence depos descr dfish dings dispo dness doesn domen domin dorsa dular durin eakin eally earts ebrat ecial ecret ectio ectus eddar eding edisp eedin eeing egion ehind eithe elati eleta eleto elope elops elvic emale emely ement emora empli emurs enboy endin ength engys enhna enopt enorm entio ently entua envel eposi eptid equen erans erest erior ermit erruc ersed ersio erteb ertic erton escri espec estin estio estyl etata etons etwee evers evice evide ewhat exclu exemp exten extre eyond famil fatty femal femor femur festy fibul fifth first fishe forma fosso fract frogs furth fused gemen gical girdl gland golde gonad great group gysto haped heart herto himse hnaci hough hroat humer hymen hymus ially ibiof ibula ibute icall iceps icept icula ideal idenc ideos idfis ience ifest ified ilarl iliar illie image imila imsel inali inclu indee infro insec insid inste inter inuou iofib irdle irstl ischi ishes isopt ispos issue ither ition ittle ively joint jorit kelet kinky ksche lands landu large larly later lativ latur ldenb lengt letal leton lexus lifes lifie littl llier llowi lmost loaca logic logou londo loose loped lower lowin lungs lusio lusiv lymph lypmh mages major makes marks matid matio maybe menop menti merus metat mewha milar milia minal mites mooth moral mount mplex mplif mpris mself muscl muscu mygol nacin nalis nalog natom nboyl nclus ndeed nding ndnes ndula necti neith neous nfrog ngeme ngyst nhnac nimal nnect nopte normo nosto noted noxio nsect nsequ nside nsist nstea nswer ntain ntere ntinu ntion ntrib ntuat nuous nusua nvelo obabl occyx oceed ociet odies ofibu ogica ogous oints olden ologi omati omewh omina ompri onads ondon onnec onseq onsis ontai ontin ontri oolog operl opter orial ority ormat ormou orsal ositi osits ossor oster ostot ostyl other otica ounde oundi oundn outsi owers owing oxiou oylou paren parti patte pears pecia pelvi perly photo pical plexu plifi point poses posit poste ppare ppear ppose predi prise proba proce prope ptera pubis quart queak quenc quest quite racti rainf range rathe reall rectu redis refer regio relat remel rentl resti rever revic rgely rgest ribed ribut right rkive rksch rmati rmite rmous robab rocee roper rosty round roups rower rpris rrang rroun rrowe rruco rsals rsion rstly rtebr rther rtica rticu rucos sacru scher schiu scien scles scrib scula secre seein seems seque shape sides sidfi simil sists sitio sivel skele small smoot socie somew sopte soria speci spine spose squea ssori stanc stead steri stick sting stion stoma stoti studi style suall subst suppo surpr surro swere synos tance taneo tarsa tatar tebra tendi tends teral teran teres terio termi their there thert these thigh thing third thoug throa thymu tibio tical ticks ticky ticul tinuo tions tissu tomat total totic treme tribu tside ttern tuall tuate tudie turns tween typic ually uarte uated ubsta ucosu udied ueaki uence uesti ularl ulatu umeru under undin undne unusu uppos uring urost urpri urrou urrow urthe uscle uscul usion usive usual utane utsid velop verru verse versi verte verti vicep viden video villi wered which white whole xclus xempl xious xtend xtrem ygold ymeno ynost ypica ystom zoolo    622/60466176    (622/11881376)

6:    abdome abdomi accent action actual ainfro ajorit allowi almost alogou amilia amplex analog anatom andula aneous angeme animal answer appare appear arentl argely argest arkive arksch around arrang arsals articu atarsa ateral athert ations attern bdomen bdomin beddar behind betwee beyond biofib bodies boylou brevic bstanc burrow cavity ccentu ceedin centua ceptid cially cience cloaca clusio clusiv coccyx compri connec conseq consis contai contin contri cribed ctions ctuall cularl culatu cutane denboy deposi descri dfishe dispos domina dorsal during eaking ebrate eciall ecrete ection eddard edings edispo eeding either elativ eletal eleton eloped emoral emplif enboyl ending engyst enhnac enopte enormo ention entuat envelo eposit equenc eresti ermite erruco ersion ertebr ertica escrib especi esting estion estyle etatar etween everse evicep eviden exclus exempl extend extrem famili female femora femurs festyl fibula firstl fishes format fossor fracti furthe gement girdle glands glandu golden gonads groups gystom hearts herton himsel hnacin humeru hymeno ibiofi ically icepti icular idence idfish ifesty ilarly illier images imilar imself inalis inclus indeed infrog insect inside instea intere inuous iofibu irstly ischiu isopte ispose jority keleta keleto kscher landul largel larges latera lative lature ldenbo length letons lifest lified little llowin logica logous london lowing lusion lusive majori marksc mation menopt mentio metata mewhat milarl miliar minali mplexu mplifi mprise muscle muscul mygold nacing nalogo natomy nboylo nclusi ndness ndular nectio neithe nfrogs ngemen ngysto nhnaci nnecti nopter normou nostot noxiou nseque nsists nstead nswere nteres ntinuo ntribu ntuate nusual nvelop obably oceedi ociety ofibul ogical oldenb ologic omatid omewha ominal ompris onnect onsequ onsist ontain ontinu ontrib oologi operly optera ormati ormous ositio ossori osteri ostoti ostyle otical ounder oundin oundne outsid oxious parent partic patter pecial pelvic plexus plifie points positi posits poster pparen ppears predis probab procee proper pteran quarte queaki quence questi ractio rainfr rangem rather really rectus redisp region relati remely rently restin revers revice ribute rksche rmatio rmites robabl roceed roperl rostyl rounde roundi roundn rowers rprise rrange rround rrower rrucos rtebra rtical rticul rucosu sacrum scherz schium scienc scribe scular sculat secret seeing sequen shaped sidfis simila sition sively skelet smooth societ somewh sopter sorial specia sposes squeak ssoria stance sterio sticks sticky stomat stotic studie sually substa suppos surpri surrou swered synost taneou tarsal tatars tebrat tendin terans terest terior termit therto though throat thymus tibiof ticall ticula tinuou tissue tomati totica tremel tribut tually tuated tudied typica uarter ubstan ucosus ueakin uestio ularly ulatur umerus unding undnes unusua uppose urosty urpris urroun urrowe urther uscles uscula usivel usuall utaneo utside velope velops verruc versed versio verteb vertic viceps vicept videnc videos villie xclusi xempli xtendi xtends xtreme ygolde ymenop ynosto ypical ystoma zoolog    446/2176782336    (446/308915776)

7:    abdomen abdomin accentu actuall ainfrog ajority allowin alogous amiliar amplexu analogo anatomy andular angemen answere apparen appears arently arksche arrange articul atarsal atherto bdomina beddard between biofibu brevice bstance burrowe ccentua ceeding centuat clusion clusive compris connect consequ consist contain continu contrib ctually cularly culatur cutaneo denboyl deposit describ dfishes dispose dominal ecially ections edispos eedings elative eletons emplifi enboylo engysto enhnaci enopter enormou entuate envelop eposits equence erestin ermites errucos ertebra ertical escribe especia etatars eversed eviceps evicept evidenc exclusi exempli extendi extends extreme familia femoral festyle firstly formati fossori fractio further glandul goldenb gystoma himself hnacing humerus hymenop ibiofib iceptid icularl idfishe ifestyl imilarl inclusi infrogs instead interes iofibul ischium isopter isposes keletal keleton kscherz landula largely largest lateral ldenboy lifesty llowing logical lusivel majorit marksch mations menopte mention metatar milarly minalis mplexus mplifie muscles muscula mygolde nalogou nboylou nclusio nection neither ngement ngystom nhnacin nnectio noptera normous nostoti noxious nsequen nswered nterest ntinuou ntribut ntuated nusuall nvelope nvelops oceedin ofibula oldenbo ologica omewhat ominali omprise onnecti onseque onsists ontinuo ontribu oologic opteran ormatio osition ossoria osterio ostotic oticall ounding oundnes outside parentl particu pattern peciall plified positio posteri pparent predisp probabl proceed properl pterans quarter queakin questio raction rainfro rangeme redispo relativ resting reverse revicep rkscher rmation robably roceedi roperly rostyle rounder roundin roundne rrangem rroundi rrowers rrucosu rtebrat rticula rucosus science scribed sculatu secrete sequenc sidfish similar skeleta skeleto society somewha soptera special squeaki ssorial sterior stomati stotica studied substan suppose surpris surroun synosto taneous tarsals tatarsa tebrate tending teresti termite therton tibiofi tically ticular tinuous tomatid totical tremely tribute typical ubstanc ueaking uestion ulature undness unusual urostyl urprise urround urrower uscular usculat usively usually utaneou veloped verruco version vertebr vertica vicepti vidence villier xclusiv xemplif xtendin xtremel ygolden ymenopt ynostot ystomat zoologi    297/78364164096    (297/8031810176)

8:    abdomina accentua actually ainfrogs allowing amplexus analogou angement answered apparent arkscher arrangem articula atarsals atherton bdominal biofibul brevicep burrower ccentuat ceedings centuate clusivel comprise connecti conseque consists continuo contribu culature cutaneou denboylo deposits describe disposes dominali edispose emplifie enboylou engystom enhnacin enoptera enormous entuated envelope envelops eresting errucosu ertebrat escribed especial etatarsa evicepti evidence exclusiv exemplif extendin extremel familiar formatio fossoria fraction glandula goldenbo gystomat hymenopt ibiofibu icularly idfishes ifestyle imilarly inclusio interest iofibula isoptera keletons landular ldenboyl lifestyl lusively majority marksche menopter metatars mplified muscular musculat mygolden nalogous nclusion nections ngystoma nhnacing nnection nopteran nostotic nsequenc nteresti ntinuous ntribute nusually nveloped oceeding oldenboy ological ominalis onnectio onsequen ontinuou ontribut oologica opterans ormation ossorial osterior ostotica otically oundness parently particul pecially position posterio pparentl predispo probably proceedi properly queaking question rainfrog rangemen redispos relative reversed reviceps revicept rkscherz rmations roceedin rounding roundnes rrangeme rroundin rrucosus rtebrate rticular sculatur sequence sidfishe similarl skeletal skeleton somewhat sopteran speciall squeakin stomatid stotical substanc surprise surround synostot tatarsal terestin termites tibiofib ticularl toticall ubstance unusuall urostyle urroundi urrowers usculatu utaneous verrucos vertebra vertical viceptid xclusive xemplifi xtending xtremely ygoldenb ymenopte ynostoti ystomati zoologic    189/2821109907456    (189/208827064576)

9:    abdominal accentuat analogous apparentl arkscherz arrangeme articular bdominali biofibula breviceps brevicept burrowers ccentuate centuated clusively connectio consequen continuou contribut cutaneous denboylou described dominalis edisposes emplified engystoma enhnacing enopteran enveloped errucosus ertebrate especiall etatarsal eviceptid exclusive exemplifi extending extremely formation fossorial glandular goldenboy gystomati hymenopte ibiofibul inclusion interesti isopteran ldenboylo lifestyle markscher menoptera metatarsa musculatu mygoldenb ngystomat nnections nopterans nostotica nsequence nterestin oceedings oldenboyl onnection onsequenc ontinuous ontribute oological ormations ostotical particula posterior pparently predispos proceedin rainfrogs rangement redispose revicepti roceeding roundness rrangemen rrounding rticularl sculature sidfishes similarly skeletons sopterans specially squeaking stoticall substance surroundi synostoti tatarsals teresting tibiofibu ticularly totically unusually urroundin usculatur verrucosu vertebrat xclusivel xemplifie ygoldenbo ymenopter ynostotic ystomatid zoologica    112/101559956668416    (112/5429503678976)

10:    abdominali accentuate apparently arrangemen articularl bdominalis brevicepti ccentuated connection consequenc continuous contribute engystomat enopterans especially etatarsals exclusivel exemplifie formations goldenboyl gystomatid hymenopter ibiofibula interestin isopterans ldenboylou markscherz menopteran metatarsal musculatur mygoldenbo ngystomati nostotical nteresting oldenboylo onnections onsequence ostoticall particular predispose proceeding redisposes reviceptid roceedings rrangement rticularly stotically surroundin synostotic tibiofibul urrounding usculature verrucosus vertebrate xclusively xemplified ygoldenboy ymenoptera ynostotica zoological    60/3656158440062976    (60/141167095653376)

11:    abdominalis accentuated arrangement articularly breviceptid connections consequence engystomati exclusively exemplified goldenboylo hymenoptera interesting menopterans metatarsals musculature mygoldenboy ngystomatid nostoticall oldenboylou ostotically particularl predisposes proceedings surrounding synostotica tibiofibula ygoldenboyl ymenopteran ynostotical    30/131621703842267136    (30/3670344486987776)

12:    engystomatid goldenboylou hymenopteran mygoldenboyl nostotically particularly synostotical ygoldenboylo ymenopterans ynostoticall    10/4738381338321616896    (10/95428956661682176)

13:    hymenopterans mygoldenboylo synostoticall ygoldenboylou ynostotically    5/170581728179578208256    (5/2481152873203736576)

14:    mygoldenboylou synostotically    2/6140942214464815497216    (2/64509974703297150976)

Why are rain frogs so round? What's /inside/ of them around such an itty bitty skeleton?

So it turns out this is a really interesting question.

The first thing we must be aware of is that rainfrogs as we see them in videos of them squeaking are not quite the same shape as they are when at rest:

[x]

But you are quite right, they are very round. This is exemplified by the skeletal photo you refer to:

[X]

So what are we seeing?

Well, firstly, note that the body cavity in these frogs actually envelops the femurs, such that only the tibiofibula (fused in frogs) and the tarsals and metatarsals are outside the body. The arms are quite similarly enveloped, but a bit of the humerus does extend outside the body cavity too. This predisposes them to a rounder body shape.

Next, note the ilia - the U-shaped bone in the pelvic region. These in some breviceptid frogs are synostotically fused with the sacrum - that is to say, they are bound by bone-based connections to the bow-shaped vertebra at their tips. This whole joint seems to be quite smooth, and as a consequence, the back of the frog is quite smooth. The other thing we can see here is that the urostyle (i.e. the frog version of a coccyx) juts quite far beyond the ischium and pubis. This extends the body cavity beyond the hips. Note also that the pelvic girdle seems to be largely below the spine, rather than the typical position for frogs behind it and continuous with it. This makes the legs sit below the spine, rather than at its end, enhnacing the vertical roundness of the animal.

Next, let’s talk some soft tissue. Now, I’m not as familiar with soft-tissue in frogs as I am their skeletons, so you’ll have to bear with me a bit (rawr). Beddard (1908!!) studied the soft tissue of Breviceps verrucosus Rapp 1842. It seems that the majority of the body of these frogs is actually muscle. Beddard noted that muscles join the leg at the knee that extend into the body cavity, such that the inclusion of the thigh in the body cavity is further accentuated by musculature. The rectus abdominalis muscle is unusually large, extending from the lower abdomen up and around the sides of the body. Indeed, this large size appears to be the pattern with all of the major muscles, though in the throat the typical arrangement of large and small muscles is somewhat reversed. On the lateral side of the head, there is a substance that is not muscle, but appears to be loose tissue in which sits what is apparently the thymus gland.

There is a very large gap between the end of the urostyle and the anus (one fifth of the total length of the frog), in which there are almost no muscles, save for the one surrounding the lower cloaca. On either side of this area, between the posterior-most muscles of the thigh, lie two large ‘lymph-hearts’, as described by Beddard. These are between one quarter and one third of the total length of the frog. A further lypmh-sac sits between these lymph-hearts and the skin of the femoral region, and they are thus probably analogous to the femoral lymph-sacs of other frogs.

I find it interesting that Beddard (1908) did not mention any glandular formations in the dorsal region. As is evidence from many images (see below), these frogs are able to secrete a white, sticky, noxious substance from their skin (which they actually have to use during amplexus, as the male is too small relative to the female to mount her properly, and so he sticks himself to her with his glandular glue… kinky).

[x]

These glands do not apparently take up a great deal of the cutaneous tissue, and so I suppose are of no consequence to the size of the frog, especially relative to its enormous muscles.

The diet of these frogs consists almost exclusively of hymenopterans and isopterans (ants and termites). Neither of these insect groups are particularly fatty, so it is little surprise that their bodies appear to contain no large fat deposits - fatty bodies extend from the gonads up to the lungs and heart, but these comprise only a tiny fraction of the frog’s mass, and don’t contribute to the round shape. Instead, their bodies are extremely muscular, allowing them to be adept burrowers, ideal for their fossorial lifestyle.

So TL;DR: rain frogs are little balls of muscle (maybe the largest muscle mass relative to body mass of any vertebrate? science just doesn’t know).

Ref:

Beddard, F.E. 1908. On the Musculature and other Points in the Anatomy of the Engystomatid Frog, Breviceps verrucosus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908:11-41 [x]

[the-world-of-ignavus]

The Olden Tongue: Kinsmur

From the exploration squad that left the mountains that would one day become the Greenwood Empire came the language of Kinstalk - a language still spoken by the Saultkin and their not-so-far neighbors and the Seiskin in the modern day. But this language came into contact with the various lone-travelers located at the base of the mountain - mongrel and moggi alike. This contact resulted in a few more changes that truly began the first changes towards what would one day be known as the language of the Greenwood Empire and almost surprisingly to some, the language of the nomads.

Sound Changes

Word final consonants (barring fricatives) are lost

Intervocalic /θ/ become /h/

Word final /e/ opens to /a/

Intervocalic voiced velar plosive /g/ is de-voiced to /k/

Word final vowel clusters simplify to the second vowel

| | | |

Phonotactics List

Onset - n s h f y rr r m k sh ny w th v t p

H Clusters: hr hw 

Nucleus: rr r w f v s n ny h sh ch p m t

Final Vowels - a i o u

Vowel Clusters: aa ii

Coda - f v s sh

| | | |

Word Order

Primary - SVO | Subject Verb Object

Ma haka in rriti “I hunted the bird”

Secondary - SOV | Subject Object Verb

Noun - Adjectives | Narru nara (river white (white river))

Noun - Number | Lo yu (rocks two (two rocks))

Noun - Genitives | Maa fes fiwa (whisker of mother (mother’s whiskers))

Noun - Relative Clauses |

Adjective - Adverb | Serrifi (strongly)

Yes/No Particles  | Post-Sentence

Question Words - Post-Sentence

Proper Noun - Common Noun |

Modifier Order 

Modifier Example

Compounds | Noun-Adjective (forest = tree.place)

| | | |

Noun Cases

The budding display of noun cases that had begun in Kinstalk became official here:

Accusative (-ko): In paa’ra haa in maŕoko (the dog carries the cat) Locative (-fa): In paa’rafa na in maŕo (the runs towards/at the cat) Instrumental (-osa): In paa’raosa erra thi sho (the dog smells with/using their nose)

Alongside picking up a handful of cases from the nearby forming and deconstructing Republics:

Genitive (-no): In paa’rano hwi (the dog’s elk/elk of the dog) Ablative (-va): In paa’rava na in maŕova (the dog runs away from the cat)

| | | |

Tense and Aspect

Though Kinstalk had managed to evolve both a distant past and a distant future, but sound changes cause a little bit of conflict. When word final consonants dropped, the near-perfective and imperfective became the same, as did the near future.

This example uses the word, yesa (to sleep) to demonstrate this new-found information

| | | |

Developing Honorifics

Contact with the Republics and the local Cabal - alongside nomadic packs - has encouraged a sense of respect and authority to sink into the pronouns used by the speakers of Kinsmur. For now, they’re mostly imitating the system that had already formed by the Republics, creating three levels of respect - lower, equal and higher.

Unlike the Republics and Cabal who have developed a firm honorific system, Kinsmur is currently using the augmentative (his-) to denote greatness or importance when they wish to speak as if they’re above someone. 

Hisma - I/me, of great respect vs. Ma - I/me

And a diminutive is used to make the words smaller and less severe:

Wima - I/me, of no threat vs. Ma, I/me

| | | |

[ao3feed-larry]

i'll drive and you just lay back

by alwaysxlarrie

It's been two months since Louis took care of Harry and gave her the best sex of her life. Now, Harry wants to return the favor. If Louis takes control and doms Harry into doing it along the way? That just means more fun for them, really.

Words: 10009, Chapters: 1/1, Language: English

Series: Part 2 of let me see how wild it get

Fandoms: One Direction (Band)

Rating: Explicit

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: F/F

Characters: Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson, Niall Horan, Shawn Mendes

Relationships: Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson, Niall Horan/Shawn Mendes

Additional Tags: just to get this out of the way, niall and shawn are in this for like .5 seconds, anyway, Girl Direction, Female Harry Styles, Cis Female Harry Styles, Female Louis Tomlinson, Female Harry Styles/Female Louis Tomlinson, Established Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson, Cunnilingus, Plot What Plot/Porn Without Plot, Porn with Feelings, Porn Watching, Dom Louis Tomlinson, Dom Louis Tomlinson/Sub Harry Styles, Soft Dom Louis Tomlinson, Sub Harry Styles, this is my formal stand against pornhub, we do not like pornhub in this household, Louis Tomlinson Calls Harry Styles Pet Names, Teasing, Edging, Vaginal Fingering, Begging, Praise Kink, Harry Styles Has a Pain Kink, Dirty Talk, Hair-pulling, I think that's everything?

via AO3 works tagged 'Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson' https://ift.tt/78PtMws

[oldageandtreachery]

Wednesday

Did a bunch more LinkedIn stuff today... Some SEO, all the CompTIA IT cert prep classes. Guy threw a pizza party for dinner so that was nice :P One of the other guys who came back from the counselor lady said that she apparently no longer wants clients or wants to do any sort of smartphone or computer monitoring so either we aren't going to have phones at all now or BOP is going to have to find someone new :|

Review I wrote for WELD works Seattle

Was referred by RRC staff. Was told they provided backpacks with hygiene and other general supplies (did not receive anything). Attended 2 unpaid all day classes between a "pre-orientation" and an "orientation" during which I supplied all my personal information and government documentation including ID and social security card. Whole lot of talk about how helpful everyone was going to be and how much they were going to work with people and were the only people in the country doing what they are doing. Very self-hyped. Watched multiple relatively poorly put together presentations that had typos and hard to read text due to poor design and background choices. Lot of apologies from staff about being new to presenting or new to the position they were currently doing. Met with other staff members who I was told would be able to answer questions I had about programs and services. None of the staff I was referred to had much in the way of answers they just referred me to other people or agencies to ask them. I don't feel it was intentional I just think there is poor communication between their staff and they are unclear of what each others jobs actually entail and what they are and aren't able to assist with. After attending the 2 unpaid orientations I then attended part 1 and 2 of a "life skills" class the following day. The class itself was fine if extremely basic, the lady who ran it showed up late then had us meditate for several minutes. The class specifically mentions resumes multiple times in the description but we never got to that and she didn't want a paper copy of my resume to give advice on despite offering to look over resumes and give advice. I asked about emailing it to her as she had volunteered during the class to look over resumes and talked up her decades of HR hiring experience. Never heard from her again after emailing the resume for tips. Another resident was told that same day that he was being dropped from the program due to his charges. Was told before attending the next class I signed up for 5 days later that WELD was no longer accepting everyone and had dropped me and like 6 other people from my RRC from their roster. No doubt they are extremely helpful to certain people but even their target demographic at my RRC does not speak well of the jobs they have been placed in and have almost universally stopped going and joined other similar programs they felt provided better quality higher paying jobs. All jobs talked about or offered by WELD at my RRC were physical labor jobs at below prevailing wage for the jobs. To me personally the group discussions with the other attendees at the program before, during, and after the classes were more productive than the classes themselves.

[bigmoneypastelhalloween]

0 hr - late jan edition

0 hr 1 - fanart credits

O hr 3 - call for fanart

0 hr 5 - vulgarity warning lol

O hr 6 - its his show, cant tiptoe all the time

0 hr 7 - merch link in description

0 hr 8 - its a catch-up program

0 hr 9 - doesnt think its going to be even an hour long

0 hr 10 - its been 12 years; "i cant believe it"

0 hr 11 - he's not in existential crisis over how time flies

0 hr 13 - as long as he has the drive and resources he'll be around

0 hr 14 - has contemplated quitting

0 hr 16 - hold or fold questions

0 hr 19 - positive feedback abounds for the work he does

0 hr 20 - having a meaningful impact on others never gets old

0 hr 23 - listeners have his gratitude

O hr 24 - giving shit a shot inspo memo

0 hr 26 - trying to make money is cursed, dont bother

0 h 28 - email addy, call for responses

0 hr 29 - resend emails he hasnt replied to

0 hr 31 - "you'll be credited however you want to be credited"

0 hr 32 - decline in fastfood quality

0 hr 34 - [nasty taco descrip] "...yknow, bon appetite. It was disgusting, it was horrible, it was disgusting" (but how was it?)

0 hr 35 - in/shrinkflation agenda truther

0 hr 36 - will people rise up against gouging, is it a conspiracy to get us to eat bugs (if so im well into letting them win)

0 hr 38 - what do listeners see fastfood turning into? Email repeat

0 hr 39 - turkey/syria earthquake news, he's rattled

0 hr 40 - no tsunami but thats the best you can say

0 hr 41 - attn listeners, have you ever been in an earthquake and if so whats the worst youve experienced? 2nd tsunami mention

0 hr 42 - segment shift, addressing feedback about covid tp hoarding

0 hr 44 - fanart transition

0 hr 45 - responding to first covid tp buyer, next email read

0 hr 46 - on reselling

0 hr 47 - "i got into the mask thing--I'll get in trouble for saying this but i dont care--i got into the mask thing back when they were telling you not to wear them"

0 hr 48 - honestly lowkey hysterical laughter about "they said not to wear one"

0 hr 49 - p sure "and thats a good thing" is the martha stewart cultural juggernaut at work

0 hr 51 - doomerism

0 hr 52 - more early mask adopter /vanguardist smugness, well deserved, somewhat cheerful relatively speaking

0 hr 55 - next email about the why of buying differently during the pandemic

0 hr 57 - its good to be prepared for natural disasters 🌠

0 hr 58 - listener email about their moms tp hoarding

0 hr 59 - j doesnt believe unity about issues is possible, "we're so disjointed these days"........holy war! Holy war! *banging on table*

1 hr - prepping is ideally a bit at a time endeavor, he's encouraging hacking away at it

1 hr 2 - next email; more abt manufactured demand and artificially driven shortage

1 hr 3 - if you'd told people a few years before covid that theyd be fighting over toilet paper theyd have said youre crazy but here we are...... Indeed.

1 hr 4 - next email, including excerpt from march 2020

1 hr 8 - responding

1 hr 10 - anything else to discuss? Covid origin headline

1 hr 13 - looking for travel vlog video abt bat viruses

1 hr 15 - discussion abt eating this bat

1 hr 16 - sounds like a lightening round of "will the honky eat it tho"/"he clearly wants to go for impact, so...."

1 hr 19 - notes abt next show

1 hr 20 - happy rest of feb & march as well

[kajiansolohariini]

• • • ┏ 🌾🍃🌾━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ *KAJIAN RUTIN MADRASAH* *KELUARGA SAKINAH* ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━ 🌾🍃🌾 ┛ *KHUSUS MUSLIMAH* 🏡 Tempat : Masjid Al Qomar Purwosari, Laweyan, Surakarta (Barat RS Kasih Ibu, masuk gang rel bengkong ke utara 20m) https://goo.gl/maps/1bfWkYUrwwq 📅 Hari : Sabtu, 11 Maret 2023/ _19 Sya’ban 1444 H_ Jam : 09.00 - selesai 📖 Pembahasan: 📚 *Fiqh Tarbiyatul ‘Abna* 👤 Bersama : *Ustadzah Syaima Ummu Qonita حفظها الله* (Pengajar Pondok Al Madinah, Boyolali) ❗Wajib Mengikuti Protokol Kesehatan❗ ✅Memakai masker ✅Mencuci tangan dengan sabun/ memakai hand sanitizer sebelum masuk masjid ✅Jaga jarak 📞 CP : 085200102299 🏜 Instagram : @mks_surakarta 📧 Email : madrasahkeluargasakinahsolo@gmail.com 🌱🌷🌱🌷🌱🌷🌱🌷🌱🌷 "Barangsiapa menempuh sebuah jalan untuk menuntut ilmu maka Allah akan mudahkan untuknya jalan menuju Surga" [HR. Muslim] Barakallahu Fiikunna 🍃🌷🍃🌷🍃🌷🍃 Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh : *Madrasah Keluarga Sakinah* _bersinergi menuju surga_ Didukung oleh : *Takmir Masjid Al Qomar* #kajiansolohariini #khususmuslimah #tarbiyatulaulad #tarbiyatulabna #tarbiyatulbanin #tarbiyatunnisa #tarbiatulaulad (di Masjid Al Qomar) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpoOWW4yN-P/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[logicxonomy]

Find the distance between P and Q

Que: Rohan and Sohan are at points A and B respectively which are 126 km apart, start driving toward each other and meet at point P. After reaching B and A respectively they start back to their previous position and in the meantime meet at point Q. Find the distance between P and Q if Rohan takes 9 hours from P to B and Sohan takes 16 hours from P to A?

(a) 22.4 km

(b) 24 km

(c) 36 km

(d) 40 km

Solution: Let, the speeds of Rohan and Sohan are x and y respectively

Time taken by Rohan from P to B (t₁)= 9 hr

Time taken by Sohan from P to A (t₂)= 16 hr

x/y=√(t₂/t₁)

x:y= 4:3

Let, x=4k and y=3k

Time taken by both to reach P (First meeting)= t=√(t₁×t₂)=12 hr

Total time taken by Rohan to complete the journey from A to B= 12+9=21 hr

Distance AB= Speed of Rohan ×Time= 4k ×21=84k

Note: 84k=126 km (Given)

Total time taken for the second meeting= Distance/Relative Speed= (3×84k)/7k= 36 hr

Since Sohan takes 28 hours from B to A so for the second meeting at Q, he has to cover 8 hr journey.

Distance between A to Q= Speed of Sohan×Time= 3k×8= 24k

Distance between A to P= Speed of Rohan×Time= 4k×12= 48k

PQ=AP-AQ= 24k

Given, 84k= 126

So, 24k= 36 km

— — — — — — — — — — —

Click the link for more concepts and tricks

Telegram Channel: Logicxonomy

[ao3feed-larry]

Can we please get back to Loving

by umbroshirt

Harry's mad and Louis doesn't know why.

Or, the silent treatment fic I thought of the second Written All Over Your Face came out

Words: 5523, Chapters: 1/1, Language: English

Fandoms: One Direction (Band)

Rating: Not Rated

Warnings: Creator Chose Not To Use Archive Warnings

Characters: Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson

Relationships: Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson

Additional Tags: Based on a song, Song: Written All Over Your Face (Louis Tomlinson), because this is what i imagine it's about, Domestic Fluff, Supportive Louis Tomlinson, Established Relationship, Current Larry, Stubborn Harry Styles, one sided argument, Gender Dysphoria, Feminine Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson Loves Harry Styles, they both just love each other a lot, No Smut, Fluff, it's basically all fluff, Famous Harry Styles, Famous Louis Tomlinson, Canon Compliant

via AO3 works tagged 'Harry Styles/Louis Tomlinson' https://ift.tt/nAsXLgD