sikaesie

[sikaesie]

Lokale Präpositionen

Wohin

bis zeigt einen Endpunkt an. Wenn der Endpunkt mit Artikel benutzt wird, wird "bis" mit einer zweiten Präposition ergänzt. Diese zeigt dann den Kasus an.

durch gibt eine Bewegung durch "etwas" an.

entlang zeigt eine parallele Bewegung an und entspricht dem Verb "folgen".

gegen schließt eine Bewegung mit einem Kontakt ab.

um gibt eine kreisende Bewegung an. 

nach benutzt man bei einem Ortswechsel bei: Städten, Ländern ohne Artikel, Kontinenten, Himmelsrichtungen, Richtungsangaben mit Adverbien

zu benutzt man bei einem Ortswechsel bei: Personen, Angaben eines Ziels, Plätzen und Ortsangaben mit Artikel, kurzfristige Erledigungen.

an benutzt man für Reisen an ein Gewässer, Bewegungen mit einem natürlichen Ende

auf benutzt man für öffentliche Gebäude und Plätze, ländliche Regionen, Inseln / Inselgruppen

in benutzt man für regelmäßige oder längere Aufenthalte in einem Gebäude, Ortsangaben, Regionen, Landschaften, Gebirge, Länder mit Artikel, Bewegung in einen geschlossenen Raum hinein, Straßennamen

Wo

an ... entlang zeigt eine Längsrichtung neben einer Begrenzung an.

um und um ... herum zeigt etwas rund um einen Gegenstand, Platz oder Ort an.

ab zeigt einen Ausgangspunkt an.

bei benutzt man zur Ortsangabe bei: Angaben in der Nähe von, einem Aufenthalt bei Personen, Arbeitsplätzen

gegenüber kann bei einem Nomen vor oder hinter dem Bezugswort stehen. Ist das Bezugswort ein Pronomen, steht es dahinter.

von ... aus gibt einen Beginn eines Ausgangspunktes an.

außerhalb und innerhalb gibt an, ob sich etwas in oder aus einem begrenzten Raum befindet.

an benutzt man für Ortsangaben an Gewässer, Plätze, natürliche Begrenzungen

auf benutzt man für öffentliche Gebäude und Plätze, eine ländliche Region, Inseln / Inselgruppen

in benutzt man für regelmäßige oder längere Aufenthalte in einem Gebäude, Ortsangaben, Regionen, Landschaften, Gebirge, Länder mit Artikel, Bewegung in einen geschlossenen Raum hinein, Straßennamen

Source: http://mein-deutschbuch.de/lokale-praepositionen.html

More:

https://deutschlernerblog.de/lokale-praepositionen-deutsch-ortsangaben-wo-wohin-woher/

http://www.deutschegrammatik20.de/der-einfache-satz/lokale-ergaenzungen-praepositionen/

[sikaesie]

Glossaries for Satellite Geodesy

deflection of the vertical:

Angle between direction of gravity and direction of normal gravity. density moment Integral over the volume of a body of the product of its density and integer powers of Cartesian coordinates.

disturbing potential:

The difference between Earth’s gravity potential and the normal potential.

eccentricity:

The ratio of the difference of squares of semimajor and semiminor axes to the square of the semimajor axis of an ellipsoid.

ellipsoid:

Surface formed by rotating an ellipse about its minor axis.

equipotential surface:

Surface of constant potential.

flattening:

The ratio of the difference between semimajor and semiminor axes to the semimajor axis of an ellipsoid.

geodetic reference system:

Normal ellipsoid with defined parameters adopted for general geodetic and gravimetric referencing.

geoid:

Surface of constant gravity potential that closely approximates mean sea level. geoid undulation Vertical distance between the geoid and the normal ellipsoid, positive if the geoid is above the ellipsoid.

geopotential number:

Difference between gravity potential on the geoid and gravity potential at a point.

gravitation:

Attractive acceleration due to mass.

gravitational potential:

Potential due to gravitational acceleration.

gravity:

Vector sum of gravitation and centrifugal acceleration due to Earth’s rotation.

gravity anomaly:

The difference between Earth’s gravity on the geoid and normal gravity on the ellipsoid, either as a difference in vectors or a difference in magnitudes.

gravity disturbance:

The difference between Earth’s gravity and normal gravity, either as a difference in vectors or a difference in magnitudes.

gravity potential:

Potential due to gravity acceleration.

harmonic function:

Function that satisfies Laplace’s field equation.

linear eccentricity:

The distance from the center of an ellipsoid to either of its foci.

mean Earth ellipsoid:

Normal ellipsoid with parameters closest to actual corresponding parameters for the Earth.

mean tide geoid:

Geoid with all time-varying tidal effects removed.

multipoles: Stokes coefficients.

Newtonian potential:

Harmonic function that approaches the potential of a point mass at infinity.

non-tide geoid:

Mean tide geoid with all (direct and indirect deformation) mean tide effects removed.

normal ellipsoid:

Earth-approximating reference ellipsoid that generates a gravity field in which it is a surface of constant normal gravity potential.

normal gravity:

Gravity associated with the normal ellipsoid.

normal gravity potential:

Gravity potential associated with the normal ellipsoid.

orthometric height:

Distance along the plumb line from the geoid to a point.

potential:

Potential energy per unit mass due to the gravitational field; always positive and zero at infinity.

sectorial harmonics:

Surface spherical harmonics that do not change in sign with respect to latitude.

Stokes coefficients:

Constants in a series expansion of the gravitational potential in terms of spherical harmonic functions.

surface spherical harmonics:

Basis functions defined on the unit sphere, comprising products of normalized associated Legendre functions and sinusoids.

tesseral harmonics:

Neither zonal nor sectorial harmonics.

zero-tide geoid:

Mean tide geoid with just the mean direct tidal effect removed (indirect effect due to Earth’s permanent deformation is retained).

zonal harmonics:

Spherical harmonics that do not depend on longitude.

crossover point:

The geographical point where an ascending and descending ground track pass cross.

dynamic ocean topography:

DOT; also known as sea surface topography and dynamic topography. The elevation of the sea surface height above the geoid, caused by surface geostrophic currents. Variations range from 3 m.

exact-repeat orbit:

A special type of orbit used for satellite altimetry. The ground track will repeat its pattern on the Earth’s surface after a certain period of time.

geoid:

The equipotential surface that corresponds to mean sea level of an ocean at rest which includes both the gravitational potential and the rotational potential.

geoid height:

The height of the geoid above a reference ellipsoid.

ground track:

Trace of the satellite nadir point on the surface of the Earth as the satellite orbits and the Earth rotates under it.

ground track pass:

One segment of the ground track, either moving south to north (an ascending pass) or north to south (descending pass). Passes are ordered sequentially in time, starting from the beginning of the repeat period (see repeat period). Altimeter data are normally distributed as pass files.

mean sea surface:

MSS; the time-average of the sea surface height. This can be computed for a single satellite along a particular ground track pass, or as a grid from a combination of multiple satellites.

nadir point:

Point where the vector from the satellite normal to the geoid intercepts the geoid.

nodal day:

Time required for the Earth to make one rotation relative to the satellite orbit’s line of nodes.

reference ellipsoid:

First-order approximation of the geoid, which models the dominant equatorial bulge. Generally defined by a equatorial radius and a flattening coefficient. SSH is computed relative to a reference ellipsoid.

repeat period:

Amount of time before a ground track repeats itself (see exact-repeat orbit). The stated repeat period is normally given as the closest integer number of days, instead of the exact time; for example, a 17.0505-day repeat is typically referred to as a 17-day repeat period.

sea state bias:

SSB; a bias in altimeter range measurement that is related to surface waves and the surface wind state.

sea surface height:

SSH; the elevation of the sea surface above a reference ellipsoid (1⁄4 H SAT – R). Variations range from 100 m.

sea surface height anomaly:

SSHA; deviation of SSH away from the time-average mean surface. Variations range from 40 cm in most of the ocean to 1 m for eddies.

significant wave height:

SWH; average height of the 1/3 highest waves in the field of view.

sun-synchronous orbit:

A special type of exact-repeat orbit where the orbital node rate equals the rate of revolution of the Earth around the sun. This means that the angle between the orbital plane and the vector between the Earth and the Sun is constant.

[sikaesie]

Short Note for Introducing Elementary Particles: Leptons and Hadrons

Leptons do not respond to the strong interaction, but color-free hadrons which are consisted of quarks with colors and flavors do respond to it. Both of them respond to the rest interactions: weak, electromagnetic and gravitational interaction. In the group of hadrons, one quark and one antiquark consists of a baryon (a fermion with the spin of half-integers), and three quarks become to a meson (a boson with the spin of integers). Additively, all leptons and hadrons including quarks have their own antiparticle in each pair. Antiparticles can consist of various antimatters.

To understand the nuclear interactions, it is crucial to know each kind of elementary particles, because through the interactions the each quantum number for the “amount” of baryons, each kind of leptons, charge, spin, and strangeness is preserved.

[sikaesie]

To be oriented

I spent happy time without any worry in my teenager. Since starting study in physics, I have been struggled in finding out my own position of life. For long time, I have been clingy on setting up the correct starting point. After turning to my thirties, I have realized all the things are actually upto each daily step, which completes each part of the whole progress. From now on, I write here the daily log how I realize my old wish: Start to be oriented.