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john bozinov

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► by Frank-Uwe Andre

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What is MERCURY POISONING (Hg) _ hydrargyrum GENERAL INFORMATION Only metal which is liquid at room temperature. Two forms of Hg a) Mercuric b) Mercurous Mercuric form: It is less soluble and more powerful in action. In strong solution it acts as caustic and in weak solution acts as an irritant Mercurous: It is more soluble and mildly in action. Mercuric is highly poisonous in organic form. GIT and kidney tubules damaging. SOURCES Earth crust and industry and burning fossils ABSORPTION By lungs. And excretion by urine, feces and milk. Distribution by CVS and then Kidney and then accumulation and then cross BBB (blood brain barier) and placental barrier. CLINICAL SIGNS Cats: Weakness, atexia, rigity of hind limbs, convulsions, glass like gazing (looked at with fixed eyes) and hypersalivation. Calf: Atexia, limping (Disability of walking due to crippling of the legs or feet) , stumbling, closure of eyes and ears. Hypersensitivity and difficulty in swallowing, convulsions, opisthotonic body position (arced body, making an arc, arc like sickle), comma and death. Cattle: Anorexia, loss of weight, weakness, loss of coordination, sa;ivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, and colic, swollen lymph nodes, dyspnea, eczema and hyperkeratosis. Poultry: Atexia, loss of coordination, and pale discoloration. ACUTE INTOXICATION: Oligurea, urememia, Mercury bluish gum line. Decease blood pressure, CNS disturbance, More often in inorganic poisoning. CHRONIC INTOXICATION Damage of CNS and kidneys, bluish gum line on gingiva, loss of teeth and tremors. It is typical for methyl mercury. PATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Anatomy: Reduction of cerebellum, leptomeningitis (The two innermost layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Their inflammation is called leptomeningitis) in cats, congestion and hemmorhgia in brain, stomatitis, enteritis, petichias. Histology: Swollen axons, demyelination, vacuolization on neurons, hyperplasia of epithelium. Rx Chelate agents Penicilamin (only in inorganic forms) Vit.E and Se (selenium), antioxidants Thiosulfate- increase the elimination of mercury by kidneys.

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Repeat Breeding A cow/buffalo which has normal or nearly normal oestrus cycle and oestrus period and has been bred or artificially inseminated three or more times continuously to a fertile bull or with semen of fertile bull yet failed to conceive is called a repeat breeder. Causes Failure of fertilization and early embryonic death are two main reasons responsible for repeat breeding syndrome. Anovulatory Heat Delayed ovulation Early embryonic death Failure of nidation of fertilized ovum. Deficiency of energy Deficiency of Progesterone Excess of oestrogen First degree endometritis Aged sperm and ovum Poor hygiene at the time of calving and A.I Poor management and handling of frozen semen High ambient temperature and humidity Malnutrition Diagnosis and Treatment Anovulatory heat and delayed ovulation: Examine the ovaries on the day of oestrus and record the location of follicle. Examine the animal again first day and second day, considering the day of estrus as zero to know whether the ovulation has occurred or not. If ovulation occurs there will be ovulatory depression on the ovary in place of mature Graafian Follicle. If the animal ovulates second day or later on, it is a case of delayed ovulation. In case of delayed ovulation a cow can be inseminated two or three times at 12 hours interval. Examine the ovaries on 9th or 10th day of oestrus for presence of CL. If CL is not present on the ovary, it is a case of anovulatory heat.

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Insemination Techniques The rectovaginal technique of artificial insemination in cattle is one of the most widely used methods. Excess fecal matter can be removed by a series of gentle raking motions of the inserted hand. Then vulva is wiped clean and dried with an absorbent paper towel to prevent contamination. If rectal constrictions persist, press down with palm of the hand and massage back and forth on the floor of the pelvic cavity. This also help to locate the cervix, which has been described as feeling like a turkey neck. The insemination gun should be held at 30 degree angle with the end containing the semen uppermost when entering the reproductive tract; this is necessary to prevent the gun from entering the suburethral diverticulum or urethra, which is located on the floor of the vagina a short way inside the opening of vulva. The gun is forward along the roof of the vagina and at the same time the cervix is pushed forward to straighten out any vaginal folds which might otherwise be encountered with the tip of gun. The cervical os or opening is usually in the center of the cervix, but one may have to probe very lightly with the gun tip until the opening is found. External os can be feel with the left hand thumb and introduced the gun tip through this external os. Having gone through the cervical rings, the gun will slip forward with little resistance. When this happens, the tip of the gun will be in the uterine body, or perhaps may have slipped even further into uterine horn. One will be able to feel the tip since the uterine wall is quite horn. Be sure the gun tip is in the body of uterus. Slowly deposit the semen, taking at least 5 seconds to push the plunger in. Depositing semen slowly helps get the maximum distribution of semen. Bend the sheath and straw as one remove it from insemination gun. Record the bull identity, collection code, date of breeding and registration number. Keep all equipment clean by washing and wipe down prior to use.

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What is Abortion and its causes Abortion Abortion is the expulsion from the uterus of a living fetus before it reaches a viable age or more commonly the expulsion of a dead fetus of recognizable size at any stage of gestation. Many fertilized ova, embryos or early fetuses may be aborted without being seen. Early death and unseen expulsion of the ova, embryos or fetus is usually classified as infertility. Early deaths of the fertilized ova may be associated with regular cycle. Irregular or prolonged periods without estrum may be caused by death and unobserved expulsion or absorption of older embryos or fetuses. In the cow, abortions occurring before the fifth month of gestation are seldom followed by retention of the placenta but those occurring after the forth month of pregnancy are frequently characterized by retention. Causes of Abortion in Cattle Infectious Causes: a) Bacterial b) Viral c) Mycotic or Fungal d) Protzoal 2. Noninfectious causes: a) Chemical b) Hormonal c) Nutrition d) Physical e) Genetic e) Miscellaneous

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Hydrothorax Hydrothorax is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the chest cavity. This occurs either because too little fluid is being absorbed in the pleural cavity, or because too much fluid is being produced in the pleural cavity. Alterations in the dog's blood pressure and protein content in the blood, or the penetrability of blood vessels and lymphatic function, may contribute to fluid accumulation. Pleural effusion can affect both dogs and cats. Symptoms • Coughing • Difficulty breathing • Increased rate of breathing • Dog places itself in unusual positions to ease breathing • Open-mouth breathing • Bluish to purplish color of skin • Exercise intolerance • Lack of energy • Lack of appetite Causes • High hydrostatic pressure • Low Oncotic Pressure: inability of blood plasma proteins to pull water into the circulatory system, resulting in excess fluid build-up(edema) • Vascular or lymphatic abnormality: disorders of the vessels and/or ducts that convey fluids • Chest filled with lymph fluid mixed with lipids (fat particles) • Lymphangiectasia(dilation of the lymph vessels) • Diaphragmatic hernia: passage of a loop of intestine through an abnormal hole in the diaphragm muscle (which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity) • Blockage of the vena cava (the major vein from the lower part of the body that feeds into the heart) • Congestive heart failure (CHF) • Cancer in the chest cavity • Blood in the chest cavity • Trauma to the chest • Lung lobe torsion (twisting) • Blood clot of the lungs • Infection: bacterial, viral, or fungal • Heartworms • Hypoalbuminemia: abnormally low levels of blood protein albumin • Protein-losing enteropathy (intestinal disease) • Protein-losing nephropathy (kidney disease) • Liver disease • Inflammation of the pancreas • Overhydration • Bleeding disorder Diagnosis • CBC • History of patient • • Urinalysis • Clinical signs • X-RAY A sample of pleural fluid obtained by piercing the dog's chest cavity with a needle will be sent to the laboratory for analysis. The type of pleural fluid withdrawn will enable your veterinarian to diagnose the cause of the pleural effusion. Treatment • Drawing fluid out of the chest cavity with a needle • Insertion of indwelling chest tube • thoracic surgery Pleuroperitoneal shunts (diversion of pleural fluids) are common treatments. A pleuroperitoneal shunt is when place a catheter in the chest cavity to transfer its fluid to the abdominal cavity.

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Hemothorax Hemothorax is a collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung (the pleural cavity). Characteristics • Collapsed lung, leading to respiratory failure (inability to breathe properly, provide the body enough oxygen and remove carbon dioxide) • Death • Fibrosis or scarring of the pleural membranes • Infection of the pleural fluid (empyema) • Associated pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity, which reduces lung capacity) • Shock Causes • The most common cause of hemothorax is chest (thoracic) trauma. Thoracic injury directly accounts for 20 to 25% of deaths from trauma. Hemothorax can also occur in animal who have: • Blood clotting defect • Chest (thoracic) or heart surgery • Death of lung tissue (pulmonary infarction) • Lung or pleural cancer- primary or secondary (metastatic, or from another site) • Tear in a blood vessel when placing a central venous catheter or when associated with severe high blood pressure • Tuberculosis Symptoms • Anexity • Chest pain • Low blood pressure • Pale, cool and clammy skin • Rapid heart rate Rapid, shallow breathing • Restlessness • Shortness of breath Exams and Tests Signs or findings of hemothorax may be seen on the following tests: • Chest x-ray • CT scan • Pleural fluid analysis • emphasizing lung auscultation • Thoracentesis (drainage of pleural fluid through a needle or catheter) Treatment The goal of treatment is to get the patient stable, stop the bleeding, and remove the blood and air in the pleural space. A chest tube is inserted through the chest wall to drain the blood and air. It is left in place for several days to re-expand the lung. When a hemothorax is severe and a chest tube alone does not control the bleeding, surgery thoracotomy may be needed to stop the bleeding. The cause of the hemothorax should be also treated. • Blood transfusions • Oxygen therapy • Analgesic medication • Vitamin K therapy The provider will measure and monitor the animal’s signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. The person may receive: • Breathing support, including oxygen and endotracheal intubation (tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea) • Blood tests • Chest tube (tube through the skin and muscles between the ribs into the pleural space (lining of the lungs)) if there is lung collapse • CAT/CT scan (computerized axial tomography or advanced imaging) of the chest and abdomen • EKG (electrocardiogram or heart tracing) • Fluids (intravenous or through the vein) • Medications to treat symptoms • X-rays of chest and abdomen Prognosis The outcome depends on the cause of the hemothorax, the amount of blood loss and how quickly treatment is given. If associated with major trauma, the severity of that condition and the rate of bleeding will determine the outcome. When associated with cancer or other conditions, the prognosis of the underlying illness usually will determine the outcome.s the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the chest cavity (which is lined by a membrane, or pleural lining). This occurs either because too little fluid is being absorbed in the pleural cavity, or because too much fluid is being produced in the pleural cavity. Alterations in the dog's blood pressure and protein content in the blood, or the penetrability of blood vessels and lymphatic function, may contribute to fluid accumulation. Symptoms and Types Coughing Difficulty breathing Increased rate of breathing Dog places itself in unusual positions to ease breathing Open-mouth breathing Bluish to purplish color of skin Exercise intolerance Lack of energy Lack of appetite Causes High hydrostatic (fluid) pressure Low Oncotic Pressure: inability of blood plasma proteins to pull water into the circulatory system, resulting in excess fluid build-up(edema) Vascular or lymphatic abnormality: disorders of the vessels and/or ducts that convey fluids Chest filled with lymph fluid mixed with lipids (fat particles) Lymphangiectasia(dilation of the lymph vessels) Diaphragmatic hernia: passage of a loop of intestine through an abnormal hole in the diaphragm muscle (which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity) Blockage of the vena cava (the major vein from the lower part of the body that feeds into the heart) Congestive heart failure (CHF) Cancer in the chest cavity Blood in the chest cavity Trauma to the chest Lung lobe torsion (twisting) Blood clot of the lungs Infection: bacterial, viral, or fungal Heartworms Hypoalbuminemia: abnormally low levels of blood protein albumin Protein-losing enteropathy (intestinal disease) Protein-losing nephropathy (kidney disease) Liver disease Inflammation of the pancreas Overhydration Bleeding disorder Diagnosis Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam, with a chemical blood profile, a complete blood count, a urinalysis and an electrolyte panel. The bloodwork analysis is the primary diagnostic tool for finding the underlying cause for the pleural effusion. You will need to give a thorough history of your dog's health, including a background history of symptoms, and possible incidents that might have predated this condition. The history you provide will give your veterinarian clues as to which organs may be involved in the fluid buildup. A sample of pleural fluid obtained by piercing the dog's chest cavity with a needle will be sent to the laboratory for analysis. The type of pleural fluid withdrawn will enable your veterinarian to diagnose the cause of the pleural effusion. X-ray and ultrasound imaging of the chest cavity are also very helpful in analyzing the causative factors.

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Predator (Colin Langford)

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What Is This Thing? Let Me Inspect It